A. H. de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007). Intellectual biography.

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A. H. DE OLIVEIRA MARQUES (1933-2007) Judite A. Gonçalves de FREITAS (Universidade Fernando Pessoa and CEPESE* - Porto)

To write an intellectual biography of Oliveira Marques is, to some extent, to trace the evolution of medieval Portuguese historiography since the 1960’s, within the scope of economic and social history and studies in local and regional history. Consequently, the aim of this text is to highlight the contribution of Oliveira Marques to the renewal of Portuguese Historiography in general and the effects of his opus major as a Medievalist, touching on the innovative nature of the themes explored by the Author, the topicality of his historiographic conceptions and the impact his Work had within the community of Clio professionals and the less-specialised public. In this context, the focus will obviously be on new scientific approaches, the relation with the dominant historiographic tendencies at the time and the way in which he interpreted highly diverse historical realities, showing himself to be proof against historiographic «fashions». A. H. de Oliveira Marques was a multi-faceted personality who was not merely a medievalist, nor an Author who confined himself to studying a few themes or areas of interest from the medieval period; this tends to render the explanation and summary of his extensive and varied work even more complex but none the less appealing. Even so, we can state that throughout his academic life most of his time was occupied with the Middle Ages, although other eras and themes did merit equal attention, mainly the Contemporary period and the origins and development of Masonry in Portugal1. As few others, he cultivated the métier d’ historien! He was a university teacher, researcher, philatelist, translator, director of the National Library, a long-time coordinator of various collections of Portuguese History, with responsibility for editing the historical sources, and one of the founders of the *

Member of the Center of Studies on Population, Economy and Society of the University of Oporto. From an early age he was interested in philately, and this contributed towards the development of a methodical mind as well as broadening his international contacts. Stamps were the subject of his first publications, with a first volume published under the title História do Selo Postal Português (2 vols, Porto-Lisbon, 1954 -1958). There is an extended and improved edition in three volumes, published by Planeta in 1996. 1

2 Faculty of Social and Human Sciences at the Universidade Nova de Lisboa2, which establishment he graced throughout his academic career. In all of his public activities and his treatment of the most diverse historical themes, he displayed remarkable dedication and consummate scientific objectivity and rigour, whilst never ceasing to affirm, with conviction and strong sense of criticism, his ideological and political stamp, throughout a period when the expression of freedoms was no easy matter (19601974/76).

One life, one course, one work António Henrique Rodrigo de Oliveira Marques was born in Cascais in 1933 and died in Lisbon in 2007. He attended two secondary schools in Lisbon, the Liceu Camões and the Liceu Gil Vicente and in 1956 completed his degree in Historical and Philosophical Sciences at the Arts Faculty of Lisbon University with a final dissertation entitled: A Sociedade em Portugal nos séculos XII a XIV (Society in Portugal in the XII to XV Centuries), which was supervised by Virgínia Rau3 (1907-1973). He won a research grant to the Institute of High Culture at the University of Würzburg in Germany, where he worked with Hermann Kellenbenz4 (1913-1990), whom he greatly admired and esteemed, not only for his teaching but also for the influence of his disciplined way of working and his opening up of new horizons, that provided him with a «superior cultura de espítrito5». On his return to Portugal, he taught in the Arts Faculty at Lisbon University from 1957 to 1964, holding the chairs of Palaeography and Diplomatics, Medieval History and Theory of History, and acting as assistant to Virgínia Rau for History of Portugal I. He obtained his doctorate in June 1960 in the same 2

Hereinafter FCSH-UNL.

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She was awarded his doctorate in Historical Sciences in 1947 by the Arts Faculty at the University of Lisbon, where he taught Portuguese medieval history. She was a member of the Academia Portuguesa de História and founded and directed the Centro de Estudos Históricos, at what was then called the Instituto de Alta Cultura, an annex to the Arts Faculty of Lisbon University, a School she directed between 1964 and 1969. He wrote various works, including Sesmarias Medievais Portuguesas (doctoral thesis), A Casa dos Contos (1951) a pioneering monograph study on public finance and taxation in the Middle Ages and A exploração e Comércio do Sal de Setúbal. 4

A Historian of the Middle Ages who dedicated himself to studying the activity of the Jews in the Iberian Peninsula at the end of the Middle Ages, having published an article in Portugal entitled: ‘The economic importance and social position of the Sephardic Jews in Spain at the end of the Middle Ages’, in Do Tempo e da História (Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Históricos, 1971, vol. IV), pp. 35-51 and ‘Alemães em Portugal’(“Germans in Portugal”), in Dicionário de História de Portugal, dir. J. Serrão (Porto: Figueirinhas, 1963),pp. 89-91 5 «superior culture of the mind». A. H. de Oliveira Marques, Hansa e Portugal na Idade Média (Lisbon, 1959), p. 7.

3 Faculty with a dissertation entitled: Hansa e Portugal na Idade Média (Hansa and Portugal in the Middle Ages)6. 1962 was a crucial year for the academic career of A. H. de Oliveira Marques. In that year he applied for the post of extraordinary professor, submitting a monograph study entitled Introdução à História da Agricultura em Portugal. A questão cerealífera durante a Idade Média (Introduction to the History of Agriculture in Portugal. The cereals question during the Middle Ages), published in 1962. Opposition to the authoritarian regime of António Oliveira Salazar (1932-1968), gave rise to the so-called «academic crisis» between March and May, which led to the selection process being closed. During the «academic crisis» A. H. de Oliveira Marques made clear his support for the students, and this contributed greatly to his isolation within academia and his subsequent withdrawal from the University. Shortly before leaving for the USA, he once again applied for a post, but the more conservative sectors in his School did not forgive him and instigated a new suspension. «Como forma de protesto, Oliveira Marques pede então a demissão do lugar de primeiro-assistente e da Função Pública7». Shortly after that, in 1965, he left for the USA, where he taught successively at the University of Alabama (Auburn), as Associate Professor, and the Universities of Florida (Gainesville), Columbia, Minnesota and Chicago in the category of Full Professor, from 1966 onwards. He was also invited to speak at conferences in some of the most prestigious US universities, until 1969. During that time he published his first works on the end of the Monarchy and implantation of the Republican regime from 1900 to the late 1920’s, evincing prosopographical tendencies that were pioneering and original at that time, by studying the biographical data of the political agents of the Monarchy and the Republic (19101926), considering their ages, generations, cursus honorum, education levels and the functions they performed8. On his return to Portugal in 1970, in the «Primavera Marcelista», Education Minister Veiga Simão granted him a study grant in the country. After the April 1974 Revolution, he turned down the offer to join the academic body of his original School due to the turbulence existing in the post-revolutionary period. Hence, between 1974 6

Published by the Author in 1959. «In protest, Oliveira Marques then asked to resign from his post of first-assistant and from Civil Service». A. L. de Carvalho Homem, ‘A. H. de Oliveira Marques: Percurso Biográfico’, in Na Jubilação universitária de A. H. de Oliveira Marques, coord. A. L. de Carvalho Homem and M. H. da Cruz Coelho (Coimbra: Minerva, 2003), p. 12. 8 A. L. de Carvalho Homem, p. 13, n. 5. 7

4 and 1976 he was Director of the National Library of Lisbon. He was part of the committee setting up the Faculty of Social and Human Sciences at the Universidade Nova de Lisboa (FCHS-UNL), a recently created teaching unit, where he was Full Professor from 1976. He was Chair of the Advisory Board of the same Faculty from 1981-1983 and 1983/84 to 1986. In this framework, he was one of the main driving forces in establishing the Degree in History at FCHS-UNL, following the curriculum reform in higher education implemented via decree-law 53/78 by Minister of Education Mário Sotto Mayor Cardia, likewise the Masters courses in Medieval History and 19th20th Century History. All this was achieved from the 1980’s onwards. In 1982, in recognition of his prestigious career and vast opus, he was honoured by the publication of two volumes of Estudos de História de Portugal, Homenagem a A. H. de Oliveira Marques. In 1993 he joined the Department of German Studies at FCHS-UNL as Chair of History of Culture, where he remained until his retirement in 2002/2003.

A new Portuguese Medieval History? An interval of half a century separates the start of the academic career of A. H. de Oliveira Marques and his death (1957-2007). In analysing his intellectual work during this period (as teacher and researcher), we can assign four major stages that reflect the influence of his work on Portuguese medieval historiography, although this does not mean to say that the passage to a new phase corresponds to an absolute break with the conceptions, themes and problems of the preceding phase(s)9. This organising criterion was chosen as it seemed the most apposite for the reader, showing most clearly the changes, co-existences, anticipations and formal continuities of his historiographical Opus as a medievalist in relation to contemporary authors.

a) 1957-1964/5 – the mentor of a «new» Middle Ages in Portugal This first phase covers the years from his becoming a teacher at the Arts Faculty of the Universidade de Lisboa up until his leaving civil service 1964. In this period, the themes selected were basically on economic and social aspects of the Portuguese Middle Ages. Consequently, the early studies fall within the scope of economic history

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A summary of ‘A medievalidade na obra de A. H. de Oliveira Marques’, may be found in M. H. da Cruz Coelho, Na Jubilação de A. H. de Oliveira Marques, coord. A. L. de Carvalho Homem and Idem (Coimbra: Minerva, 2003), pp. 23-44.

5 of the Middle Ages, in line with the interpretive analyses made in other countries on the pre-industrial economic systems, establishing a link between economic activities and social environments. In the first work he published in this area, “A Pragmática de 1340”10, he analysed the conditions of one of the first laws regulating the consumption of foodstuffs and clothing according to the different strata of society, a law promulgated by King Afonso IV (1325-1357) at the Cortes of Santarém. Analysis of this document was based on the perspectives of a number of national authors who had dedicated themselves to the study of national economic history11, but it closely followed the interpretive lines of authors such as Michael M. Postan12, Charles Verlinden13 and Carlo Cipolla (1922-2000)14. One year later, in 1958, he gave a seminar on the Peste Negra em Portugal (Black Death in Portugal), a theme which occupied him until 1963 from the perspective of establishing the relations between the economic, social and demographic factors15. On reading these works, what stands out is the Author’s great concern to analyse the social factor, linking it to questions from the economic field, following the works of the Annales approach. On the other hand, one must not underrate the influence in these early works of Virgínia Rau, who had supervised his undergraduate dissertation entitled A Sociedade em Portugal nos séculos XII a XIV: Subsídios para a sua história (1957)16; a monograph study that was rather original for its time and that foreshadowed the author’s ability to select and deal with unexpected themes. This text successively explained and interrelated the themes of the alimentation, clothing, housing, hygiene and health, affective relations, labour, beliefs, culture, distractions and death of medieval man. The 10

Revista da Faculdade de Letras de Lisboa, t. XXII, 2nd series, nº 2, 1956, p. 130-154; re-ed. in Ensaios de História Medieval (Lisbon: Portugália, 1965), pp. 125-160. 11 To name some: Rebelo da Silva (1822-1871), João Lúcio de Azevedo (1855-1933) and Henrique da Gama Barros (1833-1925). 12 Lecturer in Economic History at the London Scholl of Economics from the late 1920’s. Some of his main works are: ‘The Trade of Medieval Europe: the North’, in The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, vol. II, Trade and Industry in The Middle Ages, ed. M.M. Postan and E.E. Erich (Cambridge: University Press, 1952), pp. 119-256; Medieval Economy and Society (1972); Essays on Medieval Agriculture & General Problems of the Medieval Economy (1973). 13 French-speaking historian who wrote in the Revista Portuguesa de História (Coimbra) from 1949, on themes related with the colonisation of the Atlantic archipelagos and European influence on the colonisation of post-Colombian America. Author of, inter alia, L'esclavage dans l'Europe Medieval (1977). 14 Historian of Medieval Economic History who published, inter alia: Studi di storia della moneta: i movimenti dei cambi in Italia dal secolo XIII al XV (1948); Money, Prices and Civilization (1956) and The Economic History of World Population (1962). 15 A balance on the subject is presented by the Author in ‘Portugal na crise dos séculos XIV e XV’, in Nova História de Portugal, dir. J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques (Lisbon: Presença, 1986). 16 A work that would come to be published for the first time in 1964, reformulated, under the title A Societies Medieval Portuguesa (Lisbon: Sá da Costa).

6 Author’s main concern was to unveil the everyday existence of clergy, nobility and people in the private sphere, and this is one of the original aspects of the work. As he stressed, what most interested him was «saber como esta gente se comportava perante uma alegria ou uma tristeza; qual a expressão normal dos sentimentos; quais as possíveis diferenças sociais e económicas que as condicionacvam17». This work foreshadows the appearance of history of the everyday and material culture in Portugal, via the group of sources that allow for an understanding of the everyday: text, images and material objects. That is to say, he approaches new themes from contemporary perspectives following a research methodology that combines textual and non-textual sources. Aware of the change in historiographic trends effected by the successive generations of the Annales School, he states as follows, «Hoje [anos 60] interessa-nos muito menos a descrição e a análise da vida dos heróis e dos reis; não porque os julguemos inúteis ou desinteressantes, mas porque a sabemos condicionada pela economia e sociedade (…) interessa muito mais a vida colectiva dos povos18». It was precisely in this phase that he produced studies on the history of currency, trade and shipping and demography of medieval Portugal, based on new organisational frames. In the article ‘A moeda Portuguesa durante a Idade Média’19 (1959), one of the few global studies on this matter to date, he studies the economic and financial evolution of Portuguese currency, highlighting the relation between gold and silver coinage and monetary devaluations, relating them with periods of monetary shortage and abundance in the 11th – 15th centuries. In the same year, he published an article entitled ‘Navegação Prussiana para Portugal nos princípios do século XV’, which he presented to the II Colloque International d’Histoire Maritime in Paris (1958). The cross-referencing of bibliographical sources from Portuguese, Dutch, Belgian and German archives and libraries attested to the Author’s knowledge of current studies outside of Portugal.

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«[…] to know how these people behaved when joyful or sad; how did they normally express their sentiments; what were the possible social and economic differences conditioning them». A Sociedade Medieval Portuguesa (Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1964), p. 5. 18 «Nowadays [1960’s] we are much less interested in descriptions of the lives of heroes and kings; not because we think them useless or uninteresting but, because we know that it is conditioned by economics and society (...) we are much more interested in the collective lives of peoples». ‘Ideário para uma História Económica de Portugal na Idade Média’, Revista de Economia, vol. XIV, III fasc. (Set. 1962), pp. 181-197; re-ed. in Ensaios de História Medieval (Lisbon: Portugália, 1963), pp. 21-68. 19 Ensaios de História Medieval (Lisboa: Portugália, 1965), pp. 271-307.

7 Also in that year, in the wake of the work of M. Mollat 20 and M. M. Postan, he presented his doctoral thesis on Luso-Hanseatic history entitled: Hansa e Portugal na Idade Média, which was first published in 1959. International trade and shipping in northern Europe was the main object of study in this work, which focussed on the economic policies of German traders in the maritime and commercial cities of the Hanseatic League and their relations with the outside world, above all Portugal. Between 1959 and 1962 he prepared the publication of a new monograph that was the dissertation submitted to the selection process for extraordinary professor, entitled Introdução à História da Agricultura. A questão cerealífera na Idade Média; in which he presented an overview of the evolution of agrarian structures in Portugal during the Middle Ages. This study influenced the main monographies on ruralism written in Portugal in the late 1970’s and during the 1980’s21. The organisation of the work into independent chapters covering conditions of production, areas of production and means of commercialisation reveal a scholar alert to the interpretive lines of Marc Bloch22 (1886-1944) and B. Slicher van Bath23 (1901-2004). The same can be said of the influence he received from Orlando Ribeiro (1911- 1997)24, in sketching out the general framework for the natural and human environment of the Portuguese geographical reality. He was always concerned to complement his teaching and research activity with the training of new researchers, and it is in this light that one can understand the Author’s inclination for the development of a hermeneutics of source sciences Palaeography and Diplomatics – whether through writing articles for the Dicionário de História de Portugal25 (1963), or publishing books of a clearly didactic nature such as 20

He met M. Mollat, a teacher at the Faculty of Arts at Lille, who invited him to stay in that city. Among other works, M. Mollat wrote Le commerce maritime Normand à la fin du Moyen Age (Paris: Plon, 1952). 21 These include R. Durand, Les campagnes portugaises entre Douro et Tage aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles (Paris: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian / Centro Cultural Português, 1982); M. H. da Cruz Coelho, O Baixo Mondego nos finais da Idade Média (Estudo de História Rural (Universidade de Coimbra, 1983). The author received scientific and methodological supervision from Oliveira Marques. I. Gonçalves, O património do Mosteiro de Alcobaça nos séculos XIV e XV (Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1984). 22 Les caractères originaux de l’histoire rurale française (Oslo-Paris: Les Belles Letres, Paris, 1931). 23 De Agrarische Geschiedenis van West-Europe 500-1850, 1960. 24 Graduated in Geography and History in 1932, received PhD in 1935 from Lisbon University. During the war, between 1937-1940, he lived and worked at the Sorbonne (Paris) with Marc Bloch, Emmanuel de Martonne and A. Demangeon. Was responsible for the renovation of geographical science in Portugal. His extensive list of publications includes Portugal, o Mediterrâneo e o Atlântico. Esboço de relações geográficas (1945). 25

Among the many articles he wrote for this reference work can be found some of the most important articles on the documentation sciences ‘Palaeography’ and ‘Diplomatics’. Cf. the author’s bibliography.

8 Paleografia: lições dadas pelo Doutor Oliveira Marques no ano lectivo de 1961-196226 and Sebenta de Paleografia (Exercise Book of Palaeography)27. This phase closes with the publication of the Guia de História Medieval Portuguesa (1964) – a compilation of medieval sources and specialised bibliography that is indispensable for any student or scholar of the Middle Ages. It is a work that clarifies what happened, giving the sources, but that also proposes innovative research themes and lines of investigation. Its main inspiration, as the Author states, was Louis Halphen’s classic little book, Initiation aux Etudes d’Histoire du Moyen Age (1940). It was also in this stage of his academic career (from 1963 onwards) that he began collaborating on collective works – Dictionaries and Encyclopaedia – including the Dicionário de História de Portugal, for which he wrote around 80 articles, mostly on medieval themes, the Dicionário Focus, the Dicionário de Economia, the Enciclopédia Meridiano –Fisher and the Dicionário de História de Lisboa.

For political reasons, he was forced to leave the civil service in 1964 and move to the USA. Before leaving Portugal, he published the Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa – a collection of articles he dedicated to Hermann Kellenbenz – and which are a good illustration of the Author’s main areas of interest in this first phase. At the same time, he was developing his activity of translating historiographical works of significant importance, namely the Portuguese translation of Roberto Sabatino Lopez’s Nascimento da Europa (Nascita dell’Europa) (1965) and A Vida Quotidiana dos Muçulmanos na Idade Média. (século X – século XIII), by Aly Mazahéri (1961), with the latter following on from his interest in unveiling the daily life history of medieval man.

b) 1965-1974/5: from teaching in the USA to the return to teaching in Portugal His time in the USA, teaching, successively, at the Universities of Auburn (Alabama), Gainesville (Florida), Columbia, Minnesota and Chicago, firstly as Associate Professor and then, from 1966 to 1970, as Full Professor, and the development of his conference speaking engagements at various North American academies, earned him enormous prestige. This, in turn, led to an invitation to write a 26 27

Lisbon: Universidade de Lisboa, [1962] (duplicated edition), 96 pp. Lisbon: Cooperativa Livrelco, 1963-1964 (duplicated edition), 48 pp.

9 History of Portugal for Columbia University Press, in two volumes, which was published in 197228. Hence, the first edition of the work was celebrated with simultaneous publication in New York and London (in English), and in Lisbon (Portuguese version). Oliveira Marques showed himself to have profound knowledge of all Portuguese history, applying the same consistency, bibliographical support and original sources in developing a variety of themes on economic, social, political, cultural, mental and artistic matters, from Roman times to the history of the present (Contemporary Era), guaranteeing both quality and balance, as was unanimously recognised by the specialists. It was one of his most widely read books in academic circles, secondary schools and by the general public29. In turn, the Author betrayed an unconventional intellectual attitude in the independent way he structured and organised the work, dealing with difficult themes such as, with regard to the Portuguese medieval era, the question of whether there were feudal relations in medieval Portuguese society, and analysing the activity of the Christian re-conquest during the XI to the XIII centuries. In all questions discussed, the Author showed a rigorous and well-grounded, but also reflexive perspective. But it was distance from his country and from the main repository of medieval sources – the Torre do Tombo National Archive – that led him to invest in studying the First Republic (1910-1926) and the period immediately preceding it. His interest in studying other historical times was not particularly aroused by that period, however professional conditions dictated the direction and increased his motivation to study other eras and other themes, the more recent History of Portugal above all. Hence, publications on the First Portuguese Republic appeared in this period30. According to J. Medeiros Ferreira, «Oliveira Marques inaugurou o trabalho científico sobre a História

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The History of Portugal has been translated into French, Japanese, Chinese, Polish, Spanish, Italian and other languages. 29 More recently the Author published an abridged version entitled: Breve História de Portugal (Lisbon: Presença, 1995), which is still topical and widely available.30

For example: A Primeira República Portuguesa: Alguns aspectos estruturais. Lisbon, Livros Horizonte, 1971; Afonso Costa (Lisbon: Editora Arcádia, 1972) and, a little later, Bernardino Machado, in collaboration with Fernando Marques da Costa (Lisbon: Montanha, 1978).

10 Contemporânea Portuguesa, transitando da biografia documentada de Afonso Costa para a elaboração de autênticos manuais sobre o período republicano31». The publication of the Antologia da Historiografia Portuguesa (1974) confirmed something that was already known – Oliveira Marques was a scholar who dominated with the same talent and intellectual dexterity the most varied subjects in the History of Portugal and the respective historiography over many years. This work in two volumes32, includes the list of major authors and a contextualised reference to the respective historiographic production. The Antologia reveals «uma profunda familiaridade com toda a historiografia portuguesa, de todos os tipos e de todas as épocas33». On returning to Portugal in 1970, he received a research grant that guaranteed the continuity of his research activity. After the Revolution of April 1974 that put an end to the Estado Novo (1926-1974), he turned down the invitation to rejoin the teaching body at the Arts Faculty in Lisbon, which he had been forced to leave in 1964/1965. From 1974 to 1976 he served as director of the National Library of Lisbon. From 1975 onwards, he was involved in setting up the History course at the Faculty of Social and Human Sciences of the recently created Universidade Nova de Lisboa34, and the Masters in medieval history, more of which below. It was at this stage that he was confirmed as one of the most gifted and productive Portuguese medievalists.

c) 1976-1987: the value of a new model – Urban History From 1977 to 1980 he was Chair of the Committee setting up the Faculty of Social and Human Sciences at Lisbon University (FCSH-UNL) and Chair of the Advisory Board for two three-year periods (1981-1983 and 1984-1986). He was also one of the main figures in the School responsible for launching the first Masters course in medieval history (1981), together with J. Mattoso, M. J. P. Ferro Tavares and I. Gonçalves35. 31

«Oliveira Marques inaugurated scientific work on Contemporary Portuguese History, moving from the documented biography of Afonso Costa to the writing of authentic text books on the Republican period». Medeiros Ferreira is a teacher of Contemporary History and the History of International Relations. For more information, consult the site: http:://www.bn.pt/agenda/oliveira-marques/textoOM04.htm. 32 Das origens a Herculano – I volume and De Herculano aos nossos dias – II volume. 33 «[…] deep familiarity with the whole of Portuguese historiography, of all kinds and for all eras». L. M. Duarte, ‘História de Portugal e Historiografia na Obra de Oliveira Marques’, in Na Jubilação universitária de A. H. de Oliveira Marques, coord. A. L. de Carvalho Homem and M. H. da Cruz Coelho (Coimbra: Minerva, 2003), p. 171. 34 He was to remain here as a researcher and teacher until his retirement in 2003. 35 For more information, consult the site: www.fcsh.unl.pt/cpg/m_hmed.asp.

11 Throughout his academic career, Oliveira Marques sought to reconcile his teaching and administration of university bodies with the activity of research and publication, and did so in an exemplary manner. As a researcher, he left behind him an image of an eclectic scholar, showing a natural propensity for studying various themes and problems of our History at the same time36. The intellectual work of Oliveira Marques during this period developed around two distinct scientific and professional areas: urban societies and the Editing and coordination of collective works. The former contributed to the formation of a School of Masters in Urban Medieval History, and the latter updated the perspectives of analysis in the Nova História de Portugal and the História da Expansão Portuguesa, works he coordinated with J. Serrão37. Strictly speaking, Oliveira Marques’ interest in studying urban societies dated back to the mid 60’s38, when, together with M. T. Campos Rodrigues, he was thinking of producing a History of Lisbon in the Middle Ages. However, he was forced to put off this project due to the political and professional contingencies that led him to exile in the USA. It was only at the beginning of the 1980’s that the Author was able to systematically resume his interest in studying Portuguese medieval urbanism, when he published two articles setting forth the methodological bases for the respective study: Introdução à História da Cidade Medieval Portuguesa (1981) and Cidades Medievais Portuguesas. Algumas bases metodológicas gerais (1982)39. In the latter text, Oliveira Marques sets forth a true analysis model for urban societies, that allows for their full historical characterisation, taking inspiration from a number of «classics» such as F. L. Ganshof, Ferdinand Lot, Maurice Lombard and studies carried out by Spanish scholars including L. Torres-Baldàs, J. Maria Lacarra, L. Garcia de Valdeavellano and M. A. Ladero Quesada, among other prestigious authors in the study of the Hispanic medieval

36

With equal intellectual agility, he studied themes of Medieval History, History of the 15th and 16th century Expansion, or Contemporary History (Masonry, First Republic, Estado Novo). Cf., infra, the Author’s bibliography. 37 University teacher, President of the Portuguese Philosophy Society (1984-1989), responsible for editing the Dicionário de História de Portugal (1963), one of the most up-to-date reference works at the time of its publication, for which A. H. de Oliveira Marques contributed heavily, with around 80 articles, mostly on medieval themes. 38 ‘Lisboa Medieval: uma visão de conjunto’, in Novos Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa (Lisbon, Presença, 1988). Presented, in English, at the annual conference of the American Historical Association, New York, 1966. 39 Both are published in Novos Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa (Lisbon: Presença, 1988) on pp. 13-42 and 43-67, respectively.

12 city. Finally, the city is seen as an autonomous object of study, starting from the construction of a analysis plan, which embraces structural and conjunctural aspects of its evolution, including geographical location and implementation area, population, property (houses and lands), economy, society, administration, religion, culture, architecture, urban hygiene and health. This plan served as a general outline for the writing of over thirty monographs on Portuguese medieval cities, within the scope of the seminar on Medieval Cities in the Masters Course in Medieval History at FCSHUNL during the 1980’s and 90’s. Throughout the 80’s, there was a boom in dissertations on medieval cities, with varying degrees of profundity and relating to different chronological times, albeit with a tendency to favour the late Middle Ages40. The partial studies entered into would be published years later (1990) as the Atlas de Cidades Medievais Portuguesas. Séculos XII-XV41. At the same time, throughout these years when he was supervising dozens of theses on Portuguese medieval cities, he was sketching out the collection of Novos Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa (1988), evincing a preponderance for studies on local history, which were sent to press between 1980 and 1987, on the municipalities and urban communities of Lisbon, Cascais and Sintra, and regional history, on the Algarve, from its definitive conquest from the Muslims (1249-1250) to the close of the Middle Ages. In parallel to this, he was developing his activity as coordinator of medieval archive sources, via the Centre for Historical Studies at FCHS-UNL, including the publication of books of the Chancelleries42, Cortes43 and royal manuscripts that he had accompanied with important indices44. To crown this already extensive and important Opus, Oliveira Marques added an activity of inestimable interest and service for all medievalists – that of editing medieval sources. As mentioned, at the start of his 40

Such as, for example, R. Costa Gomes, A Guarda Medieval (1200-1500) (Lisbon, Sá da Costa, 1987); A. Aguiar Andrade, Um espaço urbano medieval: Ponte de Lima (Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1990); M. A. Rocha Beirante, Évora na Idade Média (Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian / JNICT, 1995); M. M. T. dos Santos Silva, Estruturas Urbanas e administração concelhia. Óbidos Medieval (Cascais: Patrimonia, 1997). A full list of theses on urban history completed between 1980 and 2002 can be seen in «Masters Courses and Dissertations in Medieval History at Portuguese Universities», E-journal of Portuguese History, 1, Summer 2003 www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Stuies/ejph. 41 Jointly written by A. H. de Oliveira Marques, Iria Gonçalves and A. Aguiar Andrade, published by the Centro de Estudos Históricos da Universidade Nova de Lisboa. 42 He was responsible for editing and revising palaeographic of the Chancelleries of D. Afonso IV (13251357), D. Pedro I (1357-1367), D. Duarte (1433-1438). Cf., infra, the author’s bibliography. 43 Assemblies representing social strata. He was responsible for editing and revising palaeographic of the Portuguese Cortes of D. Pedro I (1357-1367), D. Fernando I (1367-1383). Cf., infra, the author’s bibliography. 44 In editing sources, he continued to collaborate with J. J. Alves Dias, a teacher and researcher at FCSHUNL, from the mid 1980’s until the end of 2003.

13 teaching career, the Author chaired the subject of Palaeography and Diplomatics, fields that are fundamental for performing the role of Historian and medievalist45. The publication of the Álbum de Paleografia (1987), in collaboration with J. J. Alves Dias and T. F. Rodrigues, aimed to present the «[…] critérios de transcrição paleográfica de documentos […] para uso essencialmente de públicos universitários46», with no pretensions for defining «types» of writing. It was written to be a pedagogical instrument for the historian in training, promoting the link between teaching and training new researchers. At the close of this golden age of production and supervising post-graduate medieval studies, the Author began his work coordinating and Editing large collective works, such as the Nova História de Portugal (in partnership with J. Serrão), composed of 10 volumes published between 1986 and 2004, and which would be added to in the following phase. The 655 page volume IV entitled Portugal na crise dos séculos XIV e XV (1986) was written exclusively by him. Oliveira Marques began by warning the unmindful reader that «Muito mais do que apresentar teses e verdades indiscutíveis, a Nova História de Portugal aspira a sugerir hipóteses, a colocar problemas, a suscitar trabalhos de investigação47». There is a preponderance of structural analyses on the (conjunctural) causes producing consistent reflections on the multiple fields of approach in the Middle Ages. The various themes are dealt with one after the other: demography, late medieval skills and techniques (agrarian, crafts, military, naval, intellectual and commercial), land ownership and production, the circulation and distribution of products, society, the State and diplomatic relations, war (on land and at sea), the Church and religious practice, cultural and artistic values and daily life, culminating with the conjunctural elements – the reigns. For each one, Oliveira Marques clearly and objectively combines the information and his ideas with «new» documental sources of information, which guarantees that the problems are approached in a fresh and current manner but also that the results are presented and discussed with originality. 45

On the importance of the Work of Oliveira Marques as a Palaeographer and Diplomatist, c.f. M. H. da Cruz Coelho,‘A Diplomática em Portugal. Caminhos mais antigos e mais recentes’, in Estudos de Diplomática Portuguesa (Lisbon: Colibri / Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra, 2001), pp. 26-29. 46 «[…] criteria for the palaeographical transcription of documents [...] essentially for the use of university students and staff». S. A. Gomes, ‘Paleografia e Diplomática na obra de Oliveira Marques’, in Na Jubilação universitária de A. H. de Oliveira Marques, coord. A. L. de Carvalho Homem and M. H. da Cruz Coelho (Coimbra: Minerva, 2003), p. 49. 47 «Much more than presenting theses and indisputable truths, the New History of Portugal aspires to suggest hypotheses, to pose problems, to stimulate research work». ‘Preface’, in Portugal na Crise dos séculos XIV e XV, p. 1.

14 The close of this stage is thus marked by the large work summing up the Portuguese Middle Ages, one of his most beloved centres of interest, to which he devoted special attention throughout his entire career. d) 1988-2003/5: the editor of large collective works Without ceasing completely to publish specialized articles, from the end of the 1980’s on Oliveira Marques decided to carry out another project in the long-term - coordinating collective works, in collaboration with J. Serrão, his colleague and friend. Throughout this period he was responsible for editing three collections that brought together countless specialists from the most diverse areas and historiographic fields of study, covering different times and geographies. From 1986 onwards, he jointly directed the Nova História de Portugal, with 10 volumes published and for which, as already stated, he wrote volume IV – ‘Portugal na crise dos séculos XIV e XV’ (1986); the Nova História da Expansão Portuguesa, for which he also wrote half of volume II – ‘A Expansão Quatrocentista’ (1998) -, and half of volume XI - ‘O Império Africano , 1890-1930’ (1998); and also the História dos Portugueses no Extremo Oriente, in 6 volumes48. Characteristics that were common to all these compendia and that were particularly praised by all specialists are the coherence of their contents, the balance established between the conjunctural and structural analyses on the widest variety of matters and themes (demographic, technical, artistic, cultural, social, economic or political), the reference to the major sources (bibliographical, but also documentary sources) and the modern approach to the most varied themes, guaranteed by using contributions from some of the most highly reputed specialists. To sum up, the Author has left behind a great heritage and an excellent example of directing composite works on the History of Portugal written over long periods that were to become reference compendia from the moment of their publication. At the same time, he dedicated himself to writing a work that was to complete the study he originally began with the publication of the Dicionário da Maçonaria Portuguesa, organized into two volumes and published at the end of the preceding phase; a work of primary importance for understanding the contemporary Portuguese era: the História da Maçonaria em Portugal, in 3 volumes (1990-1997). In this work Oliveira Marques explains with clarity and rigour (his native characteristics) the

48

(Lisbon: Fundação Oriente, 1988-2003).

15 relations between politics and masonry in Portugal in the 19th and 20th centuries. It must be said that this inclination for themes of Contemporary History of Portugal would remain with him throughout his intellectual and academic life. Hence, most recently, after his retirement in 2003, Oliveira Marques concentrated on giving a conference on História genealógica do homem comum: micro-história ou macro-história?49, at the Faculty of Arts, University of Oporto, and Rumos da Historiografia Portuguesa50, at the Faculty of Arts, Coimbra University. At the first of these conferences, where I had the privilege of being present, Oliveira Marques set forth, with the subtlety of ideas for which he is renowned, the profitable use of biography51 focussing on Memoirs, sharing with us the life experiences (the history) of his ancestors52. Until the end of his life, Oliveira Marques cultivated the medieval taste for the efference.

Final Balance In the intellectual life of his times, Oliveira Marques was pre-eminent in defining some of the main research directions in Portuguese medieval history, from the 1960’s and 70’s to date. Our scientific knowledge of his vast opus has allowed us to outline a progress in which the focus was first on studies in economic and rural History, then moving on to medieval urban History, an area in which he was particularly notable for delineating a research plan appropriate to the study of urban centres, establishing the structural and conjunctural characteristics for the respective analysis. Along the way, connections were forged with the history of daily life, trade and shipping, and to these were added other themes of the History of Portugal from various eras (History of the First Republic and of Masonry, for example). Oliveira Marques is one of the rare Portuguese medievalists from the second half of the 20th century who, without ever truly abandoning his chosen period – the Middle Ages -, showed from an early stage a propensity to develop an encyclopaedic outlook that was rare in Portuguese historiography.

49

Revista da Faculdade de Letras [UP], História, 3rd series, IV, pp. 173-186. Revista de História da Sociedade e da Cultura, IV, pp. 257-276. 51 He also wrote biographies, principally on two politicians from the First Republic (1910-1926): Afonso Costa (1871-1937) and Bernardino Machado (1851-1944). 52 From 2002 to 2005, he wrote his Memoirs in three parts: Coisas que já lá vão! Memórias, de Henrique A. de Oliveira Marques, Lisbon, (col. «Gato Azul»); Mémórias, de Jaime Artur Marques, Lisbon, (col. «Gato Azul») and Teatro, de Anacleto E. de Oliveira, Lisbon, (col. «Gato Azul»). 50

16 He cultivated synthesis, well-reasoned and grounded exposition, he risked new interpretations; he united critical erudition and the diffusion of our History, publishing a great number of texts and work instruments. He was able to go beyond thematic and chronological identities, revealing profound knowledge of the History of Portugal as he took on highly distinct areas and periods with equal talent. His vast and eclectic opus forms a kind of anthology of the major moments in our national development, from medieval rurality to the appearance and expansion of the urban oligarchies, from the discoveries to the fall of the monarchy, and continuing to contemporary Portuguese history. We would like to close with a description of the personality of A. H. de Oliveira Marques, in the words of Hipólito de la Torre Gómez: Oliveira Marques era urbano, lisboeta, cosmopolita, receptivo al disfrute intelectual y de los placeres sociales y vitales que menudo ofrece la existência (...) Cuando tenía que atravesar el océano en sus viajes entre Portugal y los Estados Unidos, utilizaba siempre el trasatlántico. «Es un mundo en extinción [as he liked to say]». Él mismo era en cierta manera parte de ese mundo que y ase adentra en la lejanía y nos deja huérfanos en esta orilla donde tanto impera la mediocridad53.

Chronology 1933 – He was born in Cascais, Portugal, on 6th November 1956 – Graduated in Historical and Philosophical Sciences 1957 – Junior researcher at the University of Würzburg under Hermann Kellenbenz – Assistant at the Faculty of Arts at Lisbon University 1960 – Received doctorate from the Faculty of Arts at Lisbon with a thesis: Hansa e Portugal na Idade Média 1965 – 1969 –Associate Professor and Full Professor at various U.S. universities (Auburn, Gainesville, Columbia, Minnesota and Chicago) 1970 – Returned to Portugal. Granted a Research Grant 1974-1976 – Director of the National Library of Lisbon 1977 – Member of the Committee setting up the Faculty of Social and Human Sciences at UNL, where he created the history course 1977/8 – President of the Propadeutic Year 1980 – Founded the Centre for Historical Studies at FCSH-UNL 1981 – Coordinator of the first Masters course in Medieval History at FCSH-UNL, Chair of the Advisory Board (1981-1983 and 1983-1986) 1988 – Awarded the Grã-Cruz da Ordem da Liberdade, the Great Cross of the Order of Liberty, by the President of the Portuguese Republic 1993 – Joined Department of German Studies at FCSH-UNL, where he directed History of Culture 53

Hipólito de la Torre Gómez, ‘Oliveira Marques o el mundo que se nos va’, at http://www.bn.pt/agenda/oliveira-marques/textoOM05.htm.

17 1997 – Received an honorary doctorate from the La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia 2002/3 – Retired 2007 – He died in Lisbon, on 24th January

SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Books a) Middle Ages Hansa e Portugal na Idade Média (Lisbon: Editorial Presença, 1959). A Sociedade Medieval Portuguesa (Lisbon: Livraria Sá da Costa Editora, 1959). Daily Life in Portugal in the Late Middle Ages (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971). Introdução à História da Agricultura em Portugal: A Questão Cerealífera durante a Idade Média (Lisbon: Edições Cosmos, 1962). Guia do Estudante de História Medieval (Lisbon: Editorial Estampa, 1964). Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa (Lisbon: Vega, 1965). História de Portugal, 3 volumes (Lisbon: Editorial Palas, 1972-73). History of Portugal, (Nova Iorque: Columbia University Press, 1972). ‘Portugal na crise dos séculos XIV e XV’, in Nova História de Portugal, vol. IV, coord. A. H. de Oliveira Marques e Joel Serrão (Lisbon: Presença, 1986). Portugal Quinhentista. Ensaios (Lisbon: Quetzal, 1987). Novos Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa (Lisbon: Editorial Presença, 1988).

b) Editing of collective works Nova História de Portugal, coordinator, in partnership with J. Serrão, ten volumes published (Lisbon: Editorial Presença, 1987-2004). Nova História da Expansão Portuguesa, coordinator, in partnership with J. Serrão, six volumes published of the nine originally planned (Lisbon: Editorial Estampa, 19862006). História dos Portugueses no Extremo Oriente, coordinator, in partnership with J. Serrão, six volumes (Lisbon: Fundação Oriente, 1988-2003).

18 c) Editing of medieval sources Chancelleries D. Afonso IV, vol. I, (1325-1336) (Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Investigação Científica / Centro de Estudos Históricos da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1990). D. Afonso IV, vol. II, (1336-1340) (Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Investigação Científica / Centro de Estudos Históricos da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1992). D. Afonso IV, vol. III, (1340-1344) (Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Investigação Científica / Centro de Estudos Históricos da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1992). D. Pedro I, (1357-1367) (Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Investigação Científica / Centro de Estudos Históricos da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1984). D. Duarte, vol. I, T. 1, (1433-1435) (Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Investigação Científica / Centro de Estudos Históricos da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1998). D. Duarte, vol. I, T. 2, (1435-1438) (Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Investigação Científica / Centro de Estudos Históricos da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1998). D. Duarte, vol. II. Livro da Casa dos Contos (Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Investigação Científica / Centro de Estudos Históricos da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1999). D. Duarte, vol. III, (1433-1435) (Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Investigação Científica / Centro de Estudos Históricos da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2002). Cortes Reinado de D. Afonso IV: (1325-1357) (Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Investigação Científica / Centro de Estudos Históricos da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1982). Reinado de D. Pedro I (Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Investigação Científica / Centro de Estudos Históricos da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1986). Reinado de D. Fernando I, vol. I, (1367-1380) (Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Investigação Científica / Centro de Estudos Históricos da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1990). Reinado de D. Fernando I, vol. II, (1383) (Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Investigação Científica / Centro de Estudos Históricos da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1993).

d) Other subjects A Primeira República Portuguesa: Alguns aspectos estruturais (Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1971).

19 Afonso Costa (Lisbon: Editora Arcádia, 1972). Bernardino Machado, in collaboration with F. M. da Costa (Lisbon: Montanha, 1978). Guia da Primeira República Portuguesa (Lisbon: Editorial Estampa, 1981). Correspondência política de Afonso Costa: 1896-1910, organization, preface and notes (Lisbon: Editorial Estampa, 1982). Ensaios de História da I República Portuguesa (Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1988). A Primeira Legislatura do Estado Novo, organization, preface and notes, (Mem Martins: Publicações Europa-América, 1973). O General Sousa Dias e as Revoltas Contra a Ditadura (1926-1931), in collaboration with A. Sousa Dias (Lisbon: Publicações D. Quixote, 1975). A Maçonaria Portuguesa e o Estado Novo (Lisbon: D. Quixote, 1975). Figurinos Maçónicos Oitocentistas: Um «Guia» de 1841-42, presentation, introduction and annotations (Lisbon: Editorial Estampa, 1983). Dicionário da Maçonaria Portuguesa, 2 vols (Lisbon: Editorial Delta, 1986). História da Maçonaria em Portugal, 3 vols (Lisbon: Editorial Presença, 1990-1997).

2. Principal Articles** ‘A pragmática de 1340’, in Revista da Faculdade de Letras de Lisboa, t. XXII, 2ª série, nº 2 (1956), pp. 130-154. Re-ed. in Ensaios de História Medieval (Lisbon: Portugália, 1965), pp. 125-160. ‘A moeda portuguesa durante a Idade Média’, Boletim Cultural da Câmara Municipal do Porto, vol. XXII, fascs. 3-4 (1959). Re-ed. in Ensaios de História Medieval (Lisbon: Portugália, 1965), pp. 269-307. ‘Diplomática’, in Dicionário de História de Portugal, vol. II, dir. J. Serrão (Oporto: Livraria Figueirinhas, 1963), pp. 309-314. ‘Paleografia’, in Dicionário de História de Portugal, vol. IV, dir. J. Serrão (Oporto: Livraria Figueirinhas, 1963), pp. 528-534.

**

Given the vast scientific output of Oliveira Marques, reference is made to only some of his articles on medieval themes. For further information, c.f. Maria Fernanda Macedo Nogueira de Andrade (in collaboration with João José Alves Dias), 'Bibliografia do Prof. Doutor António Henrique Rodrigo de Oliveira Marques', in Estudos de História de Portugal. Homenagem a A. H. de Oliveira Marques, vol. I, Séculos X-XV (Lisbon: Editorial Estampa, 1982), pp. 15-37 and 41-97.

20 ‘Introdução à História da Cidade Medieval Portuguesa’, in Novos Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa (Lisbon: Presença, 1988), pp. 13-42. ‘Cidades Medievais Portuguesas. Algumas bases metodológicas’, Sep. Revista de História Económica e Social, 9 (Lisbon, 1982), pp. 1-16. ‘A Nobreza nos séculos XIV e XV’, Beira Alta (nº especial comemorativo da Revolução de 1383-85), vol. XLIV, fasc. 2 (1985), pp. 245-275. ‘O Clero nos séculos XIV e XV (Alguns aspectos)’, Sep. Jornadas sobre Portugal Medieval (Leiria, 1983), pp. 45-61. ‘O povo nos séculos XIV e XV – Contribuição para o seu estudo estrutural’, Sep. 1383/1385 e a Crise Geral dos séculos XIV/XV, Jornadas de História Medieval, ([Lisbon], História & Crítica, [1986]), pp. 9-20. ‘Lisboa Medieval. Introdução Metodológica ao seu estudo’, Sep. Da Pré-história à História. Homenagem a Octávio da Veiga Ferreira, (Lisbon: Delta, 1987), pp. 369-376. ‘As Relações Diplomáticas’, Sep. Actas das II Jornadas Luso-Espanholas de História Medieval, vol. I (Oporto, 1987), pp. 39-58. ‘Lisboa Medieval (Introdução metodológica ao seu estudo)’, in Novos Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa (Lisbon: Presença, 1988), pp. 68-79. ‘Para a História do Concelho de Cascais na Idade Média’, Sep. Arquivo de Cascais. Boletim Cultural do Município (7), 1988, pp. 37-46. ‘Las Ciudades Portuguesas en los siglos XIV y XV’, Sep. Estudios de Historia y de Arqueología Peninsulares (7-8), (Cadiz: Universidade de Cadiz, 1987/1988), pp. 77102. ‘Para a História do Concelho de Loulé na Idade Média’, Actas das III Jornadas de História Medieval do Algarve e Andaluzia, (Loulé: Câmara Municipal, 1989), pp. 1733. ‘L’Alimentation au Portugal du Moyen Age au XVIIIe siècle’, Sep. La sociabilité à la Table. Commensalité et convivialité à travers des âges. Actes du Colloque de Rouen, 14-17 Novembre 1990 (Rouen : Université de Rouen), pp. 283-291. ‘As cidades portuguesas nos finais da Idade Média’, Sep. Penélope (7), 1990, pp. 27-34. ‘Bretagne et Portugal au XVe siècle’, Sep. La Bretagne terre d’Europe. Colloque International, Brest 2-4 octobre 1991 (Brest : Quimper, 1992), pp. 57-65. ‘Die Beziehungen zwishen Portugal und Deutschland im Mittelalter und 16’, Sep. Aufsätze zur Portugiesischen Kulturgeschichte, 20 Band (1988-1992), pp. 115-131.

21 ‘Lisboa Evolução: séculos V a VIII, in Dicionário da História de Lisboa’, dir. F. Santana e E. Sucena (Lisbon: Carlos Quintas & Associados, 1994), pp. 110-111. ‘Lisboa Evolução: séculos XII a XV (1147-1500)’, in Dicionário da História de Lisboa, dir. F. Santana e E. Sucena (Lisbon: Carlos Quintas & Associados, 1994), pp. 509-510 e 511-515. ‘D. Duarte e a sua Época’, in A época e a personalidade de El-Rei D. Duarte “O Eloquente” (Viseu: Corpo Nacional de Escutas / Repeses, 1994), pp. 29-36. ‘A população portuguesa nos séculos XV e XVI / col. João José Alves Dias, Sep. El Tratado de Tordesillas y su Época. Congreso Internacional de Historia, vol. I (Tordesillas: Junta de Castilla y León, 1994), pp. 245-263. Les villes portugaises au Moyen Age, XIVe-XVe siècles’, Sep. Villes et Sociétés Urbaines au Moyen Age. Hommage à M. le Professeur Jacques Heers, Cultures et Civilisations Médiévales, IX (Paris : Presses de l’Université de Sorbonne, 1994), pp. 105-112. 3. Homages Estudos de História de Portugal: Homenagem a A. H. de Oliveira Marques, 2 vols (Lisbon: Estampa, 1982). Na Jubilação Universitária de A. H. de Oliveira Marques, coord. A. L. de Carvalho Homem and M. H. da Cruz Coelho (Coimbra: Minerva, 2003). 4. Studies on the subject A. L. de Carvalho Homem, ‘A. H. de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007). Historiografia e Cidadania’, adapted and updated version of A. L. de Carvalho Homem, ‘A. H. de Oliveira Marques: percurso biográfico’, in Na Jubilação Universitária de A. H. de Oliveira Marques, coord. of A. L. de Carvalho Homem e M. H. da Cruz Coelho (Coimbra: Minerva, 2003), pp. 11-17. Available in http://guitarradecoimbra.blogspot.com [post de 2007/01/03]. ‘Cronologia do Prof. Doutor A. H. de Oliveira Marques’, in Estudos de História de Portugal, I. Séculos X-XV. Homenagem a A. H. de Oliveira Marques (Lisbon: Estampa, 1982), pp. 13-37. D. L. Wheeler, ‘Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memórias de A. H. de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)’, História ano XXIX (3ª série), nº 95 (2007), pp. 18-22. J. P. Ferro (ed.), A. H. de Oliveira Marques, o homem e o historiador – balanço de seis décadas. Diálogos com João Pedro Ferro (Lisbon: Presença, 1994). Oliveira Marques, ‘Oliveira Marques (A. H. de)’, in Grande Enciclopédia Portuguesa e Brasileiro, vol. 8 (update) / METZ-OZU (Lisbon / Rio de Janeiro: Editorial Enciclopédia), p. 482.

22 M. H. da Cruz Coelho, ‘In Memorian. A. H. de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)’, communication in Biblioteca-Museu República e Resistência (Lisbon, 2006/12/11). M. H. da Cruz Coelho; M. M. Tavares Ribeiro; J. R. de Carvalho, Repertório Bibliográfico da Historiografia Portuguesa (1974-1994) (Lisbon / Coimbra: Instituto Camões / Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra), pp. 351-356.