nano robotics seminar report

June 5, 2017 | Autor: Anirudh Dyaga | Categoria: Robotics, Nanorobotics & Robotics
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Introduction
Nanotechnology can best be defined as a description of
activities at the level of atoms and molecules that have applications in
the real world. A nanometer is a billionth of a meter, that is, about
1/80,000 of the diameter of a human hair, or 10 times the diameter of a
hydrogen atom. The engineering of molecular products needs to be carried
out by robotic devices, which have been termed nanorobots. A nanorobot is
essentially a controllable machine at the nano meter or molecular scale
that is composed of nano-scale components. The field of nanorobotics
studies the design, manufacturing, programming and control of the nano-
scale robots.
Nanorobots would constitute any passive or active structure
(nano scale) capable of actuation, sensing, signaling, information
processing, intelligence, swarm behavior at nano scale. These
functionalities could be illustrated individually or in combinations by a
nano robot (swarm intelligence and co-operative behavior). So, there could
be a whole genre of actuation and sensing or information processing nano
robots having ability to interact and influence matter at the nano scale.
Some of the characteristic abilities that are desirable for a nanorobot to
function are:
1. Swarm Intelligence – decentralization and distributive intelligence
2. Cooperative behavior – emergent and evolutionary behavior
3. Self assembly and replication – assemblage at nano scale and 'nano
maintenance'
4. Nano Information processing and programmability – for programming and
controlling nanorobots (autonomous nanorobots)
5. Nano to macro world interface architecture – an architecture enabling
instant access to the nanorobots and its control and maintenance
The nanorobots are invisible to naked eye, which makes them
hard to manipulate and work with. Techniques like Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) are being employed to
establish a visual and haptic interface to enable us to sense the molecular
structure of these nano scaled devices. Virtual Reality (VR) techniques are
currently being explored in nano-science and bio-technology research as a
way to enhance the operator's perception (vision and haptics) by
approaching more or less a state of 'full immersion' or 'telepresence'.
Nanorobotics is a field which calls for collaborative efforts between
physicists, chemists, biologists, computer scientists, engineers and other
specialists to work towards this common objective. The ability to
manipulate matter at the nano scale is one core application for which
nanorobots could be the technological solution. A lot has been written in
the literature about the significance and motivation behind constructing a
nanorobot.
Nature's Nanorobotic Devices
1. Protein based molecular machines
ATP Synthase – a true nano rotary motor
2. DNA based Molecular machines
3. Inorganic (chemical) Molecular machines
The Rotaxanes
The Catenanes
Other Inorganic Molecular Machines
4. Other Protein Based motors under development
Viral Protein Linear Motors
Synthetic Contractile Polymers

Nanorobotics Design and Control
Design of nano robotic systems:
Designing nanorobotic systems deal with vast variety of sciences,
from quantum molecular dynamics, to kinematics analysis. The rules
applicable to nanorobotics depend upon the nano material we intend to use.
Nanomechanical robotic systems deal with science significantly different
from the biological or inorganic nanorobotic systems. We will consider that
the components that details a nanorobot is made of biological components,
such as, proteins and DNAs. There doesn't exist any particular guideline or
a prescribed manner which details the methodology of designing a bio-
nanorobot (bio-nanorobot implies nanorobots made up of bio components) up
to the date.
( The Roadmap
The roadmap for the development of bio-nanorobotic systems for future
applications (medical, space and military).
The roadmap progresses through the following main steps:
Step 1: Bio Nano Components
Development of bio-nano components from biological systems is the first
step towards the design and development of an advanced bio-nanorobot, which
could be used for future applications.
Step 2: Assembled Bio Nano Robots
The next step involves the assembly of functionally stable bio-nano
components into complex assemblies. The modular organization defines the
hierarchy rules and spatial arrangements of various modules of the bio-nano-
robots such as: the inner core (the brain/energy source for the robot), the
actuation unit, the sensory unit, and the signaling and information
processing unit.
Step 3: Distributive Intelligence, Programming and Control
With the individual bio-nanorobots in full function, they will now need to
collaborate with one another to further develop systems and "colonies" of
similar and diverse nanorobots. This design step will lay the foundation to
the concept of bio-nano swarms (distributive bio-nanorobots)
Step 4: Automatic Fabrication and Information Processing Machines
For carrying out complex missions, such as sensing, signaling and storing,
colonies of these bio-nanorobotic swarms needs to be created. The next step
in nanorobotic designing would see the emergence of automatic fabrication
methodologies (see Fig. 18) of such bio-nano robots in vivo and in vitro.
( Design Philosophy and Architecture for the Bio-Nanorobotic Systems
a) Modular Organization: Modular organization defines the fundamental
rule and hierarchy for constructing a bio-nanorobotic system.
b) The Universal Template: Bio Nano STEM System: The modular
construction concept involves designing a universal template for
bio-nano systems, which could be 'programmed and grown' into any
possible Bio Nano coded system.
( Computational & Experimental methods - Designing Bio nanorobotic systems
Computational methods [192-194]
Molecular modeling techniques in sync with extensive
experimentations would form the basis for designing these bio-nano systems.

Research:
Nanoassembly by Sintering – Assembly of components, or building
blocks, into more complex structures is a primary goal of robotics at all
scales. It involves positioning the required components, joining them,
positioning the resulting subassemblies, joining them with other
subassemblies, and so forth, in a hierarchical manner. Previous work at LMR
(Laboratory for Molecular Robotics) has shown how to position nanoscale
components by pushing them on a surface with the tip of an Atomic Force
Microscope (AFM). LMR research also has demonstrated joining of positioned
components by gluing them chemically, and by electroless deposition of
additional material.

3-D Simulation and Visualization:
A new approach within advanced graphics simulations is
presented for the problem of nano-assembly automation and its application
for medicine. The problem under study concentrates its main focus on
nanorobot control design for molecular manipulation and the use of
evolutionary agents as a suitable way to enable the robustness on the
proposed model. Thereby the presented works summarize as well distinct
aspects of some techniques required to achieve successful integrated system
design and 3D simulation visualization in real time. In recent developments
on the field of bimolecular computing has demonstrated positively the
feasibility of processing logic tasks by bio-computers, which is a
promising first step to enable future nanoprocessors with increasingly
complexity. Studies in the sense of building biosensors and nano-kinetic
devices, which is required to enable nanorobots operation and locomotion,
has been advanced recently too. Developing nanoscale robots presents
difficult fabrication and control challenges. The control design and the
development of complex integrated nanosystems with high performance can be
well analysed and addressed via simulation to help pave the way for future
use of nanorobots in biomedical engineering problems. Nanomachines are
largely in the research-and-development phase, but some primitive molecular
machines have been tested. An example is a sensor having a switch
approximately 1.5 nanometers across, capable of counting specific molecules
in a chemical sample. The first useful applications of nanomachines might
be in medical technology, which could be used to identify and destroy
cancer cells.

Potential application:


Nanomedicine:


Potential applications for nanorobotics in medicine include
early diagnosis and targeted drug-delivery for cancer, biomedical
instrumentation surgery, pharmacokinetics monitoring of diabetes, and
health care. In such plans, future medical nanotechnology is expected to
employ nanorobots injected into the patient to perform work at a cellular
level. Such nanorobots intended for use in medicine should be non-
replicating, as replication would needlessly increase device complexity,
reduce reliability, and interfere with the medical mission.




Fig: Bio nanorobotics – a truly multidisciplinary field

Biomolecular Machines: Background and Significance
Significance:
The recent explosion of research in nanotechnology, combined
with important discoveries in molecular biology have created a new interest
in biomolecular machines and robots. The main goal in the field of
biomolecular machines is to use various biological elements whose function
at the cellular level creates motion, force or a signal, stores information
as machine components. These components perform their preprogrammed
biological function in response to the specific physiochemical stimuli but
in an artificial setting. In this way proteins and DNA could act as motors,
mechanical joints, transmission elements, or sensors. If all these
different components were assembled together in the proper proportion and
orientation they would form nanodevices with multiple degrees of freedom,
able to apply forces and manipulate objects in the nanoscale world. The
advantage of using nature's machine components is that they are highly
efficient and reliable. Just as conventional macro machines are used to
generate forces and motions to accomplish specific tasks, bionanomachines
can be used to manipulate nano-objects, to assemble and fabricate other
machines or products, to perform maintenance, repair and inspection
operations. Such bionanorobotic devices will hopefully be part of the
arsenal of future medical devices and instruments that will: 1) perform
operations, inspections and treatments of diseases inside the body, and 2)
achieve ultra-high accuracy and localization in drug delivery, thus
minimizing side effects.

Figure: A "nanorobot" flowing inside a blood vessel, finds an infected
cell. The nanorobot attaches to the cell and projects a drug to repair or
destroy the infected cell.
The bionanorobot will be able to attach to the infected cell
alone, and deliver a therapeutic drug that can treat or destroy just the
infected cell, sparing the surrounding healthy cells. Development of
robotic components composed of simple biological molecules is the first
step in the development of future biomedical nanodevices. From the simple
elements such as structural links to more advanced concepts as motors, each
part must be carefully studied and manipulated to understand its functions
and limits. The figure lists the most important components of a typical
robotic system or machine assembly and the equivalence between macro and
potential bionanocomponents. Beyond the initial component characterization
is the assembly of the components into robotic systems.


Control of Nanorobotic systems

The control of nano robotic systems could be classified in two categories:
i. Internal control mechanisms
ii. External control mechanisms
The other category could be the hybrid of internal and external control
mechanisms.

Internal Control Mechanism – Active and Passive
This type of control depends upon the mechanism of bio chemical
sensing and selective binding of various bio molecules with various other
elements. This is a traditional method, which has been in use since quite
some time for designing bio molecules. Using the properties of the various
bio molecules and combining with the knowledge of the target molecule that
is to be influenced, these mechanisms could be effective. But again, this
is a passive control mechanism where at run time these bio molecules cannot
change their behavior. Once programmed for a particular kind of molecular
interaction, these molecules stick to that. Here lies the basic issue in
controlling the nanorobots which are supposed to be intelligent and hence
programmed and controlled so that they could be effective in the ever
dynamic environment. The question of actively controlling the nanorobots
using internal control mechanism is a difficult one. We require an 'active'
control mechanism for the designed nanorobots such that they can vary their
behavior based on situations they are subjected to, similar to the way
macro robots perform.
External Control Mechanism
This type of control mechanism employs affecting the dynamics of the
nanorobot in its work environment through the application of external
potential fields. Researchers are actively looking at using MRI as an
external control mechanism for guiding the nano particles. An MRI system is
capable of generating variable magnetic field gradients which can exert
force on the nanorobot in the three dimensions and hence control its
movement and orientation.
Enabling NANOROBOTS for NANOMEDICINE:
In future decades the principal focus in medicine will shift
from medical science to medical engineering, where the design of medically-
active microscopic machines will be the consequent result of techniques
provided from human molecular structural knowledge gained in the 20th and
early 21st centuries. For the feasibility of such achievements in
nanomedicine, two primary capabilities for fabrication must be fulfilled:
fabrication and assembly of nanoscale parts. Through the use of different
approaches such as biotechnology, supramolecular chemistry, and scanning
probes, both capabilities had been demonstrated to a limited degree as
early as 1998.
Proposed Approach for NANOROBOTS
Assemblers are molecular machine systems that could be
described as systems capable of performing molecular manufacturing at the
atomic scale [9]. The collective nanorobotics approach presented here is
one possible method to perform a massively-parallel positional nanoassembly
manipulation. In our described workspace representing a simplification of
the human body, the multi-nanorobot teams perform a pre-established set of
tasks building nutrient molecules, crudely analogous to the work done by a
ribosome which is a natural assembler.
Scope of the Project
Nanorobotics is concerned with (1) manipulation of nanoscale
objects by using micro or macro devices, and (2) construction and
programming of robots with overall dimensions at the nanoscale (or with
microscopic dimensions but nanoscopic components). This project covers both
of these aspects. Nanomanipulation is the most effective process developed
until now for prototyping of nanosystems, and rapid prototyping is
important to validate designs and optimize their parameters.
Nanomanipulation is also useful to repair or modify structures built by
other means. Nanorobots have dimensions comparable to those of biological
cells, and are expected to have remarkable applications in health care and
environmental monitoring. For example, they might serve as programmable
artificial cells for early detection and destruction of pathogens. The
initial research is biased towards nanomanipulation. Work on nanorobot
construction has begun at a low level and will increase as the project
evolves. The development of a new nanorobotics platform based on a fleet of
scientific instruments configured as wireless miniature robots capable of
fast operations at the nanoscale in a cooling chamber has been proposed.
Photo Sensing Detection (PSD) unit and IR (Infra Red) communication
transceivers are used for global positioning and wireless communication.
The PSD units based on a 2-D lateral effect photodiode provide resolutions
in positioning down to a few micrometers. The present design uses a 4.0/45
mm lens in front of the PSD to provide working cells with a diameter of 330
nun, leading to a lens to IR emitter (on top of each robot) distance of
777.58 mm.

Fig: Virtual environment, top camera view
Nanorobots monitoring nutrient concentrations in a three
dimensional workspace is a possible application of nanorobots in medicine,
among other biomedical problems. One interesting nanorobot application is
to assist inflammatory cells (or white cells) leaving blood vessels to
repair injured tissues. Also the nanorobot could be used to process
specific chemical reactions in the human body as ancillary devices for
injured organs. Nanorobots equipped with nanosensors could be developed to
detect glucose demand in diabetes patients. Nanorobots could also be
applied in chemotherapy to combat cancer through superior chemical dosage
administration, and a similar approach could be taken to enable nanorobots
to deliver anti-HIV drugs. Such drug-delivery nanorobots have been termed
"pharmacytes".
"Nanomedicine is the process of diagnosing, treating, and
preventing disease and traumatic injury, of relieving pain, and of
preserving and improving human health, using molecular tools and molecular
knowledge of the human body."
Nanomedicine: Application of nanotechnology in medicine.
Market and Activity Evolution:

Nanomedicine Patents and Publications:



MEDICAL NANOROBOT ARCHITECTURE:
The main parameters used for the medical nanorobot architecture
and its control activation, as well as the required technology background
that may lead to manufacturing hardware for molecular machines, are
described next. A. Manufacturing Technology The ability to manufacture
nanorobots may result from current trends and new methodologies in
fabrication, computation, transducers and manipulation. Depending on the
case, different gradients on temperature, concentration of chemicals in the
bloodstream, and electromagnetic signature are some of relevant parameters
for diagnostic purposes [13]. CMOS VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
Systems design using deep ultraviolet lithography provides high precision
and a commercial way for manufacturing early nanodevices and
nanoelectronics systems. The CMOS (Complementary Metal

Fig: All the nanorobots swim near the wall to detect cancer signals. Vein
internal view without the red cells. The tumour cell is the target
represented by the pink sphere located left at the wall.


Role of Nanotechnology in Medical Research:
1) Basic Research
Molecular Biology
Genetics
Proteomics
Systems Biology
2) Nanotechnology
Nanomanufacturing
Nanoimaging
Nanosensing
Nanomanipulation
Computational Tools
3) Biomedical Devices
Tissue Regeneration
Drug Delivery
In-vitro Diagnostics
Implantable Devices
Smart Nanoparticles
NanoRobotics
4) Translational Research
Cancer
Heart
Brain
5) Implantable Devices.
6) Nano Macro/ Microscale Robots.
7) Drug Discovery.
8) Surgical AIDS.
9) Diagnostic Tools.
10) Nubots (Nuclic Acid Robots)












CONCLUSION:
The current developments in technology directs humans a step
closer to nanorobots and simple, operating nanorobots is the near future.
Nanorobots can theoretically destroy all common diseases of the 21st
century thereby ending much of the pain and suffering. Biomolecular machine
system designs that are capable of accomplishing successfully a set of pre-
programmed tasks in a 3D workspace is a new challenge for control
investigation. We described the study of an automation model and the
respective visualization tools to follow up the analyses for the control
theory development based on experimental results. The nanorobot has
required a decision control that demonstrates the most effective
methodology for stochastic surroundings when only a low-level action
description does not attend a large number of complex circumstances in a
dynamic environment.















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