STRUCTURALISM (Encyclopedia of Phenomenology 1997)

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ENCYCTOPHDIA

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LHSTER EMBRH,E HLTZABET}{ A. BEHNKE DAVIN CARR J. CLAUDH EVANS JOSEHUERTAS-JOURDA JOSEPHJ" KOCKELMANS WILLIAM R. McKENI$A ALGIS MICKUNAS JITEhIDRA NATH MOHANTY THOMAS lvf. SEEBOHM RICHARD M.Z,ANER

CITATION; Richard L. Lanrgan,"structuralism" rn Encyclopedia of Phenomenology, generaleditot, LesterEmbree (Boston;Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers,1997), pp.683-689. fSBI{ 0792929562

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S'TR[,ICTU ITALISM

n could not be printed in Cermanyin 1936 due to an\ti-semitic publishingban?reportedtlrat "the fascinatin).$ingabout Edith Sreinwas that truth did not exist as ari\aQstraction for her, trut as sornething incarnated in perso\." Iror Edithstein,philosophy andlife rvereone.[-ikerhbqrlier Carmelitemysti*,St. Johnof theCross,Edith SteinhElnprlifies herwritings.

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lFV.itingsaf Ertith Stein. Hd. rn Irans. l'Iiida Ciracf.Westminster, Mf): Newnrantr)ressr 986. Stein,Waltraut."EdithStcin.'Iwcnrv-Fi v cars I.,ater." -S;rir"i {u t t lL i l b l 3 ( 1 9 f , 7 ) , 2 4 +S l . SrrI Iivan, Jcthn,*d. Etl i th Stein .Si,rr;ir., ICISPublications. I 987. Steirr'sNttrhla,s.s is lretrd in theAr

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Ilaschcart.Iv{aryCatherinc,and t-inclal,tipezMcAIistor.witfr Waltrirut Stein. "fldith Sfein." In A Fli,rtor.vof' I*?smen Philo.rosther.s. Ed. Mary Bllen \tr'Iaitlie. \bl. 4. l)orcirechr: Klur,verAcademicPublishers.1995.157--tt7. IieLz.,, Reto,Mathias Rath,and Petcrschr-rlz, eds.studie.szur Philo,rophievon Edith Steinsrmpo.tion{l ggl Hichstarr, Gernrany)I;rieburg:.o\lber,I 993. Grire{, Hilda tl. T'he,Stltolar en{{ the Cia,rs. wcstminsrer, MD: Tlre Newrnanllrtrss,1955 f{erbstrith,Waltraud"l:.dith Stein.J"rans.BcrnardBonowitz. SanFrancisco:l'Iarper& Row. Igtts. Oben.FrcriaMary. Edith Stein;Stl,tolqriF'eminist,Seint.Nr:w lbrk; Alba l{ouse"1988. Ilosclt,T'eresa Renata.Edith ,Stein.J"rans.fl. l{astingsandfJ. Nicholl. New Yrrrk:Shecd& Ward. 1952. secretan,Philiberr."EclithSteinon T'he'OrderanclChain I]e ing."' Anttlec:ta Husserlisna I l. Ilarclrelcht: D. Il"ei

1 98 1,1 13 -"2 3. Stein,Eclith.Zum Proble:nrder Ein/iihlLtng.Dio., Hall et7; On the PrrshlenrttJ'[:'mpath.r'. Trans. Waltraut S in. TIre I{ague:MartinusNijhof}, 1q64. "Beifrage z,ur philosophische n Bcgrunclu der Psy'ahrhuch fr.ir chologie und clt:rCeisteswissenschaften." P h i I ct,so1th i e u n tt 7shcino rnen o I ogi,st:I'te F o rs; ung 5 (1922), l-"284:ryt. Tiibingen:Max h{ielneyer,! "Einc Untersuchungiiber den St t.'n .lahrbuc:h filr PhiIo.sr"tphieund phrinomeno\ogi.t,t hc/F orsr:hung 7 i.IgZS\,

1-"1'2 4. "FfuisserlsPhrinornenologienfr die philosophie cles 'fhonrasvon Aquino. versuclt Sncr Gegeniiberstellung." F'est.sr::hrifi Edmund Hus,sertfum Gehurt,s tag g€w,idnrct),

sultplcmen t-hant{, Ja hr564:l/ li'ir f' h i lo.rophie und phtinrsmurulogi.tc:he: F'orschunsy{ F{alle; h{ax lriiemeyer,1 929" 3 1 5 " 3 8 ; r p t , I n ]{ tts.r t:r ln { EdF. l. l,Jo a ck.Da r m sr a d r :wi s-

senschaftl icheRuclrgEftllschaft,, 1973,d l*86. --"'" Krcttze.ivt'i.r.ten,st:haj{. T'lzescience of' the (lru.ir'. Trans. Hilda Gracf . Cltic.a$o: f{enry Regner,v, 1q6CI.

-* , Endlic:hcsund /vviges sein. Edith steins \yerke z. Ed. I". cclber andfi.amaeus L.cuvcn.Louvirin: Nauu,elaerts, I 950. -"*-.llie Frau. ta.fgohenuclr !,futur und Gnotte. {)n kl/rstlr{ltt. frans" Fr Ir{ary Obcn, lVershington"DC: ICS publica-

tions,Wtn" *""', .4u,t d/n Lelrcn einer.itidischen F utnilie. Lr{a in u Jew'i,sh F'amy'v.'l'rans.Joesphine Koeppel, Washington, DC: ICS

Pulllications, I 9tl(r. 'dith steinsw'erke.r:d. L. fielbg' anclRornaeus Lsuven. ;reiburg:1950ff .

ST-RUCTURALISN.I

t-ike phenornenologv,

structuralism is more a nrethad of analysis thirn a subject matter. Because of its origins in thc H[rlv,{Al-! s{-ltjNc[s, structuralisnr is usuallSzconsiderecl fi sci_ entific method thar studies systems, relations. ilnd fortns, i.e., strztt:tuls*, of' in the trlore current rjcsignation, tocles. .S;rrerrs nre phenonlena that interrelate l'vith one another according to a discoverable logic usually expressertias a key relation ancl its transformationsthrough deduction, incluction.,abduction, aclduction, etc, A.q a "here ancl now'o phellOrnenon, a s.vstem is usuallv c0ntrasted with i{tsIoRY as *'tht:re and then." Fanriliar systenric relations are similar"ityidiffbrence (rnetaphor)., opposition/apposition(sinrile; irony), partrwhole {synecdoche), substancelattritrute(metouyrny), selfliorher/* world, couse/€ff'ect,space/time, q uaIitativsr'quantitative, and {brm/content. }rlote that most relaticlns are binary or trinary as a resuit rif the sysrem logic t:eittg used. Irr this structural context, eicJetic tr:rhenomcpa are ref'erredto as mentifnc:/sOr c:ontents,while entpirical plrenomenaare specified as arti/ac,r.rol./i; t n?,t.The structurai nrethod is ciosely assnciatedwith (:o. rN4LINIcolocv" t.ANClrr\clr' and sign systems,all ot'lvhich are viewed as ql.,rr{i rnr:oclesand are grouped together uncJer the generalname *fsenrlotlcs (or semiology) in currenf usage. while semiotics now has an internetional scope, strucfuralisrnas a dcctrine is popularly known because its French origins in the 196{}s.As Vincent Descombes suggestedin 1980,,there are basicaliy three historical anciphilosophicalprogressionsof "strucruralisrn'.: structuralanalysis,stnrcturalismper se, anclsemiotics.

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[NOLOGY A Oi; P}-lHNON4 [:NC.Y{ll,OPIIDI

Civen current developments,two more categcriesneed to be added; poststructuralism and phenornettoiogical are disstruCturalism,'l'hesetypes Ol' "StruCtUrali$il10' tinguished bry their ontological {systernic)and episternological(relirtional) orierttationstovvardcultural phenomena in consciousness(corttetrtsor mcntifacts) itnd in experience{forrns or artifacts}. (l) Sftwturfi analvsrsrefers to tlre various schools of anthropology and especiallylinguisticsthat rcjcctcd a diachronic (historical) approaclt to analyzrngspeech (parolct) as a Seriesof events, itt farror of a s7'nchronic approach to language $ungue) as a presentfilolnent in a systent. 'I"hediachronic relation is tenlporal and signifies a linear progressionof changc over time that is lristorical.,whereasithe sylrchronicrelation is an atem' poral relation that signifies a reffexive moment existing at the present time. {n sl'rort,the tJiachronicexpresses il a "'tl'lell" relatiOn, while the synchronic eXpreSSeS "llow" relatiOn"The parerllelspatial system exprt:sses a syntagrnatic relation of "thef€," wltersas a paracliga position nrtu.Paris: h,clitionsclu Sc,nil, iQS l. L*nguuge, the Llnknov'n; Atr Initiutitttt into l.lrt,gtli'rtfr:s. f'rans, Anne fuI. M*nke. Ner,vYgrk: {.'olumhia ljniversityIl ress, 1q89. L,arrigan, RichartJ L.. Speulring untl -leini,"rlt;fl'.' ilfsuritr Merl*srrf'onty".s Phr:rtomt:ntslogir:nl Theor'.v c,l/ f::is | (fi' rial Cor'nnruyrit:tt.littrt Ilq721. Jnd etl. Berlin: ]!{nttttrn dc Ciru,vter,19c]I . "l" - "--.'{h e l { urrtu n Sr,i ents o{' t.'ctm tn ttn i c'i,.tlog3,',' h tt I:>h ett0 fiI en' o/rlg-r'oJ'ilist:o tJl',t{rin F'rtut.:ttull.ttnd fu{erletru-f}r>tttt;'Pittsq92" lrurgh: f]uquesne Lirrivcr"sityPrcss, I *nd {".omrnunic'alittrc," Tlre I'ogit: [,cach, EdmUnrt. {'.'ttltur"e: ,.,{re Crtnnett€d; ,4n Inlrodut-'tion l(t ths fi1;n:hic'h S1.s.ir6r:r/.1 ,4nthrOpr;lrryp'.lt{erv i rt .$oc,i'n/ r:l'-Strut:lttrttlis{ ,'Lrt#ly,5i,s {.,r,sC l'ork: Can;hridge Unir,'ersity}lrcss. I976. l,ctl:ran,}'uli {Iun'ii}N'{' L'rli}re}:tgtf&''{ind" i{ "lenruotir {htrsr]' Tj'rtns.Ann Shukrnan. Blo*mington, Il{: Irriiiof'Cultu,,'e:. ana Uliversity Pri:$s;,1990 fsimulfancous Russian publication b:" I. IJ" Tiruris, li)!)t)]. Noflr. Winfiie d. I{undbouk *f' ,serniofrcs.Illooruinglun" trFl: h:diana LJnivcrsitrvPress" I t!XJ. t]'Strllivan, l'im. et al., eds. ^Keil'Cont:eplr I'it ('.lowmunit'ufi*rr 2nd. cc{"hiei.r'\brk: Routledge" I qq-l. antl {u!lur*/ S}rrlicr.s. Perslmal, Chaim. antl t-. Olbr"eclrts-'Iitec:a. [,tt vtrtr'tt'tllr: rlretrtr iq ue :'fi'tt i te d tt l' urgutu cttt u ti rstt.Pari s : PresscsUniversitlrit'esclc,Frallclr" 1958; Thcri\"'err Rlttltsrit:." Tt"*it"Ii'ans"Johll \\tilkinsolt atrcl"lPurceil fr;sgc;n ,4r'.rtfirlcfi{ati{}tt Weaver. l\iotrs Dame, lN: l.lniver-sityof Notre DnmQ Pre$s, l 969. Wilclen. Anthony. 'l'he:Rr.l/esAre !'io $u*re: The Strfite,.3' New York: Itnutletlgc & Kegan Paui, of'( ornrnutticcttforl. 1987" RII-:HAttD Lgo I-Ahj IG,tN South,tr"nI I I i nois Lifi it;sisirt''

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