Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Vol. 3 No.1 234-236 (2016) 234
ISSN 2349 5359
Bio-Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Punicagranatum (Pomegranate) Peel Extract: A Novel Approach towards Waste Utilization T.Thilagavathi1*, R. Renuka2, R. Sathiya Priya3 1Government
College for Women (Autonomous), Kumbakonam - 612001, India Arts College for Women, Pudukkottai - 622001, India 3Centre for Research & Development, Mahendra Educational Institutions, Mahendrapuri, Namakkal District -637503, Tamilnadu, India 2Government
ABSTRACT: The physical and chemical method employed in production of silver nanoparticles is expensive and the reagents used are toxic. This paper deals with the production of silver nanoparticles using biological compounds by biosynthesis method. Silver nitrate is reduced by the peel extracts of Pomegranate, which act as a reducing agent as well as stabilizing agent due to the presence of biomolecules. The characterization of the silver nanoparticles was done using XRD and FTIR. The approach of fruit-mediated synthesis appears to be cost efficient eco-friendly and easy alternative to conventional methods of silver nanoparticles synthesis. Key Words - Biosynthesis, Pomegranate Peel, Silver Nanoparticles, XRD, FT-IR © 2016 mahendrapublications.com, All rights reserved
I. INTRODUCTION The field of nanotechnology is one of the most active areas of research in modern materials science and technology [1]. It provides the ability to create materials, devices and systems with fundamentally new functions and properties [2]. In the era of nanotechnology, research on nanomaterials is continuously growing with increasing demand. This is because metals in nanometer size exhibit special properties, usually different and superior in comparison with bulk metals [3]. Nanostructured metals are becoming more important in catalysis, sensors, electronics, biotechnology and biomedicine [4]. Recently, research in the synthesis of nanoparticles using microbes and fruit extracts has been time-consuming and cost effective [5]. Biological routes of nanoparticles synthesis using microorganisms [6], enzymes are developing a clean, non-toxic, and eco-friendly procedures for synthesis of nanoparticles is desirable [7]. Synthesis of metal nanoparticles is individually dependent on knowledge of both fruit and micro-organisms, which play a crucial gaining more importance due to its ecological compliance. Bearing this in mind, researchers have been working flexibility and, most importantly, elimination of toxic extensively on extracellular and intracellular synthesis chemicals [8]. Fruit-mediated synthesis is actively practiced for the synthesis metal nanoparticles using bacteria, fungi, yeasts and by researchers because of its positive advantages, such as many other biological resources [9]. One of the major disadvantages of using microbes for bio-reduction is the necessity of maintaining the aseptic conditions, which is not only labour-intensive but also very expensive in terms of industrial scale production. Leaf extracts have been used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, which has shown the possibility of rapid synthesis and also reduction of the steps involved in downstream processing, thereby making the process more cost-efficient [10]. The most important medical application of AgNPs is, as tropical ointments to prevent infection against burn and
open wounds. Punicagranatum is a fruit bearing decidedness shrub or small tree growing between four and eight meters tall. In the Indian subcontinent ancient Ayurveda system of medicine, the Punicagranatum (pomegranate) has extensively been used as a source of traditional remedies for thousands of years. The rind of the fruit and the bark of the pomegranate tree are used as a traditional remedy against intestinal parasites. The fruit and seed are used in modern herbal medicine [11-12]. And also helps overcome depression, protect against heart ailments, provides relief from stomach disorders, reduces risk of developing cancer provides youthful and glowing skins is reduce symptoms of anemia.
2. EXPERIMENTAL 2.1 PREPARATION OF THE POMEGRANATE PEEL EXTRACT For the synthesis silver nanoparticles fresh peels of Punicagranatum (pomegranate) fruit were collected, washed thoroughly using double distilled water and chopped into small pieces. 10 g of thin finely cut Punicagranatum (pomegranate) peels were weighed and transferred into a 500 ml beaker containing 100 ml double distilled water, mixed well and boiled for 20 min. The extract obtained was filtered through whatmann No.1 filter paper and the filtrate was collected and stored for further use.
2.2 SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES To synthesis silver nanoparticles, dissolve 0.1 M of silver nitrate in 100 ml of distilled water. To reduce silver ions the peel extract (Fig. 1 b) was added drop wise to the above mentioned solution of silver nitrate (Fig. 2 a), so that the resulting mixture became diluted. The solution colour will be changed from pale pink colour to chocolate brownish colour (Fig. 3.b)
*Corresponding Author:
[email protected] Received: 15.05.2016 Accepted: 12.06.2016 Published on: 22.07.2016 Thilagavathi et al International Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering www.mahendrapublications.com
Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Vol. 3 No.1 234-236 (2016) 235
ISSN 2349 5359
drop. The colour change is the initial identification of formation of AgNPs. It was observed that the colour changed immediately after mixing the silver nitrate solution with the extract which confirmed that aqueous silver ions can be reduced by aqueous extract of pomegranate peel to form stable AgNPs. The reason for the brown colour is due to the extraction of surface Plasmon vibrations in the silver metal nanoparticles.
3.2 XRD – X-RAY DIFFRACTION: Fig. 1: (A) Pomegranate Peel
Figure 3 clearly shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of as-synthesized Ag nanoparticles formed are crystalline in nature compared with the standard powder diffraction pattern. The broadening of the Bragg’s peaks indicates the formation of silver nanoparticles.
(B) Peel Extract
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Fig. 2: (a) Silver Nitrate in Aqueous Solution
(b) Colour Change after 5 Minutes [Pale Pink] 100
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Fig. 2: (c) Colour change after minutes [Pale brown]
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2.3 CHARACTERIZATION The phase structure of as synthesized AgNPs was performed using X-ray diffraction (Philips PW1370) with Cukα (λ = 1.54056), operating at 35 kV and a scanning rate of 0.02 %. The chemical structure of the prepared particles was performed by using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) Raman spectrometer (Nicolet Avatar impact 330 series) was used for measuring the ultraviolet absorption spectra in the region of 400-4000 cm-1 frequency range.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1 VISUAL OBSERVATION STUDY The present study deals with the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (FWHM) using pomegranate peel extract. The main advantages of using green processer are low cost, ecofriendly and a single - step procedure for bio-fabrication. The reduction of Ag into AgNPs can be visually observed during colour changes. The colour change is monitored for various time interval from fig 2(b) after the stirring of 5 minutes there was a pale pink colour, fig 2(c) after 15 minutes it was pale brown and fig 2(d) after 20 minutes it was chocolate brown while adding the peel extract drop by
Fig 3 X-ray diffraction pattern of the biosynthesized Ag nanoparticles maximum (FWHM)
The major planes were found to be matched with the JCPDS data and which confirmed the presence of cubic silver. The average crystalline sizes of the silver nanoparticles using pomegranate peel extracts can be estimated to be 35 nm from the X-ray peck broadening using Debye Scherer’s formula, D=Kλ/βcosθ Where, k is a constant (0.9), θ is the diffraction angle, λ is the wavelength of the X-ray radiation, β is the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of each phase and D Average particle size of crystallite.
3.3 FT-IR - FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY The FT-IR measurements were carried out of identify the reduction of Ag ions to silver nanoparticles is shows in Fig .4. The FTIR spectrum appear at 3418, 1632, 1443, 667 cm while some intensity peaks like 2923, 1072, and 1613, the band indicates phenolic OH. The band at 2340 is due to –C-Cstretching vibrations of alkynes. The band at 1632 cm indicates C=0 stretching vibrations of carbonyls. The band at 1443 cm is due to c-c stretching vibrations of Aromatics. The band at 667 cm indicates C-H bonding to aromatics. The band at 2923 corresponds to C-H stretching vibrations of alkanes. The peak at 1632 cm corresponds to –C=C- stretching vibrations of alkanes.
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Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Vol. 3 No.1 234-236 (2016) 236 15.5 S7 15.0 Tue Feb 16 14:48:27 2016 (GMT+05:30) 14.5
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Fig 4 FTIR spectrum of the biosynthesized Ag nanoparticles
4. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the bio-reduction of Ag+ ions by the peel extract of Punicagranatum (pomegranate) has been demonstrated. The reduction of the silver ions through peel extracts leading to the formation of silver nanoparticles of fairly well defined dimensions. This study found that, fruit peel extract is one of the good sources for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The systematic techniques such as XRD and FTIR are applied to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. The phase formation of AgNPs was confirmed by X-ray diffraction pattern. The grain size of silver nanoparticle 35 nm, measured using Debye Scherer’s formula. FTIR study showed absorption bands corresponding to the main functional groups present in the AgNPs. This green chemistry approach toward the synthesis of silver nanoparticles has many advantages such as, ease with which the process can be scaled up, economic viability etc.
ISSN 2349 5359 [6] Farooqui, MDA,, Chauhan, PS., Krishnamoorthy, P., Shaik, J., 2010. Extraction of silver Nanoparticle from the leaf extracts of clerodendruminerme. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures, 5, 43–49. [7] Konishi, Y., Ohno, K., Saitoh, N., 2007. Bioreductive deposition of platinum nanoparticles on the bacterium Shewanella algae. Journal of Biotechnology, 128(3), 648–653. [8] Willner, I., Baron, R., Willner, B., 2006. Growing metal nanoparticles by enzymes. Advanced Materials, 18(9), 1109–1120. [9] Philip, D., Unni, C., Aromal, S., Vidhu, V K., 2011. Murraya Koenigii leaf-assisted rapid green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles. Spectrochimica Acta Part A, 78(2), 899–904. [10] Veerasamy, R., Xin, T Z., Gunasagaran, S., 2011. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using mangosteen leaf extract and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 15(2), 113–120. [11] Eman Alzaharani., 2015. Eco-friendly production of silver nanoparticles from peel of Tangerine for Degradation of Dye. Journal of Nano science and Engineering, 5, 10-16. [12] Nida M, Salem., Luma S, Albanna., Akl M, Awwad., 2016. Green synthesis of sulfur nanoparticles using punica granatum peels and the effect on the growth of tomato by foliar spray applications. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monioring & Managements, 6, 83-84.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank Mr. S. Chandru, Qatar Airways for the financial support and encouragement.
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