A SPECIAL PROJECT PROPOSAL OF MR.MRUTU PHILIPO FAHAMUEL, 2017

Page 1 of 19 SPECIAL PROJECT PROPOSAL OF MR. MRUTU, PHILIPO FAHAMUEL.

SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND AGRIBUSINESS STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND AGRIBUSINESS DEGREE PROGRAMME: BSc AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND AGRIBUSINESS

COURSE CODE: AEA 300 COURSE NAME: ECONOMICS SURVEY METHODS & RESEARCH PROJECT 1

TITLE: “TO INVESTIGATE WATER USE EFFICIENCY IN KILOMBERO SUGAR PLANTATIONS TO MAXIMIZE SUGAR PRODUCTIVITY IN THE FACTORY, MOROGORO-TANZANIA”

STUDENT NAME: MRUTU, PHILIPO FAHAMUEL REGISTRATION NUMBER: AEA/D/2013/0189

SUPERVISOR: DR. ELIBARIKI EMMANUEL MSUYA

A SUPERVISED SPECIAL RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN A PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND AGRIBUSINESS OF THE SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE Page 1 of 19

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1

Background Information

Water resources are central to the existence of the atmosphere, terrestrial environment and all living creatures. It must be preserved and used sustainably (Liheluka, 2014). Improving water management in agriculture requires an improvement in soil moisture conservation measures and a reduction in wastage of irrigation water (Central Water Commission, 2014). The Water Productivity term plays a crucial role in modern agriculture which aims to increase yield production per unit of water used, both under rainfed and irrigated conditions (Ragab,2014). When access to water is increased, it is important that the available water is used efficiently so as not to waste the valuable resource. Improving the efficiency of water use in agriculture can lead to more water being available for other productive uses, and may minimize impacts on ecosystems. Technical improvements, appropriate policies and economic incentives will help deliver such benefits(Williams, T. et al. 2015). The concept of productivity of water is new even to agricultural tutors, extension officers and some researchers. Increasing productivity of water in agriculture will enable the scarce water resources to be used by many people and thus ease the competition and conflicts over water which may enhance the survival of the crops during drought by doing irrigation systems. Productivity as defined by Molden is proven to be very useful for meeting the new challenges in agricultural water policy, and applying the concept to irrigation water use allows going beyond “yield” as the only output from irrigation water use. This “Agricultural Water Productivity”, as we call it, sets the boundaries within which efficiency indicates the smoothness of the water use process which itself is directed towards high Water Productivity. By integrating efficiency into the concept of Water Productivity as defined by Molden, we add to the latter and at the same time clarify the difference between Water Productivity and irrigation and water use efficiency (Blümling, Yang, and Wostl,P., 2007). Efficient use of water to maximize sugar productivity in Kilombero Sugar Company in Morogoro, Tanzania sustainably due as agriculture is more susceptible to climate change effects and variability is very important. In realizing the importance of water that is “water is life” water must well be used. Both plant and animals need water as a necessity for their lives. According to the project entitled “Productivity of water in Agriculture and Interacting Systems”, 95% of the Page 2 of 19

Page 3 of 19 farmers are small holders whereas, most of them depend on rainfall. Improving water efficiency means increasing water productivity –that is, reducing the intensity of water use for, and pollution from socio economic activities through maximizing the value of the uses of water (United Nations, 2014). Moreover, improving water efficiency allows countries to reduce water scarcity and maximize the benefits provided by existing water infrastructure (Gwp-Tec, 2002). From this context, the ability to produce the desired effect with the minimum effort, expenses and waste as water is concerned may be called efficiency (Milder et al., 2012) Available water bodies let it be oceans, rivers, seas, lakes or ponds need to be used in a more efficient and effective way. The infrastructure for water supply may determine the efficient use of water to maximize productivity. There has been a remarkable systems of agricultural irrigation over last 50 years under the green revolution and has been achieved in most countries by the use of modern high yield varieties while greater benefits have been realized from chemical fertilizers, irrigation and weed and pest control. Generally, productivity of water entails the net socioeconomic and environmental benefits achieved through the use of water in a production activity, including agriculture, fisheries, livestock, crops, agro forestry and mixed systems (Mahoo, H.,2007).

1.2

Problem Statement and Justification

The main theme of this study is to investigate water use efficiency in sugar plantations to maximize sugar productivity in the factory keeping other factors constant. Notably, the prolonged deficit of sugar production in Tanzania since back 1989 is doubtful. Sugar production and consumption by the year 2014 in Tanzania was at 320,000 metric tons and 480,000 metric tons respectively leaving a deficit about 160,000 metric tons yearly demand (SBT,2015). Looking onto what should be done and the way forward. Different reports have tried to explain the problem of water scarcity. But less emphasis on the improvements of initiatives to increase investments on water harvesting and making redistribution to areas where there is a great need for water. It is because, water is unevenly distributed. Some areas have enough water resources like rivers, lakes, underground water, oceans or seas. Point to consider out there, water supply should be taken into consideration. Government policies should not overlook strategies, plans, and budget for harvesting, distributing and allocating water to people according to market forces Page 3 of 19

Page 4 of 19 of demand and supply regarding water. For example irrigation issues, tourism and industrial water uses. Some of the irrigation systems are helpful to solve the problem of draught, for little water usage in the system. A good example is trip irrigation. However, the irrigation itself plays a great role it does not matter what type of irrigation. The essence is not to depend much on rainfall because of climate change and variability. Understanding that most of farmers are poor and do depend much on rainfall, so what can be done to copy with the situation? How the scarcity of sugar in the country can be settled? There is a great need to see how water resource can well be utilized and or supplied according to the need of the society in a more sustainable way. To reduce scarcity of water and maximize the benefits provided by water resource encouraged the study of “efficient use of water to maximize productivity in Sugarcane production in Kilombero Sugar Company under (Illovo)”. Rainfall may be considered the limiting factor for most crops, sugarcane inclusive. About21% of the country can expect 90% probability of receiving slightly higher than 750 mm of rainfall and only about 3% can expect more than 1250 mm. About one-third Sugarcane Production 5 of the country is dry (mainly the central plateau), with less than 500 mm of expected rainfall per year. Understanding the importance of sugar production and its contribution to the economic growth of the country and the households in general, efficient use of water to maxim ize productivity in various areas of production like irrigation of sugar cane plants, cooling machines in the industry and other uses of water in a more sustainable way. To increase sugar production in Tanzania there is a need to master the environment for production at the very beginning.

1.3 The Study Objectives 1.3.1 The overall objective The overall objective of the study is to investigate water use efficiency in the sugarcane plantations to maximize sugar productivity in the factory.

1.3.2

Specific objectives

Specifically the study is aiming to assessing the following objectives; i.

To investigate water use efficiency in Kilombero Sugar plantations to maximize sugar productivity in the factory, Morogoro-Tanzania Page 4 of 19

Page 5 of 19 ii.

To compare and contrast between water use efficiency between farms under the factory and those under outgrowers and see if there are any significant differences in yield.

1.4

Research Questions

The following are the research questions to be taken in to consideration:

1.5

i.

Which type of irrigation is used in the sugarcane plantations in Kilombero?

ii.

Is there a bright future plan for the industry, water usage inclusive?

Significant of the Study

From this study, basing on the information from different reports, books, journals, speeches, magazine and other data sources regarding efficient use of water to maximize sugar productivity especially in Tanzania taking Kilombero Sugar Company as the case study due, stakeholders like the government, sugar companies, sugarcane out growers, buyers, other industries and companies will recognize and appreciate the importance of having best use of water resources, utilization to the maximum, the way forward like initiatives to ensure sustainability of water availability, access and supply. This will help in analyzing relationships existing between water resources and output, and addressing the challenges facing agricultural investors, farmers and other issues thereof. The study also will examine water underutilized, national capacity to mange water resources, inadequate storage capacity and settling conflicts in water allocation, supply and usage. Also the study will analyze the existing frameworks under which sugarcane cultivation is practiced and explains the national water strategy which will touch sustainable efficient use of water resource to maximize productivity in Kilombero Morogoro, Tanzania. Lastly but not least, the study is expected to contribute to the existing literature for academicians, Researchers, Government and non government organizations and to all stakeholders who are more concern in agricultural issues. According to many reports from February, 2016 sugar demand in Tanzania doubled. And the scarcity of sugar in the country was a big challenge. For many food industries, traders and ultimate consumers want to consume the product. In general, sugar is one of the very important agricultural commercial products which need to be taken very serious because of its great importance to the nation and the people. Income generation, employment opportunities, foreign currencies, industrial

development, transportation development, tourism

development, Page 5 of 19

Page 6 of 19 agriculture itself and many other developments are just brought by sugar production and commercialization. The topic of this study will actually be efficient use of water to maximize sugar productivity in Kilombero Sugar Company. Because of scarcity of water due to competition and draught in these days of climatically change and variability, farmers need to understand how to use water effectively and efficiently without wastage but with minimum cost to maximize productivity.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1

Importance of water in sugarcane production and processing in the industry

The economic importance of water in life is very clear. “No water no life” In industries “no water no production”. Despite having so much water on the periphery of the county Tanzania is considered a dry country with 61% of the land classified as dry. Most of the country receives less than 800mm/year and devastating droughts resulting in famine frequent (UNESCO, 2010) Water is used for cooling machines in the industry, for irrigation, may be used for drinking, for cooking food, for washing clothes and so on. Water is a finite and vulnerable resource which is under pressure and growing scarce as a result of increasing multi-sectoral demands of the rapidly growing population. For example, over the past 15 years these demands have become apparent due to increase in population and concurrent growth in economic activities such as irrigated agriculture, industrial production, hydropower production, mining, livestock keeping, fisheries, environmental sanitation and for wildlife water use. Water is also vulnerable due to increasing environmental degradation, which causes unsustainable availability of the resource and hence failure to meet demands (National Water Policy, 2002). To meet the diverse types of water demands of the society, various facilities/systems comprising of reservoirs, diversion structures, canals, pump houses, overhead tanks, piped supply systems etc. have been created Central Water Commission, n.d). Policies should be formulated with the proper understanding of the factors influencing technical efficiency of intra-sectoral water allocation(Kularatne, 2011). To increase and sustain the country’s future sugar production, improved soil management of sugarcane fields, irrigation technology and the use of improved clones need to be introduced(Tarimo,A.,1998). Great investigation should be made on this, Researchers in agriculture, irrigation, and water resources work with spatial scales of greatly Page 6 of 19

Page 7 of 19 different magnitudes (Molden, 2014). The effects of climate change are a further threat(Godfray, C.,2010). Productive agriculture in the Southern Corridor is not possible without a suitable climate, sufficient water, and fertile soils. For instance, even at currently modest productivity levels, water in the upper reaches of the Great Ruaha River basin is fully exploited by rice farmers, leaving insufficient water for wildlife and hydroelectricity generation (Milder, J.,2012). The conceptualization of Agricultural Water Productivity provides a sound basis for a harmonized application of irrigation and water use efficiency and water (Blümling, 2007). Proper and efficient management ensures not only the conservation of water, but also helps in increasing the crop productivity and preservation of soil fertility(Naroua, Sinobas & Calvo,.2014) troducing transplanting machines at the scheme would increase efficiency of the farmers by timely transplanting paddy seedling per hectare.

2.2

Historical perspective of sugar production in Tanzania

Tanzania has only four companies which commercially produce sugar: Kilombero Sugar Company (KSCL) and Mtibwa Sugar Estates in Morogoro region, Tanganyika Planting Company (TPC) in Kilimanjaro region and Kagera Sugar in Kagera region. All the companies were privatized between 1998 and 2001. The government retained 25 percent stakes in two of them: KSCL, whose majority owner is the South African company Illovo Sugar (itself a subsidiary of Associated British Foods); and TPC, now majority owned by the Mauritian sugar group Alteo. Mtibwa Sugar Estates was acquired by the Tanzanian company Super Group, which also owns Kagera Sugar ( PLAAS, 2014). 2.3

Sugar production situation and the way forward

Production of sugar increased from 2,000 tons in 1963 to 299,698 tons in 2012 season (SBT, 2013). With this increase in production Tanzania is still a sugar deficit country with production of about 300,000 tons of raw sugar annually leaving a shortfall of 220,000 tones to be met by imports (Rabobank, June 2013). This shows that there still large potential for expansion of sugar production in the country. The Sugar Industry is a major contributor in the earnings of foreign exchange and savings of about US$ 28 million per annum; contributes about Tshs. 12.3 billion to government revenue, contributes Tsh. 19.8 billion to sugarcane out growers, employs 14,000 people directly in the Page 7 of 19

Page 8 of 19 estates and account for 30,000 seasonable employees in the out grower schemes and 81,360 people on secondary employment.

Also, the provision of social services such as schools,

hospitals, water supply, townships, road and recreation centers. Finally, through its various income activities the industry contributes to Poverty Reduction efforts in the country (Matango, 20O6). Currently the Industry is led by the Sugar Board of Tanzania (SBT) established by Sugar Industry Act 2001. The Board is under the Ministry of Agriculture, food and cooperatives. In the view of the situation and the way forward, the government of the United Republic of Tanzania is much emphasizing on industrial development under the slogan of “hapakazitu” where sugar industry is also one of the industries to be expanded in Tanzania (According to some reports and government statements) 2.4

Definition of Key Terminologies

For the purpose of this study, terminologies used in this study will adopt the following definitions. 2.5.1 Water By definition, water may be defined as the clear colourless liquid, odourless and tasteless when pure, that occurs as rain, snow, and ice Forms Rivers, lakes and oceans and is essential for life of both plant and animals. The science that deals with the waters of Earth –their properties, behaviour, and distribution is known as “Hydrology” 2.5.2 Sugar Is “a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants, especially sugar cane and sugar beet, consisting essentially of sucrose, and used as a sweetener in food and drink. OR. a sweet, crystalline substance, C

12

H

22

O

1 1,

obtained chiefly from the juice of the sugarcane and the

sugar beet, and present in sorghum, maple sap, etc.: used extensively as an ingredient and flavoring of certain foods and as a fermenting agent in the manufacture of certain alcoholic beverages; sucrose”(Dictionary.com). 2.5.3 Water management Efficient use of water which includes the skillful and wise-full use of water resources to ensure its sustainability and significance to other sustainable social-economic activities such as irrigation and cooling of machines which may be associated with water recycling in the industry Page 8 of 19

Page 9 of 19 is significance. Therefore, water being among the scarce resources; planning, organizing, controlling and financing water resource and infrastructures to ensure water supply and provision to people and elsewhere wanted, there is a need to consider this. 2.5.4 Productivity: Is the rate of production; the rate at which a company produces goods or services, in relation to the amount of materials and number of employees needed. The efficient use of water resources in the sugar industry can determine the amount and quantity of sugar to be produced for example.

2.5.5 Agriculture: Agriculture is defined as the farming system which involves the cultivation of crops and keeping of animals. Sugarcane is one of the major cash crops produced in most countries in the world, Tanzania inclusive. Sugarcane produces sugar through various processes done in the industry and this is obvious through stages like production (sugarcane estates), processing (Industries), packaging, storage and distribution (Transportation) to the buyer or ultimate consumer.

2.5.6 Sugar production The process of sugar production starts with land preparation for growing sugarcane, management of sugarcane plants, harvesting sugarcane and transporting sugarcane to the industry for manufacturing or processing to form sugar as a final product in that regard. Farm management, human resource management, technical and other important activities are to be done effectively and efficiently so as to maximize profit by producing the optimum amount of sugar required at that particular period of time under stated objectives.

2.6.1 Drip irrigating Drip irrigation is sometimes called trickle irrigation and involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates (2-20 litres/hour) from a system of small diameter plastic pipes fitted with outlets called emitters or drippers.

2.6.2The challenges facing sugarcane out growers “In recent years as a result of increased out growers production, their cane is hardly fully harvested in a given season: KSCL milling facilities are operating at full capacity the ongoing Page 9 of 19

Page 10 of 19 arbitrary importation of sugar in the country The out growers payments are delayed As a result farmers do not earn highly needed income to recover. Production costs, and sustains their lives Payments are delayed for those whose cane has been harvested. 9 Challenges continue Out growers are vulnerable to all other shocks The management of the company regrets to inform you that the condition for sugar sales continues to be poor because of the arbitrary importation of foreign sugar into the domestic market. For this reason the company will be unable to make payments as normal on 12 November for cane that was received during the month of October. The management of the company will closely monitor this situation and as soon as the situation stabilizes you will be informed of the new date for payment.” Poor infrastructure 10 Agrarian political struggles among out growers “Big growers took over TASGA and they took over transportation and cutting and take control of businesses. This made the medium and small cane growers unhappy and they refused to pay administrative fees to TASGA and it then collapsed.”

KSCL

Commercial Manager, 19July 2013” (Sulle E, and Smalley R., n. d) Apart from above discussed challenges, there are other challenges which need to be addressed in the context of efficient use of water to maximize productivity in sugar production which are comprised of low production (yield), sugar importation, poor drainage, low levels of fertilizer and herbicides use, lack of extension services, lack of credits, food shortage, poor services from KSC, poor sugarcane pricing, poor road networks and inadequate farm machinery. Old age of the machinery coupled with poor services, lack of lack of sugarcane haulage equipment, decline in TCH (tonne cane/hectare and poor ex-factory pricing. So far, these problems need to be addressed is why this study is important to be done to fulfills the gap. Mean while, water demand and supply projection need to be considered and reasons behind water scarcity in that regard.

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3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Location of the study The study will be conducted in Kilombero district specifically at Kilombero Sugar Company (ILLOVO) in Morogoro region Tanzania. THE MAP OF KILOMBERO DISTRICT

Source: Google-Internet

3.2. Sampling technique and sample size One hundred (100) individuals will represent sugarcane farmers in Kilombero district as a sample population to be used. The most important issue is to see the differences in yield between out grower’s farms and farms under the factory regarding water use efficiency between them. 3.3 Research design A cross-section research design will be used in this study. This design allows the data to be collected at a single point in time and is useful for description purposes as well as for

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Page 12 of 19 determination of relationship between variables (Bailey, 1998; Babbie, 1990). It is considered to be favorable when resources are limiting in terms of finance, human and time. 3.4 Data collection Both primary and secondary data will be collected for investigation in the study. Primary data will collect from farmer and owners of sugarcane plantations (Kilombero factory) and out growers selected randomly whereas, secondary data will be collected from books, journals, internet, reports and other written official documents. In this context, descriptive statistical methods shall be used to analyze data that will be collected. The collected data may be analyzed using Excel and or Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 16.0) package.

4. Model specification A linear regression equation will be used as a model in the analysis. Basically, the question explains the relationship between dependent and independent variables. In this context and view, dependent variable is considered as yield of sugar in metric tons while independent variable being water use efficiency. Nature of the equation;

Y=B0 + B1X1 + e Where, Y= Dependent variable B0= parameter (constant) B1= Parameter X1= Independent variable e= Error

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REFERENCES Agriculture, Future. “Opportunities and Challenges in Tanzania ’ S Sugar Industry : Lessons for SAGCOT and the New Alliance.” Policy Brief, PLAAS., 2014. www.futureagricultures.org. Barron, J., Noel, S., Soussan, J., & Rockström, J. (2007). Water and Poverty Linkages in Africa. Stockholm Environment Institute, 3–57. Retrieved from http://www.seiinternational.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Water-sanitation/AfDB-Waterand-Poverty-Literature-Review071106.pdf Basin, M. (1990). TANZANIA : Groundwater Resource Assessment for the City of Dodoma, 1– 3. Blümling, B., Yang, H., & Pahl-Wostl, C. (2007). Proposal for the Integration of Irrigation Efficiency. Water Use Efficiency and Water Productivity: WASAMED Project, 280, 263– 280. Retrieved from http://om.ciheam.org/article.php?IDPDF=800792. Central Water Commission. “Guidelines For Improving Water Use Efficiency in Irrigation , Domestic & Industrial Sectors,” 2014, 19. Djulfxowxuh, L., Wr, W., & Shu, D. P. (n.d.). 7Kh ( Frqrplfv Ri , Uuljdwhg 3Dgg \ Lq 8Vdqjx % Dvlq Lq 7Dq ] Dqld : Dwhu 8Wlol ] Dwlrq 3Urgxfwlylw \ , Qfrph Dqg / Lyholkrrg , Psolfdwlrqv, 3–8. Gwp-Tec. (2002). Taking an integrated approach to improving water efficiency, 26(c), 12. Godfray, H Charles J, John R Beddington, Ian R Crute, Lawrence Haddad, David Lawrence, James F Muir, Jules Pretty, Sherman Robinson, Sandy M Thomas, and Camilla Toulmin. “Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People.” Science 327, no. 5967 (2010): 812–18. doi:10.1126/science.1185383. Gwp-Tec. “Taking an Integrated Approach to Improving Water Efficiency” 26, no. c (2002): 12.

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Page 14 of 19 Jeffrey C Milder, Louise E Buck, Abigail K Hart, and Sara J Scherr. “The SAGCOT Greenprint: A Green Growth Investment Framework for SAGCOT: Draft, August 2012,” 2012, 55–58. Kingdom, H., & Ministry, J. (2016). National Water Strategy 2016 ‐ 2025, 2016–2025. Kularatne, M. G. (2011). Optimal allocation of water in village irrigation systems in Sri Lanka, (May), 292. Retrieved from http://eprints.qut.edu.au/48342/1/Kularatne_Gedara_Thesis.pdf Liheluka, E.a. “Institutional Water Resources Management and Livelihood Adaptation in Kilombero Rural Areas, Tanzania,” 2014, 204. Mahoo, Henry F, Zakaria Juma Mkoga, Sydney Stephen Kasele, Henry E Igbadur, Nuhu Hatibu, Karuturi P C Rao, and Bruce Lankford. Productivity of Water in Agriculture : Farmers ’ Perceptions and Practices, 2007. Molden, D. (1997). Accounting for Water Use and Productivity. Swim, (February 2014), 26. doi:10.1080/07900629948934 Naroua, I., Sinobas, L. R., & Calvo, R. S. (2014). Water use efficiency and water productivity in the Spanish irrigation district " Río Adaja " International Journal of Agricultural Policy and Research, 2(12), 484–491. doi:10.15739/IJAPR.021 Organización de las Naciones Unidas. (2005). Coping with water scarcity: Challenge of the twenty-first century. Un Water, 24(1), 28–29. doi:10.3362/0262-8104.2005.038 Planning, L., Box, P. O., Scientist, S., & Box, P. O. (n.d.). Zakaria J Mkoga 1, Nuhu Hatibu 2, Henry Maho0 3, Bruce Lankforct, Kumar P. C. Rao s 1. Rese~rch, 1–11. Ragab, R. “A Note on Water Use Efficiency and Water Productivity,” 2014, 1–11. http://www.water4crops.org/water-use-efficiency-water-productivity-terminology/. Salaam, D. E. (2010). Water Resources Management. Tanzania and UNESCO, 83–87. Tarimo, A. J., & Takamura, Y. T. (1998). Sugarcane Production, Processing and Marketing in Tanzania. African Study Monographs, 19(May), 1–11. Page 14 of 19

Page 15 of 19 Urt. “National Water Policy.” Chemical Senses 39, no. 6 (2002): 109. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjt099. UN Water. (2012). UN Water Country Brief. Retrieved from http://www.unwater.org/fileadmin/user_upload/unwater_new/docs/Publications/TZA_pageb ypage.pdf United Nations. “Water and Energy Efficiency,” 2014, 1–5. http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/pdf/01_2014_water_energy_efficiency.pdf. United Republic of Tanzania. (2009). Water Resources Management Act. United, T. H. E. (2007). Realising Water ’ s Potential to Support Growth in Tanzania. Water Resources, (2002), 1–4. Water, M. O. F. (2007). the United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Water and Irrigation Water Pipelines Specifications, (May), 17–18. Williams, T. O., Water, I., Johnston, R., & Iwmi, M. G. (2015). Accessing and putting water to productive use in sub-Saharan Africa.

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APPEDICES A. WORK PLAN This study is expected to be done within the interval of seven months, starting from January 2017 to July 2017. The activities are fixed in the Table 1 below

Table 1 Schedule of Activities

2017

ACTIVITIES

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

July

PROPOSAL DEVELOPMENT

DATA COLLECTION

DATA

CODING

AND ANALYSIS

REPORT WRITING

SUBMISSION

OF

SPECIAL PROJECT

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SOURCE OF FUNDS AND BUDGET Funds to facilitate this proposal as well as the special project are obtained from the Higher Education Students Loan Board (HESLB) of Tanzania. The total amount provided for this study is Tshs 180,000. Table 2; Budget

S/NO

PARTICULARS

ESTIMATED COSTS (Tshs)

1.

Stationary

40,000/=

2.

Transport

35,000/=

4.

Binding

6,000/=

5.

Printing

20,000/=

6.

Data collection and analysis

69,000/=

7.

Miscellaneous

10,000/=

Total

180000/=

C.RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS Questionnaires are designed in two parts Part1 and part 2 for outgrowers and the factory (plantation workers/owners) respectively. Page 17 of 19

Page 18 of 19 Part 1: Questionnaires for out growers (a) Personal information  Your name……………………………………………………………………  Size of your farm (in acres)……………………………………………………………….  Sex………..Male/Female  Age………………….....  Phone number…………………………………………………..  Email address…………………………………………………..

(b) Please respond to the following questions by putting tick and giving reasons where Necessary 1. Is there enough water to conduct production in your area?

Yes (

) No (

)

Why? ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. Is climate change a challenge to your farming activity?

Yes (

) No (

)

3. How Kilombero Sugar Company assists you in farming sugarcane? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Is there any good project established to make efficient use of water to increase productivity? Yes (

) No (

)

How..................................................................................................................................................?

5. Why are you doing sugarcane farming? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. How government bust outgrowers to increase their yields and living standards ..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... Page 18 of 19

Page 19 of 19 Part 2: Questionnaire for workers/manager in Kilombero sugar company. Please fill the following information (a)Personal information  Your name……………………………………………………………….  Name of industry……………………………………………………..........  Working experience and profession (years)………………………  Sex…………………….Marital status…………………………………...  Phone number………………………………………………………..  Email address……………………………………………………………. (b) Please respond to the following questions by putting tick and giving reasons Where necessary! 1. Is the industry making a profit? Yes (

) No (

) -Put a tick to show your answer

2. Are there sufficient water supply infrastructures to the plantations/sugar farms?

….…................................................................................................................................................

……………….……………………………………………………………………………………. 3 What to be done to increase water use efficiency and productivity? …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4. What are the major challenges facing the industry? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. How government of Tanzania contribute to the growth of the Kilombero Sugar industry? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Page 19 of 19