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Zootaxa 3702 (4): 370–378 www.mapress.com /zootaxa / Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press
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http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3702.4.4 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:06CCDF7C-86D4-4711-9E42-C9EA4AB02951
New species of Myrmekioderma (Demospongiae: Halichondrida: Heteroxyidae) from Brazil JOANA SANDES & ULISSES PINHEIRO Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Zoologia – Laboratório de Porifera – LABPOR, Avenida Prof. Moraes Rêgo, 1235, Cidade Universitária, CEP 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil. E-mail:
[email protected].
Abstract The genus Myrmekioderma comprises eight species widely distributed, two of which occur in the Western Atlantic. We describe here a new species of Myrmekioderma from Northeastern Brazil with a discussion on the taxonomy of the Brazilian species. Samples were collected by trawling in the continental shelf of Sergipe and Alagoas States. Myrmekioderma intrastrongyla sp. nov. has strongyles in the choanosome, a single category of acanthoxea and two categories of trichodragmata. Regarding the external morphology, the closest species of M. intrastrongyla sp. nov. are Myrmekioderma rea and M. granulatum. However, the former differs from the new species by possessing oxeas and styles and the last by its unique category of trichodragmata. Myrmekioderma rea was the only species that was recorded for Brazil, occurring in Maranhão and Rio Grande do Sul States, but both records need to be reassessed. Key words: Porifera, Taxonomy, Myrmekioderma intrastrongyla sp. nov., Brazilian coast
Introduction The genus Myrmekioderma Ehlers, 1870 belongs to the family Heteroxyidae Dendy, 1905, that is comprised by 12 genera with about 60 species widely distributed in the world (van Soest et al., 2013). It is characterized by the presence of ectosomal skeleton formed by smaller (acanth-)oxeas, perpendicular to the surface, and choanosome with halichondroid reticulation in its central portion, composed by (acanth-)oxeas, styles or strongyles, and trichodragmata of raphides (Hooper, 2002). Studies show that the bioactive components of some species of Myrmekioderma have several pharmacological activities. The compounds of Myrmekioderma rea (De Laubenfels, 1934), for example, have been used against hepatitis, HIV, and tuberculosis (Peng et al., 2002 as Myrmekioderma styx De Laubenfels, 1953) and the compounds of M. granulatum (Esper, 1794), have antimicrobial activity [Mishra et al., 2009 as M. granulata (Esper, 1794)]. There are eight known species of Myrmekioderma widely distributed in tropical and subtropical oceans, which only Myrmekioderma granulatum presents a disjunct distribution, occurring in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The other species have a restricted distribution: Myrmekioderma dendyi (Burton, 1959), M. niveum (Row, 1911) and M. tuberculatum (Keller, 1891) in the Indian Ocean; M. pacificum Pulitzer-Finali, 1996 in Pacific; M. spelaeum (Pulitzer-Finali, 1983) in the Mediterranean; and M. gyroderma (Alcolado, 1984) and M. rea (De Laubenfels, 1934) in the Western Atlantic (van Soest et al., 2013). Myrmekioderma rea was recorded from Brazil at Maranhão State (Mothes et al., 2004) and Rio Grande do Sul State (De Rosa-Barbosa, 1995, as M. styx). In the present paper we describe a new species of Myrmekioderma from Sergipe and Alagoas States, Northeastern Brazil, with a brief discussion on the taxonomy of the Brazilian species.
370 Accepted by J. Hooper: 19 Aug. 2013; published: 28 Aug. 2013
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Material and methods Samples were collected during 2002–2003, on the continental shelf of Sergipe and Alagoas States, by trawling. The specimens were collected in three sites from 20 to 30 m depth (Fig. 1). In the laboratory, the specimens were fixed in 10% formaldehyde and thereafter preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. Dissociated spicule mounts and skeletal sections were made using classical procedures for Demospongiae, observed by optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) (Hajdu et al., 2011). Spicules measurement for each specimen was presented as minimum–mean–maximum and length/width, with n = 30. The holotype of Myrmekioderma intrastrongyla sp. nov. is deposited in the Porifera collection of Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ) and the paratypes are deposited in the Porifera collections of Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPEPOR) and Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFSPOR).
FIGURE 1. Collection sites (black circles) of Myrmekioderma intrastrongyla sp. nov. off Aracaju, Pirambu and Piaçabuçu cities, Sergipe and Alagoas States, Brazil (11º03’14.71’’S 36º54’52.36’’; 10º 45’36’’S 36º36’08’’W; 10º24’30.95’’ S 36º03’6.55’’ W).
Systematics Class Demospongiae Sollas, 1885 Order Halichondrida Gray, 1867 Family Heteroxyidae Dendy, 1905 Genus Myrmekioderma Ehlers, 1870 Definition: Heteroxyidae with a detachable ectosomal skeleton consisting of smaller (acanth-)oxeas in brushes perpendicular or paratangential to the surface, supported by larger choanosomal (acanth-)oxeas, strongyles or styles forming a slightly compressed halichondroid reticulation in the central portion of the choanosome and a more cavernous peripheral skeleton of oblique spicule tracts, with wispy trichodragmata of raphides in one or two size classes dispersed throughout the skeleton (Hooper, 2002).
Myrmekioderma intrastrongyla sp. nov. (Figs. 2–3) Type Specimens: Holotype –MNRJ16784. off Aracaju (11º03’14.71’’S 36º54’52.36’’ W), Sergipe State, Brazil, NEW MYRMEKIODERMA
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depth 30 m, leg. Petrobras (06/2002). Paratype: UFPEPOR1528 and UFSPOR184, off Aracaju (11º03’14.71’’S 36º54’52.36’’ W), Sergipe State, Brazil, depth 30 m, leg. Petrobras (06/2002); UFPEPOR1529, UFSPOR137 and UFSPOR160, off Pirambu (10º45’36’’S 36º36’08’’W), Sergipe State, Brazil, depth 20 m, col. Cosme Assis and Damião Assis (06/2003). UFPEPOR1530 and UFSPOR188, off Piaçabuçu (10º24’30.95’’ S 36º03’6.55’’ W), Alagoas State, Brazil, depth 30 m, leg. Petrobras (12/2002 and 06/2003, respectively). Diagnosis. Myrmekioderma with choanosomal strongyles, only one category of smaller acanthoxea and two size categories of trichodragmata. External morphology (Fig. 2). Massive form, the holotype with 8 x 10 x 2 cm (length x width x height) and paratypes 4.5–8.5 x 2.5–4.5 x 1–3.5 cm (length x width x height) (Fig. 2A–C). The specimens are fragmented. The oscules are circular and can only be observed in the inner part of the fragments. The surface characteristics vary being composed of polygonal protuberances (honeycomb) separated by shallow grooves (Fig. 2C), with some regions warty, or tubercular projections (Fig. 2A–B). Consistency is slightly compressible. Color pinkish in spirit.
FIGURE 2. Myrmekioderma intrastrongyla sp. nov. (A) holotype (MNRJ16784); (B) UFPEPOR1529, with tubercular projections; (C) UFSPOR137, with polygonal protuberances (honeycomb) separated by shallow grooves. Scale bars: A–C, 1 cm.
Skeleton (Fig. 3A–B). Ectosomal skeleton a detachable peel, formed by acanthoxeas in palisade, crossing the surface (Fig. 3A). Choanosome cavernous, composed by acanthoxeas, trichodragmata and strongyles. In its most superficial part, some ascends multispicular tracts through the ectosome, in contrast to a confused central region, which the spicules are disorganized. Besides of that, it also has a subectosomal region, formed by spicules disorganized in high concentration (Fig. 3A–B). Spicules (Fig. 3C–M; Tab. 1). Smooth strongyles located only in the choanosome, larger than the oxeas, measures 300–550.2–792/6–11.1–20 µm, rarely with stylote modification (Fig. 3C–D). Acanthoxeas slightly curved in the center with extremities mucronate or acerate, where there is greater concentration of microspines. A
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single category, ranged 156–307.7–413/3–7.1–11 µm, with stylote and strongylote modifications (Fig. 3E–K). Trichodragmata occur in two categories, largest with 38–69–110 µm and the smallest with 12–19–29 µm, which the former more rare than the second (Fig. 3L–M). Ecology. The specimens were found from 20 to 30 m depth. Geographical distribution. Northeastern coast of Brazil (Sergipe and Alagoas States). Etymology. The specific epithet derives from the diagnostic characteristic of Myrmekioderma intrastrongyla sp. nov., the presence of strongyles only in the choanosome.
FIGURE 3. Myrmekioderma intrastrongyla sp. nov. (A) ectosome and choanosome through transverse section; (B) transversal section of choanosome; (C) strongyle; (D) extremities of strongyle; (E and G) acanthoxeas; (F and H) extremities of acanthoxeas; (I) acanthoxea modified to style; (J–K) extremities of acanthoxea modified to style; (L) trichodragmata I; (M) trichodragmata II. Scale bars: A, 205 µm; B, 81 µm; C, 100 µm; D, 20 µm E, 50 µm; F, 20 µm; G, 50 µm; H, 10 µm; I, 50 µm ; J–K, 10 µm; L, 21 µm; M, 11 µm.
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TABLE 1. Data micrometric of specimens types of Myrmekioderma intrastrongyla sp. nov. Values are in micrometres (µm), expressed as follow: minimum–mean–maximum; length/width. Specimens
Strongyles
Acanthoxeas
Trichodragmata I
Trichodragmata II
MNRJ16784 (Holotype)
312–554.5–675/6–10.8–12
287–349.5–412/6–7.6–10
38–73.1–89
12–16.5–28
UFPEPOR1528
300–505.3–670/10–12.8–20 270–317.3–360/4–7.5–11
38–61.7–128
11–20–29
UFSPOR184
412–538–725/8–10.5–13
212–264.4–312/4–7.2–10
38–59.7–90
12–15.7–22
UFPEPOR1529
325–491.6–662/6–10.3–13
195–241.1–279/6–6.6–9
38–51.9–80
12–18.4–29
UFPEPOR1530
312–514.1–700/8–11–13
212–306.6–350/4–7–10
54–73.4–83
12–20.9–28
UFSPOR188
412–551.2–737/6–9.7–11
237–323.7–326/6–7.2–10
48–73.6–109
12–20–28
UFSPOR137
300–625.4–775/8–11.8–13
243–313–336/4–7–9
38–74.5–94
10–20–29
UFSPOR160
324–621.2–792/9–11.5–15
156–346–408/3–6.7–9
38–64.5–85
11–22–29
Discussion The new species belongs to the genus Myrmekioderma by the presence of trichodragmata, ectosomal skeleton formed by acanthoxeas perpendicular to the surface and a halichondroid choanosome. Its skeleton organization showed similarity with Didiscus Dendy, 1922 and Heteroxya Topsent, 1898. However, the first differs from Myrmekioderma intrastrongyla sp. nov. by its discorhab-like microscleres and the latter by the absence of trichodragmata (Hooper, 2002). Although in some species of Myrmekioderma, trichodragmata was also not found, Bergquist (1965) noted that in Heteroxya there is no mention of variability in spicule terminations and megascleres are extremely large (2000/35 µm). The eight species of the genus have only oxeas as main spicular component, which can be modified to styles and strongyles (Table 2) (Pulitzer-Finali, 1983; Hooper & Lévi, 1993). In Myrmekioderma intrastrongyla sp. nov., strongyles occur as other spicule category, larger than oxeas and distributed through the choanosome. Thus, only M. tuberculatum and M. intrastrongyla sp. nov. differ from others of the genus by the presence of these strongyles. However, in M. tuberculatum such spicules are rare and the trichodragmata are absent. Despite Myrmekioderma being characterized by having more than one category of (acanth-)oxea (Hooper, 2002), both M. tuberculatum as M. niveum have only a single category of oxeas. This can also be seen in M. intrastrongyla sp. nov., which differs from these species by the presence of an extra category of strongyles and trichodragmata, not found in both species (Keller, 1891; Row, 1911; De Laubenfels, 1934). Myrmekioderma granulatum has external morphology almost identical to paratypes of M. intrastrongyla sp. nov. Both species have massive form and surface composed by polygonal protuberances (honeycomb) separated by shallow and very characteristics grooves. However, M. granulatum differs from the new species by having two categories of (acanth-)oxea, a single category of trichodragmata and the absence of strongyles. Bergquist (1965) and Hooper et al. (1997) report a wide variation in the spicules morphology found in disjunct population of M. granulatum. Even raising the possibility of the existence of a species complex, Hooper et al. (1997) suggested that morphological data alone were insufficient to define the status of these populations. Despite this wide spicular variability, none of these populations showed choanosomal strongyles as found in M. intrastrongyla sp. nov. In addition, the tubercular projections on the surface of Myrmekioderma rea observed by Diaz et al. (1993) are also quite similar to the one described for the new species (Fig. 2B). However, the presence of strongyles in Myrmekioderma intrastrongyla sp. nov. versus the presence of oxeas and styles in M. rea differentiate the two species. De Laubenfels (1934) described Myrmekioderma rea as Anacanthea, without characterizing adequately their spicular types. In 1953, he described M. styx mentioning the presence of two categories of (acanth-)oxeas and the presence of trichodragmata. Castellanos et al. (2003) synonymized M. styx sensu De Laubenfels (1953) as M. rea, while the remaining records of M. styx by other Caribbean authors were synonymized as Myrmekioderma gyroderma. They argued that the two species were different mainly by M. rea having oxeas and styles while M. gyroderma has only stout oxeas. However, the discussion of Castellanos et al. (2003) about this synonymy was scarce, since the change should be explained and demonstrated by comparing the characteristics of type material. This fact will be fixed by Valderrama & Zea that will publish a paper with the comparison of holotypes of both
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species. Nevertheless, the combination of external morphology, presence of strongyles and two types of trichodragmata, make Myrmekioderma intrastrongyla sp. nov. distinct from any other Myrmekioderma described for the Western Atlantic. Both prior records of Myrmekioderma from Brazil need a reevaluation of the specimens to define their precise identity. When Mothes et al. (2004) recorded M. rea from Brazil, they reported that the only difference from Caribbean specimens is the lack of trichodragmata. However, we realize other important differences, such as the variation in the size of spicules in their respective categories, and the absence of styles in the Maranhão material, versus the common occurrence of styles in the Caribbean material. Thus, it is possible that the material examined by Mothes et al. (2004) is more closely related to M. gyroderma, since it has greater oxeas (Table 2) with few modifications, and no trichodragmata, as described by Alcolado (1984). Furthermore, Mothes et al. (2004) synonymized the record of M. styx made by De Rosa–Barbosa (1995) for the Rio Grande do Sul State as M. rea. The presence of oxeas and styles, smaller acanthoxeas and only one category of trichodragmata resemble what has been described by Diaz et al. (1993) to M. rea. However, we note that in the description of the Brazilian material the megascleres have dimensions much larger than any other Myrmekioderma previously described (Table 2). Thus, while we consider it necessary to reassess these specimens to establish their precise identities, Myrmekioderma intrastrongyla sp. nov. does not resemble any of them as it has strongyles as part of its complement of megascleres, as well as two categories of trichodragmata.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to the Petrobras and Laboratório de Bentos Costeiro of the Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), especially to Dr. Carmen Regina Parisotto Guimarães for the loan of material. We are also thankful for the Fundação de Amparo a Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco (FACEPE) and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for financial support.
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