TENSES COMPARISOM - not finished

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PRESENT TENSE
INDEFINITE
CONTINUOUS

1. Actions in progress (carried in the moment of speech, +now)
e.g. The bus is coming. (now)
He is reading the newspaper.
It is getting dark. (now)
2. Actions (even of long duration) which show some process, development, evolution
e.g. The flower is growing.
I'm forgetting my French. (= with every passing day)
3. Temporary actions or states in contrast with a general, permanent action (+today, at present)
e.g. He usually teaches mathematics, but now he is teaching physics.
They are (currently) living in Bucharest.
4. Expected actions or considered as sure (planned at present)
e.g. My brother is arriving today.
5. To express wonder, astonishment, irritation etc... even with verbs which usually do not have a continuous aspect (in colloquial speech) + adv like always, all the time, etc.
e.g. The child is always crying.
Are you being ironical? (=faci pe deșteptul?)
6. To be can be used in continuous aspect if it means to behave
e.g. He is a quiet boy, but today he is being naughty.

Verbs which usually don't have a continuous aspect are those expressing:
Physical perceptions: to see, to hear, to feel, to smell, to taste. They are replaced by can + verb (with a continuous meaning)
e.g. *I'm hearing the phone. (incorrect)
I can hear the phone.
Mental perceptions: to want, to understand, to judge, to believe, to think, to mean (if these verbs do not express deliberate actions)
e.g. I smell perfume in the room. (unintentional)
I am smelling a rose. (intentional)




PRESENT TENSE
INDEFINITE
CONTINUOUS
For actions which are not referring to a certain time, place, circumstances
e.g. I have read the book.
We have met. (before)
If the moment of the action is known, then Past Tense is used.
e.g. They have arrived. (they are here)
They arrived yesterday.

An action begun in the past and continued in the present (with verbs which do not have a continuous aspect) + words like SINCE (shows the beginning of an action) and FOR (shows the duration of an action)
e.g. How long have you known him?
I have known him for 5 years/since 2010.

An action performed in an unfinished period of time (+ adverbs like: today, this year/month/week etc.)
e.g. I have seen him twice this week.
I have met him this morning. (it's 11 AM, meaning the morning is not over, so we use Present Perfect)

Frequent repeated actions which may still happen in present and in future (+ adverbs of frequency such as often, always, ever, never, rarely, frequently, habitually, usually, seldom etc.)
e.g. I have often met him at some conferences.

A just finished action (+ adverbs like lately, of late, recently, in recent times, in recent years, in the last past/ few days/weeks/months, just, already, yet – in final positions in negative sentences)
e.g. He has just come.
OBS: There is a tendency to use Past Tense with these adverbs.

A past action with results, consequences and effects in present
e.g. It has rained.
I have opened the window. (It is open now.)

For a future action, in temporal clauses
e.g. I'll lend you the book after/when I have read it.







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