Falcaustra sinensis sp. nov. (Nematoda, Kathlaniidae) from Indotestudo elongata in China

October 10, 2017 | Autor: Shuqian Zhang | Categoria: Medical Microbiology, China
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DOI: 10.2478/s11686-011-0023-0 © W. Stefan´ski Institute of Parasitology, PAS Acta Parasitologica, 2011, 56(2), 208–212; ISSN 1230-2821

Falcaustra sinensis sp. nov. (Nematoda, Kathlaniidae) from Indotestudo elongata in China Baochen Liu, Shuqian Zhang and Luping Zhang* College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050016, China

Abstract Falcaustra sinensis sp. nov. collected from the feces of Indotestudo elongata (Blyth) is described and illustrated. The new species can be distinguished from the congeners by the arrangement of caudal papillae of the male (6 pairs precloacal, 4 pairs postcloacal, 1 median), length of spicules (3.84–4.74 mm) and the presence of pseudosucker.

Keywords Nematoda, Falcaustra sinensis sp. nov., Kathlaniidae, Indotestudo elongata, China

Introduction The elongated tortoises, Indotestudo elongata (Blyth), are distributed in Southeast Asia. In China, the geographical distribution of this species is only limited in Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces. However, this animal is reared as pet in most of cities in China. Up to know, no species of parasitic nematodes from Indotestudo elongata has been reported in China. In the present paper, we describe a new species of Falcaustra.

critical point drying. The specimens were coated with gold and examined with a Hitachi S-570 scanning electron microscope at an accelerating voltage of 15 KV. Measurements (minimum, maximum, followed by mean in parentheses) are given in micrometers, unless otherwise stated. Specimens have been deposited in the College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University (HBNU), Hebei Province, China.

Results Falcaustra sinensis sp. nov.

Materials and methods An elongated tortoise, Indotestudo elongata (Blyth), reared as pet in Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China was treated by Albendazole (GSK, Tianjin, China) for deworming. Anthelmintic treatment was performed at a dose rate of 20 mg per kg body weight in December, 2009. Nematodes were collected from feces after 24 hours of deworming. After washing in physiological saline, the specimens were fixed in hot 4% formalin, then preserved in 70% ethanol until they were studied. For light microscopy examination, nematodes were cleared in lactophenol. Drawings were made with the aid of Nikon microscope drawing attachment. For scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies, specimens were fixed in 4% formaldehyde, post-fixed in 1% OsO4, dehydrated through an ethanol series and acetone, and then subjected to

General: Medium sized. Body cylindrical. Cuticle with fine striations. Mouth opening triangular, surrounded by three large lips, each with two inner and two outer papillae, the inner papillae oval and the outer elongated. One amphid on each subventral lip. The horseshoe-shaped semicircle structures formed at the connection of each two lips (Fig. 2B). Cervical alae present, narrow and short (Fig. 2A). Cervical papillae inconspicuous, at about middle of oesophagus. Oesophagus with spherical isthmus and spherical bulb. Excretory pore anterior to level of isthmus (Fig. 1A). Male: Body length 19.20–21.38 (20.44) mm; maximum width 1.23–1.48 (1.35) mm; width at head region 200–260 (240). Cuticle with distinct transverse striations, maximum distance between striations 18–33 (26) at anterior part of body. Buccal cavity 78–98 (83) long and 78–98 (84) wide. Length

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Falcaustra sinensis sp. nov. from China

Fig. 1. Falcaustra sinensis sp. nov.: A. Anterior end of female, lateral view. B. Cephalic end of female, ventral view. C. Posterior end of female. D. Egg. E. Gubernaculum, ventral view. F. Posterior end of male, lateral view. G. Posterior end of male, ventral view

of oesophagus including isthmus 2.64–2.94 (2.76) mm; isthmus 210–250 (240) long and 190–260 (230) wide; bulb 340– 390 (380) long and 390–490 (450) wide. Nerve ring 510–610 (580), excretory pore 1.97–2.3 (2.11) mm and cervical papillae 1.15–1.41 (1.25) mm from anterior end, respectively. Caudal papillae ten pairs and a single median precloacal papilla: six pairs precloacal, four pairs postcloacal (two ventral, two lateral), single papilla immediately anterior to cloaca. Pseu-

dosucker present, 2.04–2.56 (2.38) mm anterior to cloaca. Spicules equal, 3.84–4.74 (4.13) mm long. Gubernaculum large, partly chitinized, proximal part wider than distal part (Fig. 1E), 206–274 (231) long. Tail blunt, with a pointed tip, 460–590 (530) long. Female: Length 19.46–23.55 (21.66) mm; maximum width 1.28–1.54 (1.45) mm, width at head region 230–280 (250) wide. Cuticle with distinct transverse striations, maxi- 10.2478/s11686-011-0023-0 Downloaded from PubFactory at 08/01/2016 06:51:14PM via free access

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mum distance between striations 23–30 (25) at anterior part of body. Buccal cavity 78–88 (87) long and 78–98 (88) wide. Length of oesophagus including isthmus 2.69–3.07 (2.91) mm; isthmus 220–270 (240) long and 230–300 (250) wide; bulb 323–451 (358) long and 372–490 (437) wide. Nerve ring 460–640 (570), excretory pore 2.10–2.43 (2.26) mm and cervical papillae situated 1.08–1.23 (1.17) mm from anterior end, respectively. Vulva 5.76–6.78 (6.10) mm from posterior end. Eggs oval, 120–150 (130) long and 60–80 (70) wide. Tail blunt, 720–920 (840) long. Type host: Indotestudo elongata (Blyth) (Testudinidae). Type locality: Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China (114°29΄E, 38°03΄N). Site of infection: Intestine (from fecal mass). Type specimens: Holotype: male (HBNU-1005), allotype: female (HBNU-1006), paratypes: 6 males (HBNU-1007) and 13 females (HBNU-1008). Etymology: The species is named after its geographic location (China).

Baochen Liu et al.

Remarks: Based on the general morphology, this species clearly belongs to the genus Falcaustra. Lane (1915) described the posterior portion of the oesophagus to be hourglass shaped. Chabaud (1978) stated that the oesophagus have a spherical isthmus just anterior to the bulb. This character is evident in F. sinensis. The species of Falcaustra are differentiated by the characteristics of male: number and arrangement of caudal papillae, the length of spicules, presence or absence of precloacal pseudosuckers (see Bursey et al. 2000). The new species is most similar to F. chelydrae Harwood, 1932, F. pahangi Yuen, 1963 and F. manouriacola Bursey et Rivera, 2009 in the presence of a pseudosucker, and in the spicules longer than 3 mm. However, it differs from F. chelydrae in the length of spicules (3.84–4.74 mm in the former vs 3.4–3.9 mm in the latter), and in the arrangement of caudal papillae (12–0–8+1 papillae arrangement in the former vs 6–6–8+1 papillae arrangement in the latter). F. sinensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from F. pahangi in the number and arrangement of caudal papillae (10

Fig. 2. SEM of Falcaustra sinensis sp. nov.: A. Cephalic end of body, dorsal view. B. Cephalic extremity, en face view. C. Posterior end of male, lateral view. D. Part of male tail, ventral view, showing the precloacal papillae. E. Part of male tail, lateral view, showing the postcloacal papillae. F. Posterior end of female, ventral view. Abbreviations: am – amphid, ca – cervical ala, ip – inner papilla, mp – median papilla, op – outer papilla, ss – semicircle structure - 10.2478/s11686-011-0023-0 Downloaded from PubFactory at 08/01/2016 06:51:14PM via free access

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Falcaustra sinensis sp. nov. from China

Table I. Additions and corrections to Table 1 of Bursey and Rivera (2009) Spicule length (mm)

Papillae pattern*

Pseudosucker

Papua New Guinea Vanuatu

1.377–1.607

8–2–6+1

5 or 6

2.43–2.68

8–2–10+1

1

Cnemaspis aff. tropidogaster

Sri Lanka

0.956–1.046

12–2–10+1

absent

Andrias davidianus

China

0.476–0.567

6–4–12+1

1

Andrias davidianus

China

0.565–0.729

6–6–8/10+1

1

Andrias davidianus

China

1.435–1.847

10–0–14+1

1

Onychodactylus japonicas Indotestudo elongate

Japan

0.537–0.743

6–6–8+1

3–5

China

3.84–4.74

12–0–8+1

1

Realm Falcaustra spp. Australian F. batrachiensis Bursey, Goldberg et Kraus, 2009 F. tannaensis Bursey, Goldberg, Hamilton et Austin, 2010 Oriental F. desilvai Bursey, Goldberg et Bauer, 2009 Palaearctic F. andrias (He, Liu et Ma, 1992) comb. nov. = Spironoura andrias He, Liu et Ma, 1992 F. chengguensis (He, Liu et Ma, 1992) comb. nov. = Spironoura chengguensis He, Liu et Ma, 1992 F. fopingensis (He, Liu et Ma, 1992) comb. nov. = Spironoura fopingensis He, Liu et Ma, 1992 F. odaiensis Hasegawa et Nishikawa, 2009 F. sinensis sp. nov.

Type host

Country

Nyctimystes cheesmani Nactus pelagicus

*Precloacal + adcloacal + postcloacal + median.

pairs, 12–0–8+1 papillae arrangement vs 11 pairs, 10–0–12+1 papillae arrangement), and in the body length (male 19.20– 21.38 mm long in the new species vs male 10.0–11.0 mm long in F. pahangi). The new species is different from F. manouriacola in the spicule length (3.84–4.74 mm in the new species vs 3.4–3.9 mm in F. manouriacola), and the arrangement of caudal papillae (12–0–8+1 vs 10–2–8). In addition, the new species is similar to F. annandalei (Baylis et Daubney, 1922) in having same number and arrangement of caudal papillae, but it differs from the latter in the length of spicules (3.84– 4.74 mm vs 2.20–2.30 mm), in the different shaped gubernaculum.

Discussion The species of Falcaustra are parasites of fish, amphibians and reptiles. Baker (1987) lists 51 species of the genus. Over the last decade, more contributions on the taxonomy of Falcaustra have been made by Bursey et al. (Bursey et al. 2000, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009a, b, 2010) and (Bursey and Aker 2001, Bursey and Goldberg 2001, Bursey and Kinsella 2003, Bursey and Freeman 2005, Bursey and Rivera 2009). Several new species of Falcaustra were also reported by other authors (Manna and Mahapatra 1989, Jackson 2000, Hidalgo-Vila et al. 2006, Hasegawa and Nishikawa 2009). 85 nominal species of the genus were listed by Bursey and Rivera (2009). Since

then, 4 new species have been added to this genus (see Table I). However, three species of Spironoura collected from digestive tract of Andrias davidianus in China by He et al. (1992) did not include in the list of Bursey and Rivera (2009). Those species should be transfer to the genus Falcaustra and form three new combinations: Falcaustra andrias (He, Liu et Ma, 1992) comb. nov., Falcaustra fopingensis (He, Liu et Ma, 1992) comb. nov., Falcaustra chengguensis (He, Liu et Ma, 1992) comb. nov. (Table I). A total of 93 nominal species of Falcaustra has been reported worldwide including 8 species found in China.

Acknowledgements. We would like to express our sincere thanks to Professor Ruiyong An (College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University) for the identification of the host and for anthelmintic treatment.

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(Accepted February 27, 2011)

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