Astrida Fitri Nuryani Template Extended Abstract ICPEU2015

September 7, 2017 | Autor: Astrida Nuryani | Categoria: Media and Cultural Studies, Cultural Sociology, Halal food, Food Security
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The 2nd International Conference Planning in the Era of Uncertainty:
Sustainable Development

QUO VADIS THE FOODSCAPE GOLIATH? "Jokowinomics" food sovereignty policy AGAINST foreign fast food chains EMERGENCE
Astrida Fitri Nuryani
Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Brawijaya University, Jl Veteran Malang, Indonesia

Abstract
This paper attempts to posit questions on "Jokowinomics" food sovereignty policy, regarding foreign fast food chains as the "Goliath" of urban foodscapes. The questions matter because the shift in Indonesian food regime toward food sovereignty stills shows an ostensible lack of concern in foreign fast food chains's socio-cultural threats, similar to that shown by the past administration. Based on an ethnographic research on urban foodscapes in two historical neighborhoods in Malang, there are socio-cultural threats posed by foreign fast food chains in urban areas. The results lead to the following questions to the current administration. How would the foodscape actors be empowered in the long run? Would there be explorations that lead to rediscovery of old culinary culture and food system? How would the foreign fast food chains limitations be implemented?


Keywords: food sovereignty ; foreign fast food ; policy ; foodscape ; urban poor

Introduction
The concept of foodscapes comprises the institutional arrangements, cultural spaces, and discourses that surround food and human relationships (MacKendrick, 2014). The use of this concept will enable discourses of food sovereignty (Claeys, 2013). An example of which is in Indonesia. As a country with varying foodscape problems, food sovereignty is a struggle in both urban and rural areas. Recently, Joko Widodo (Jokowi)'s new administration has adopted the food sovereignty concept as part of its "Jokowinomics" policies. Nonetheless, the view of the new administration regarding this concept is as one-dimensional as its predecessor, with emphasis merely on food supply, import limitations, and strengthening of the State Logistics Agency (Badan Urusan Logistik—Bulog) functions.
What Indonesian policymakers fail to grasp is the precarious situation of urban foodscapes. One of the threats come from the emergence of foreign fast food chains. Under Yudhoyono's administration, Indonesia adopted the food security regime for its food policies, which was focused on the fulfillment of food supply and demands, but lacking in food democracy and social rights. Therefore, alhough the original research in this paper was conducted in Yudhoyono's era, it is still contextually relevant to present-day situation. Framing the research in food sovereignty concept, it is employed to warn as well as a to the posit questions to the current administration.
Research Methods
The research was originally an ethnographic research conducted in Kampung Kauman and Kayutangan, two historical neighborhoods in the Municipality of Malang. The data comprise two types of data; primary and secondary. The primary data were obtained from field observation, participatory observation, and in-depth interviews. The secondary data were obtained from books, journals, and research reports related to food security and food sovereignty. The coding, categorizing and conceptualization of the data were based on Denscombe (2007)'s data analysis methods for small research projects.

Highlight of Research Results
The following are highlights of the research results.
Fast food chains in urban foodcase: the case of two neighborhoods in sub-district of Kauman,
Foodscapes involve profit motives, as is evident in the emergence of fast food chains. They first entered the neighborhood in the midst of 1990s, regardless of the historical value of the neighborhood in culinary culture. The exact year was proven difficult to trace, due to the municipal archiving system (only the registry data from the year of 2003 were immediately available). Since then, there are two more outlets of American fast food chains in the neighborhoods, one of which is located adjacent to the first outlet (see Fig.1).

Fig. 1. Map of Distribution of Foreign Fast Food Outlets in Klojen
The two neighborhoods's foodscapes consisted of several Javanese food stalls, street food vendors, a bakery, three foreign fast food outlets, and a minimarket. At least three of the existing Javanese food stalls had lasted for two or three generations. With small premises and limited menu, they were the foodscapes for the two neighborhood occupants as well as outsiders (who are either loyal customers or unable to afford more luxurious menu). Nonetheless, the fast food chains threatens the neighborhoods culturally and bodily. The chains target families and young people, even the poor ones. They were exposed to the fast foods by the media, their peers. ironically, were runners of the neighborhood food stalls. In addition, foreign fast food chains also weakened the food stalls. Due to the latter's antiquity, they seemed to attract mostly middle-aged customers rather than young people. Providing that this continues, traditional food identity will be eroded. Thus far, food stalls and street food vendors are often blamed for unhygienic practices, but in reality the outlets actually produce unhealthy processed foods as well.
Indonesian Food Sovereignty Policy
The municipality negligence was evident in registry procedures for food businesses. Procedures were mere formality and the outlets were allowed to be established anywhere, including in historical neighborhood. Although national decree regarding limitation of food and beverage franchise was issued in 2013, there is lack of publications concerning its implementation. Regarding the limitations in Jokowinomics' food sovereignty, how would foodscape actors (including the poor) be empowered in the long run? Would there be explorations that lead to rediscovery of old culinary culture and food system? How would the limitations of foreign fast food chains be implemented? There is a worldwide rise of alternative food institutions and global grassroot movements for urban food sovereignty (Short, Guthman dan Raskin 2007; Sage 2014). In those cases, the urban poor are enabled by the strengthening of social capital, and thus rebuild a new food system where they could obtain fresh and healthy produce as well as cooked foods at a reasonable price. Programs to promote traditional food businesses are created through explorations of local culture. These explorations lead to rediscovery of sustainable food systems. Such pathways might be adopted in the Indonesian context. Instead of merely focusing on Bulog and food supply, strengthening of local social institutions and enhancement of actor roles must be implemented.

Conclusion

Although it is true that Jokowinomics is still neoteric, the current administration needs to reflect on their concept of food sovereignty. The research results show that despite the outward survival of the neighborhood foodscape, the threat of foreign fast food chains is imminent, and therefore must not be neglected .

References
[1] Claeys, Priscilla. 2013. From food sovereignty to peasants' rights: an overview of Via Campesina's struggle for new human rights. Accessed November 4, 2014, http://viacampesi na.org/ downloads/pdf/openbooks/EN-02.pdf.

[2[ Denscombe, Martyn. The good research guide. New York: McGrew-Hill Education; 2007.

[3] Facebook Inc. Joko Widodo's Facebook page. Last modified on November 2, 2014. Accessed November 15, 2014, https://www.facebook.com/IrHJokoWidodo/photos/a.331546466997473.1073741829.329509440534509/409672495851536/.

[4] MacKendrick, Norah. 2014. Foodscape. Context. Retrieved on (http://contexts.org/articles/summer-2014/foodscape/).

[5] Sage, Colin. The transition movement and food sovereignty: from local resilience to global engagement in food system transformation. Journal of Consumer Culture 2014, 0(0) 1–22, accessed November 1, 2014, doi: 10.1177/1469540514526281

[6] Short, Anne, Julie Guthman and Samuel Raskin. Food deserts, oases, or mirages?: small markets and community food security in the San Francisco Bay area. Journal of Planning Education and Research 2007 26: 352-364, accessed November 1, 2014, doi: 10.1177/0739456X06297795.

/ Procedia Environmental Sciences 00 (2012) 000–000


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