Oceanography lectures Mohamed Aly Hassaan M.Sc and Ph.D in Oceanography Researcher National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, Egypt. Mohamed Hassaan 1
Oceanography lectures
Easy way to understand Oceanography Mohamed Hassaan 2
Preface Oceanography is a scientific discipline concerned with all aspects of the world’s oceans and seas, including their physical and chemical properties, their origin and geologic framework, and the life forms that inhabit the marine environment. Traditionally, oceanography has been divided into four separate but related branches: physical oceanography, chemical oceanography, marine geology, and marine ecology. Physical oceanography deals with the properties of seawater (temperature, density, pressure, and so on), its movement (waves, currents, and tides), and the interactions between the ocean waters and the atmosphere. Chemical oceanography has to do with the composition of seawater and the biogeochemical cycles that affect it. Marine geology focuses on the structure, features, and evolution of the ocean basins. Marine ecology, also called biological oceanography, involves the study of the plants and animals of the sea, including life cycles and food production. Mohamed Hassaan
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Oceanography is the sum of these several branches. Oceanographic research entails the sampling of seawater and marine life for close study, the remote sensing of oceanic processes with aircraft and Earthorbiting satellites, and the exploration of the seafloor by means of deepsea drilling and seismic profiling of the terrestrial crust below the ocean bottom. Greater knowledge of the world’s oceans enables scientists to more accurately predict, for example, long-term weather and climatic changes and also leads to more efficient exploitation of the Earth’s resources. Oceanography also is vital to understanding the effect of pollutants on ocean waters and to the preservation of the quality of the oceans’ waters in the face of increasing human demands made on them.
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This book is mainly consisting of fourteen lectures covering most aspects of oceanography. These lectures were collected and edited from the Indiana university site, Britannica, NOAA, Virginia Sea Grant (VIMS), Dive and Discover site and other different pages related to Marine sciences and oceanography. The cover picture and the beginning slide of each lecture was taken from The Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources of the Federal Republic of Germany (BGR) during the index cruise 2016 in the Indian Ocean. The aim of this book is to give an easy introductory about oceanography for students and researchers through colored slides. The lectures were divided by topics to match all branches of oceanography. This book is a gift to my mother soul Mrs.Syria Abd-Elhak. Mohamed Aly Hassaan
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List of Contents Lecture 1
History of Oceanography
Lecture 2
Ocean Productivity
Lecture 3
Plate Tectonic
Lecture 4
Water and Ocean Structure
Lecture 5
Chemical Oceanography
Lecture 6
Sediments
Lecture 7
Marine Animals
Lecture 8
Atmospheric Circulation
Lecture 9
Wave Dynamics and wind waves
Lecture 10
Tsunami and Tides
Lecture 11
Coasts, Beaches and Estuaries
Lecture 12
Life in the Ocean
Lecture 13
Hydrothermal Vents
Lecture 14
ROV and Underwater technologies Mohamed Hassaan
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Lecture 1 History of Oceanography
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Lecture 2 Ocean Productivity
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Lecture 3 Plate Tectonic
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Lecture 4 Water and Ocean Structure
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Lecture 5 Chemical Oceanography
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Lecture 6 Sediments
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Lecture 7 Marine Animals
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Lecture 8 Atmospheric Circulation
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(Sep. 2000)
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Lecture 9
Wave Dynamics and wind waves
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Lecture 10 Tsunami and Tides
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Lecture 11
Coasts, Beaches and Estuaries
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Lecture 12 Life in the Ocean
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Lecture 13 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS
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Where are vents located?
Where magma is close to the surface – Mid Ocean Ridges. Mohamed Hassaan
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1977 1st vent found by Alvin
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Alvin
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Steps of vents creation • STEP 1 • Cold water (2oC) seeps through cracks and is heated up (up to 400oC)
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STEP 2 •Water heated to 350-400oC – high temps. facilitate leaching of minerals from rock. •Oxygen is removed chemically •Picks up dissolved metals (Fe, Cu, Zn). •H2O picks up Hydrogen sulfide.
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STEP 3 •Hot liquid under pressure finds an exit. •Dissolved metals and H2S are carried up and out. •Effluent is acidic and toxic to most animals.
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Types of Hydrothermal Vents • Black smokers • White smokers • Sometimes clear smokers
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Black Smoker
• Hottest of all Vents. They spew mostly iron and sulfide, which combine to form iron monosulfide. This compound gives the smoker its black color. Mohamed Hassaan
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White Smokers •White smoke contains silica
•Anhydrite is created (white mineral) •Contains compounds of barium, calcium, and silicon
Still hot enough to cook pasta – but not as hot as black smokers
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HYDROTHERMAL VENT COMMUNITIES
HYDROTHERMAL VENT COMMUNITIES With no sunlight, what is the base of the food web? Mohamed Hassaan
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CHEMOSYNTHESIS
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chemosynthesis significant goal is carbohydrate creation.
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Reasons of studying hydrothermal vents • They contain unique organisms that have biological and pharmaceutical importance. • May be the origin of life on our planet • Vents heavily influence chemical composition of sea water adding sulfides, chloride ion, magnesium, etc. • Can change weather & climate of planet Mohamed Hassaan
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Vent Worms • Riftia pachyptila • Up to 2 meters long and 10 cm in diameter • tubes are made of chitin • Tubeworms do not eat! NO mouth or stomach! • gill-like red plumes absorb hydrogen sulfide from the hot water and oxygen from the cold water Mohamed Hassaan
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With no mouth or stomach , HOW DO THEY GET FOOD?
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Symbiotic Bacteria • Symbiotic bacteria live inside the tubeworms • Produce sugars for worm. • Tubeworms, clams and mussels use some of these sugars as food. • Bacteria get hydrogen sulfide and oxygen from the worm. • Bacteria convert toxic chemicals released by the vents into food and energy Mohamed Hassaan
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Zoarcid Fish • 2 foot long white fish • Top predators around vents • Eat everything from tubeworms to shrimp • Slow and lethargic
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Octopus • several species • typically one meter long • heads are about the size of an orange • top predators • eat crabs, clams, and mussels Mohamed Hassaan
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Mussels • first to colonize • Filter feeders & symbiotic microbes • Crabs and shrimp feast on mussels.
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Giant Clams • symbiotic bacteria • Despite their thick shells, clams are eaten by crabs and octopi
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Vent Shrimp • Many species of shrimp • live around clumps of tube worms and mussels • shrimp eat mussels and microbes that grow on the chimney and their bodies • Crabs, anemones, and zoarcid fish eat shrimp
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Crabs
Galatheid crab, or squat lobster (Atlantic Ocean) • All oceans but increase in numbers at vents • Scavengers (eat bacteria and dead animals) Brachyuran crabs (Pacific Ocean) • round white crabs • fierce predators (eat bacteria, shrimp, mussels, clams, tubeworms, and even each other) Mohamed Hassaan
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Lecture 14 ROV and Underwater technologies Mohamed Hassaan 336
Ocean Observing Systems
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Why do we Observe the Oceans? Can improve: • The efficiency and safety of marine operations • National and homeland security • Predictions of natural hazards and their effects • Predictions of climate change • Public health • Protection and restoration of healthy ecosystems • The sustainability of living resources • Emergency management • Search and Rescue • Oil spill response • Fishing and vacation/beach nowcasting • Commercial shipping • Better weather/storm prediction Mohamed Hassaan
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ROV
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ROV (Victor 6000)
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AUV
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REMUS
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UUV
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All the best For further information:
[email protected]
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