Public Space: contradictions of a contemporary simulacrum - manoel rodrigues alves
LASA 2016 – XXXIV International Congress New York, 27 – 30 May 2016 Thematic Area: Cities and Urban Studies Session Title: Latin American Contemporary Public Space: liminalities, tensions and transversalities
Paper Public Space: contradictions of a contemporary simulacrum
Manoel Rodrigues Alves
[email protected] Instituto de Arquitetura e Urbanismo Universidade de São Paulo Paper for delivery at the 2016 Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, New York, New York, May 27 - 30 2016
Public Space: contradictions of a contemporary simulacrum - manoel rodrigues alves
Public Space: contradictions of a contemporary simulacrum Manoel Rodrigues Alves
[email protected]
Instituto de Arquitetura e Urbanismo | Universidade de São Paulo | USP
Cities are the spaces where those without power gets to make a history and a culture, thereby making their powerlessness complex. Saskia Sassen
The urban space, on one hand, represents human values and a confluence of pluralities of cultures and ways of life which govern and participate in the events of the contemporary city (its processes of transformation and spatial qualities), on the other, results from new forms of expression, and particular forms of the relationship between man and physical space, between man and his times. The contemporary city is made up of new textual and morphological aspects and responds to the parameters of a period of transition which enable spatial qualities that transcend the content of “particular” cultures and their territorial specificities. This is a city of contemporary conditions shaped by economic globalisation and the worldwide reach of processes shaping everyday life, together with micro-geographies of the everyday that operate in a different sociocultural context. In a present of ‘identities of places of transit’ whose content and forms are unstable, the urban environment is established by means of a singular space of social relationships characterised by a complex network of mutual uses, alliances, modulations and adaptations (Duque, 2008). As an investigation of points of inflection in practices and ideas that support the (re)production of the contemporary city, this reflection critically reconsiders key features of understanding and practices of the contemporary public space.
página2
The quote from Sassen conveys one of the realities of this city in a period of transition, with almost as many terms to define1 it as those that attempt to describe the period in which we are living – overmodernity, postmodernity, hypermodernity, liquid modernity, etc. José Luis Pardo brings an interesting reflection on this succession of terms:
1
From city to metropolis to pegapolis or the postmetropolis of Cacciari, who sees little sense in talking about the city in general terms, since the different forms of its manifestation display different forms of urban life. CACCIARI, M., (2011:77).
2
Public Space: contradictions of a contemporary simulacrum - manoel rodrigues alves
“…the plurality of these kinds of rapidly exhausted, successive and alternative formulas ( such as the ‘neo-’, ‘post-’, ‘micro-‘, ‘ultra-‘, ‘intra-‘, ‘trans-‘, ‘tele-‘, ‘late‘, etc.) is no doubt related to a certain impossibility and powerlessness of modern terms to convey and allow passage to other times that are no longer modern. Might that swift exhaustion of terms, these attempts at passage… mean that we are moving into a new paradigm outside the genuine emblem of one of the key experiences of modernity, the experience of transition, the experience of transformation? Might it not be much more difficult to think that we are in transit or from where we are transforming, to the point that questions such as ‘in which direction?’, ‘where from?’ become superfluous, because we are in some way in a permanent state of transition?” 2 Pardo claims that the relentless pursuit of a specific name for each variation of the model in space and time, together with uncertainty about where we are going, are inevitable characteristics of a modern consciousness attempting to rationalise its position in relation to the past as a way of certifying its distance from it. The endless growth of this distance between the past and the present is what produces the certainty of our modernity, and the experience of the past as something “that we can no longer revive, because as such, as lost, as irretrievable, it is lost in its own perdition, unrecoverable and retains our experience of time”3. The awareness of our complex relationship with the past, unequivocally linked to the modern experience, is not just a temporal question but also a spatial issue, for behind this estrangement described by Pardo is where the social differences and local differences in conformation of the urban space are embedded. Recent decades have brought us theoretical formulations of exceptional conditions of the urban – from social, physical and material view points alike – and spatial formations associated with their different rationales of (dis)order and (de)regulation4. The socio-spatial dimensions of common practices of urban life reveal at least three models of structuring the urban space – contradiction, fragmentation and division –, which do not relate to the paradigm of totality or spatial unity. Pardo states, “what is happening is that the paradigm through which the city was constructed in its earlier configuration is now an antiquated paradigm and of no use for the city in facing its future challenges, and there is no doubt that the new paradigm has not yet been established for finally equipping the city for agile and efficient survival in a world that will be completely transformed”5. It is in this non-time, in the rejection of what it no longer is, in this aionic moment, that spatial qualities representing significations derived from the prevailing social imagination are experienced in the urban, in its dynamic of affections and apprehensions stimulated by new formations of socio-spatial phenomena, in the use and appropriation of urban space. These spatialities are reproduced associated with the absence of limits and the spread of spatial página3
2
PARDO, J.L. (2011: 354-355). Author’s translation. Ibid, p 362. 4 ALVES, M. R.; CRESTANI, A. (2016). 5 Ibid, p. 357.Author’s translation. 3
3
Public Space: contradictions of a contemporary simulacrum - manoel rodrigues alves
formations in which the common space is no longer the rule and interactions are not guided by integration or shared collective references. In the enigma of the contemporary, accelerated movement and identity-related, economic, socio-cultural and political positionings encourage merchandise sublimated in the seductive form of the image as the underlying principle of the organisation of social relations and practice6. From the periphery to the city centres the question of the city undergoes new configurations of production/reproduction of the urban space as production/reproduction of city life in its contradictions. Within a set of practices that spread beyond their own fields and limits to merge into new spatial patterns, the territories of social representations, urban places, respond as accidental, contaminated, contingent, relative and syncretic. In the city of today, new textual and morphological conditions operate in a different socio-cultural context, frontiers are blurred, new points of contact emerge to shape new possibilities of use and appropriation. In this context, the contemporary process of reproduction of the city highlights even more the contradiction between the socialised (re)production of space and its collective use and the privatised (re)production of space and its private use, which also points to the need for understanding the conflicts and resistance emerging from it. In the city that responds to the parameters of a period of transition, the relation of experience and/or belonging to the urban space remains (amidst a set of transformations to the social, technical and technological conditions), however revealing an impoverishment of symbolic systems, reduction in forms of collective life and the harnessing of spaces of action. In this scenario, which include questioning the dimensions of (re)production of the urban space, these conditions reveal a dissolution of collective experience – which is increasingly superficial and unstable – demonstrated by urbanisation subject to the imperatives of particular urban ideologies. A context of economic globalisation and computerisation of society reveals the hegemonic strategies of a global pattern of urbanism aimed at reorganisation of the urban space and the production of an artificially enriched social composition. The dimensions of life – in its objective expressions and subjective arrangements – are greatly reduced and encapsulated in the production of thematic spaces of public life which emerge according to predetermined rules of the dominant constitutive processes of the city7.
página4
In this world of globalised processes allied to advanced capitalism, where aspects of the business orientation of the city emerge with particular resonance, it is important to (re)learn how to recognise the social forms (and counter forms) of adaptation of the city. Friedmann calls attention to the importance of understanding in relation to the urban space that “... the city is humanity’s ultimate habitat”. Place has to be understood as referring “to socio-spatial patterns
6 7
ALVES, M. R.; CRESTANI, A. (2016). Ibid.
4
Public Space: contradictions of a contemporary simulacrum - manoel rodrigues alves
of affectively valued relations that are embedded in a physical environment”, while “placemaking is thus a way of creating and strengthening place-bound relations”.8
Figure 1: Colonizar Telefonica. CAAC Exhibition, Seville.9
The practice of new urbanities re-qualifies the public space, the urban space, and may, potentially, re-establish its position as a centre of debate, through both the consolidation of new identities and the reclamation of the public visibility of differences – the political recognition of the different. The question then arises of how much ‘new’ urban spatial conditions (of placemaking), sold as a global trend of improving the urban space, the public space, are not in fact simulacra. Simulacra of urban life that subject social capital to private rationales predominantly connected to the multiple consumption of contemporary society, in which perceptions and opinions become a product of information rather than of discussion; (simulacra) in which the city, the public space and the place of the public realm – sites of politics rooted in the forms of appropriation of space and time, everyday process, struggle and conflict – appear, in terms of citizenship, as incomplete, truncated and torn, and seek to reconstruct themselves through and in the struggle for a considerably open form of re-democratisation as the right to the city. Do new urban issues need different propositions and forms in the reflection about the links and elements of urban conformation, aspects of transformation of the urban environment, its landscape and processes related to the context of use and (re)production of its public spaces – propositions that question the role played by public urban spaces in the recognition and configuration of the city? Subject to or conditioned by which processes?10
página5
8
(Friedmann, 2007, p.2). Garret addresses the development of placemaking in his analysis of the growing privatisation of the urban space, writing “[...] Richard Sennett suggests that private public spaces are “dead public spaces” because the essence of conviviality, spontaneity, encounter and yes, that little sprinkle of chaos, have been stripped out. The spaces are not rendered dead because they aren’t enjoyable – I myself enjoy lounging on the steps near the canal at Granary Square – but dead because the potential range of spatial engagement here can fit in a coffee cup.” (Garret, 2015). 9 All the images accompanying this study were taken by the author. 10 Different interpretations and approaches are needed to address the understanding of new configurations and landscapes of the urban space which, as developments of rationales and dynamics of shaping the city, are based
5
Public Space: contradictions of a contemporary simulacrum - manoel rodrigues alves
In fact, the social conditions raised by the advanced capitalism of a system formed by different collective relationships intermediated by private interests, the increase in rationales governed by consumption and the intensifying the role of the individual, condition the reduction and privatisation of the public sphere11. In a setting in which the city figures as a strategic element in the reproduction of capital (not just financial), hegemonic processes and the business orientation of its (re)production condition the domestication of landscapes reshaped as forms of consumption. As Orellana puts it, “We are in another place which condenses the contemporary city, which demonstrates the ultimate rationality of the bio-political urban space […] neoliberal capitalism therefore demolishes contemporary cities to produce effects of de-territorialisation”12. In a scenario in which merchandise, sublimated or not, increasingly becomes the constitutive principle of relations and social practice, the dimensions of public life are changed by processes of the city that are subject to private rationales, in a conformation linked to increases in all instances of consumption. Therefore, we are experiencing a time of (re)signification of the relationship between the public and private, in which uncertainty about the result of the (re)signification of the notion of the public space is related to the process of business orientation of the city, where consumption becomes a privileged category of signification, to the detriment of social interaction. When the (re)production and conformation of the urban space is subject to the rationale of business orientation and processes of privatisation and spectacle, alterations appear in the constitution of the contemporary public space.
página6
These transformations weaken urban identity and relegate the urban fabric/social fabric dialectic to a secondary level. Their own ethical codes and operational behaviour condition a wide range of activities that become part of the urban fabric of contemporary collective life in the design of a city of disconnected urban fragments: ‘spaces of consumption’ resulting from processes of urbanisation determined by a tertiary rationale, known as urban renewal. In a city affected by parameters that indicate the characteristics of a period of transition the
on representative elements of a dynamic of the (re)production of space guided by the implementation of processes of theming the space, different levels of control and surveillance and the internalisation of the collective life of the public space. 11 Transformations of the urban territory determined by a late-capitalist system of flexible accumulation, structure culture, economy and society in an associated way, causing the various realms of life and experience in society to be intermediated by rationales connected with consumption. For Delgado (Delgado, 2011), urbanism offered capitalism a new form of reproduction of capital, particularly through the ideology, privatisation and theming of the public space. In another study, Delgado’s analysis of urban transformations in Barcelona is critical of processes that de-characterise urban spaces in favour of a media-oriented city planned under an ideal of consumption both of the image of the city and of the urban space: “No se trata de denunciar como perversa toda transformación urbana, sino de señalar a quienes favorecen tales transformaciones, que no suele ser a la mayoría social” (Delgado, 2001, p. 117). In the same study he warns that the re-signification of the public space does not just occur when private spaces attempt to co-opt their meaning and try to simulate a collectively appropriated “place”, but also that public initiatives contribute to the commercial operation of the public space. 12 ORELLANA, R. C. (2011, p. 51). Author’s translation.
6
Public Space: contradictions of a contemporary simulacrum - manoel rodrigues alves
impoverishment of symbolic systems can be noted, together with retractions of the forms of collective life, the control of spaces of action and reduction in the value of the public.
Figure 2: Annunciation Parade, Vale Sagrado, Pisac.
In the context of contemporary urban life the simultaneous experience of different urbanities forms the reality of our collective spaces, potentially re-qualifying space and the urban landscape. But these new forms of social relations seem to give preference to the private realm and to technological mediation, to increased physical, economic and digital mobility that values flux over permanence - to an excess of information that disconnects the individual from space as a real experience.
página7
Moreover, with the concept of urBANALisation, Muñoz (2008) indicates that traditional typological spaces in contemporary urban spatial conditions, such as streets and squares, are objectified and thematically reduced to a set of urban functions of a controlled space – pseudo public spaces full of visible and invisible signs of privatisations, which as simulacra of the city create a private city inside the public one: the other side of the wearing away of public life. In this city, the phenomena of theming, beautification and spectacle in the city become powerful mechanisms of controlling the production and occupation of the socio-spatial landscape.
7
Public Space: contradictions of a contemporary simulacrum - manoel rodrigues alves
Figure 3: Sardanas in the Plaza de la Catedral, Barcelona. Maddinat Jumeirah, Dubai.
For Orellana, the city has been depopulated of inhabitants and unconditioned places of encounter, since the simulacra do not provide the sensations and possibilities of ‘real spaces’: “[...] as if they were progressively transformed into a huge theme park aimed only at looking”13. This resort aspect of the globalised city reveals a key element of the urban space. Orellana suggests that a new power rationale requires the de-territorialisation and destruction of place. He sees us facing an ‘other-place’ which condenses the contemporary city and reveals the ultimate rationality of the bio-political urban space, whose characteristics demonstrate a principle of segregation14. The city of spectacle is the city transformed to the extreme into merchandise that changes the public/private relationship in the production of pseudo public spaces representative of our times in which individuals establish themselves temporarily. Spaces of temporary occupation and anonymous confluence, flexible space-time contexts with no identity, aimed at the client rather than the citizen. In fact, potentially atopic non-places15 of the human alienation of a period in which individual experience is constructed based on movement and the detachment of a society that is increasingly media-oriented. Non-places that seek to establish a new relationship with time and space for the city, celebrating the victory of consumerism and the de-territorialisation of new conditions of display and visibility; structures of the production of the urban space encourage the dissolution of the urban (as a setting of complex socio-spatial relationships) and the production of public pseudo-spaces – that is to say, public spaces not as a field of indeterminacy where social groups would be in a constant process of definition and interaction, in a constant process of dispute about recognition of the common space16.
13
ORELLANA, R. C. (2011: 66). Author’s translation. Ibid, (p. 54-56) 15 According to Augé, “if a place can be defined as relational, historical and concerned with identity, then a space which cannot be defined as relational, historical and concerned with identity will be defined as a non-place (Augé, 1994, p. 72). For Augé, place is necessarily historical, combining identity and relations, related to experience and to human memory; while the non-place, which is generally designed for circulation and rapid transport, does not resemble the associative public space, the place of identity and relationships that accumulate memory. Although a non-place can occur in a place, the exceptional objectivity of non-places influences the characterisation of these spaces and greatly reduces symbolic relationships between people, disconnecting them from the specificity of the site and encouraging a shift in the boundary between public and private. (Augé, 1994). Author’s translation. 16 ALVES, M. R.; CRESTANI, A. (2016) 14
Public Space: contradictions of a contemporary simulacrum - manoel rodrigues alves
Figure 4: Shopping Market Place and Parque do Ibrirapuera, São Paulo. Dissociative spaces of functional congregation or associative spaces of social interaction?
página9
In a society where time can be considered as the distance separating the individual from his/her goal, consumption, the reality of the socially constructed and experienced space, the meaning of the public space as a mediator of encounter and of dispute, is reduced through practices of new forms of social interaction, to new spatial conditions, which are not exactly public or private but an elevated level17 of public domain. Spatialities that do not encourage a locus of ‘presumed’ dispute of either multiple identities or the reclamation of the public visibility of difference.
17
Such as the ‘pops’ (privately owned public spaces), a spatial pattern that is becoming increasingly present in European cities such as London.
9
Public Space: contradictions of a contemporary simulacrum - manoel rodrigues alves
Figur5 5: Shopping Dom Pedro, Campinas.
Indeed, the generalisation of forms of programmed consumption, the decline of the traditional roles of the State, the weakening of systems of political representation and the general convergent action of devices of social control and discipline are causing a significant decline in the meaning of the primacy of the public space as a privileged setting of encounter, the interaction of differences, the possibility of experiencing co-presence, dispersion and diversity, of social interactions (plural) (Delgado, 2001), and can dismantle the foundations of what were once historically understood as the city and democracy18. It is in this context that the exhaustion of the urban public realm can be seen, responding now more to sectors of the market and codes of the media than to the complex articulation of the everyday uses of urban life. The public space, the places of human activity, social diversity, the primacy of socio-cultural experience, subjective exchange and open manifestation, is gradually being replaced by spaces devoid of identity. These spaces are simulacra of places, reproducing a reality devoid of meaning and with no similarity to the reality being simulated. They are spaces of predicted practices, actions governed by codes of conduct, surveillance and artificiality; spaces of simulation of the places of urban life modifying at various levels the relationship of/with their occupants, as mere users, mere receptors of the city spaces, slowly doing away with the meaning of the city as a work and space of creation19.
página10
18
ALVES, M. R.; CRESTANI, A. (2016) Arroyo considers there to be a decline in the symbolic value of the notion of the public space, no longer standing as a substantial physical counterpart to a civil society understood as subject to the city. The dynamics of the Public Space are determined by the quotidian. The present separation of the places of life into functionalised spaces has resulted in a fragmentation of everyday life, separating it into defined and separated spaces and times (Arroyo, 2011). 19
10
Public Space: contradictions of a contemporary simulacrum - manoel rodrigues alves
This process of the conversion of the public space into stereotypes of consumption, the redefinition of its functions according to market criteria, is not just an effect but also a mode of producing new urban spatial conditions of desirable appearances aimed at establishing themselves as a global trend for city improvements. These simulacra of urban life, which subject social capital to the private rationales of contemporary society (linked to consumption), have been (re)signifying the ideal of the public space and encouraging a change in the distinctive qualities of the public and the private in collective opinion and perception (Delgado, 2011; Augé, 2010) to become the product of mere assimilated information, representative of the containerisation of the urban space (Muñoz, 2008) 20. Do new possibilities of interaction with the contemporary public space dominated by these rationales lead to new relations between the public and the private? To new conditions of display and visibility and the restructuring of the public domain into a public space equivalent to relationship with the other, with man? Or a relationship with the other, with the object? And on what terms?21 In our understanding, public space as a concept which on the one hand requires (re)signification of its notion, perception, image and value, and on the other has to be understood as a context of mediation through which social identities, practices and socio-spatial images can be created and challenged. Public space as a symbolic space that needs time to be formed into a place of the mutual recognition of its legitimacies; a heterotopic space, a space of unfamiliarity, another space juxtaposed on the established space and containing the nature of conflict, action and challenge. For Cancline, public and private spaces are not just isolated categories. As spatial conditions they are also defined by connections: “[…]the public or the private should not be considered as separate spheres or spaces, but instead as modular systems of overlapping networks.”22. The public space is potentially a place of political formation and human recognition, assuming dynamics of inclusion that enable the participation in urban life of capable social individuals. As such, even at time when cities become ecologies of excess, not a public space reduced to games of appropriation of the common good, a public space synonymous with collective privatism and
página11
20
A culture of different types of consumption appears, simultaneity and rapid consumption materialise as spaces of leisure – spaces that give form to cartography made of places and moments characterised by the multiplicity of a supposed flexibility, with its own rationales and intents. Multiplex spaces for Muñoz (2008). For Han, spaces characterised not as a product of a disciplinarian society (Foucault), but of a ‘society of profit’ (HAN, 2012). 21 In these conditions the public space is subject to a rationale of alienating spaces that prevent the construction of a social fabric formed by an experience of and with the other, which relates to the indices of crisis visualised by Heidegger. The crisis of ‘inhabiting’ stated by Heidegger is still present today, regardless of the proliferation of nonplaces or spaces of flux, or that rootlessness is one of the only things that call on mortals to inhabit. Sloterdijk sees being in the world unfolding into overlapping symbolic systems (Spheres), in which man constructs immunological cultural systems as an antidote to the impact of reality. He sees reflection on space leading us to consideration of the diversity of worlds that comprise reality according to the Heideggerian definition of the world. (SLOTERDIJK, P., 2003). 22 (Canclini, 1999: 09). Author’s translation. This context of the notion of the public space includes the idea of hybridisation, the mixture of different elements and dimensions that redefine the terms of relationships conceived uniformly. Processes can be described according to categories that mix together what seem separate, distinct or merely opposite, but hybrid processes should do that considering a continuous process both in the production and in the reception. From this point of view the contributions of Latour (2005), for example, about symbioses between objects and meanings or between nature and culture offer possible points of reflection.
11
Public Space: contradictions of a contemporary simulacrum - manoel rodrigues alves
social antagonism (rather than social agonism and civic formation) triggered by material traces as a consequence of the dispossession or abandonment of the desire for modernity. As mentioned in an earlier study23, different approaches are needed to address the understanding of configurations of the contemporary public space which, as representatives of the being-in-theworld of new rationales and dynamics of shaping the city, are based on representative elements of a dynamic of (re)production of the urban space at a time of ‘crisis’ – which will serve for testing the relationship of society and culture with that same urban space. In a city that needs new directions, new hodos, this is to retrieve (revert) to our thinking the consideration of territories of indeterminacy, suspension, doubt, lines of flight, as attempts to counterbalance hasty classifications or obsolete dualities. The dimensions of the production and reproduction of the contemporary city need to be investigated based on relationships and tangencies that might characterise redefined urban spatial conditions and phenomena, in their contexts and relationships. One possibility is to consider the public space of the contemporary city as a space ‘between places’, a space in which the issue is perhaps gradation of intensities and densities in socially indeterminate spaces. That is to say, social spaces of dispute rather than territories determined politically, or even socially, often iconic, themed and controlled spaces – although iconic, simulacra of public spaces.
página12
This means investigating public spaces of ‘between places’ of practioners, of agents of the urban space that challenge the obsolete pragmatic separation of the public and private domains. ‘Between places’ of a public domain of overlap, often socially and spatially indeterminate, which allow the (re)occurrence of individual or collective narratives of spaces, times and events as vectors of unpredicted experiences that challenge the proposed, planned and/or programmed. Since the spatial characteristics of the public space do not necessarily coincide with the manifestations and uses of the public, public spaces of ‘between places’ do not necessarily relate to the traditional limits – physical, legal or domain related to territory, actuation and appropriation. Spaces of the ‘between places’ of the public domain both in the density of a structured community, of register, memorability, structure and permanence, and in the intensity of a society being structured, of eventuality, accumulation and the moment. This reflective hypothesis is based on the argument that in order to confront the tendency towards production of the contemporary city in which consumption articulates the (re)signification of the relationship between public and private, as a privileged category of signification which structures socio-spatial relationships (to the detriment of social interaction), it is necessary to think carefully about the practice of diversion of the notion of public and public domain (in Benjamin’s terms, to connect thought to diversion) without results in a straight line, a given objective, categories and taxonomies; to think carefully about the public domain of coexistence of the community and the collective, different socio-spatial processes and times and diverse social interaction and appropriations. Rather than a total and unified structure, the city of today should be considered as a network of tangible and intangible material and symbolic
23
ALVES, M. R.; CRESTANI, A. (2016)
12
Public Space: contradictions of a contemporary simulacrum - manoel rodrigues alves
processes that materialise in spaces, not of isolated categories, but public, with a preponderance of the ‘public’, of belonging to ‘between places’. The assertion is that there is a significant and urgent need to affirm the public space as a place of urban potential, the ‘between place’ of the material realisation of individual history as collective history, with the mediation and appropriation of the spaces of experiencing life – with their own material or immaterial heuristic, phenomenal, epistemic and hermeneutic dimensions, in which the eventual immateriality of these relationships contribute in no small extent to the (re)signification of the public space. Bibliographical references ADORNO, T.; HORKHEIMER, M. A Dialética do Esclarecimento. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar, 1985. ALVES, M. R.
Transformações Culturais e Contradições Urbanas do Espaço Público Contemporâneo. In Cidades. Processos Extremos na Constituição da Cidade. Cidades, v.11 n. 19., São Paulo, p. 470-497, 2014. Público y Privado: cultura, consumo y espacialidade de la Ciudad. In Polis, n. 9, p. 42-53. Ediciones UNL, Santa Fé, 2006.
ALVES, M. R.; CRESTANI, A. Public Space, meanings from everywhere and nowhere: spaliaties of alienation. In: Proceedings of RUEG 201, Regional Urbanism in the Era of Globalisation International Conference, Huddersfield, 2016 (forthcoming.). ALVES, M. R.; RIZEK, C. S. Cidade Contemporânea. Cidade do Empresariamento: aspectos da produção socioespacial do urbano. In: RESE. (Org.). Ciudades, Fronteras y Movilidad Humana. Manaus: UFAM, p. 149-161, 2012. ARENDT, H.
A Condição Humana. Rio de Janeiro: Forense Universitaria, 1987.
ARROYO J.
Espacio Público: entre afirmaciones y desplazamientos. Santa Fe: Ediciones UNL, 2011
AUGE, M.
Por uma antropologia da mobilidade. Maceió: EDLTFAL: UNESP, 2010. El Sentido de los Otros. Barcelona: Paidós, 1996 Não-lugares. Uma Antropologia da Supermodernidade. Campinas: Papirus Editora, 1994.
BAUMAN, Z.
Confiança e Medo na Cidade. São Paulo: Zahar, 2009.
página13
CACCIARI, M. La Ciudad Territorio (o la post-metrópoli). In ARENAS, L. Y FOGUÉ, U. ed. Planos de (Inter)sección: materiales para un diálogo entre filosofía y Arquitectura. Lampreave, Madrid, p. 33-45, 2011. CANCLINI, N.
Imaginários Urbanos. Buenos Aires: Editorial Universitária, 1999.
DELGADO, M.
El Espacio Público como Ideologia. Madrid: Libros de la Catarata, 2011 Barcelona. La Falacia de la Ciudad Mentirosa. Madrid: Ediciones Siruela, 2008 El Animal Público. Madrid: Ediciones Siruela, 2002 Memoria y Lugar: el espacio público como crisis de significado. Valencia: Ediciones Generales de la Construción, 2001.
DEUTSCHE, R.
Evictions, Arts and Spatial Politics. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996.
DUQUE, F.
Habitar la Tierra. Madrid: Abada Editores, 2008. Arte Público y Espacio Político. Madrid: Ediciones Akal, 2001.
FRASER, N. Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy. Social Text, 25 (26), p. 56–80, 1990. FREIRE, R.; BRITTO, F. Utopia e paixão: a política do cotidiano. São Paulo: Rocco, 1984.
13
Public Space: contradictions of a contemporary simulacrum - manoel rodrigues alves
GARRET, B.
The Privatisation of Cities' Public Spaces is Escalating. London: The Guardian, August 2015.
HAN, B. C.
La Sociedad del Cansancio. Barcelona: Herder, 2012.
HARVEY, D.
The Condition of Postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.
LATOUR, B. Reassembling the Social. An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. MUÑOZ, F .Urbanalización. Paisajes Comunes, Lugares Globales. Barcelona: Editorial Gustavo Gili, S.A., 2008. ORELLANA, R.C. Panoptismo, Biopolítica y Espacio Re-flexivo. In ARENAS, L. Y FOGUÉ, U. Planos de (Inter)sección: materiales para un diálogo entre filosofía y Arquitectura. Lampreave, Madrid, p. 47-67, 2011 PARDO, J.L.
Disculpen las molestias, estamos transitando hacia un nuevo paradigma”. In ARENAS, L. Y FOGUÉ, U. Planos de (Inter)sección: materiales para un diálogo entre filosofía y Arquitectura. Lampreave, Madrid, p. 352-367, 2011 Haz que Cambiar tu Vida. Madrid: Ediciones Siruela, 2009 Trilogia Esferas I, II e III. Madrid: Ediciones Siruela, 2003
página14
SLOTERDJIK, P.
14
