South American Journal of Herpetology, 4(1), 2009, 9-16 © 2009 Brazilian Society of Herpetology
A new species of Scinax (Anura: Hylidae) from the area of Iquitos, Amazonian Peru Jiří Moravec1,5, Illich Arista Tuanama2, Pedro E. Pérez3, and Edgar Lehr4 Department of Zoology, National museum, 115 79 Praha 1, Czech Republic. 2 Urb. Sgto. Lores F – 6, Iquitos, Peru. 3 Las Palmeras 324, Iquitos, Peru. 4 Natural History State Collection, Koenigsbruecker Landstrasse 159, 01109 Dresden, Germany. 5 Corresponding author:
[email protected] 1
Abstract. We describe a new species of the hylid frog genus Scinax from the Peruvian Upper Amazonian Lowlands (area of Iquitos, Region Loreto, Peru). The new species belongs to the Scinax ruber clade and differs from all its members by having the dorsal skin slightly to coarsely shagreen, by lacking conspicuous ulnar and tarsal tubercles, and in life by having a distinct light olive-green coloration on dorsum, bright yellow flanks with distinct black spots, black posterior surfaces of thighs, and gold to bronze iris. Keywords. Anura, Hylidae, Scinax iquitorum new species, Amazonia, Peru.
Introduction Currently the hylid frog genus Scinax comprises 95 recognized species and represents the second richest genus of the subfamily Hylinae (Frost, 2008). Altogether eight species of Scinax are listed from the Ecuadorian and Peruvian Amazonia (Duellman and Wiens, 1992, 1993): S. chiquitanus (De la Riva, 1990), S. cruentommus (Duellman, 1972), S. funereus (Cope, 1874), S. garbei (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926), S. ictericus Duellman and Wiens, 1993, S. oreites Duellman and Wiens, 1993, S. pedromedinae (Henle, 1991), and S. rubber (Laurenti, 1768). Another five species have been reported from the adjacent Amazonia of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela (De la Riva et al., 2000; Duellman, 1972; Goin, 1966; Lutz, 1973; Pyburn, 1992; Rivero, 1961): S. baumgardneri (Rivero, 1961), S. boesemani (Goin, 1966), S. fuscomarginatus (Lutz, 1925), S. lindsayi Pyburn, 1992, and S. nebulosus (Spix, 1824). Traditionally, these species have been arranged in the species groups of S. ruber, S. rostratus (Peters, 1863), S. staufferi (Cope, 1865), and Scinax x-signatus (Spix, 1824) (e.g. Duellman and Wiens, 1992, 1993; Pombal et al., 1995). However, according to Faivovich (2002), it appears to be more appropriate to include all the mentioned species in the more inclusive S. ruber clade. In the framework of a scientific cooperation between the National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic, and the Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru, two of the authors (J.M. and I.A.T.) conducted two short-term surveys of herpetofaunal diversity in the surroundings of Iquitos in 2001 (Moravec et al., 2002 a, b). At this occasion a species
of Scinax different from all other Upper Amazonian species was discovered. It is herein described as a new species. Materials and Methods The type series comprises one subadult and three adult specimens. Sex was determined by presence or absence of secondary sexual characters (vocal sac, vocal slits) or by direct observation of the gonads. All measurements and terminology follow Duellman (1970, 2001). Snout-vent length (SVL) was measured to the nearest 0.5 mm and other measurements to the nearest 0.1 mm with calipers. When structures were smaller than 5 mm, measurements were taken with an ocular micrometer attached to a Leica MS 5 stereomicroscope. Webbing formulae follow Savage and Heyer (1967) as modified by Myers and Duellman (1982) and Savage and Heyer (1997). Color in life was described based on field notes and color photographs of live specimens. Drawings were made by using a stereomicroscope with drawing tube attachment. Museum abbreviations are as follows: AMNH – American Museum of Natural History, New York, U.S.A.; GNM – Göteborg Natural History Museum, Sweden; KU – Natural History Museum of Kansas, Lawrence; MUSM – Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Markos, Lima, Peru; NMP6V and NMP6F: National Museum (Natural History), Prague, Czech Republic; ZFMK – Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.
New species of Scinax
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Results Scinax iquitorum sp. nov. (Figs. 1‑3)
can be detected in proximal outer edge of tarsus); (4) tubercles absent on heel; (5) tubercles absent on lower jaw; (6) skin on dorsum slightly to coarsely
Holotype – MUSM 27577, adult female from the vicinity of Puerto Almendras (03°49’46”S, 073°22’32”W; ca. 120 m a.s.l.,), ca. 17 km straight SW of Iquitos, Region Loreto, Peru, collected by J. Moravec on 8 April 2002. Paratypes – NMP6V 71267/1‑3, one adult male, one adult female, and one subadult, collected at the type locality by J. Moravec on 8‑9 April 2002. Referred material (photo vouchers) – Adult female (photo numbers NMP6F 1‑2) from middle stream of Rio Nanay, 03°31’49”S, 074°25’25”W, collected by Pedro E. Pérez on date; adult female (photo number NMP6F 3‑6), area of Rio Yavari, 04°39’31”S, 072°02’46”W, collected by Pedro E. Pérez. Diagnosis – A moderate-sized species of the genus Scinax (webbing between toes I and II does not extend beyond the subarticular tubercule of toe I) belonging to the Scinax ruber clade (sensu Faivovich, 2002) characterized by the following combination of characters: (1) male SVL 35.0 mm, females 38.5 mm; (2) snout rounded, not acuminate, in dorsal and lateral views; (3) ulnar and tarsal tubercles indistinct (inconspicuous traces of small tubercles
Figure 1. (A) Head, (B) hand, and (C) foot of Scinax iquitorum sp. n. (holotype MUSM 27577, female; SVL 38.5). Scale bar equals 5 mm.
Figure 2. Variation in dorsal color pattern of Scinax iquitorum sp. n.: holotype (left) and paratypes (NMP6V 71267/2,1,3). Scale bar equals 10 mm.
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shagreen; (7) in life, dorsum light olive-green to brown; (8) in life, flanks bright yellow with distinct round black spots becoming gradually larger from axillae to groin; (9) in life, concealed surfaces of legs black; (10) in life, iris gold to bronze with irregular dark reticulation. Comparison with other species – Scinax iquitorum can be distinguished from all the species known from Upper Amazonian Lowlands by the following character states (states in other species are described in parentheses according to Cope, 1870, 1874; Boulenger, 1882; Donoso-Barros, 1965 “1964”; Duellman, 1971, 1972; Duellman and Wiens, 1993; De la Riva, 1990; Goin, 1966; Melin, 1941; Peters, 1863; Pyburn, 1992; Rivero, 1961; Spix, 1824; Werner, 1899). The nonacuminate snout, the absence of tubercles on head, dorsum, heels, and lower jaw, and the absence of conical ulnar and tarsal tubercles differentiate it from S. garbei, S. nebulosus, and S. pedromedinae. It differs from S. funereus (Fig. 4) by its slightly to coarsely shagreen skin on the dorsum and legs (tuberculate), by the absence of a conspicuous pattern of dark brown spots and elongate marks on dorsum and transverse bars on limbs, by the yellow flanks with black spots (yellow with dark brown stripes or series of dashes), and black posterior surfaces of thighs (yellow with dark pigmentation concentrated into dark brown spots or longitudinal stripes or pale with discrete dark blotches). From S. oreites it differs by the absence of creamy white dorsolateral stripes, by having yellow flanks with black round spots (tan or brown) and black posterior surfaces of thighs (brown with yellow blotch distally). It differs from S. ruber (Fig. 5) by the lack of tan to yellow dorsolateral stripes, by having yellow flanks with black round spots (cream with yellow spots usually edged with black in the groin) and by the black posterior surfaces of thighs (brown with yellow to orange mottling enclosed in darker pigment). Scinax iquitorum is larger than S. baumgardneri (male holotype, 29.0 mm), S. boesemani (maximum SVL in males 32.1 mm), S. chiquitanus (maximum SVL in males 33.3 mm and in females 36.2 mm), S. cruentommus (maximum SVL in males 27.1 mm and in females 30.6 mm), S. fuscomarginatus (maximum SVL in males 22.4 mm; Faivovich, unpublished data), S. ictericus (maximum SVL in males 31.6 mm and in females 33.5 mm) and S. lindsayi (maximum SVL in females 27.7 mm). Furthermore, S. iquitorum differs from S. baumgardneri in its dorsal coloration
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(chlorine green in life); from S. boesemani in having black spots on dorsum and flanks (canthal and post-ocular dark stripes only) and in the black posterior surfaces of thighs (without pattern and paler than the dorsum); from S. chiquitanus by the yellow flanks with black round spots (tan with or without small dark spots) and the black posterior surfaces of thighs (uniform tan, with or without a broad, dark brown longitudinal stripe or lightly pigmented spots); from S. cruentommus (Fig. 6) in lacking a horizontal red streak through the eye, by the yellow flanks with black round spots (pale with or without small dark spots), and the black posterior surfaces of thighs (tan with diffuse covering of dark brown pigment); from S. fuscomarginatus by the more robust body (slender) and presence of black spots on dorsum and flanks (canthal and dorsolateral dark stripes only); from S. ictericus in lacking conspicuous ulnar and tarsal tubercles, in the absence of small tubercles in the supratympanic region, by the yellow flanks with black round spots (creamy white usually with small round black or dark brown spots), and in the absence of transverse bars on limbs; from S. lindsayi by the more robust body (slender) and lack of canthal stripe and dark brown bars on limbs. Description of holotype – Adult female, body moderately slender; head narrower than body; head width 33.2% of SVL; head length 32.5% of SVL; head slightly wider than long; snout bluntly rounded in dorsal and lateral views (Fig. 1); eye-nostril distance equal to eye diameter; nostril slightly protuberant, its anterior margin at the same level of the anterior margin of lower jaw; internarial region moderately depressed; canthus rostralis rounded; loreal region slightly concave; top of head flat; interorbital distance wider than upper eyelid width, 33.6% of head width; eye diameter 32.0% of head width; supratympanic fold weakly marked; tympanum distinct, round, slightly wider horizontally; tympanum diameter 56.1% of eye diameter. Axillary membrane absent; pectoral fold barely visible. Ulnar tubercles absent; fingers moderately long, bearing relatively large elliptical discs and narrow lateral fringes; palmar tubercle flat, bifid; thenar tubercle slightly protruding, elliptical, with two and half to three times the size of subarticular tubercles; subarticular tubercle of finger I subconical, as wide as the digit, proximally followed by a distinct smaller tubercle; tubercles of fingers II‑IV rounded, protruding, as wide as digits, being the distal tubercle of finger IV more developed than the others; supernumerary
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New species of Scinax
Figure 3. Male paratype NMP6V 71267/1 of Scinax iquitorum sp. n. in life from Puerto Almendras, Region Loreto, Peru. Photograph by J. Moravec.
Figure 4. Scinax funereus (KU221960b, female), from San Jacinto, Region Loreto, Peru. Photograph by W. E. Duellman.
Figure 6. Scinax cruentommus (KU221958, unsexed), Teniente Lopez, Region Loreto, Peru. Photograph by W. E. Duellman. Figure 5. Scinax ruber (NMP6V 71152, male), from Puerto Almendras, Region Loreto, Peru. Photograph by J. Moravec.
tubercles barely evident; all fingers basally webbed (Fig. 1). Hind limbs moderately long; heels of adpressed hindlimbs markedly overlap each other; tibiotarsal articulation extending approximately to the anterior edge of eye; tarsal fold absent; tarsal tubercles inconspicuous (very small tubercles can be detected on proximal outer edge of tarsus); tibia length 48.6% of SVL; foot length 37.9% of SVL; inner metatarsal tubercle low, flat, elliptical; outer metatarsal tubercle small, round; toes bearing elliptical discs, about as large as those of fingers; subarticular tubercles round, protruding, as wide as digits, larger than those on fingers; supernumerary tubercles barely evident; webbing on toes I2‑2II1‑2III1‑2+IV2‑1V (Fig. 1). Skin on dorsum slightly shagreen; skin on throat and chest
smooth; skin on belly and ventral surfaces of thighs granular; tongue ovoid; transverse vomerine dentigerous processes between ovoid choanae, narrowly separated medially, bearing 7/6 teeth (left/right). Measurements (in mm): SVL 38.5; tibia length 18.7; foot length 14.6; head length 12.5; head width 12.8; internarial distance 3.0; interorbital distance 4.3; width of upper eyelid width 3.1; eye diameter 4.1; tympanum diameter 2.3. Color in life – Dorsum light olive-green to brown; dorsal pattern consisting of small round dark dots randomly distributed on head and concentrated mostly in areas of inconspicuous darker interorbital, scapular and sacral transverse blotches; similar dots on lips; flanks bright yellow with very distinct black round spots gradually larger from axillae to groin; anterior surfaces of thighs and concealed surfaces of legs black; ventral surfaces white; a row of black round
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spots on the anterior ventral side of the thighs; plantar surfaces grayish; iris gold to bronze with irregular dark reticulation; long bones of hindlimbs green. Coloration in preservative – Dorsum gray to brown with inconspicuous darker interorbital, scapular and sacral transverse blotches; flanks and ventral surfaces white; dots and spots on dorsum and flanks dark gray to black; anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs gray or black. Variation – The adult paratypes and referred specimens closely resemble the holotype. Body measurements (in millimeters) of two adult paratypes (female and male) and one subadult specimen are as follows: SVL 38.5, 35.0, 20.5; tibia length 18.9, 16.9, 10.9; foot length 14.8, 13.4, 7.8; head length 12.6, 11.6, 7.5; head width 12.7, 11.8, 7.3; internarial distance 3.0, 2.7, 1.0; interorbital distance 4.0, 3.8, 2.3; width of eyelid –, 3.0, 1.8; diameter of eye 4.0, 3.9, 2.3; diameter of tympanum 2.0, 1.8, 1.0. The pectoral fold of all paratypes is less marked than in the holotype. Variation in foot webbing is I2‑(2‑2+)II(1‑1+)‑(2‑2+)III1‑2+ IV2‑(1‑1+)V. Number of teeth on vomerine dentigerous processes in adult paratypes (female, male) 5/8, 6/7 (left/right). The male paratype (Fig. 3) resembles the females in all aspects except for the subarticular tubercles, which are more prominent (subconical to conical), and supernumerary tubercles, which are distinct. The shape of the vocal sac is unclear; nevertheless it does not seem to be enlarged. The vocal slits extend from the lateral base of tongue (roughly in two-thirds of its length from the anterior edge) to the angles of jaws. Coloration of paratypes is similar to that of the holotype (Fig. 2). Throat and chest of the male paratype are yellow in life. Distribution and ecology – Scinax iquitorum is known from the area of Rio Nanay and Peruvian Rio Yavari, Region Loreto, Peru (Fig. 7). The type locality corresponds to the area called “Arboretum” lying on the right bank of the Rio Nanay at the village of Puerto Almendras. This territory is covered by disturbed primary rainforest and serves as a field study area of the Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos (UNAP). The forest is not cleared but a permanent dense grid of trails is maintained there. The area can be roughly divided into non-flooded and seasonally flooded zones along the Rio Nanay. The collected specimens were found at night in the non-flooded zone of the closed forest (from its periphery to the border of the flooded area). All the individuals were
Figure 7. Schematic map showing the known distribution of Scinax iquitorum sp. n. Square indicates the type locality. Shaded areas indicate elevations above 500 m a.s.l
sitting on leafs or palm trunks up to 150 cm high. Both adult females were gravid. The only collected male did not vocalize. Thirteen other hylid species (including Scinax garbei and S. ruber) were recorded in the area of the type locality of S. iquitorum (see Moravec et al. 2002b), from which Dendropsophus parviceps, Hypsiboas microderma, Osteocephalus planiceps, O. taurinus and S. garbei were found to occur syntopically with the new species. Etymology – The new taxon is dedicated to the native South American tribe called Iquito. In Peru the Iquitos inhabit small settlements on the banks of the Marañón, Tigre, and Nanay rivers, which originally included the entire area of today’s town of Iquitos. Discussion The description of any new taxon of Scinax that occurs within the range of the widespread Scinax ruber makes it unavoidable that one will deal with the several available names in the synonymy of this species. Currently, seven available names are in the synonymy of Scinax ruber. These are Hyla lateristriga Spix, 1824 (type locality: Brazil, by implication), Hyla conirostris Peters, 1863 (type locality “Surinam”), Scytopis alleni Cope, 1870 (type locality State of Pará, Brazil, by lectotype designation of Duellman and Wiens, 1993), Scytopis cryptanthus Cope, 1874 (type locality “Nauta”, Region Loreto, Peru), Hyla lineomaculata Werner, 1899 (type locality “Arima, Trinidad”), Hyla rubra hübneri Melin, 1941 (type locality “Taracuá, Rio Uaupes”, “São Gabriel, Rio Ne-
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New species of Scinax
gro”, and “Vicinity of Manaus”, all localities in the State of Amazonas, Brazil), and Hyla robersimoni Donoso-Barros, 1965 “1964” (type locality “Pajonales al sur de Macuro, Penisula de Paria, Venezuela”). According to their original descriptions, all these names are associated with specimens that have yellow blotches on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the thighs, and in some cases undersurfaces of tibiae. Similarly, there are two available names in the synonymy of S. funereus – Hyla depressiceps Boulenger, 1882 (type locality “Ecuador”) and Hyla rubra inconspicua Melin, 1941 (type locality “Roque, Region San Martín,, Peru”). According to the original description, H. depressiceps differs from the new taxon in having a dark canthal stripe and black and whitish marbled limbs. An examination of the holotype of Hyla rubra inconspicua shows that it differs by the presence of small tubercles on the head, dorsum and limbs, presence of a dark canthal stripe, transverse bars on dorsum of limbs and by its larger size (SVL 45 mm). The consideration of Scinax fuscomarginatus as an Amazonian component is based solely on the fact that Lutz (1973) included Hyla parkeri Gaige, 1926 (type locality Buenavista, Bolivia) and Hyla madeirae Bokermann, 1964 (Type locality Porto Velho, Estado de Rondônia, Brazil) in the synonymy of Hyla fuscomarginata A. Lutz, 1925 (type locality restricted by Lutz [1973] to Belo Horizonte, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil). Although De La Riva et al. (1997), recently resurrected Scinax parkeri for the Bolivian populations, the status of the Amazonian form, previously named Scinax madeirae, is still unclear as discussed by these authors. A similar problem occurs with Scinax trilineatus (Hoogmoed and Gorzula, 1979) (type locality “12 km SE. El Manteco, Estado Bolívar, Venezuela”), later suggested to be a synonym of S. fuscomarginatus by Martins (1998) without further comments. Regardless of these remaining problems, it is clear that none of these names is assignable to the new species being described here, since they are all associated with forms resembling S. fuscomarginatus. The territory of the “Arboretum” represents an important refuge for the relatively diverse local herpetofauna (36 species of amphibians and 13 species of reptiles) situated at the edge of densely populated farmland. Recently, human activity has increased considerably in the area of Puerto Almendras because a new modern University campus was built between the “Arboretum” and the bank of Rio Nanay. Therefore, an effective protection of the type locality of Scinax iquitorum is desirable.
Resumen Se describe una nueva especie del género hílido Scinax del norte del llano amazónico (área de Iquitos, Region de Loreto, Perú). La especie nueva pertenece al clado de Scinax ruber y difiere del resto de especies por tener la piel del dorso leve a fuertemente granulado, por la ausencia de tubérculos ulnares y tarsales conspicuos, por tener coloración verde oliva en el dorso, flancos amarillo brillante con manchas negras, superficie posterior de los muslos negra, y un iris color dorado a bronce. Acknowledgements Special thanks to William E. Duellman (University of Kansas, Lawrence), Dr. Ignacio De la Riva (Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid) and Julián Faivovich (American Museum of Natural History) for their valuable comments in the determination of the new species. We are grateful to Wolfgang Böhme (Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum A. Koenig, Bonn) for the kind loan of comparative material and William E. Duellman for providing comparative photographs of Scinax funereus and S. cruentomus. We thank Karen Siu-Ting (Museo de Historia Natural Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Markos, Lima) for kind translation of the abstract into Spanish and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments on the manuscript. Work of JM was supported by the project MK00002327201 and conducted in cooperation with the Museo de Zoologia – UNAP, Iquitos (Andrés Mármol Burgos, research authorization Nº 452‑2000‑INRENA‑Loreto) under the auspices of the Universidad de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos (the agreement signed by José Torres Vásquez and Milan Stloukal).
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Donoso-Barros, R. 1965. Nuevos reptiles y anfibios de Venezuela. Noticiario Mensual Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (Santiago, Chile) 9, No. 102, 2 unnumbered pp. Duellman, W. E. 1970. The hylid frogs of Middle America. Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Monograph 1:1‑753, plates 1‑72 (2 volumes). Duellman, W. E. 1971. The identities of some Ecuadorian hylid frogs. Herpetologica, 27:212‑227. Duellman, W. E. 1972. South American frogs of the Hyla rostrata group (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 47:177‑192. Duellman, W. E. 2001. The hylid frogs of Middle America. SSAR, Ithaca, New York, xvi+1159, plates 1‑92 (2 volumes). Duellman, W. E., J. J. Wiens. 1992. The status of the hylid frog genus Ololygon and the recognition of Scinax Wagler, 1830. Occasional papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 151:1‑23. Duellman, W. E., J. J. Wiens. 1993. Hylid frogs of the genus Scinax Wagler, 1830, in Amazonian Ecuador and Peru. Occasional papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 153:1‑57. Faivovich, J. 2002. A cladistic analysis of Scinax (Anura: Hylidae). Cladistics, 18:367‑393. Frost, D. R. 2008. Amphibian species of the world: an online reference. Version 5.2, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Available at http://research.amnh. org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. (15 July, 2008) Goin, C. J. 1966. Description of a new frog of the genus Hyla from Suriname. Zoologische. Mededelingen, 41:229‑232. Hoogmoed, M. S., and S. Gorzula. 1979. Checklist of the savanna inhabiting frogs of the El Manteco region with notes on their ecology and the description of a new species of treefrog. Zoologische Mededelingen, 54:183‑216. Lutz, B. 1973. Brazilian species of Hyla. University of Texas Press, Austin and London, xviii+260+5 pp. Martins, M. 1998. The frogs of Ilha de Maraca. Pp. 285‑306. In W. Milliken, and J. A. Ratter (Eds.), Maraca. The biodiversity and environment of an Amazonian rainforest. John Wiley and Sons. Melin, D. 1941. Contribution to the knowledge of the Amphibia of South America. Göteborgs Kungliga Vetenskaps och Vitter-Hets Samhalles Handligar (6) 1B(4):1‑71.
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Moravec, J., I. Arista Tuanama, and A. Mármol Burgos. 2002a. Reptiles recently recorded from the surroundings of Iquitos (Departamento Loreto, Peru). Časopis Národního Muzea, Řada přírodovědná, 170[2001]:47‑68. Moravec, J., I. Arista Tuanama, and A. Mármol Burgos. 2002b. Amphibians recently recorded from the surroundings of Iquitos (Departamento Loreto, Peru). I. Hylidae. Časopis Národního Muzea, Řada přírodovědná, 171:29‑44. Myers, Ch. W., and W. E. Duellman. 1982. A new species of Hyla from Cerro Colorado, and other tree frog records and geographical notes from Western Panama. American Museum Novitates No. 2752:1‑32. Peters, W. 1863. Mitteilungen über neue Batrachier. Monatsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1863:445‑470. Pombal Jr., J. P., C. F. B. Haddad, and S. Kasahara. 1995. A new species of Scinax (Anura: Hylidae) from Southeastern Brazil, with comments on the genus. Journal of Herpetology, 29:1‑6. Pyburn, W. F. 1992. A new tree frog of the genus Scinax from the Vaupes river of northwestern Brazil. The Texas Journal of Science, 44: 405‑411. Rivero, J. A. 1961. Salientia of Venezuela. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 126:1‑207. Savage, J. M., and R. W. Heyer. 1967. Variation and distribution in the treefrog genus Phyllomedusa in Costa Rica, Central America. Beiträge zur Neotropischen Fauna, 5:111‑131. Savage, J. M., and R. W. Heyer. 1997. Digital webbing formulae for anurans: A refinement. Herpetological Review, 28:131. Spix, de, J. B. 1824. Animalia Nova sive species novae Testudinum et Ranarum, quas inintinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII‑MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae Regis. Monachii, F.S. Hübschmann, 4+53 pp, 1‑7+1‑22 pls. Werner, F. 1899. Ueber Reptilien und Batrachier aus Columbien und Trinidad. Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-königlichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 49:470‑484. Submitted 16 November 2008 Accepted 10 March 2009
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New species of Scinax
Appendix 1 Specimens Examined Hyla rubra hübneri: Brazil: GNM 478 (syntype): State of Amazonas: vicinity of Manaus. Hyla rubra inconspicua: Peru: GNM 480 (holotype): Region de San Martín: Roque. Scinax cruentommus: ECUADOR: KU 126587 (holotype), KU 105157, 105163, 105167, 105180, 105182, 107022‑24, 109508, 109512‑17, 109519‑21 (paratypes): Provincia de Sucumbios: Santa Cecilia, 340 m; KU 120976: Provincia de Pastaza: Mera, 1100 m; KU 126609‑10: Provincia de Sucumbios: Lago Agrio, 370 m; KU 135485: Provincia de Zamora-Chinchipe, 10 km W Zamora, 1200 m; KU 146297, 150093‑102, 152435‑38, 152447: Provincia de Sucumbios: Santa Cecilia, 340 m; KU 175176‑77: Provincia de Orellana: Rio Yasuni, 150 km upstream from Rio Napo, 180 m; KU 175177: Provincia de Orelana: Rio Yasuni, 200 km upstream from Rio Napo, 180 m; KU 178635‑42, KU 183623‑34, 183674: Provincia de Sucumbios: Limnococha, 200 m; KU 217699: Provincia de Morona-Santiago: 1.2 km N Gualaquiza, 850 m; KU 217700: Provincia de Sucumbios: 2.5 km N Lago Agrio, 350 m; KU 217701: Provincia de Napo: Jatun-Sacha, 420 m; KU 296013‑20: Provincia de Sucumbios: Lago Agrio. PERU: KU 172143: Region Huánuco: Rio Llullapichis, 4‑5 km upstream from Rio Pachitea, Finca Panguana; KU 192018‑20: Region Loreto: Rio Samiria, Estacion Biologica Pithecia; KU 220336‑41: Region Loreto: Explorama Lodge, junction Rio Yanamono and Rio Amazonas; KU 220431: Region Loreto: Explorama Lodge, junction Rio Sucusari and Rio Napo; KU 220560: Region Loreto: Rio Tahuayo, 30‑60 km upstream from Rio Amazonas; KU 221958‑59: Region Loreto: Teniente Lopez, 200 m; KU 222342: Region Loreto: Explorama Lodge, junction Rio Yanamono and Rio Amazonas, 180 m. Scinax funereus: Colombia: AMNH 116221‑22: Departamento Putumayo: upper Rio San Miguel: Santa Rosa de Sucumbíos (Kofan village). ECUADOR: KU 111929, 111970, 123121‑28, 126393‑97, 146298‑301, 150149‑75, 152443‑46: Provincia de Sucumbios: Santa Cecilia, 340 m; KU 178645: Provincia de Napo: Limnococha: 243 m; KU 183635‑38: Provincia de Napo: Limnococha; KU 99221‑22: Provincia de Sucumbios: Limnococha, 300 m; KU 10159‑62, 105164‑66, 105168‑79, 105181, 105183‑87, 109522‑23: Provincia de Sucumbios: Santa Cecilia, 340 m; KU 2177702: Provincia de Napo: Jatun Sacha, 420 m; KU 221668‑69: Provincia de Orelana: Coca. PERU: KU 154680‑81, 154728: Region de Madre de Dios: Cocha Cachu: Rio Manu between Rio Panguana and Rio Cachiri, 400 m; KU 19875: Region Loreto: Rio Curanja, Balta; KU 217304: San Martin: Lamas, 14.5 km SW Zapatero, 870 m; KU 221960: Region Loreto: San Jacinto, 175 m; KU 221961: Region Loreto: Teniente Lopez, 200 m; voucher photo NMP6F 7: Region Loreto, Rio Curaray, 01°45’40”S, 075°04’11”W. Scinax garbei: PERU: NMP6V 71150: Region Loreto: 17 km SW of Iquitos: vicinity of the village of Puerto Almendras); NMP6V 71151: 23 km SW of Iquitos: Sacha Mama; NMP6V 71266/1‑2: 31 km SW of Iquitos. Scinax cf. ictericus: Peru: ZFMK 39353: Region Madre de Dios: Rio Tambopata: Bajo Tambopata; ZFMK 39361, 39363: Rio Tambopata: ZFMK 39366: Aguajalito; Rio Tambopata: Tres Chimbadas. Scinax nebulosus: Bolivia: NMP6V 70894: Departamento Beni: 2 km W of Riberalta. Scinax pedromedinae: BOLIVIA: NMP6V 70700: Departamento Beni: 5 km NE of Riberalta. Scinax ruber: Bolivia: NMP6V 70895/1‑7: Departamento Beni: 6‑8 km NE of Riberalta. PERU: NMP6V 71152/1‑4, 71191: Region Loreto: 17 km SW of Iquitos: vicinity of the village of Puerto Almendras; NMP6V 71145: 23 km SW of Iquitos: Sacha Mama; NMP6V 71265: 31 km SW of Iquitos.
