Archaeozoological Data from Suceag Settlement

June 6, 2017 | Autor: V. Lăzărescu | Categoria: Archaeology, Late Roman Archaeology
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EPHEMERIS NAPOCENSIS XXV 2015

ROMANIAN ACADEMY INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY OF ART CLUJ‑NAPOCA EDITORIAL BOARD Editor: Coriolan Horaţiu Opreanu Members: Sorin Cociş, Vlad‑Andrei Lăzărescu, Ioan Stanciu ADVISORY BOARD Alexandru Avram (Le Mans, France); Mihai Bărbulescu (Rome, Italy); Alexander Bursche (Warsaw, Poland); Falko Daim (Mainz, Germany); Andreas Lippert (Vienna, Austria); Bernd Päffgen (Munich, Germany); Marius Porumb (Cluj‑Napoca, Romania); Alexander Rubel (Iași, Romania); Peter Scherrer (Graz, Austria); Alexandru Vulpe (Bucharest, Romania).

Responsible of the volume: Coriolan Horaţiu Opreanu În ţară revista se poate procura prin poştă, pe bază de abonament la: EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMÂNE, Calea 13 Septembrie nr.  13, sector 5, P. O. Box 5–42, Bucureşti, România, RO–76117, Tel.  021–411.90.08, 021–410.32.00; fax. 021–410.39.83; RODIPET SA, Piaţa Presei Libere nr.  1, Sector 1, P.  O.  Box 33–57, Fax 021–222.64.07. Tel. 021–618.51.03, 021–222.41.26, Bucureşti, România; ORION PRESS IMPEX 2000, P. O. Box 77–19, Bucureşti 3 – România, Tel. 021–301.87.86, 021–335.02.96.

EPHEMERIS NAPOCENSIS Any correspondence will be sent to the editor: INSTITUTUL DE ARHEOLOGIE ŞI ISTORIA ARTEI Str. M. Kogălniceanu nr. 12–14, 400084 Cluj‑Napoca, RO e‑mail: [email protected] All responsability for the content, interpretations and opinions expressed in the volume belongs exclusively to the authors. DTP şi tipar: MEGA PRINT Coperta: Roxana Sfârlea

© 2015 EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMÂNE Calea 13 Septembrie nr. 13, Sector 5, Bucureşti 76117 Telefon 021–410.38.46; 021–410.32.00/2107, 2119

ACADEMIA ROMÂNĂ INSTITUTUL DE ARHEOLOGIE ŞI ISTORIA ARTEI

EPHEMERIS NAPOCENSIS XXV 2015

EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMÂNE

SUMAR – SOMMAIRE – CONTENTS – INHALT

STUDIES SABIN ADRIAN LUCA, FLORENTINA MĂRCUȚI, VASILE PALAGHIE Prehistoric Signs and Symbols in Transylvania (2). “The Sacred Pair” and “The Bird of the Soul”. The Neolithic and Aeneolithic Settlement from Tărtăria-Gura Luncii (Alba County)

 7

MAGDALENA ȘTEFAN, DAN ȘTEFAN, DAN BUZEA From Sites to Landscapes in Late Second Iron Age Eastern Transylvania. New Perspectives on the Fortified Sites from Jigodin  21

TOMÁS VEGA AVELAIRA Aquae Querquennae (Porto Quintela, Ourense. España): un campamento romano en el NW de Hispania  43

FELIX TEICHNER Ulpiana – Iustiniana secunda (Kosovo): Das urbane Zentrum des dardanischen Bergbaubezirks  81 MAREK OLĘDZKI Marcomanni and Quadi in the System of Client “States” of the Roman Empire  95

ROXANA GRINDEAN, VLAD-ANDREI LĂZĂRESCU, ANDREI-COSMIN DIACONU, CORIOLAN HORAȚIU OPREANU, SORINA FĂRCAȘ, IOAN TANȚĂU The Usefulness of Interdisciplinary Studies: Palaeoecological and Archaeological Aspects from NW Romania  105

ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND EPIGRAPHICAL NOTES ROMEO CÎRJAN La nomination des candidats aux magistratures et les sacerdoces municipaux selon Lex Troesmensium, ch. XXVII

135

EUGENIA BEU-DACHIN, CRISTIAN-AUREL ROMAN, LUCA-PAUL PUPEZĂ Aurelius Annianus, Procurator in Napoca  147

JUAN JOSÉ PALAO VICENTE Reburrus Tapori, un centurión auxiliar olvidado  167

VLADIMIR P. PETROVIĆ Les bornes milliaires de la Mésie Supérieure : contribution à l'ancienneté des voies et a l'interprétation des itinéraires romaines  177

ALEXANDRU AVRAM Un tribun de la Legio XIII Gemina dans une inscription tomitaine presque oubliée  185

MARIANA PROCIUC, VLAD-ANDREI LĂZĂRESCU Archaeozoological Data from Suceag Settlement  189

DÉNES HULLÁM People under the Dam. Migration Period Sites from the Bakonszeg Section of the Berettyó River  203

MÁRTA DARÓCZI-SZABÓ THe Assessment of the Archaeozoological Material of the Migration Period Sites from Bakonszeg  229 KINGA HORVÁTH, TAMÁS HAJDU THe Anthropological Material of the Avar Period Grave from Bakonszeg-Kórógy  233 FERENC GYULAI Analisys of the Food Remains from the Avarian Age Pot of Bakonszeg-Kórógy  235

REVIEWS Marko Dizdar, Zvonimirovo-Veliko polje. Groblje latenske culture 1 – A Cemetery of the La Tène Culture 1 (Monographiae Instituti Archaeologici 8), Zagreb 2013, 552 p. 

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Matteo Taufer (ed.), Sguardi interdisciplinari sulla religiosità dei Geto-Daci (Rombach Wissenschaften – Reihe Paradeigmata, Band 23), Rombach Verlag (Freiburg i. Br. / Berlin / Wien 2013), 250 p.

243

Daniela Leggio, Riti e culti ad Akrai. Interpretazione del complesso sacro. Scavi 2005 – 2006, Siracusa, 2013. XII+73 pp., ISBN: 978-88-909032-0-5

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Petar Selem, Inga Vilogorac Brčić, ROMIC I. Religionum Orientalum monumenta et inscriptiones ex Croatia I, Znakovi I Riječi Signa et Litterae vol. V. (Zagreb, 2015), 183 p.

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ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL DATA FROM SUCEAG SETTLEMENT*

Mariana Prociuc, Vlad-Andrei Lăzărescu

Abstract: The faunal remains presented in this paper originate from Suceag settlement date 4th – 5th centuries AD and Roman Period. The faunal assemblage consist of bone fragments assigned to domestic mammels (Bos taurus, Ovis aries, Capra hircus, Sus domesticus, Canis familiaris, Equus caballus) and wild mammals (Cervus elaphus, Capreolus capreolus, Sus ferus, Meles meles, Lepus europaeus, Ursus arctos). The cut marks observed on the bones surface shows that the animals were slaughtered for meat. This statement is supported by different burnt colours identified on the bones. The presence of the wild mammals in the site can be explained as result of hunting. The trend line set for 4th – 5th centuries AD and Roman Period shows that domestic mammals husbandry have the same economical importance. Keywords: mammals, domestic, wild, sexing, withers height

Introduction The settlement at Suceag is situated at approximately 15 km from Cluj-Napoca (the former Roman municipium Napoca) in the immediate vicinity of the Roman road running from Napoca to Porolissum. The site was first identified during a rescue excavation campaign at the beginning of the 1990’s and was systematically researched until 2000. After careful excavation and analysis of the finds identified it has been noticed that we are dealing with three different overlapping settlements, each having its own chronology as follows: the first one is dated during the time of the Roman province of Dacia, the second one dated between the second half of the 4th century and the beginning of the 5th century AD and the last one broadly dated during the 7th – 8th centuries AD1. Despite the fact that the settlements were archaeologically investigated for more than 10 years, a new approach was necessary in order to fully understand both the extent, the character of the habitation and the relationships between these three chronological stages. The main unknown of the archaeological landscape was the extent of the habitation. Taking this challenge, in 2012, a comprehensive ground and aerial-based set of physical sensing techniques has been * This paper is partially the result of a doctoral research made possible by the financial support of the Sectoral Operational Programme for Human Resources Development 2007 – 2013, co-financed by the European Social Fund, under the project POSDRU/159/1.5/S/133391 – “Doctoral and postdoctoral excellence programs for training highly qualified human resources for research in the fields of Life Sciences, Environment and Earth” (for M.P.) and of a research grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-ID-PCE–2011–3 – 0158 (for V.-A.L.). 1 COCIŞ/PAKI 1989 – 1993; COCIŞ/OPREANU 1994; OPREANU/COCIŞ 1994; OPREANU/COCIŞ 1995; OPREANU/COCIŞ 1996; OPREANU/COCIŞ 1996a; OPREANU/COCIŞ 1998; OPREANU/COCIŞ 2001; OPREANU/COCIŞ 2002; OPREANU/COCIŞ 2002a.

Ephemeris Napocensis, XXV, 2015, p. 189–202

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proposed. Within this new approach a large area in the southern part of the settlement was explored by means of geophysical techniques2, followed by an archaeological excavation destined to verify the stratigraphy of the southern area of the site, unexcavated previously3 (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Topographical map of the site and the position of the archaeological trenches (after OPREANU/LĂZĂRESCU 2013, 346, Pl. 1).

During this archaeological campaign, numerous faunal remains were recovered and recorded according to their archaeological contexts. The great number of such discoveries, their great majority coming from archaeological layers belonging to the already mentioned early migration settlement determined us to study in a global manner all the faunal remains identified so far as being part of the site at Suceagu. 2 3

OPREANU/LĂZĂRESCU 2013. OPREANU ET ALII 2013.

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Methods and materials The faunal remains studied come from Suceag settlement, unearthed under 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 and 2012 excavations. To assess completeness of the database, anatomical and taxonomical identifications were associated with NR (Number of Remains) or NISP (Number of Identified Specimens), MNI (Minimum Number of Individuals)4. For species identification, anatomical atlases were used5 as well as the specific methodology for archaeozoology6, for distinguishing the sheep and goat7, the sheep/goat from roe deer8, the cattle from red deer9. The ageing of identified individuals is based on skeletal bones fusions10, but also on the replacement of milk dentition with the permanent one11 and the tooth wear of the permanent dentition12.

Results All past excavations have revealed 624 osteological remains specifically determined of which 622 belong to mammals, but there are other 546 remains which could not be identified (Table 1). The mammals’ remains were found as fragmentary pieces, broken down in antiquity or during excavations mission, thus only 16% could be measured13. In the sample were identified remains of both domestic and wild mammals, therefore the data shows the exceeding of domestic ones, in NR and MNI. The cattle remains represent 53.71% of the total mammals remains identified in this sample, followed by horse (14.45%), sheep and goat (11.52%) and pig (10.16%). Among the wild mammals, the red deer owns the most numerous remains (6.64%). TAXA Bos taurus Ovis aries Capra hircus Ovis aries/Capra hircus Sus domesticus Canis familiaris Equus caballus Total domestic mammals Cervus elaphus Capreolus capreolus Sus ferus Meles meles Lepus europaeus Ursus arctos Total wild mammals Total taxa identified

NR 275 7 13 39

59

52 8 74 468 34 4 2 1 1 2 44 512

% 53.71 1.37 2.54 11.52 7.62 10.16 1.56 14.45 91.41 6.64 0.78 0.39 0.20 0.20 0.39 8.59 100

MNI 12 1 4 8 3 11 2 4 36 3 1 1 1 1 1 8 44

% juvenil subadult adult 26.67 2 7 3 2.22 1 8.89 17.78 1 3 6.67 1 2 24.44 4 7 4.44 2 8.89 2 2 82.22 7 20 10 6.67 3 2.22 1 2.22 1 2.22 1 2.22 1 2.22 1 17.78 3 5 100 7 23 15

OUTRAM ET ALII 2005; BLASCO ET ALII 2013. GHEȚIE/PAȘTEA/RIGA 1954; BARONE 1976; SCHMID 1972. 6 UDRESCU/BEJENARU/TĂRCAN 1999. 7 BOESSNECK/MULLER/TEICHERT 1964; PAYNE 1971; PAYNE 1973; PAYNE 1985; PRUMMEL/ FRISCH 1986; FERNANDEZ 2002; HALSTEAD/COLLINS/ISAAKIDOU 2003. 8 GUDEA/STAN 2011; GUDEA/STAN 2012. 9 PRUMMEL 1988. 10 FOREST 1997; PRUMMEL 1987; PRUMMEL 1987a; PRUMMEL 1988a. 11 SCHMID 1972. 12 DUCOS 1968; GRANT 1982; PAYNE 1973; HELMER 2000; HORARD-HERBIN 1997. 13 VAN DEN DRIESCH 1976. 4 5

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TAXA Bos taurus/Cervus elaphus Sus domesticus/Sus ferus Large sized Medium sized Total mammals identified Mollusca Aves Total Unindet.

NR 4 29 59 18 622 1 1 624 546

%

MNI

%

juvenil subadult adult

Table 1. Numerical and percentage by ages distribution of faunal remains from the site at Suceag.

The remains collected during the 2012’s field missions are scarce and they belong to the 4th – 5th century AD settlement according to their stratigraphic position. The rest of the remains came from past field mission and they belong to the Roman Period (Table 2). TAXA Bos taurus Ovis aries Capra hircus Ovis aries/Capra hircus Sus domesticus Equus caballus Total domestic mammels Cervus elaphus Capreolus capreolus Total wild mammels Total taxa Bos taurus/Cervus elaphus Sus domesticus/Sus ferus Large size Medium size Total idetified Total unidentified

NR 24 3 3 6

12 1 8 45 11 1 12 57 4 8 1 2 72

% 42.11 5.26 5.26 21.05 10.53 1.75 14.04 78.95 19.30 1.75 21.05 100

MNI 2 1 1 2

4 1 2 9 3 1 4 13

% 15.38 7.69 7.69 30.76 15.38 7.69 15.38 69.23 23.08 7.69 30.77 100

80 Table 2. Numerical and percentage repartition of NR and MNI from the Suceag faunal assemblage, field mission 2012.

Burning was identified on 22 fragments and the colours are brownish (lighter or darker) and blackish. This phenomenon is observed on every type of skeletal element, with a predominance of domestic mammals’ long bones. The most abundant modification is brown colour (18 fragments), which occurs at bellow than 400 ºC14. The black colour (“carbonized”) is caused by organic fraction destruction, occurring between 390 – 500 ºC15. OUTRAM ET ALII 2005; SHIPMAN/FOSTER/SCHOENINGER 1984. OUTRAM ET ALII 2005

14 15

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Domestic mammals Bos taurus (cattle) owns the most numerous remains of which 64 pieces could be measured. Most of them are metapodials and phalanges. We identified 12 individuals as follow: 2 juveniles, 7 sub-adults and 3 adult16. For the juvenile individuals the age at death was estimated around 15 – 17 and 18 – 24 month based on two right mandible with M2 in eruption17, for three sub adult individuals the age at death was estimated between 30 – 33 month established on the wear of M3 eruption. For the two adult individuals the estimated age at death was around 3 and 5 years. Some bones bear cut marks made with an iron blade18, as result of dismemberment or jointing and de-fleshing, others are burned and retain different colours (Plate 1). The complete metatarsals and metacarpals allowed us sexing the individuals and withal to estimate the withers height following the Matolcsi’s (1970) coefficients. The metacarpal values (Fig. 2) show that we have one female with the withers height of 110.4 cm, a male of 111.5 cm and a castrate of 126.9 cm. Using the metatarsal values we have two females with withers height of 118.8 cm and 119.4 cm19.

Fig. 2. The scatter highlighting the sexing of Bos taurus individuals based on three metacarpals complet measured (Bp =  greatest breadth of the proximal end; Dap = depth of the proximal end)...

Ovis aries/Capra hircus (sheep/goat) rang the second place in this study as NR and MNI and 9 bones were measures. Few remains were identified as belonging to Ovis aries (7) and Capra hircus (13), the greatest part being of Ovis aries/Capra hircus (sheep/goat) zootehnical group. The sample allowed us to identify 1 sub adult individual of Ovis aries and 1 sub adult and 3 adults of Capra hircus. For sheep adult individual the age at death was estimated, regarding the tooth wear, around 4 – 6 years20, for goat sub adult individual around 2 years, and for adults between 3 and 6 years, ages related to teeth eruption and wear sequences21. The Ovis aries/Capra hircus individuals were rated as 1 juvenile (less than 1 year) and 2 adults (4 – 6 years, 6 – 8 years), assessments based on skeletal bones fusions and tooth wear sequences. In this case only three bones are discoloured (brown) as result o burning and only one fragment (coxal) bears jointing cut 18 19 20 21 16 17

FOREST 1997. GRANT 1982; FOREST 1997. SEETAH 2006. UDRESCU/BEJENARU/TĂRCAN 1999; GRANT 1975; CHAIX/MENIEL 1996 PAYNE 1973. PAYNE 1973.

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marks. The withers height 60.7 cm was calculated following the coefficients of Teichert (1975) for astragalus the one complete bone22. Sus domesticus (pig). Only 1 bone could be measured due to excessive fragmentation, but is not complete. The estimated age at death was established on mandibles with teeth and their wear23, 5 individuals are juveniles and 7 are sub adults, as it is shown in Fig. 3. Even if none of the bones bear cut marks, the age at death profile suggests that the pig specimens were slaughtered for meat, the juveniles for tender fresh meat and the sub adults for meat supply because around 1,5 – 3 years they develop the maximum body mass. Regarding the tusk morphology we identified 2 males and 3 females.

Fig 3. Age at death for pigs indiviaduals (after Grant, 1982).

Canis familiaris (dog). A number of 8 bones were identified 2 fragments of maxilla without teeth but with the alveoli of all teeth, one small piece of a mandible, a skull fragment, a distal end of an humerus, one piece of ulna, a small fragment of coxal (a part of acetabulum) and a fragmentary vertebrae. These remains we believe belong to 2 individuals. Equus caballus (horse). From a total of 74 remains, a number of 13 bones could be measured and most of them are represented by astragalus and metacarpal. The NR was allocated to four individuals two younger than 3 years and two older than 3.5 years24 estimation based on bones ossification. 3 bone fragments are burnt, having brown colour and only one metapodal shaft has a cut mark made with an iron blade. In absence of cut marks on horse’s bones we cannot claim that they were slaughtered for meat supply even if this speculation might be true, we suppose that these cut marks were probably the result of an accident. Likewise, the burnt pieces might have occurred during a fire. The withers height calculated following the Kiessewalter’s coefficients for metacarpal is 139.8 cm.

Wild mammals Cervus eraphus (red deer). This species reach the first place in wild animals ranking with 34 NR and 3 MNI. Out of all the remains identified from the sample, 7 pieces were measured: two astragals’, one humerus, one metacarpal, one phalanx and one radius. The bones were shared to three adult individuals because all the bones are ossified. The presence of these taxa in UDRESCU/BEJENARU/TĂRCAN 1999. GRANT 1982. 24 BARONE 1976. 22 23

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the sample can be explained as the result of hunting activity, statement supported by jointing cut marks observed on two acetabulums and on a distal humerus, made by a sharp iron blade25 (Plate 2). Some of the horn fragments are cut, and they look like manufacturing waste. Capreolus capreolus (roe deer). Only 4 fragments were identified for this species, and 1 MNI estimated as adult. A jointing cut mark was observed on a distal epiphysis of a humerus and none of the fragments are burned. Sus ferus (wild boar) is represented by one tusk and one maxilla with teeth aged around 20 – 26 month. Meles meles (badger) has only 1 NR represented by a fragmentary skull and 1 MNI. Also Lepus europaeus (rabbit) has only 1 NR and 1 MNI. Ursus arctos (brown bear) has 2 NR and 1 MNI, assigned to an adult individual.

Discussions In 2007, data coming from the 1995 and 1997 excavations were published26. Comparing our data with those, we observed that most of the studied remains came from 1997’s sample, and we did not have access to 1997’s remains. Regarding the cattle results, the author estimated the withers height about 131.3 cm, which is very close to our values. Also he remarked that some bones are fragmentary pieces as results of iron blades action. The sheep/goats withers height is estimated based on calcaneum dimensions at 79.8 cm. For pigs he identified only 2 bones, for horses 6 bones and for dog two 2 bones allowing the estimation of one adult.

Fig. 4. The trend line for the 4th – 5th centuries AD and Roman Period communities.

Regarding the trend line for animal husbandry we can observe that the domestic mammals have the same economical importance for both periods, while the wild mammals, especially the Cervus elaphus remains, have a high percentage for the 4th – 5th centuries AD community (Fig. 4). The bone tools are missing from the assemblage but we found some bones showing levels from chaîne-opératoire, thus we have 3 fragments of Cervus elaphus horns and 2 fragment of Bos taurus tibia (Table 3). Such worked fragments, especially the ones coming from horns in different stages of the manufaturing process come as no surprise, since for the site we have documented the presence of an antler manufacturing workshop belonging probably to the early migration period27. SEETAH 2006. GUDEA 2007. 27 OPREANU 1992. 25 26

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Mariana Prociuc, Vlad-Andrei Lăzărescu Taxa Cervus elaphus Bos taurus

Anatomical element horn tibia

NR 3 2

Table 3. Anatomical elements with levels from chaîne-opératoire.

Conclusions The domestic mammals were slaughtered for meat supply and the site economy was based first of all on cattle, sheep/goat and pig livestock. The tools used for carcass dismemberment were iron bladed tools as cut marks show. The few remains of wild mammals prove that the hunting activity has a subsidiary character, maybe more like fun activity practiced for special events. MARIANA PROCIUC Babeș-Bolyai University, Geology Department, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084, Cluj-Napoca, RO [email protected] VLAD-ANDREI LĂZĂRESCU Institute of Archaeology and Art History of Cluj Napoca, Romanian Academy Cluj Branch Str. M. Kogălniceanu 12–14, 400084, Cluj-Napoca, RO [email protected]

BIBLIOGRAPHY BARONE 1976 R. BARONE, Antomie comparée des mamammifères domestiques, Osteologie (Paris 1976). BLASCO ET ALII 2013 R. BLASCO/J. ROSELL/M. DOMÍNGUEZ-RODRIGO/ S. LOZANO/ I. PASTÓ/ D. RIBA/M. VAQUERO/J. FERNÁNDEZ PERIS/J. L. ARSUAGA/ J. M. BERMÚDEZ DE CASTRO/E. CARBONELL, Learning by heart: cultural patterns in the faunal processing sequence during the Middle Pleistocene. Plos One 8, 2, e55863, 2013. BOESSNECK/MULLER/TEICHERT 1964 J. BOESSNECK/H. MULLER/M. TEICHERT, Osteologische Unterscheinungsmerkmle zwischen Schaft (Ovis aries) und Ziege (Capra hircus). Kuhn Archiv 78, 1964, 1 – 129. CHAIX/MÉNIEL 1996 L. CHAIX/P. MÉNIEL, Éléments d’archéozoologie (Paris 1996) COCIŞ/PAKI 1989 – 1993 S. COCIŞ/A. PAKI, Cercetările arheologice de la Suceag (jud. Cluj), campania din 1989. Cuptoarele de ars ceramică (secolele III–IV). ActaMN 26 – 30, I/2, 1989 – 1993, 477 – 494. COCIŞ/OPREANU 1994 S. COCIŞ/C. H. OPREANU, Cercetările arheologice de la Suceagu (jud. Cluj). Săpăturile din 1991. ActaMN 31, I, 1994, 341 – 346. DUCOS 1968 P. DUCOS, L’origin des animaux domestiques en Palestine, Publication de l’Institut de Préhistoire de l’Université de Bordeaux 6, 1968, 192 p.

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FERNANDEZ 2002 H. FERNANDEZ, Determination specifique des restes osseux de chevre (Capra hircus) et de mouton (Ovis aries): application aux caprines du site de Sion-Ritz. In I. Chenale-Velarde (edit.), La faune du site neolitique de Sion-Ritz (Valais, Suisse), Histoire d’un elevage villageois il y a 5000 ans [BAR International Series 1801] (Oxford 2002), 116 – 143. FOREST 1997 V. FOREST, Donnes biologiques et donnees zootechniques anciennes. Essai de nise en equivalence. Revue de Médicine Vétérinaire 148, 12, 1997, 951 – 958. GHEȚIE/PAȘTEA/RIGA 1954 V. GHEȚIE/E. PAȘTEA/I. RIGA, Atlas de anatomie comparată (București 1954). GRANT 1982 A. GRANT, The use of tooth wear as a guide to the age of domestic ungulates. In B. Wilson, C. Grigson, S. Payne (eds.), Ageing and sexing animal bones from archaeological sites [BAR, British series, 109] (Oxford 1982), 91 – 108. GUDEA 2007 A. GUDEA, Constribuții la istoria economică a Daciei Romane, studiu arheozoologic (Cluj, 2007) GUDEA/STAN 2011 A. GUDEA/F. STAN, The discriminative macroscopical identification of the bones of sheep (Ovis aries), goat (Capra hircus) and roe deer (Capreollus capreollus). 1. Elements of the forelimb skeleton. Bulletin UASVM, Cluj Veterinary Medicine 68, 2011, 171 – 178. GUDEA/STAN 2012 A. GUDEA/ F. STAN, The discriminative macroscopical identification of the bones of sheep (Ovis aries), goat (Capra hircus) and roe deer (Capreollus capreollus). 2. Elements of the hindlimb skeleton. Bulletin UASVM, Cluj Veterinary Medicine 69, 1 – 2, 2012, 107 – 114. HALSTEAD/COLLINS/ISAAKIDOU 2003 P. HALSTEAD/P. COLLINS/V. ISAAKIDOU, Sorting the sheep from the goats:morphological distintions between the mandibles and mandibular teeth of adult Ovis and Capra. JAS 29, 5, 2003, 545 – 554. HELMER 1987 D. HELMER, Fiches descriptive pour les revelés d’ensembles osseux animaux. In J. Desse, N. Desse-Berset (eds), Fiches d’ostéologie animale pour l’archéologie, Series B: mammifères, In Juan-les-Pins: Centre de recherché archéologiques du CNRS/APDCA (Paris 1987). HELMER 2000 D. HELMER, Discrimination des genres Ovis et Capra a l’aide des prémolaires inférieures 3 et 4 et interprétation des âges d’abattage: l’exemple de Dikili Tash (Grèce). Ibex Journal of Mountain Ecology 5 – Anthropozoologica 31, 2000, 29 – 38. HORARD-HERBIN 1997 M.-J. HORARD-HERBIN, Le village celtique des Arènes à Levroux.L’élevage et les productions animales dans l’économie de la fin du second Age du Fer, 12eme supplément à la Revue du Centre de la France, Levroux 4, 1997, 207 p. OPREANU 1992 C. H. OPREANU, Date preliminare privind prelucrarea osului în secolul IV p. Ch. în aşezarea de la Suceag. Ephemeris Napocensis 2, 1992, 159 – 168.

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OPREANU/COCIŞ 1994 C. H. OPREANU/S. COCIŞ, nr. 131, Suceag, jud. Cluj. In CCA, 1994, 62. OPREANU/COCIŞ 1995 C. H. OPREANU/S. COCIŞ, nr. 123, Suceag, jud. Cluj. In CCA, 1995, 84. OPREANU/COCIŞ 1996 C. H. OPREANU/S. COCIŞ, nr. 142, Suceag, jud. Cluj. In CCA, 1996, 116. OPREANU/COCIŞ 1996a C. H. OPREANU/S. COCIŞ, nr. 251, Suceag, jud. Cluj. In Situri arheologice cercetate în perioada 1983 – 1992 (Brăila 1996), 109. OPREANU/COCIŞ 1998 C. H. OPREANU/S. COCIŞ, nr. 89, Suceag, jud. Cluj. In CCA, 1998, 72. OPREANU/COCIŞ 2001 C. H. OPREANU/S. COCIŞ, nr. 195, Suceag, jud. Cluj. In CCA, 2001, 236 – 237. OPREANU/COCIŞ 2002 C. H. OPREANU/S. COCIŞ, Die Töpferwerkstätten aus dem 5. Jh. n. Ch. aus der Siedlung von Suceag (Kr. Cluj). In A. Rustoiu, A. Ursuţiu (eds.), Interregionale und kulturelle Beziehungen im Karpatenraum (2. Jht. v. Chr. – 1. Jhr. n. Chr.) (Cluj-Napoca 2002), 267 – 295. OPREANU/COCIŞ 2002a C. H. OPREANU, S. COCIŞ, Atelierele ceramice din secolul V p. Chr. Descoperite în aşezarea de la Suceag (jud. Cluj). In C. Gaiu, A. Rustoiu, H. Pop (eds.), Ateliere şi tehnici meşteşugăreşti: contribuţii arheologice (Cluj-Napoca 2002), 227 – 269. OPREANU/LĂZĂRESCU 2013 C.  H.  OPREANU/V.-A.  LĂZĂRESCU, New Geophysical Surveys and Archaeological Researches at Suceag (Cluj County, Romania). Ephemeris Napocensis 23, 2013, 339 – 354. OPREANU ET ALII 2013 C. H. OPREANU/S. COCIȘ/I. STANCIU/V.-A. LĂZĂRESCU, nr. 62. Suceagu, com. Baciu, jud. Cluj. In CCA, 2013, 122. OUTRAM/KNÜSEL ET ALII 2005 A. K. OUTRAMK/C.J. KNÜSEL/S. KNIGHT/F. HARDING, Understanding complex fragmented assemblages of human and animal remains: a fully integrated approach. JAS 32, 12, 2005, 1699 – 1710. PAYNE 1971 S. PAYNE, A metrical distinction between sheep and goat metacarpals. In P. J. Ucko, G. W.  Dimbledy (eds.), The domestication and explotation of plants and animales (London 1971), 295 – 305. PAYNE 1973 S. PAYNE, Kill-of patterns in sheep and goath: the mandibles from Asvan Kale. Anatolian Studies 23, 1973, 281 – 303. PAYNE 1985 S. PAYNE, Morphological dictinction between the mandibular teeth of young sheep, Ovis and goats, Capra. JAS 12, 1985, 139 – 147. PRUMMEL 1987 W. PRUMMEL, Atlas for identification of foetal skeletal elements of cattle, horse, sheep and pig, Part 1. Archaeozoologia 1, 1, 1987, 23 – 30.

Archaeozoological Data from Suceag Settlement

199

PRUMMEL 1987a W. PRUMMEL, Atlas for identification of foetal skeletal elements of cattle, horse, sheep and pig, Part 2. Archaeozoologia 1, 2, 1987, 11 – 41. PRUMMEL 1988 W. PRUMMEL, Distinguishing features on postcranial skeletal elements of cattle, Bos primigenius f. Taurus, and red deer, Cervus elaphus, Archäologisch-Zoologischen Arbeitsgruppe Schelswig-Kiel 12, (Kiel 1988), 52. PRUMMEL 1988a W. PRUMMEL, Distinguishing features on postcranial skeletal elements of cattle, Bos primigenius f. Taurus, and red deer, Cervus elaphus, Archäologisch-Zoologischen Arbeitsgruppe Schelswig-Kiel, 12 (Kiel 1988), 52. PRUMMEL/FRISCH 1986 W. PRUMMEL/H.-J. FRISCH, A guide for distinction of species, sex and body side in bones of sheep and goat. Journal of Archaeoological Science 13, 1986, 567 – 577. SCHMID 1972 E. SCHMID, Atlas of Animal Bones, for Prehistorians, Archaeologists and Quaternary Geologists (Elsevier Publishing Company 1972). SHIPMAN/FOSTER/SCHOENINGER 1984 P. SHIPMAN/G. FOSTER/M. SCHOENINGER, Burnt bones and teeth: an experimental study of color, morphology, crystal structure and shrinkage. Journal of archaeological science 11, 4, 1984, 307 – 325. UDRESCU/BEJENARU/TĂRCAN 1999 M. UDRESCU/L. BEJENARU/C. TĂRCAN, Introducere în arheozoologie (Iași 1999). VON DEN DRIESCH 1976 A. VON DEN DRIESCH, A guide to the measurement of animal bones from archaeological sites: as developed by the Institut für Palaeoanatomie, Domestikationsforschung und Geschichte der Tiermedizin of the University of Munich (Vol. 1) (Munich 1976).

skull

2

1

4

Canis familiaris

Equus caballus

1

12

Meles meles

Total

Ursus arctos

Lepus europaeus

Sus ferus

Capreolus capreolus

25

1

1

11

14

Sus domesticus

Cervus elaphus

4

Ovis aries/Capra hircus

60

4

5

1

4

30

Capra hircus

7

maxila

1

6

mandible

Ovis aries

Bos taurus

Anatomical element teeth horn 26

5

9

1

11

vertebrae 19

3

2

14

scapula 30

1

2

3

3

7

14

humerus 42

1

1

3

6

1

7

3

3

17

radius 19

1

2

5

4

7

ulna 13

1

3

1

1

7

carpals 5

1

1

3

metacarpals 29

1

1

3

3

21

coxal 24

2

1

1

2

1

17

femora 19

1

9

3

6

25

2

5

1

5

3

1

8

tibia

Table 4. Anatomical elements distribution for each identified species.

52

1

11

4

2

4

30

tarsals 4

2

2

astragalus 16

3

3

1

9

calcaneum 17

1

5

1

1

9

metatarsal 27

1

4

1

21

phalanx 34

1

3

2

1

27

metapodals 14

1

4

9

Total 512

1

2

1

2

4

34

74

8

52

39

13

7

275

200 Mariana Prociuc, Vlad-Andrei Lăzărescu

Archaeozoological Data from Suceag Settlement

Bovinae (ex.: Bos taurus)

Plate 1. Cut marks identified on Bos taurus bones (after Helmer, 1987).

201

202

Mariana Prociuc, Vlad-Andrei Lăzărescu

Cervidae (ex.: Cervus elaphus)

Plate 2. Cut marks identified on Cervus elaphus bones (after Helmer, 1987).

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