As cold wars no Ártico (2015)

1,000 Russian troops and 2 assault landing ships hone Moscow's military maneuvers in Arctic, 24 August, 2015
o mini-submarino russo que, em 2007, plantou uma bandeira da Federação Russa no fundo Ártico; e uma das fotografias oficiais da bandeira russa então aí hasteada


um urso polar laying a territorial claim
tutti frutti

capa de uma revista russa da especialidade, 2011, e a arte da simplificação reducionista
ele mesmo sem petróleo há geopolítica
German trawler caught between ice floes, abandoned by its German crew and captured in the east coast of Greenland by the US Coast Guard, 1944
Artic hydrocarbon overview
the US Geological Survey estimate: 90 billion barrels
that is between 30 and 35 percent of the world's undiscovered oil deposits
os dois novos percursos alternativos
Northwest Passage: 7,000 nautical miles
Current route:
9,000 nautical miles
Northern Sea Route:
6,500 nautical miles
Current route:
11,200 nautical miles
(i) a Northwestern Passage (a azul) e a Northern Sea Route (a branco) com datas; (ii) as dinâmicas do recuo da calota de gelo
a linha de fronteira no Nares Strait (Kennedy Channel); uma ilha disputada entre o Canadá (acima) e a Gronelândia (abaixo) – ou melhor, uma ilha disputada entre o Canadá e a Dinamarca
uma leitura chinesa das disputas territoriais no Ártico
as rotas da cada vez mais importante e mais transitável Northwestern Passage
a famosa Northwestern Passage, a Norte do Canadá e do Alaska, e abaixo da Gronelândia, no Verão de 2011
a Northwestern Passage e o Círculo Polar Ártico
Going ashore from a coast guard combat cutter before dawn, a US Coast Guard landing party surprised and captured 12 Germans at a remote Nazi radio-weather station on northeast Greenland, 1944
supplies taken at a Nazi radio-weather station on NE coast of Greenland are turned over by the USCG to a Danish Sled Patrol, 1944
SAS taking shelter as a blizzard rages
the Russian military, up North
US Thule Airbase e as duas bases militares Canadianas em Nunavut, Nanisivik e Resolute, onde "the biggest military exercises in Canadian history" tiveram lugar no ano de 2011



US Thule Air Base, Greenland, 2011
Military Sealift Command Fast Combat Support Ship USNS Arctic, a navegar
Aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and guided-missile cruiser USS Anzio take on supplies from Military Sealift Command fast combat support ship USNS Arctic, April 23,2012, in the north Atlantic Ocean
an F-15 Eagle, from the 12th Fighter Squadron at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, flies next to a Russian Tu-95 Bear Bomber., over the Norwegian sea. One of many, the 'escort' lasted for 15 hours, on May 6th, 2009.
special Russian arctic forces, training
a Russian Arctic military base
Russia armed forces in the Arctic, 2011
USS Perch (SS-313) in 'pancake ice', in Northern Alaska. July 3, 1950
the 'privately-funded' Healy Mapping Mission, 2009
o mapa produzido em 2009 pela Healey Mission

o USCG Healy e o Canadian Coast Guard Cutter Louis S. St. Laurent a trabalhar em conjunto
"Russia's nuclear-power submarines will continue under-ice navigation in the Arctic", a senior Navy official said
in Moscow, October 2010
zona económica exclusiva do estado do Alaska e região disputada pelos Estados Unidos e o Canadá. A região riscada a escuro, à direita, é a disputada por ambos os Estados
a famosa e disputada Lomonosov Ridge, que a Federação Russa, a Dinamarca (a Gronelândia), e o Canadá reclamam, como extensão das suas plataformas
as diferentes dinâmicas das linhas de fractura na calota de gelo (acima) e dos degelos de Verão (abaixo)
East Siberian Sea, map
Russia has extensive territorial claims in the Arctic region. The large hashed area reflects Russia's current (Autumn, 2015) seabed claim
British military camouflage net (Arctic, white)
Arctic Council; member-States and observers, December 2011
al fresco, U.S. Navy safety swimmers stand on the deck of the Virginia class submarine USS New Hampshire, in the Arctic Ocean, north of Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, March 19, 2011
main Russian military bases in and around the Arctic, Summer 2015
Russia declares it will defend Arctic interests with force if necessary (February, 2015)
efforts at militarizing the Arctic, 2015; picture of main military installations on the Northern Route alone
March, 2015: Russia launches massive Arctic military drills
5-day Arctic drills involve 38,000 servicemen, more than 50 surface ships and submarines and 110 aircraft. The picture below in from much smaller Russian Pacific Fleet 2013 exercises near Sakhalin Island, near Vladivostok
Russian military controls 500 km more of offshore Arctic - Russian Defense Ministry, July 2015
Russia sends Su-33 fighters "to defend Arctic Forces" amid military expansion, August 2015
notching up: Russia builds Arctic air defence base, 9 September 2015
Russia Wants To Take Over The Arctic. Announces Arctic Military Modernization And Buildup; general on-the-ground situation in early August, 2015
a US congressional delegation and the Secretary of the Navy walk around the Seawolf class submarine USS Connecticut, after the boat surfaced through Arctic sea ice, north of Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, on March 18, 2011.
Norway was the first of the NATO countries to move it's Military Headquarters to the Arctic, inaugurating a new Operations Center located one kilometer inside a mountain at Reitan, outside Bodø, North Norway, in August 1, 2009 – up from Stavanger in the South
Lockheed Martin's Canadian preferred F-35 variant, Conventional Take Off & Landing
cartas batimétricas; na segunda, a Carta Batimétrica Internacional, o volume dos relevos é mais nítido

NASA picture of polar ice caps in 2007 and their average in 1979-1981 (ambos em Setembro)
now and then: since 1979, the size of the Summer polar ice cap has shrunk more than 20 percent (NASA image)
Google Earth e o degelo do Verão de 2011

paisagem, num fjord da Gronelândia: gelo de um glaciar e gelo marítimo com ilhas
mapas de ventos e linhas isotémicas, respectivamente


mapas do Ártico


as 'Cold Wars' no Ártico
Armando Marques Guedes
NOVA Law, Setembro de 2015
Canada ordered 65 (sixty five) of these Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, also known as Joint Strike Fighters (JSF)
military tents in the Arctic, Canadian Army, August 2011
Canadian military operations in the Arctic, 2011
(i) 1:32 lead figurine, US Army Ranger, Arctic Ops (MacFarlane military series collectibles, 2008) and (ii) Russian military, posturing in the Arctic


Canada's 'sovereignty exercises' in the Arctic, Operation Nanook, the biggest military exercises in Canadian history, ran from August 6-26, 2011
Swedish face mask for Arctic war
Swedish face mask for Arctic war
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