Research Journey: A Simplified Particular View of Academic Approached Research

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A  VIEW  OF     RESEARCH  JOURNEY  

Youssef  T.  El  Shaikh  ©  2015  

KNOWLEDGE  CLAIM   Post  posi(vism  (Phillips  &  Burbules,  2000)     ✓  Absolute  truth  can  never  be  found,  therefore   evidence  is  always  imperfect   ✓  Explain  situaTons  that  concern  or  describes   relaTonships  of  interest   ✓  Empirical  observaTon  and  measurement     ✓  Theory  verificaTon    

Construc(vism  (CroFy,  1998)       ✓  Understanding  the  context  of  or  seZng  of   parTcipants  by  gathering  informaTon  in  person   ✓  Human  engagement  create  meaning   ✓  Researchers  recognise  their  own  background   shapes  their  interpretaTon   ✓  Theory  generaTon  

Advocacy/Par(cipatory     (Kemmis  &  Wilkinson,  1998)         ✓  Focus  on  bringing  change  in  pracTce  –  AcTon   agenda   ✓  Empowerment  issue-­‐oriented  –  normally  starts   with  parTcular  issue  in  society   ✓  CollaboraTve  &  create  poliTcal  debate  and   discussion   ✓  Change-­‐oriented  

Pragma(sm  (Murphy,  1990)       ✓  Knowledge  are  consequences  of  acTons  rather   than  condiTons   ✓  Problem-­‐centred  and  researchers  use  all   approaches  to  understand  the  problem   ✓  PluralisTc  approach  to  derive  knowledge  about   the  problem     ✓  Real  world  pracTce  oriented    

Youssef  T.  El  Shaikh    

RESEARCH  METHODS   Research Methods: General Comparison

Quantitative Research Method (Post positivism) ✓  Predetermined instruments that yield statistical data ✓  Instrument based questions ✓  Performance data, observational, census data and attitude data ✓  Statistical Analysis

Qualitative Research Method   (Constructivism) and/or (Advocacy/participatory)   ✓  Emerging methods to develop a theory ✓  Open-ended questions ✓  Interview data, observational data, documented data and audio-visual data and intent of developing themes from the data ✓  Text and image analysis

Mixed Research Methods (Pragmatic) ✓  Both predetermined and emerging methods ✓  Both open ended and closed ended questions (Triangulation by Denzin, 2000) ✓  Multiple forms of data drawing on all possibilities ✓  Statistical and text analysis

Youssef  T.  El  Shaikh    

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