Mutirão Paulo Freire
Descrição do Produto
Carmen Briers
Human Settlements – Assignment 3 [Project Case] – Fall 2015
MUTIRÃO PAULO FREIRE.
Latin‐America
Brazil
After inauguration (2010)
São Paulo
BASIC PROJECT DATA: Initiator: Mutirão Paulo Freire Architect: USINA Other partners/ actors involved: Name: Mutirão Paulo Freire Place: Tiradentes, São Paulo Date: 1999 ‐ present Number of residents/ users catered for: 100 families
Short description [min. 200 – max. 250 words] Mutirão Paulo Freire is a community group of 100 low‐income families, affiliated with the Movimento Sem‐ Terra Leste 1, which in turn is a part of UMM ‐ the União dos Movimentos de Moradia São Paulo. As will become clear, the particular history of urban social movements in Brazil and especially in São Paulo plays an important role in the framework of this project. The families in the mutirão, originating from the east of São Paulo Metropolitan region and severely lacking adequate, affordable housing, took matters into their own hands. Supported by USINA and funded by the Programa de Mutirões Autogeridos of COHAB (São Paulo’s City housing development company), they ventured in a completely self‐managed process for planning, designing, constructing and managing a proper housing complex. Throughout the process, the residents are empowered to fight for their rights, to develop personal skills and to construct a social network. Although USINA has a lot of experience in similar projects with mutirões, the lack of urbanity of this specific project can be considered as a missed opportunity for urbanizing the periphery of the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo. Site [min. 100 – max. 150 words] Cidade Tiradentes is considered as the largest planned ghetto in Latin America. 40 000 residential units are housing more than 300 000 residents in a vast, monofunctional housing complex implemented by the government in the outskirts of the city of São Paulo, without any integration in the landscape. It takes approximately 2 hours to travel from cidade Tiradentes to São Paulo city center. The site on which the Mutirão Paulo Freire constructed the project was designated by the City and occupied by the Mutirão in 1999. It was already partly occupied by illegal settlements, which, after Monofunctional public housing complex replaces the local landscape negotiations, were allowed to remain in place.
Historical background [min. 300 – max. 350 words] Without elaborating in detail on the history of Brazil, it is important to note that this project ‐ within the ongoing dynamics of mutirões and a broader range of other housing movements in Brazil‐ has its origins in the rising industrialization in the sixties. The ‘economic wonder’ was accompanied by a severe housing crisis, which continues until today. The urbanized working‐class population grew exponentially, especially in São Paulo, but adequate affordable housing for low‐income groups was not readily available in the city center. Therefore the new urban residents had to rely on illicit auto‐construction in the rapidly growing, outstretched peripheral areas. During a deep recession in the seventies and eighties, urban residents grouped themselves in syndicates and social movements, and took a stand on the political stage. The precarious living conditions of the periphery in which many found themselves was the central inspiration for these social movements. By demanding their rights to the city the social movements helped establishing the democratization of Brazil and the improvement of the public space and ‐infrastructure in the periphery. This was followed by the constitution of the social‐ democratic Partido dos Trabalhadores, (PT – Workers’ Party). The PT came to power in the state of São Paulo in 1988, and through continuous pressure of the social movements, the National Urban Housing Program was started up. As a consequence, large‐scale, monofunctional and monotonous public housing projects, not taking into account the actual needs of the population, were massively constructed. They were heavily criticized along the way. As (one of the) result(s), a new urban policy facilitating urban reformations was approved in 2001 during the reign of Socialist minister Lula. Through this policy, alternative formats for production of popular housing can receive financial support from the government. One such formats are mutirões, community groups self‐organizing and auto‐constructing low‐ income housing projects from A to Z, based on the principle of mutual help of the residents. Architect [min. 200 – max. 250 words] USINA is a multidisciplinary collective of architects, engineers and social workers founded and located in São Paulo. USINA’s main goal is to empower and mobilize the low‐income population of Brazil to take a more active role in the defense of their right to housing, by promoting self‐managed improvement of living conditions. USINA arose out of the ashes of LabHab, an academic experiment at the Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Faculdade de Belas Artes de São Paulo, in which a group of architecture students and teachers advised social movements on defining strategies for affordable housing, public facilities and life in the ‘slums’ in São Paulo. As such LabHab, together with similar initiatives at other
São Paulo’s population growth (1991‐2000) continues to happen foremostly in the peripheries. Cidade Tiradentes is the large yellow area in the east of the map.
Constructions of Cidade Tiradentes itself started in the eighties. It is a prime example of the first wave of constructions in the National Urban Housing Program.
Logo USINA
universities, stood at the base of a new critical thinking about public housing and its production in Brazil. USINA established itself as an NGO in 1990. Since then, USINA has been involved in the design and execution of more than 5000 housing units in both the city and state of São Paulo and throughout the rest of the country. It’s mission is to integrate existing housing policies with self‐management, while simultaneously ensuring spatial quality. USINA monitors self‐managed community groups, mutirões, who endeavor in a collective housing project. USINA supports mutirões with safety advice and innovative, but simple construction technologies, as such taking technical responsibility for the construction. They assist mutirões in self‐ managing the complete process, from planning the venture, designing the spatial layout, construction and organizing management. USINA also assists in mobilizing public funds for these community‐led initiatives, simultaneously improving the dialogue between public administration and social movements. Description [min. 1000 – max. 1200 words] The rough outlines Mutirão Paulo Freire is named after a great Brazilian philosopher and educator. In his pedagogic theory, Paulo Freire (1921‐1971) considers being able to read and write nothing more than a reason for being aware of reality. Similarly, the mutirão sees dwelling in auto‐constructed homes not as the goal of this venture. It is only a mere starting point for a pedagogical process of further liberation. Before its constitution , families of the mutirão Paulo Freire were waiting for years to be housed by COHAB (the Metropolitan Housing Company of São Paulo City) or CDHU (Development Company for Urban Housing of São Paulo State) while living in precarious conditions (such as: constant risk of eviction, always relying on favors of others, living in overcrowded housing situations, slums, …). No longer waiting for and desiring to live in standardized, state‐provided housing complexes, they decide to take matters into their own hands. 100 families, all affiliated with the social “Movimento Sem‐Terra Leste 1” movement, group in a mutirão in 1999 and started planning the project in cooperation with USINA. Between 1999 and 2001, the joint actions of mutirão Paulo Freire and USINA are more focused on acquiring land than on the design or construction of a project. In 2000, ongoing negotations for a vacant parcel of 3300 m² in cidade Tiradentes with the authorities are stuck, after which the mutirão decides to occupy the land without official authorization. Conquering this obstacle as a joint venture was important for constituting a mutual trust relationship between both actors.
Paulo Freire and one of his famous quotes
Symbolic occupation of the site by mutiraõ Paulo Freire (2000)
Aerial view of project site and surroundings during construction (2007)
Conceiving the concept Once the terrain was secured, the mutirão and USINA work on the design in 2002‐2003. At first, the City wants to impose its standard design measures on the site, which would make this project resemble many other, similar efforts. But the mutirão Paulo Freire continues the negotiations, until the freedom to build their own, qualitative design scheme is gained. As will become clear, the struggle continues until the end of construction works. Through 4 rounds of discussions under guidance of USINA, the inhabitants are urged to reflect on the social and functional aspects of their dwelling practices so far, and on how they would like to improve them. Qualitative design solutions are sought out for both private and collective spaces, such as floor plans in which living room and kitchen are one space, and outdoor circulation taking place on connected balconies, creating opportunities for haphazard encounter with neighbors. The design scheme is worked out by USINA and continuously re‐evaluated through open discussions. In the end, five different housing typologies of 56 m² each are conceived, ranging from 1 to 3 bedrooms. Then, a desired configuration of these modular typologies is sought out. The structural aspects of the housing complex and the planning of its implementation are developed as well during this design phase. At some point, USINA brings a wooden model to the mutirão, which provokes large discussions. Residents disagree about the implantations of the buildings and argue that there isn’t enough collective outdoor space for playgrounds and orchards. The process is stuck, until USINA comes with an unexpected technical solution. Usually, USINA works with a combination of metal staircases and loadbearing masonry to ensure structural stability. Here on the other hand, they opt for a prefabricated steel structure. This allows for a higher stacking of floors in one building, and in turn one of the buildings can be completely incorporated in the other. As such, more outdoor spaces can be obtained. Furthermore, this structure ensures open floorplans and a more flexible layout and natural ventilation of the housing unit, since none of its internal walls are loadbearing and can be placed freely. The structure facilitates construction works as well, and permits a fast assembly, as winches can be used instead of cranes for hoisting up the construction parts. The mutirão agrees uniformly. This collective design phase is crucial for the development of a joint sense of ownership over the project. Towards it’s end, a new struggle arises: for being the first housing project demanding funding which is fully designed with a metal structure, many obstacles to obtain approval from its financing agent, the Programa de Mutirões Autogeridos of COHAB, São Paulo’s City housing development company, are faced. The time gained during construction works by using this specific structural method is balanced out by the time lost because of the delayed delivery of funds.
Design schemes
Protests of the mutirão Paulo Freire
Constructing the dream In the next phase of the process, the mutirão itself makes the biggest effort. Although COHAB funds the entire project, the residents contribute to it with their labor. 16 intensive hours per week are spent on constructing the housing complex. USINA develops the appropriate techniques which allow the construction to take place in a self‐managed process, without any need for technical specialization. Safety courses are taught and residents learn how to use construction tools. The mutirão makes all final decisions about the execution of the project, resulting in the use of qualitative materials which are feasible to assemble, and, unlike the work of contractors active in this sector, not in decisions made solely to reduce building costs. The result is an architecture which diverges greatly from the classic public housing block. To practically plan the work, the mutirão organizes itself in groups with different and varying tasks. Both males and females of the group get the opportunity to participate in construction works, according to their own wishes or capabilities. During the working hours, the complete community is present and lives together, which positively fuels group dynamics. When the construction works are slowed down (eg. when the mutirão is waiting for funds or for certain materials to be delivered) additional educational trainings or group workshops are organized about specific topics such as family, culture, social identities and urban life. It has to be noted that construction works lasted in theory from 2003 to 2010., while the actual construction took only 1 year and 8 months. All the time, the works were slowed down, eg. because of political disagreements and subsequent delays in releasing of funds from the City’s Housing Companies, or thefts of materials from the construction site. Towards the end of the construction phase, the mutirão started planning the next phase of its joint venture through, again, extensive discussion sessions: the collective management and maintenance of the building complex. Although USINA assists in facilitating these discussions, they don’t play a role once the project is constructed. 28th November 2010, the mutirão organized a big party to officially inaugurate the housing complex. Role of Usina Through USINA’S skillful guidance, the mutirõ Paulo Freire project developed into an example of spatial quality (of both private apartments and collective spaces) at a price that doesn’t exceed the dwellings of the government’s current housing policy "Minha Casa, Minha Vida" . A small overview of their concrete involvement in the project: ‐ Assistance in organizing discussion sessions (on planning process, design scheme, post‐inhabitation maintenance) ‐ Support in mastering funding procedures with the Municipality of São Paulo
Impressions of the construction phase
External metal structure allowing free floor plans
After infill of the metal structure
The construction works are not only executed by male mutirantes.
‐ ‐
‐
Managing the planning of the construction works Technical monitoring and supervising of the construction works Support in discussion on the post‐occupation management Architectural design, urban planning, landscaping and infrastructure for the implementation
As becomes clear, USINA only facilitates the completely self‐ managed process and auto‐constructed housing project of the mutirão. Critical evaluation [min. 450 – max. 600 words] Mutirão Paulo Freire creates a new compromise between formal and informal processes of low‐income housing provision. By entering into partnerships with both City Authorities and spatial experts, the mutirão opens up a new dimension of self‐help housing. Although it took about ten years to conclude agreements with the financial agent, it was worth waiting for the cooperation. Furthermore, USINA is redefining the role of the architect in low‐income housing projects. Here, architecture is not commodified, as is normally the case in state‐provided public housing. Nothing is imposed on the mutirão. Residents are not only allowed autonomy over design and construction, but also over the organization of the complete process. USINA solely takes an advisory position. The mutirão is not a client, but a partner, and this is the precondition for a design scheme answering to the needs of the residents and replacing standardized solutions. In the relationship between City Authorities and mutirão, USINA takes a mediating role. In this project, both architect and City transform from providers for the poor, their usual function, into mere facilitators of a self‐ organized initiative. Of course, the specific historical context of Brazil’s social movements and their organized battle for the right to housing, is highly influential, and São Paulo’s housing policies are seen as some of the most innovative in the developing world. The project’s continuous quest for sustainability also deserves to be pointed out. The applied metal structure allows a certain flexibility of floor plans, and therefore housing units are highly adaptable to future changes (for eg. in the family situation). Throughout the process, residents transform into active agents determining the quality of their own lives. They have the opportunity to develop skills and social relationships along the way. Housing is seen as a “gateway” towards further personal development, and therefore this project can be considered as sustainable: it opens up future possibilities, which go beyond the mere provision of shelter. A point of critique is the lack of urbanity in the project. While the mutirão may have secured itself a qualitative place to live, the distance from the São Paulo’s city center remains its biggest handicap. This project could have made the difference in the center of cidade Tiradentes, with its serious
During inauguration
Central courtyard with playground
lack of urban facilities. Instead of opening up to its surroundings, the complex is closed off with 4m high, barbed‐ wired walls, and the entrances are constantly guarded. In a certain way, mutirão Paulo Freire creates an island in a sea of misery, similar to the phenomenon of gated communities, instead of actively contributing to the improvement of its wider surroundings. In other projects of USINA, mixed‐use projects with public spaces (eg. shops, soccer fields) were implemented, which not only improved the urbanity of the periphery, but opened up job opportunities for the residents as well. In this case however, the sole residential function can be perceived as a missed opportunity. To conclude, it can be said that this project contributes greatly to the ongoing debate about alternative modes of production of low‐income housing. Through a remarkable process of self‐management and auto‐construction, the residents succeed, with the guidance of USINA and within the specific history of Brazilian social movements and their relationship to authorities, to create spatially qualitative environments for their daily lives and, simultaneously, a sense of citizenship.
Central courtyard
Bibliography Anon., 2012. História cidade de tiradentes. [online] Available at: http://www.tiradentes.net/historiatiradentes.htm [Accessed 12 January 2015] Arantes, P.F., 2013. Direct action, housing production and people’s power in São Paulo, Brazil. Leuven, Seminar: the vicissitudes of design and participation in urban development, May 2013. Brazil: São Paulo. [online] Available at: http://www.usinactah.org.br/files/pedroleuvenfinal.pdf [Accessed 12 January 2015] Arantes, P.F., 2007. Self‐managed vertical housing: USINA Centre of Projects for the Built Environment. PDF [online] Available at: http://www.usinactah.org.br/files/usina‐a4‐screen.pdf Arantes, P.F., Lima, C.G., Oliveira, S.B., Percassi, J., Pinheiro, R. M., Rezende, H.D., Tone, B.B., 2012. Mutirão Paulo Freire: Movimento Popular, Arquitetura e Pedagogia da Praxis. [online] Available at: http://www.usinactah.org.br/files/MutiraoPauloFreire.pdf [Accessed 13 January 2015] Caldeira, T., 2003. Democracy and enclosed spaces: from social movements to fortified enclaves to hip‐hop in São Paulo. In: Symposium (In)visible cities. Spaces of hope, spaces of citizenship. Barcelona, 25‐27 July 2003. Barcelona: Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona. Caldeira, T., 2008.Worlds set apart. [online] Available at: [Accessed 09 January 2014] Caldeira, T., 2013. São Paulo: the city and its protest. [online] Available at: [Accessed 09 January 2014] Correa, C., 1983. Urban housing in the third world: the role of the architect. Architecture and Community 1983. PDF [online] Available at: http://www.akdn.org/publications/akaa/1980_043.pdf [Accessed 10 October 2014] Gauquelin, A., 2013. Resumo 31|10|2013 – Visitas: Cidade Tiradentes, Mutirão Paulo Freire, CEU Inácio Monteiro. [online] Available at: https://arquiteturainsustentavel.wordpress.com/2013/11/01/resumo‐31102013‐visitas‐cidade‐tiradentes‐ mutirao‐paulo‐freire‐ceu‐inacio‐monteiro/ [Accessed 13 January 2015] Marcuse, P., 1998. Sustainability is not enough. Environment and Urbanization, October 1998, vol.10 nr 2, pp.103‐112. [online] Available at: http://eau.sagepub.com/content/10/2/103.full.pdf+html Território poético cidade tiradentes, s.d. Cidade Tiradentes. [online] Available at: http://territoriopoeticocidadetiradentes.wordpress.com/cidade‐tiradentes/ [Accessed 13 January 2015] USINA, 2001. The experience of USINA: a workers collective in collaboration with popular movements. [online] Available at: http://www.scapegoatjournal.org [Accessed 27 December 2014] USINA, 2006. Self-administered Vertical Habitation for Densely Populated Urban Conditions: Copromo, União da Juta e Paulo Freire Projects, Brazil. Presentation at World Habitat Awards, Building and Social Housing Foundation (BHSF.) United Kingdom: Coalville. [online] Available at: http://www.usinactah.org.br/files/bshfusina.pdf [Accessed 27 December 2014 USINA, 2014. Usina: entre o projeto e o canteiro. PDF [online] Available at: https://pt.scribd.com/doc/250580017/usina‐ entre‐o‐projeto‐e‐o‐canteiro [Accessed 13 January 2015] USINA, s.d. Ass. de Const. Comunitária Paulo Freire ‐ Cidade Tiradentes, São Paulo‐SP. PDF [online] Available at: http://www.usinactah.org.br/index.php?/s/‐‐paulo‐freire/ [Accessed 27 December 2014] USINA, s.d. Arquitectura, política y autogestión: Un comentario acerca de los mutirões habitacionales. PDF [online] Available at: http://www.usinactah.org.br/files/usina‐revistaur.pdf [Accessed 27 December 2014] Van Den Broeck, J., Verschure, H., Esho, L., 2004. Urban Development by Co‐production. In : Loeckx, A., Shannon, K., ed. 2004. Urban Trialogues: visions, projects, co‐productions. Localising Agenda 21. Nairobi: UN‐HABITAT. Pp. 198‐212. PDF [online] Available at:
Lihat lebih banyak...
Comentários