Transport of glucose by a phosphoenolpyruvate:mannose phosphotransferase system in Pasteurella multocida

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0 INSTITUTPAST~I_:R/ELsEVlEr Paris 1998

R,'s. MicrobicL 1998, 149, 83-94

Transport ef glucose by a phosphoenolpyruvate:mannose phosphotransferase system Jn Pasteurella multocida M.R.B. Binet and O.M.M. Bouvet (*~ Unitt; de.s" Ent~Xrobact~ries. INSERM U389, lnstitut Pastern; 75724 Paris Cedex 15

SUMMARY

Pasteureila multocida was examined for glucose and mannose transport. P. multocida was shown to possess a phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP):mannose phosphotransferase system (PTS} that transports glucose as weil as mannose and was functionally similar to the Escherichia coil mannose PTS. Phosphorylated proteins with molecular masses similar to those of E. coil mannose PTS proteins were visualized when incubated with 32p-PEP. The presence of an enzyme liAGIc which could play an important role in regulation, as described in other Gram-negative bacteria, was detected. The enzymes of the pentose-phosphate pathway were present in P. multocida grown on glucose. The activity of 6-phosphofructokinase (the key enzyme of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway (EMP)}, was very low in cell extracts, suggesting that EMP is not the major pathway for glucose catabolism.

Key-words: Phosphotransferase system, Pasteurella multocida; Catabolic pathways, Glucose, Mannose.

The genus Pasteurella is the type genus of the family P a s t e u r e l l a c e a e which c o m p r i s e s the genera Actinobacillus, Haemophihts and Pasteurella. P. multocida is the type species for this genus (Lo and Shewen, 1992). The phylogenetic position of the Pasteurellaceae is in the gamma subgroup of Proteobacteria with other families of Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrionaceae and Aeromona&weae (Woese et al., 1985a,b).

birds as commensal parasites on mucous membranes of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. However~ under conditions which compromise the host defences such as environmental stress as well as concurrent or prior infection o f the host by o t h e r bacterial or viral agents, clinical infections can occur. P. muttocida is also the major cause of bacterial infections in humans following animal bites. P mu/tocida can cause general infections including septicaemia, pleurisy and meningitis (Lo and Shewen, 1992).

Pasteurella species are obligate parasites c o m m o n l y f o u n d in h e a l t h y m a m m a l s and

In order to understand the ability of P. mu/tocida to grow and survive in its environment, it

INTRODUCTION

Submined August 25, 1997, accepted November 4. 1997. (*) Correspondingauthor.

M.R.B. B I N E T A ND O.M.M. B O U V E T

84

is essential to know the mechanisms by which nutrients are taken up and metabolized.

phosphorylation of the membrane permease (Erni et al., 1989).

In bacteria which ferment glucose through the Embden-Meyerhof pathway (EMP) (e.g. members of the Enterobacteriaceae (Bouvet and Grimont, 1987; Kundig et al., 1964; Meadow et al., 1990; Postma and Lengeler, 1985; Postma et al., 1993) and Vibrionaceae (Meadow et al., 1987), glucose is transported into the cell by the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS). The PTS catalyses the phosphorylation of its sugar substrate concomitant with its translocation across the cell membrane.

In the family Vibrionaceae, 15 species studied contained a PTS analogous to the glucose PTS in Enterobacteriaceae (Meadow et al. 1987). Four components (enzyme I, HPr, enzyme IIA and enzyme IICB GIc) of the glucose PTS were separated and purified in Vibrio p a r a h a e m o l y t i c u s (Kubota et al., 1979). Recently, the entire genome of H a e m o p h i l u s it~fluenzae Rd was sequenced (Fleischmann et al., 1995) and genome analysis revealed the presence of fructose PTS genes and enzyme IIAG'c gene. MacFadyen et al. (1996) demonstrated that this system transports fructose. Other D-glucose entry routes are known to occur in some members of the Enterobacteriaceae (Bouvet and Grimont, 1988: Bouvet et al., 1989; Hommes et al., 1985; Neijssel and Tempest, 1975). Glucose can be oxidized to gluconate by a membrane-bound glucose dehydrogenase (Misenheimer et al., 1965; Neijssel et al., 1983), which requires the prosthetic group pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) to be active. Subsequently, gluconate is metabolized through the Entner-Doudoroff pathway.

Glucose-PTS has been extensively studied in Escherichia coil and Salmonella typhimurium.

The PTS uses phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) as the phosphoryl donor in a transfer chain that involves two general energy-coupling enzymes, enzyme I and HPr, and the sugar-specific membrane-bound enzyme II complex across the cell membrane, Two enzyme II systems mediating glucose transport have been described (Curtis and Epstein, 1975). They can be distinguished by their different sugar specificities (Rephaeli and Saier, 1980; Scholte and Postma, 1981). The I161c system (glucose PTS) of narrow specificity for glucose and t~-methylglucoside comprises a membrane-bound permease (enzyme IICB Gl~) and a soluble protein (enzyme IIAGIc). The second system (mannose PTS) of broader specificity (including mannose, glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, N-acetyl glucosamine, glucosamine and fructose with decreasing affinity in that order) comprises a IIAB Man (a 35-kDa membrane-associated protein) which is phosphorylated twice during the phosphate transfer whereas IIC Man and liD M~n(integral membrane proteins) are not (Erni and Zanolari, 1985; Williams et al., 1986). The phosphoryl group is directly transferred from IIAB Man to the sugar substrate without

2-DG D'Vr EMP HPr KDPG Gt-MG NMR

= = = = = = =

2-deoxyglucose, dithiothreitol. Embden-Meyerhof pathway. heat-stable protein. 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate. et-methyl glucose. nuclear magnetic resonance.

The goals of the present work were the identification and characterization of a mannose PTS capable of transporting glucose and mannose and catabolic pathways in P. multocida.

MATERIALS

AND METHODS

Bacterial strains and growth conditions P. multocida subsp, multocida CIP 103286 T was obtained from the Institut Pasteur collection (CIP); the other strains are defined as E. coli B: 10.89 r (CIP); E. coil TP 2862: F-, xyl, argHl, ilvA, aroB, A(crr), K m r (L6vy et al., 1990); and E. coli T P

PEP PQQ PTS SDSPAGE

= = =

phosphoenolpyruvate. pyrroloquinoline quinone. phosphotransferase system.

=

sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

MANNO,51z.,-CILUC'OSE PI 5 O/" P. M U L'|'OCIDA 281 ! : F-, .*yL argHl, ih'A, aroB, AlacX74, A(pts H, ptsL err), Km r (Lrvy etaL, 1990). For PTS assays and the preparation of crude extract, cytoplasmic and membrane fractions, P. multocida, E. coli TP 2862 and E. coli TP 2811 were grown in Luria-Bertani broth containing 0.2 % (w/v) glucose or 0.2% (w/v) mannose as inducers, at 30°C with shaking for 12-15 h. Cells were harvested by centrifugation in the late log phase of growth. E. coli B was used as control strain and was grown in minimal medium (Tanaka etal.. 1967) with 0.2% (w/v) glucose.

Preparation of m e m b r a n e and c y t o p l a s m i c fractions Cells were washed 3 times with 21) mM Tris-HCl buffer pH 7.5 containing I mM dithiothrcitol (DTT) and I mM EDTA and frozen at -20°C. Ct'ls were resuspended in the same buffer to approximately 0.3 g (wet weight) per ml and sonicated (Branson sonifier 450 tip 3) 3 times for 1 rain in an ethanolice bath with 1 min allowed for cooling between sonications. The homogenate was centrifuged for 15 min at 5,000 g to remove intact cells and cell debris. The resulting cell-free extract (crude extract) was centrif'.,ged at 200,000 g for 3 h at 4°C. The clear supernatant was removed and the membrane pellet was washed with 20 mM Tris-HCI buffer pH 7.5 containing I mM DTT and 1 mM EDTA. and resuspended in the same buffer. The membrane pellet. cytoplasmic fraction and crude extract were stored at 4°C.

Assays for P E P : s u g a r p h o s p h o t r a n s f e r a s e activity in toluenized cells Cells were w a s h e d 3 times in M63 minimal medium (Miller, 1972) and then suspended in M63 minimal m e d i u m to 0.15 g wet w e i g h t per ml. P h o s p h o r y l a t i o n o f t 4 C - g l u c o s e (2 m M , 10.7 GBq/mmol) was assayed in cells which were treated with toluene. A l-ml aliquot of bacterial suspension was mixed with 2 gl of toluene and incubated for 25 rain at 30°C. The reaction was monitored as described by Bouvet and Grimont (1987) at 30°C. PEP and ATP were used as phosphate donors at a final concentration of 5 and 10 mM, respectively, and the reaction was stopped at different times by flash freezing. The conditions of this test are not optimized to measure PTS-specific activities but to measure the presence or the absence of a PEP- or A T P - d e p e n d e n t p h o s p h o r y l a t i o n a c t i v i t y . The results were therefore presented as the quantity (nmol) per minute of labelled glucose converted to

85

phosphorylated 14C-glucose in the presence of PEP or ATP and represented an average of at least three determinations.

Assays for PEP:sugar phosphotransferase activity in cell extracts PTS activities were assayed by measuring the PEP-dependent phosphorylation of 14C-labelled sugars. The tbliowing reaction mixture was incubated at 30°C: 10 mM MgCI,, 1 mM DTT, 12.5 mM KF, 140 gl of crude extract, cytoplasmic fraction or membrane fraction in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.0 with or without 10 mM PEP. The reaction was initiated by adding ~4C-glucose or ~4C-mannose to a final concentration of 2 mM (10.7 GBq/mmol), HC-o~-methyl glucose (ot-MG) or 14C-2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) to a fnal concentration of 0.4 mM (10.7 GBq/mmol). The reaction was stopped at different times by flash freezing and phosphorylated sugars were separated from sugars as described by Bouvet and Grimont (1987). The results were linear with time and represented an average of at least three determinations.

Competition assays and determination of kinetic constants by uptake of 14C-glucose in intact cells Bacteria were induced by 0.2% (w/v) glucose with shaking for 12-15 h at 30°C, washed in M63 minimal medium and resuspended in the same medium to an ODr0 0 of 1. They were incubated a t 3 0 ° C for 15 min and 250 g M 1 4 C - g l u c o s e (10.7 GBq/mmol) was added. Aliquots were taken at different times and deposited on GF/C filters ( W h a t m a n 2.5 cm diameter), then washed with M63 medium at room temperature to remove unincorporated t4C-glucose. Each filter was dried and counted in a scintillation counter. For competition assays, the substrate specificity of the glucose transport system was determined by measuring the extent to which unlabelled sugars (fructose, gluc o s e , m a n n o s e , 2 - D G and cc-MG, at 2 raM) reduced the rate of uptake of J4C-glucose when added simultaneously to the reaction mixture. The results were expressed as percent inhibition of J4Cglucose transport. To determine kinetic constants (Km and Vmax), the cell density was adjusted to OD600=0.15 and concentrations of 14C-glucose or t 4 C - m a n n o s e v a r y i n g f r o m 0.1 to 5 g M were added. Aliquots were taken at different times (every 10 s for 2 min), Results obtained were calculated as nmol of IZC-sugars transported per minute per mg of proteins. Rates were linear during 20 to 30 s and kinetic constants were determined by Lineweaver-Burk plots.

86

M.R.B. B I N E T A N D O.M.M. B O U V E T

Phosphorylation of proteins using 32p-PEP 32p-PEP was prepared as described by Mattoo and Waygood (1983) using partially purified PEP carboxykinase from E. coli B. Cytoplasmic and membrane fractions were dialysed, washed and phosphorylated by 32p-PEP as described by Waygood et al. (1984) with slight modifications. Cytoplasmic fractions were concentrated 3" to 5-fold on "Centricon 3" (Amicon, Beverly, USA), Samples containing 300 to 600 l.tg of protein were incubated in a 100-~tl volume for 10 rain at room temperature in the presence of 0.1 mM 32p-pEP. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 100 lai of a solution containing 250 mM 'Ins pH 6.8, 4% SDS, 30% (v/v) glycerol, 5% (v/v) 2-mercaptoethanol, and 0.025 % (w/v) bromophenol blue. Samples (80 $tl) were then loaded onto polyacrylamide gels (16 by 16 cm) with 10 or 12% resolving gels and subjected to denaturing SDS-PAGE. The gels were run at 35 mA per gel for 4-5 h. Autoradiography of dried gels was performed at -80°C for 12 h with "Hyperfilm-MP" (Amersham International, Amersham, UK). The molecular weight of each protein was determined by using rainbowmethylated 14C-molecular weight markers and migration on 8, 10 and 12% resolving gels, Preparation of cell-free extracts for enzyme assays Bacteria were harvested in the late exponential growth phase, washed three times in M63 minimal medium and resuspended to approximately 0.15 g (wet 10 ~ Tris,HC! pH 7,5 buffer with 10 mM MgC! 2 and I mM D'VI'. This bacterial suspension was added to glass beads (0.10-0.I1 mm diameter) and the mixture was vigorously shaken five times for 30 s at 4°C (Bouvet e t al., 1994). After centrifugation (1 h at 12,000 g) the supernatant was assayed for enzyme activity. Supematants were stored at -20°C. Enzyme assays All assays were performed at room temperature and measured by spectrophotometric determination (at 340 n m ) o f the rate of NADH oxidation or the rate of NAD/NADP reduction. Specific activities were expressed as nanomoles of substrate consumed per min per mg protein and represented averages of at least 3 determinations, Activities of the following enzymes were assayed as described in previous publications: 6-phosphofructokinase (Baumann and Baumann, 1975), 6-

phosphogluconate dehydratase and 2-keto-3-deoxy6-phosphogluc~mate (KDPG) aldolase (Lessie and Neidhart, 1967), phosphoglucose isomerase, fructose-l,6-diphosphatase (Conrad and Schlegel, 1977), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (Conrad and Schlegel, 1977). Glucokinase was determined at 30°C by a radioactive method (Postma and Stock, 1980) with or without 6 mM ATP. Sugar phosphates were separated from unphosphorylated sugars by ion exchange chromatography (DE 81, Whatman). 14C-glucose was used at a final concentration of 10 raM. To study substrate specificity, different substrates (glucose, fructose and mannose) were added to the reaction mixture at final concentrations (50 mM) 5to 10-fold higher than radioactive substrates. Assays for oxidation of 14C-glucose by non-proliferative cells and identification of glucose oxidation products were performed as previously described (Bouvet and Grimont, 1988; Gossel6 et aL, 1980). Specific activities were expressed as nanomoles of sugar utilized per min per mg protein and represented averages of at least 3 determinations. Protein assay Protein concentration was determined by the method of Bradford (1976) using bovine serum albumin as standard.

RESULTS P E P - d e p e n d e n t p h o s p h o r y l a t i o n of glucose and mannose and substrate specificities of the mannose transport system To determine if glucose and mannose were phosphorylated by a PTS in P. multocida, we measured the PEP-dependent phosphorylation of different 14C-sugars: 14C-glucose and its analog 14C-tx-methylglucose (lac-tx-MG), laC-mannose and its analog lac-2-deoxyglucose (14C-2-DG). Curtis and Epstein (1975) have shown that, under specified conditions (low concentrations), 2-DG can be used to measure the activity of the II Man system, while t~-MG measures the activity of the H °le system. These experiments were conducted both in cell extracts and in t o l u e n i z e d cells (tables I and II). Extracts of P. m u l t o c i d a prepared from cells grown on glucose (table I)

I V I I - I I V I V U ~ P _ _ , - I J L U L U,51:, l " l ,b U P

1-'. IVIUL,|~._)L,,IL)/~,

bl

Table I. PEP phosphorylation of 14C-glucose, IZC-2-DG and 14C-o.-MG in extracts of P. multocida grown with glucose. Extract Crude extract Cytoplasmic fraction Membrane fraction Cytoplasmic fraction + membrane fraction

PEP + + + +

Phosphorylation activity (nmul/min) 14C-glucoseU~) 14C-2-DG 0.2 (1150 lag) (**) 3. I 0.6 (540 lag) 0.6 nd (450 lag) nd 1.3 (900 pg+420 lug) 13.7

ND ND 0.1 (3 ! 2 lug) 0.1 0.1 (302 lug) 0.3 0.1 (312 lug+302 lug) 3.4

J4C-cz-MG ND ND nd nd nd nd nd nd

~*) HC-glucose was used at a final concentratitm 2 mM: ~4C-2-[~G and HC-ot-MG were used at final concentration 0.4 raM. 1"*) Amounts of proteins present in tile reaction luiXltlre. ND=not determined: nd=not detectable.

exhibited PEP-dependent glucose phosphorylation. Separation of extracts into soluble and membrane fractions resulted in loss of activity. When the c y t o p l a s m i c and m e m b r a n e fractions were mixed, a high level of 14C-glucose and 14C-2-DG phosphorylation was observed only in the presence of PEP, but no phosphorylation of o~M G was o b s e r v e d . T h e s e results s u g g e s t the presence of a mannose PTS4ransporting glucose as well as mannose. In toluenized cells, P. multocida exhibited PEPdependent phosphorylation of 14C-glucose and

14C-mannose, which was inducible 2-fold by addition of glucose and mannose in the culture (table U). The detection of a PEP-dependent phos,ohorylation activity of 14C-glucose and 14C-mannose suggested the presence of PTS activity for glucose and mannose in P multocida. As for PTSs from other bacteria such as E. coil, the PTS in P mtdtocida is likely to contain both soluble and membrane-bound proteins. In E. coil, glucose is a stiu,~ti,tie oJ tWO e n z y m e II systems (11GIc and Iim:'~'). Activity of the II Gl~ and II Man systems wa~ assayed in P. multocida with the analogs tx-MG and 2-DG (tables I and 11). A very efficient PEP-

"Fable II. Phosphorylation of different 14C-sugars in toluenized cells of P. multocida grown on casamino acids, glucose or mannose, in the presence of PEP o1 ATP.

]4C_sugarU':)

PEP- and ATP-dependent phosphorylation activity (nmoles 14C-sugar-P/rain) Strain grown on" casamino acids mannose ~*~') g lucosec~*) PEP ATP PEP ATP PEP ATP

Glucose ot-Methylglucose Mannose 2-Deoxyglucose

31.0 0.2 28.0 ! 5.5

86.0 0.2 23.5 4.0

83.0 0.3 77.0 40.0

71.5 0.3 44.0 4. I

60.5 0.2 50.0 34.5

60.0 0.2 25.5 2.5

PEP- and ATP-dependent phosphorylation was monitored at 30°C with 0.15 mg wet weight of bacteria per ml. (*) 14C-glucose and t4C-mannose were used at final concentration 2 raM: ~4C-2-DG and ~4C-ct-MG were used at final concentration 0.4 raM. (**) Inducers were used at 0.2% in the culture.

88

M.R.B. BINET AND O.M.M. BOUVET

dependent phosphorylation activity of 14C-2-DG was present in glucose- and mannose-grown ceils; ATP did not serve as an alternate phosphate donor. ct-MG was never phosphorylated. The detection of an ATP-dependent phosphorylation activity of mannose and glucose suggested the presence of glucokinases or hexokinases in P. multocida. Specificity of the PTS was d e t e r m i n e d by uptake of 14C-glucose and 14C-mannose in intact cells assays and by competition with different sugars added (glucose, fructose, mannose, 2-DG and tx-MG). Whatever induction used (glucose or mannose), glucose, mannose and 2-DG strongly inhibited uptake of 14C-glucose or 14C-mannose (91% tbr glucose, 85 % for mannose, 87% for 2-DG), whereas t~-MG and fructose did not inhibit uptake of t4C-glucose or l'~C-mannose (8% for fructose, 2 % for a-MG). The substrate range of this transport system is apparently restricted to glucose, mannose and 2-DG. The apparent Km for glucose or mannose uptake was 4.2 taM and the Vnax of glucose uptake was 9.8 nmol/min/mg protein and 3.8 nmol/min/mg protein for mannose uptake.

Complementation assays The cross-reactivity between soluble and membrane-bound proteins of P multocida and

E. coli is shown in table III. The E. coli TP2811 A(ptsH, ptsL crr) extract or the P multocMa cytoplasmic fraction exhibited negligible phosphotransferase activity. W h e n these two extracts were mixed, the PEP-dependent phosphorylation of 14C-t~-MG was recovered; P. multocida was able to complement the E. coil A(ptsH, ptsl, crr) mutant extract for HC-~-MG uptake.

The utilization of E. coli TP 2811 membranes mixed with the P. multocida cytoplasmic fraction showed PEP-dependent phosphorylation analogous to E. coil TP 2811 crude extract mixed with P. multocida cytoplasmic fraction. P. multocida therefore appears to possess cytoplasmic proteins analogous to El, HPr and llA of E. coli and exhibited cross-reactivity with E. coli PTS proteins.

32p-PEP-dependent protein phosphorylation assays In order to identify proteins of the glucosemannose PTS of P. multocida, membrane and cytoplasmic fractions of P. multocida were incubated in the presence of 32P-PEP and the phosphoproteins were resolved by electrophoresis and detected by autoradiography. These experiments

Table i11, Identification of enzyme I, HPr and enzyme IIA in extracts of P. multocida by complementation assays. P. multocida cytoplasmic fraction t*~

E. coli TP 281 I A(ptsH,ptsl, crr)

None

Crude extract (1387 lag)t***~ None

+ + +

Crude extract (1387 lag) Membranes (273 lag) (*) 312 lag of protein of P. multocida cytoplasmic fraction were added. (**) 14C-~t-MG and 14C-2-DG were used at final concentration 0.4 raM. (***) Amount of protein present in the reaction mixture. ND=not determined.

PEP + + + +

Phosphorylation activity t*~ (nmol/min) 14C_2.DG 14C_~_MG ND ND

0.1 0.2 ND ND ND ND

0.1 0.2 ND ND 0.1 2.3 0.1 2.0

l,vA

~r~r.-~r,r-

o r

R r,-~/-~r-

IVItIIVlVI_JOr.-ULI_#I_

were performed with y32p-ATP and 32p-PEE and profiles obtained with y32p-ATP (data not ,~;hown) were different from those obtained with 32p-PEP (figs. 1 and 2). As shown in figure 1, lane 1, five proteins were phosphorylated in E. coli crude extracts which could correspond to the following components: El (63 kDa), IICB c;l~ permease (48 kDa), IIAB Ma" (33 kDa), IIA Gl~ (21.5 kDa) and HPr (9 kDa). Five p r o t e i n s in the P. m u l t o c i d a extracts were phosphorylated when incubated with 32p-PEP (fig. !, lanes 2, 3 and 4). In the P multoci&t cytoplasmic fraction (fig. 1, lane 2), a 3-~P-protein with a migration corresponding to El (63 kDa) from E. coli was phosphorylated with 32P-PEP as the phosphoryl donor. Similarly, the

1

97.4

66

n'rf~

o r "

I_IOE. I- I ~) I J F

2

r~

i-



~, ¢ t i - r t

~V~UL

,'l-r'x(-~]'r'xa

l u,_,lJ~

O'J

36- and 31-kDa proteins which form a doublet with a molecular mass similar to that of the IIAB m~ (33 kDa) of E. coli (Saier and Reizer, 1992) and a 22-kDa protein with molecular mass similar to IIA 61c (20 kDa) of E. coli (Saier and Reizer, 1992) were phosphorylated when incubated with 32p-PEE A 15-kDa protein was weakly phosphorylated when incubated with 32P-PEP and was dephosphorylated after boiling the reaction mixture for 1 minute prior to SDSPAGE (fig. I, lane 3). As expected, when membrane was mixed with cytoplasmic fraction (fig. i, lane 4), no phosphoprotein corresponding to IICB 61~ m e m b r a n e - b o u n d p e r m e a s e was observed. Furthermore, as in E. coli, IICD m:'" was not phosphorylated.

3

4

--~ --~

Glc 46

IICB

--~

Man

}IIAB 30

/llAMan

i_~

Glc

21.5

14.3

"-~

--~ ~-

HPr

Fig. 1.3-~P-PEP-dependent phosphorylation of cytoplasmic and membrane proteins of P. m u l t o c i t k l

E. coli

and

grown on glucose.

Lanes : I = E. t'oli crude extract : 2 = P. m u l t o c i d a cytoplasmic fraction : 3 = P. m u l t o c i & ~ cytoplasmic fraction boiled for 1 rain; 4=P. m u l t o c i t h t cytoplasnfic fraction mixed with P. n n d t o c i t h i membrane fraction. The samples were analysed by SDS-PAGE with resolving gel containing 12 % acrylamide.

90

M.R.B. B I N E T A N D O.M.M. B O U V E T

In order to confirm the ability of PTS components from E. coil and P. mtdtocida to interact functionally, experiments with membrane and crude extract from different sources were performed. When the P. multocida crude extract was mixed with E. coil wild-type membranes induced by glucose, P multocida El, IIA6te, the doublet of IIAB Man and a 48-kDa protein band which was probably E. coil IICB Gtc permease were observed (fig. 2, lane 2). Therefore, the P multocida crude extract could phosphorylate E~ coil IICB Gv'.

molecular weight of E. coil EI and IIA alc were observed as well as an additional band corresponding to the higher molecular weight band of R multocida IIAB Man. Therefore, these data suggest that E. coil phosphoproteins (El, IIA Gl~) could phosphorylate P. multocida IIAB Man which seems to be present associated with the membrane fraction. Two protein bands of 60 kDa (fig. 2, lanes 2 and 5) and 55 kDa (fig. 2, lanes 3, 4, 5 and 6) of unknown function were also faintly phosphorylated.

When E. coil crude extract induced by glucose was mixed with P multocida membranes (fig. 2, lane 3), phosphoproteins corresponding to the

In order to demonstrate that the cross-reactivity observed between E. coil and P. mtdtocida mannose PTS proteins is not dependent on the

1

2

3

4

5

6

97,4I-i~ 66

Past.

El

E I E.coli Glc

E.coli

IICB

46

Man

" ~ ~

}

I,,

I JAB I I A Man

Past. E. COIi

30 ---DGIc

21,5~

1 4.3 - - ~

L__

GIc

I IA

-~

Past,

I IA

HPr

E, c o l i E.coli

Fig. 2. :"P-PEP-dependent phosphorylation of cytoplasmic and membrane fi'actions of E. coil wildtype and E. coil TP2862 (Llcrr) and P. multocida grown on glucose. Lanes: I =E. coli wild-type crude extract mixed with E. coil wild-type membrane fraction ; 2=P. multocida crude extract mixed with E. coli wild-type membrane fraction; 3=E. coil wild-type crude extract mixed with P. multocida membrane fraction; 4=E. coil Acrr soluble fraction: 5=E. coil Acrr soluble fraction mixed with E. coil wild-type membrane fraction; 6=E. ~-oli Acrr soluble fraction mixed with P. multocida membrane fraction. The samples were analysed by SDS-PAGE with resolving gel containing 10% acD, lamide.

IVIktlVIYLJ~IL-~,JI.J..I(.IJ,.51L

presence of the EIIA Glc, we used an E. coli TP 2862 mutant (Acrr) lacking IIA CIc (Levy et al., 1990) (fig. 2, lane 4). E. coli mutant EI, HPr and IIAB M~n (weakly phosphorylated) were detected. The multiple bands present below IIAB M~" were probably cleavage products of IIAB M'm. A 44kDa phosphoprotein with unknown function was also detected (fig. 2, lanes 4, 5 and 6). When membranes of E. coli wild-type or P multocida were added to the E. coli TP 2862 mutant (Acrr) cytoplasmic fraction (fig. 2, lanes 5 and 6), IIAB M''" of E. col; as well as P multochk~ was phosphorylated.

Catabolic pathways

in P.

multocida

ATP-dependent phosphorylation of glucose, which phosphorylates intracellular glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, was detected in P. multocida extracts. P. multocida exhibited glucokinase activity of 69 nmol of phosphorylated ~4C-glucose per min per mg protein and was inhibited at 72% by glucose, 35% by fructose and 38% by mannose. Extracellular production of gluconate from HC-glucose by non-proliferative cells was not detected. P. multocMa did not possess an oxidative pathway for glucose even when PQQ was added to the reaction mixture. E. coli was used as a positive control (data not shown).

1~ I ,3

[.iF

P.

,vi u~wr. . .l. r~f ~C l ~s rr~ ~ A

9!

~ ~

The activities of enzymes potentially involved in glucose metabolism in P multocida were measured spectrophotometricaily in cell-free extracts (table IV). P multocida possessed enzymes characteristic of a pentose-phosphate pathway (glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase). Enzymes characteristic of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway (6-phosphogluconate dehydratase and KDPG aidolase) were not detected in crude extract of P multocMa. We observed a low 6-phosphofructokinase activity (enzyme characteristic of the EMP pathway), irrespective of the inducer used. The validity of the enzyme assay was verified with extracts of E. coli. In extract of b.: coli grown with glucose, the 6-phosphofructokinase activity was 940 nmolhnin/mg proteins. In addilion. extracts of P. multoci~k~ had levels of phosphoglucose isomerase and fructose-l,6-diphosphate aldolase equivalent to those of E. ~wli.

DISCUSSION

In the present communication, we provide evidence for the existence of glucose and mam'ose transport in P. m u l t o c i d a . The e x p e r i m e n t s described above indicate that, in P. multoci~ht, glucose and mannose are transferred into the cells by a PEP-dependent phosphotransferase system: (i) bacterial extracts as well as toluenized cells show PEP-dependent glucose and mannose phos-

Table IV. Specific activities of selected enzytnes of glucose metabolism in cell-free extract of P. multocida. Enzyme Pentose-phosphate pathway : glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 6-phosphoghtconate dehydrogenase Entner-Doudoroff pathway : 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase + 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase EMP:

6-phosphofructokinase phosphoglucose isot-nerase fructose- 1,6-diphosphate aldolase nd=not detected.

Specific activity (nnaoles/n3in/mg protein) 40 100 nd

35 3260 60

92

M.R.B. BhVET AND O.M.M. BOUVET

photransferase activities; (ii) the phosphotransferase activity disappears after removing either membrane or soluble fractions from the crude extract, but it is restored after the addition of the removed fraction; (iii) evidence for the presence of enzyme I and HPr could be obtained using the complementation assay with a defined E. coli mutant and visualization of enzyme I on SDSPAGE after inct'bation with 32p-PEP. In P multocida, glucose is transported by a mannose PTS. The presence of a mannose-specific I1 complex was established (i) by the detection of 2-DG-PEP-dependent phosphorylation activity and the absence of ot-methylglucosePEP-dependent phosphorylation (under proper assay conditions, ot-MG and 2-DG are specific substrates of the II GIc and II Man systems, respectively), (ii) by the substrate specificity of the membrane-bound permease which is restricted to glucose, mannose and 2-DG, and (iii) by the visualization of 32p-IIAB Man which is the only protein of the II Man complex that is phosphorylated as in E. coli (Emi and Zanolari, 1985; Erni et al., 1989). The high affinity for glucose and mannose of the mannose PTS discovered in P. multocida contrasts with the mannose PTS of E. coli. In Streptococcus salivarius, the PEP mannoseglucose phosphotransferase system concomitantly transports and pbosphorylates mannose, glucose, fructose and 2-DG. This system is composed of the general energy-coupling proteins El and HPr, the specific membrane-bound II Man (which was not phosphorylated as in E. coli (Bourassa and Vadeboncoeur, 1992)) and two forms of a protein called HAMan, with molecular weight of 38.9 kDa (IIAManH) and 35.2 kDa (llAMa"L) that are found in the cytoplasm as well as associated with the membrane (Bourassa et al., 1990; Vadeboncoeur and Gauthier, 1986). The IIAB Ma,~ discovered in P. m u l t o c i d a showed different characteristics previously described in S. salivarius (Bourassa et aL, 1990; Vadeboncoeur and Gauthier, 1986). The P. multocida IIAB Man has two forms with molecular weights of 31 and 36 kDa, respectively, and was found both in the cytoplasm and in association with the membrane. It has a different specificity with regard to the llMan complex of E. c o i l

of E. coli can transport mannose, 2deoxyglucose, glucose and fructose with a lower affinity than IIBC Fa'. However, the IICD Man of P. muitocida can only transport mannose, glucose and 2-deoxyglucose. Fructose is probably not transported nor phosphorylated by this system. I I C D Man

The P. multocida phosphoproteins have molecular weights similar to E. coli and S. salivarius phosphoproteins. A cytoplasmic phosphoprotein of P muitocida with a molecular weight similar to E. coli IIA6jc was detected. The presence of a cytoplasmic protein analogous to I1A 61c of E. coli (20 kDa) was demonstrated by complementation of a crude extract from the E. coli A(pts Hlcrr) mutant TP 2811. However, it has been shown that IlCBA N'g (71 kDa) and IIBCA Bgl (68 kDa) (Postma et aL, 1993) can substitute functionally for IIA61c (Vogler et al., 1988). Nevertheless, the visualization of a 22-kDa protein is compatible with the presence of a IIAGjc protein in P multocida. The fact that the cross-reactivity observed between the E. coli TP 2862 mutant (Acrr) and P. multocida mannose PTS proteins is not dependent on the presence of IIAC~c suggested that this IIA cl~' is not involved in mannose and glucose utilization. In E. coli and other Gram-negative bacteria, IIAGIc plays an important regulatory role in catabolic repression and in inducer exclusion depending on its phosphorylation state. Enzyme IIA C~e regulates the adenylate cyclase activity (L6vy et al., 1990). The P. multocida adenylate cyclase gene (Mock et aL, 1991) has been cloned and sequenced. The presence of IIAtic and of an adenylate cyclase suggests a possible regulatory role of the PTS in P. multocida, as in E. coli and other Gram-negative bacteria. To complete this study on glucose and mannose metabolism in P. multocida, we had to determine which pathway was used for the utilization of glucose-6-phosphate. Romano et al. (1970, 1979) reported that PTS glucose was present in Gram-negative and Gram-positive anaerobic facultative bacteria which metabolize glucose by the EME even though PTS glucose was absent in strictly aerobic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Micrococcus luteus. In P. aeruginosa, glucose, after being transported by an ATPdependent binding protein system and phosphory-

MANNOSE-GLUCOSE

lated by an Aq P - d e p e n d e n t glucokinase, is metabolized through the E n t n e r - D o u d o r o f f p a t h w a y (for review see C o n w a y , 1992). In P m u l t o c i d a grown on glucose, the e n z y m e s o f the pentose-phosphate p a t h w a y w e r e present. 6 - P F K a c t i v i t y (the key e n z y m e o f the E M P ) was very low in cell extracts, suggesting that the E M P was not the m a j o r pathw a y for g l u c o s e c a t a b o l i s m . N M R e x p e r i m e n t s ale in progress in order to confin-n this result.

Acknowledgements We are grateful to H. De Reuse for providing us with the pts mutant strain of E. coli. We are grateful to Patrick A.D.

Grimont and Antoine D~mchin lot stimulating comments and Benjamin Gold for careful editing of our manuscript. M.R.B. Binet is the recipient of a doctoral fellowship from the MENSR.

Transport du glucose par un syst~me de phosphotransf~rases mannose-d~pendantes du phospho~nolpyruvate chez Pasteurella multocida Nous avons recherch6 le systbme de transport du glucose et du mannose chez Pasteurella multocida. I1 a ~t6 montr6 que P. multoci&l possbde un syst~me de transport du mannose impliquant des phosphotransf6rases (PTS) ddpendantes du phospho6nolpyruvate (PEP). Le P T S - m a n n o s e de P. m u l t o c i d a transporte aussi bien le glucose que le mannose; il est tout h fait comparable, d'un point de vue fonctionnel, au PTS-mannose de Escherichia coli. Des expSriences de phosphorylation des prot6ines rEalisfes avec du 32p-PEP nous ont pennis de d6tecter la pr6sence de phosphoprotfines de poids mol6culaires comparables 7t celles de E. coli. La prfsence d'une enzyme IIA cil~ sugg~re un r61e de r6gulation de cette prot6ine comme il a 6t6 d6jh d6crit chez d'autres bact6ries h Gram n6gatif. Seules les enzymes de ia voie des pentoses-phosphates sont pr6sentes chez P. multocida cultiv6e sur glucose. L'activit6 6-phosphofructokinase (enzyme c16 de la voie d'Embden-MeyerhoD mesur6e dans les extraits cellulaires est tr~s faible, sugg6rant que la voie d'Embden-Meyerhof n'est pas ia voie principale pout le catabolisme du glucose. Mots-clds: Systbme de phosphotransf6rases, Pasteurella m u l t o c i d a : Voles cataboliques, Glucose,

Mannose.

P T S O F P. M U L T O C i D A

93

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