49th Congress of the European Regional Science Association “Territorial cohesion of Europe and integrative planning” 25th – 29th August 2009, Lodz, Poland BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AND ITS DIASPORA: DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS Izet Ibrelji
[email protected] Salih Kulenovi
[email protected] Alma Kaduši
[email protected] University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract In the last two to three years, Bosnia and Herzegovina has been known as the country with dynamic economic development as well as the country which is characterized by more or less intensive emigration flows. However, the war developments in the period 1992-1995 changed population and economic image of this country to a large extent. After the end of the war, about 50 % of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s emigrants stayed in foreign countries while economic migrations from Bosnia and Herzegovina have been especially intensified in the post-war period. Bosnia and Herzegovina is mainly abandoned by productively-creative and “fertile capital” which is essential for immigration countries and for the realisation of their pro fertility policy and strengthening pensioner’s funds. It is to be expected that until Bosnia and Herzegovina joins the European Union emigration from this country will continue due to economic factors and uncertain future. Therefore, the main aims of this paper are the analysis of contemporary demographic situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina and defining the basics of possible population policy which would enable the insight in migrational processes. The economic aspect of the paper represents a “natural” continuation of previous presentation and in this part we will analyze collected empirical data about financial assets sent by Bosnia and Herzegovina’s diaspora to the mother country. Foreign remittances and migrant’s donations are a new phenomenon which has been attracting attention of migrational experts in the last few years. In Bosnia and Herzegovina nobody meticulously deals with this way of foreign capital entrance to the country. In this paper the research is directed to positive and negative effects of this capital which enters Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is especially necessary to investigate the causes of such situation and the possibilities for improvements in the structure of capital use in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Key words: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Diaspora, migration, demographic aspect, economic aspect.
Introduction External migrations from Bosnia and Herzegovina are a consequence of its economicgeographic and political development. In the second half of the 20th century, the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina significantly participated in European labour turnover. A number of people who had gone abroad for a temporary job were increasing every year as well as a negative migration migratory balance which significantly influenced demogeographical development of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s population. After 1991 and Yugoslavia’s disintegration, forced migration and persecution became evident when around 2.2 million Bosnia and Herzegovina’s citizens were displaced out of which around 1.2 million people escaped to the countries all over the world. After the Dayton peace agreement, a certain number of inhabitants returned to Bosnia and Herzegovina while some of them stayed abroad. Besides this, a significant number of inhabitants left the country after the Dayton peace agreement because of the economic and political situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to some sources, since 1996 over 100,000 inhabitants have willingly emigrated from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Therefore, emigrational flows from Bosnia and Herzegovina in different periods were caused by various factors. Consequently, their influence on the demographic development of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s inhabitants can be followed through three periods: period until 1991, period from 1992 to 1995 and period after 1996. 1. Diaspora of Bosnia and Herzegovina in time perspective 1.1. Emigration of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s inhabitants until 1991 External migrations from Bosnia and Herzegovina until 1991 happened in accordance with the social development of former Yugoslavia since Bosnia and Herzegovina was one of the republics of this state. Immediately after the Second World War, Yugoslav government’s attitude toward external migrations was negative. In that period, the ideological aspect was developed and it was based on “socialist development” of the state. According to this aspect workers have the right to work and there is no need for emigration. Emigration was considered detrimental and it was not stimulated or approved. At the beginning of 1960s, Yugoslav economy was in recession. Yugoslavian borders were opened because of large unemployment and growing social tensions and the inhabitants were given the possibility to solve their existential problems with temporary jobs abroad. Foreign countries started employing citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as other republics of the former SFRY. Consequently, through decades Bosnia and Herzegovina had a negative migratory balance and it was losing its population. Male workers were the first to leave the country seeking a temporary job and after some time their family members joined them. (Table 1) Table 1. Inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina with temporary jobs abroad and households according to the number of family members with temporary jobs abroad in 1971, 1981 and 1991 Number of Family members of Households which have family members people with people with temporary with temporary jobs abroad Year temporary jobs jobs who live with them 3 and Total 1 2 abroad in foreign countries more 1971 137,824 105,938 82,385 17,883 5,670 1981 133,902 49,038 96,373 65,836 26,245 4,292 1991 142,612 64,832 Source: (10, pg. 318)
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From the data presented in table 1 we can see that in 1971, 137,824 citizens had temporary jobs and residence abroad. In the next ten years, that is until 1981, this number increased to 182,940 citizens, that is by 32.7 %. In 1991, there were 207,444 Bosnia and Herzegovina’s citizens in foreign countries, which, compared to 1981 is the increase by 13.4 %. However, according to the information of State department for statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina presented later on, around 234,213 citizens had temporary jobs and residence abroad which, compared to 1981, is the increase of emigrants by 28 %. (Table 2) Table 2. Citizens with temporary jobs and residence in immigration countries 1991 With temporary jobs abroad Living abroad as family members Total Immigration Total Born abroad Total Born abroad country Total Man Total Man Total Man Total Man Total Man Austria 50,367 France 3,787 Germany 11,3306 Switzerland 38,494 Sweden 4,271 Rest of Europe 5,394 Australia 6,621 Canada 5,198 The USA 2,753 Outside Europe 1,508 Unknown 2,514 country Total 234,213 Source: (5, pg. 8-10)
32,894 2,204 67841 22,332 2,341 3,511 3,635 2,896 1,596 1,116
40,158 2,322 76,203 28,415 2,761 4,039 3,707 2,979 1,736 1,209
27,851 1,488 50,248 17,418 1,588 2,900 2,252 1,814 1,096 972
471 129 1,304 187 133 112 227 211 82 24
205 53 496 47 56 31 100 97 24 15
10,209 1,465 37,103 10,079 1,510 1,355 2,914 2,219 1,017 299
5,043 716 17,593 4,914 753 611 1,383 1,082 500 144
4,592 938 19,846 3,320 1,018 545 1,821 1,404 533 92
2,437 493 10,098 1,756 538 266 919 716 287 42
1,397
1,537
940
17
7
977
457
107
59
141,763
165,066
108,567
2,897
1131
69,147
33,196
34,216
17,612
In 1991, around 92 % of emigrants, that is 215,619 citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina were living in European countries. Out of that number, around 113,306 or 52.5 % lived in Germany, 50,367 or 23.4 % in Austria and 38,494 or 17.8 % in Switzerland. Around 6,621 or 2.8 % Bosnians lived in Australia, while in the United States and Canada there were 7,951 or 3.4 % of all emigrants from Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the 1970s, Bosnia and Herzegovina entered the phase of faster economic development. This development caused a decrease in the rates of natural increase and population growth rates in total. However, it is important to mention that along with biological, socio-economic and psychological factors, emigrations and negative migratory balance also affected the rates of natural increase and Bosnia and Herzegovina’s population growth in total. In this way Bosnia and Herzegovina lost some of its citizens who changed temporary into permanent residence in foreign countries. Therefore, emigrational flows are one of the factors which caused a decline of population natural growth rates which in 1961 were 23.9 ‰, in 1971 15.4 ‰, in 1981 10.8 ‰ and in 1991 7.7 ‰.1 1.2. Emigration of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s citizens in the period 1992 to 1995 Until 1992, migrations of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s citizens were mainly caused by economic factors. However, at the beginning of the 1990s, significant demographic changes happened. They were mostly caused by forced migrations of citizens. Namely, Serbia and Montenegro’s aggression on Bosnia and Herzegovina caused large territorial redistribution of population in Bosnia and Herzegovina and outside it.
1
Statisti ki godišnjaci R BiH, Republi ki zavod za statistiku, Sarajevo.
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Toward the 1991 census, Bosnia and Herzegovina had 4,377,033 citizens.2 Around 2.2 million of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s inhabitants were persecuted and expelled in the period from 1992 to 1995. Out of that number, around one million people were displaced inside Bosnia and Herzegovina while 1.2 million citizens emigrated to the countries all over the world but mostly to European countries. (Table 3) Table 3. Number of refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina in European countries in 1996 Country
Number of refugees
Country
Number of refugees
Former Yugoslavia 441,938 Italy 10,000 Serbia and Montenegro 253,383 Hungary 8,500 Croatia 171,383 Belgium 6,000 Slovenia 12,172 Albania 5,000 FYR of Macedonia 5,000 Greece 3,000 Outside former Yug. 600,878 Spain 2,500 Germany 320,000 Turkey 2,500 Austria 80,000 The Slovak Republic 1,596 Sweden 57,230 Luxembourg 1,500 Switzerland 24,000 Finland 1,200 Denmark 19,500 The Czech Republic 911 The Netherlands 16,000 Ireland 600 France 15,000 Liechtenstein 396 Source: International Migration Bulletin, United Nations, Geneva, November 1996, http.//www.unece.org/ead/pau/bull9.pdf (February, 2006)
In the period from 1992-1995, a large number of Bosnians were accepted by the countries of former Yugoslavia (Serbia, Montenegro and Croatia) where around 39 % of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s inhabitants immigrated. These countries, along with Germany and Austria, accepted around 74 % persecuted inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina.3 According to the UN, after the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, more than 440,000 Bosnia and Herzegovina refugees were situated in the neighbouring countries, mostly in Serbia and Montenegro, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia etc. More than 600,000 refugees had temporary asylum in certain European countries such as Germany (320,000), Austria (80,000), Sweden (57,000), Switzerland (24,000) etc.4 According to the UN sources in the period from 1990 to 1995, the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina decreased from 4.3 to 3.4 million people while the average yearly rate of decrease was around 4.62 %.5 Therefore, significant demogeographic changes happened in the war period (1992 to 1995) and they can be seen in rates of natural decrease, population growth rates, population structures, etc.
2
Statisti ki godišnjak Republike Bosne i Hercegovine 1992. godine, Državni zavod za statistiku, Sarajevo, 1994. Izvještaj Bosne i Hercegovine o zakonodavnim i drugim mjerama na provo enju na ela utvr enih u okvirnoj konvenciji za zaštitu nacionalnih manjina, Savjet ministara, Sarajevo, Decembar 2003. 4 International Migration Buletin, United Nations, Geneva, Novembar, 1996., http.//www.unece.org/ead/pau/bull9.pdf (May, 2006). 5 International Migration from countries with Economies in Transition: 1980-1999, Septembre 2002, pg.50 3
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1.3. Emigration of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s inhabitants after 1995 After the Dayton peace agreement in 1996, the process of returning to Bosnia and Herzegovina started. However, out of 1.2 million of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s persecuted citizens, only 447,577 people returned until the end of 2008. (Table 4) Table 4. Number of returnees to Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period from 1996 to 2008. Period Number of returnees 1996-1999 349,969 2000-2003 88,446 2004-2008 9,162 Ukupno 447,577 Source: UNHCR Statistical Summary 2008, UNHCR representation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, http://www.unhcr.ba (May 2009.)
After 1995, along with the process of returning, the emigrational flows of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s inhabitants to the European and world countries have been intensified. These emigrational flows were intensified by a negative economic and political situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the first five years after the Dayton peace agreement was signed, that is until 2001, around 92,000 citizens left Bosnia and Herzegovina.6 Graph 1. The visas request to foreign countries, May 2005 1% 1%
6%
2% 3% 6%
36%
9%
19% 17%
Work Permanent Residence Study Family Reunification Tourist Visa Assistance Reintegration Asylum Citizenship Other
Source: Migrant Service Centre, IOM Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, http://www.iom.ba, (February 2006)
Based on IOM research from May 2005, the main reason for emigration of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s citizens are jobs opportunities (36 %), then studying (19 %) etc. (Graph 1) Unfortunately, there are no relevant figures in this country about its citizens abroad. However, the estimations of the Ministry for human rights and refugees in Bosnia and Herzegovina indicate that, by the end of 2008, around 1.4 million people of Bosnia and Herzegovina origin lived outside the country. This number, compared to a total number of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s population represents one third of its total population. Out of this 6
International Migration Bulletin, United Nations, Geneva, November, 1996, http.//www.unece.org/ead/pau/bull9.pdf (May, 2006).
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number of citizens most of them live in the USA (390,000) and Canada (60,000), Australia (50,000), Germany (157,000), Serbia and Montenegro (137,000), Austria (132,000), Slovenia (100,000), Sweden (75,000), Croatia (60,000), Switzerland (50,000) and in other European countries around 140,000, etc.7 The situation per continents is visible from graph 2.8
in 000
Graph 2. Bosnian and Herzegovinian diaspora per continents, september 2008
900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Europe
America
Australia
Asia
Africa
Persecution of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s citizens in the period from 1992 to 1995 and post Dayton emigrations changed the demogeographic image of Bosnia and Herzegovina completely. They influenced other demographic losses since population growth rates were reduced, which also significantly reduced the demographic capacity of this country and hastened Bosnia’s entrance to the phase of demographic transition. Bosnia and Herzegovina records a continuous decrease of population growth rates in the post-war years. In 1996, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the population growth of 21,442 new citizens was registered while in 2006 the growth was 812 inhabitants. 9 According to the Agency for statistics in Bosnia and Herzegovina there were 3,842,942 citizens in 2007. In the same year, a negative population growth of -0.3 ‰ was registered.10 Emigrational flows of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s inhabitants additionally complicate this problem and have a negative impact on its economic and demographic development. 2. Contemporary Diaspora of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its potentials The large emigration phenomenon was present in Bosnia and Herzegovina even before the First World War (however, this problem is not the subject of this paper). As we can see from the data presented, it was also present in the later periods of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s history. Contemporary Bosnia and Herzegovina’s diaspora includes more than a million people of Bosnia and Herzegovina origin. This dispersion “to around 100 countries of the world is mostly the result of war events in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the beginning of the 1990s, then political and economic migrations from the earlier periods and post-Dayton 7
Migration and Remittances Factbook 2008, March, 2008. Pregled stanja bosanskohercegova kog iseljeništva, Ministarstvo za ljudska prava i izbjeglice, Sarajevo, 2008., str. 7, http://www.dijasporabih.gov.ba/Binder1.pdf (juni 2009.) 9 Bosna i Hercegovina u brojkama 2008., Agencija za statistiku BiH, Federalni zavod za statistiku F BiH, Republi ki zavod za statistiku RS, Novembar, 2008., pg. 5 10 www.bhas.ba 8
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emigration in the era of mobility”. In the geographic area of the former Yugoslavia, migrations were always of ethno-centric character, which means that people always moved to the areas where their nation was a majority. In the period from 1992-1995, migrations were coerced, which means that their ethno-centric character was even more emphasized. Migrations out of the former Yugoslav territory were quite dispersed but as a rule, people mostly emigrated from Bosnia and Herzegovina to industrially developed countries. People always emigrated from Bosnia and Herzegovina because of political and economic reasons to find “temporary jobs” or to be in “temporary emigration”. However, the hope to return from foreign countries to Bosnia was eventually less and less. All this characterizes Bosnia and Herzegovina’s diaspora which is, by some estimates, larger than the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, there are no precise statistics about this problem. There is no database about a total number of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s emigrants or their number in various countries, there is no database about emigrants’ age and education or employment etc. Moreover, there is no directory of organizations and societies of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s citizens or common Diaspora’s publications (newspaper, magazine). A broader meaning of the term diaspora includes not only the first and second, but also the third generation of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s emigrants who maintain active relationship with their homeland and culture and represent “the bridge” for cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the foreign countries where emigrants live. Based on the whish for returning to the mother country, Bosnia and Herzegovina’s emigrants can be divided into three categories: those who want to return to Bosnia and Herzegovina immediately but do not have conditions for that (older generations), those who want to return but currently cannot (middle-aged generation with families) and those who do not express any wish for return (mostly younger generations). For the purpose of more efficient involvement of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s emigrants into the solving of issues which are of interest for Bosnia and Herzegovina’s diaspora and the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the World Association of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s diaspora was founded in 2002. According to the Association Statute, this organization’s main goals are: the organisational integration of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s associations all over the world; the exchange of information and ideas which are of interest for emigrants; coordination and unified approach to solving issues important for emigrants at Bosnia and Herzegovina’s and foreign institutions and authorities; the creation of conditions for development of Bosnian religious tradition in diaspora and the development of Bosnian cultural identity; planning activities for the realization of cultural, economic, communicative and other activities of the association. The diaspora of Bosnia and Herzegovina mainly got involved in economic affairs in new countries, acquired new knowledge, experience, business mentality and certain performances which can be used in developing different types of cooperation with their mother country. Human, material, religious and patriotic potentials of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s diaspora might have an important role in political, cultural, and social development of Bosnia and Herzegovina. If an appropriate relationship between emigration and development policies is established, the diaspora might become an important segment in creating government and regional strategies of development and in reducing the poverty in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Therefore, it is an important development potential since its people are mainly young, educated and with certain experience gained in new environments where they work and live. A long-term human potential of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s diaspora is mostly unused nowadays, since very little has been done on defining specific activities through which this potential might show its true value and become a significant development factor of our country. Although few people in Bosnia and Herzegovina nowadays believe that emigration is
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dominantly temporary, the authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina do very little to fight the assimilation of Bosnians in the countries of immigration. 3. Crucial migration effects on the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina Emigrational effects in Bosnia and Herzegovina can be observed from many different aspects. Politically, “people exportation” from Bosnia and Herzegovina has a specific meaning. First of all, emigration reduces the level of unemployment which has corresponding political contents. In this way, social tensions are lessened and political stability in the period of crisis is influences. For that reason, governing structures were always satisfied with this process (although they never demonstrated this publicly). In demogeographic way, emigrational effects of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s citizens are completely discouraging. Specifically, it is mostly “fertile capital” who emigrates from Bosnia and Herzegovina and they easily incorporate in immigration countries and improve their demographic situation. How much this affects Bosnia and Herzegovina, the country in which “the white plague” increasingly spreads, is the question that deserves special elaboration. Economically observed we should have in mind the fact that Bosnia and Herzegovina is mostly left by productive capital rich in knowledge gained in the country which financed their education with many difficulties. Elderly people and pensioners stay in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Labour force must obtain financial resources for them (pensions, social payments etc.). Consequently, the ratio between the number of employees and the number of pensioners worsens. All this affects the entire economic activity in the country. Moreover, tax system in Bosnia and Herzegovina suffers large detriments. Hidden effects of demogeographic and economic losses are much bigger and largely affect entire social activity in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Our country is definitely one of the losers in this process and therefore “people exportation” is definitely not a rational activity. Calculations on this subject do not exist (there are no quantitative figures or researches on this problem). However, they are certainly devastating for Bosnia and Herzegovina as a country. Bosnia and Herzegovina uses money which emigrants send to the country mostly for importing foreign goods, paying interest rates etc. (emigrants send money to their relatives in order to improve their low standard of living). Therefore, it is completely the same whether our emigrants send money or goods to Bosnia and Herzegovina since their impacts on the domestic economy are minimal. To conclude, our country covers the mistakes of inadequate economic policy by exporting labour force which creates profit thus enabling the domestic population to live above their standard. How rational or ethical this might be is the subject of a special research. 4. Preconditions for attracting “ethno-investments” to Bosnia and Herzegovina In many countries in the world, emigration affects their economic growth and development. In the last few years, experts who explore migrations are especially interested in the phenomenon of collective foreign remittances of migrants. The analyses of experts, who research labour and contribution of emigrants’ associations, point at the tendency of dynamic growth in the past (according to the World Bank there is a slight decrease in recession) and structures of use of foreign remittances in the countries of origin for the benefit of productive investments. Smaller or larger quantities of emigrants’ remittances come to the countries of their origin in a more or less formal way. Through currency exchange offices and bank savings, they enter the monetary system of emigration country and increase foreign exchange reserves, thus
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improving the balance of payments. Consequently, this increases commercial banks’ deposits which can then use them for various purposes. A total of remittances which every year come to Bosnia and Herzegovina is significantly higher than the financial resources which enter our country through direct foreign investments and various, frequently conditioned, donations of regional funds of the EU. Therefore, emigrants’ remittances represent unburdened and unconditioned capital. Their volume and intensity depend on various factors: number of emigrants in a particular period, value of their wages, number of family members in the origin country, years spent in immigration, value of domestic currency etc. Emigrants’ remittances have a large influence on the existence of millions of people and, very often, they are a crucial factor of macroeconomic stability in many countries. At a global level, their value is around $300bn a year, and they have a large proportion in GDP of many countries.11 According to the same source, the remittances of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s emigrants are around $3bn a year and they make 20 % of our country’s GDP. Remittances can also have a negative effect on economic development, especially in some parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina where people mostly live of remittances. Consequently, local people get used to living on other people’s help and gradually lose motivation for work. However, the influence of remittances on economic development of Bosnia and Herzegovina is enormous. From time to time in our country there are some considerations about redirection of remittances from informal to formal flows which would enable the opening of new jobs. However, in order for something like this to happen, the diaspora needs to regain trust into its own country first. Bosnia and Herzegovina should provide “logistic support” for all our business people abroad who are ready to invest in Bosnia and Herzegovina. First of all, free locations and infrastructure for “greenfield” investments should be provided along with benefits for land lease, bureaucratic procedure for obtaining investment permissions should be reduced etc. Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially now while the whole world is in recession, should pay more attention to this type of foreign capital entrance or so called “ethno-investments” since it reduces the consequences of constant balance-of-payment deficit and it should be directed more towards investment and less to personal consumption. It is therefore necessary to take care of diaspora’s level of information about with concrete investment possibilities and to open regional centres for cooperation with the diaspora. Moreover, the projects in which wealthy and respectable Bosnia and Herzegovina’s emigrants would invest in small manufacturing or service companies competitive on the world market should be favoured. In modern times they do not have to be present in Bosnia and Herzegovina bearing in mind technology and the new means of communication. In order to attract emigrants to our country both in emotional and development-investment way it is necessary to ensure economic stability and legal security not only for them but also for other investors as well and eliminate crime and corruption. The diaspora represents the wealthiest part of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s population and this need to be accepted as a reality, which requires certain economic and political adjustments. Conclusion This paper represents a brief analysis of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s emigrations in decades-long period with a special reflection on positive and negative effects of emigration on demogeographic development and economic activity in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Authors
11
“The New York Times”, December 3, 2007
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presented their opinion on this complex and pressing topic, suggesting only the basic indications for solving the issues mentioned. In a contemporary demogeographic and economic situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina these are important questions for its future social development. Therefore, they require much more time and research efforts. References and sources: 1. Ibrelji , I., Kulenovi , S., Kaduši , A., Smaji , S.: Migration flows in Bosnia and Herzegovina after 1992, 46th Congress of the European Regional Science Association (ERSA), Volos, Greece, 2006. 2. Ibrelji , I., Kulenovi , S.: Regionalni ekonomsko-geografski i demogeografski trendovi u jugoisto noj Evropi, Centar za ekonomsko održivi i regionalni razvoj, Tuzla, 2005. 3. Sijer i , E.: Migracije stanovništva Bosne i Hercegovine, Republi ki zavod za statistiku SR BiH, Sarajevo, 1976. 4. Bosna i Hercegovina u brojkama 2008., Agencija za statistiku BiH, Federalni zavod za statistiku F BiH, Republi ki zavod za statistiku RS, Novembar, 2008. 5. Gra ani R BiH na privremenom radu-boravku u inostranstvu (rezultati za republiku po opštinama), Popis stanovništva, doma instava, stanova i poljoprivrednih gazdinstava 1991. godine, Državni zavod za statistiku Republike Bosne i Hercegovine, Statisti ki bilten 235, Sarajevo, 1994. 6. International Migration Buletin, United Nations, Geneva, Novembar 1996, http.//www.unece.org/ead/pau/bull9.pdf (May, 2006) 7. International Migration from countries with Economies in Treansition: 1980-1999, Septembre 2002, p.50 8. Izvještaj Bosne i Hercegovine o zakonodavnim i drugim mjerama na provo enju na ela utvr enih u okvirnoj konvenciji za zaštitu nacionalnih manjina, Savjet ministara, Sarajevo, Decembar 2003. 9. Popis stanovništva, doma instava i stanova 1981., Stanovništvo i doma instva (uporedni podaci za 1971. i 1981. godinu za opštine), Republi ki zavod za statistiku, Statisti ki bilten 86, Sarajevo, 1982. 10. Popis stanovništva, doma instava i stanova 1981., Stanovništvo i doma instva (uporedni podaci za 1971. i 1981. godinu za opštine), Republi ki zavod za statistiku, Statisti ki bilten 86, Sarajevo, 1982., str. 131, Statisti ki godišnjak SR Bosne i Hercegovine 1991., Republi ki zavod za statistiku, Sarajevo, 1991., str. 318 11. “The New York Times”, December 3, 2007 12. Migrant Service Centre, IOM Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, http://www.iom.ba, (February 2006.) 13. Migration and Remittances Factbook 2008, March, 2008. 14. Statisti ki godišnjaci R BiH, Republi ki zavod za statistiku, Sarajevo. 15. Statisti ki godišnjak Republike Bosne i Hercegovine 1992. godine, Državni zavod za statistiku, Sarajevo, 1994. 16. UNHCR Statistical Summary 2008, UNHCR representation in Bosnia and Hercegovina, http://www.unhcr.ba (May 2009.) 17. www.bhas.ba
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