Circulatory System

INTRODUCTION
Circulatory system is an organ system that passes nutrients, gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to help fight diseases and help establish body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis. This system may be seen strictly as a blood distribution network as composed of the cardiovascular system, which distributes lymph. While humans, as well as other vertebrates, have a closed cardiovascular system some invertebrates groups have an open cardiovascular system. The most primitive animal phyla lack circulatory systems. The lymphatic system, on the other hand, is an open system.
Two types of fluids move through the circulatory system: blood and lymph. The blood, heart, and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system. The lymph nodes, and the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system collectively make up the circulatory system.
The circulatory system is made up of the vessels and the muscles that help and control the flow of the blood around the body. This process is called circulation. The main parts of the system are the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins.
As blood begins to circulate, it leaves the heart from the left ventricle and goes into the aorta. The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The blood leaving the aorta is full of oxygen. This is important for the cells in the brain and the body to do their work. The oxygen rich blood travels throughout the body in its system of arteries into the smallest arterioles.
On its way back to the heart, the blood travels through a system of veins. As it reaches the lungs, the carbon dioxide (a waste product) is removed from the blood and replace with fresh oxygen that we have inhaled through the lungs.
By – Ruchika Maurya





By – Ruchika Maurya

Calotes – The heart of Calotes consists of a sinus venosus, right and left auricles and a ventricle divided into two regions by an incomplete muscular partition. The incompletely divided right and left ventricular chambers are called cavum pulmonale and cavum orsal respectively. Three trunks namely the right systemic, the left systemic and the pulmonary arise directly from the ventricle. Each trunk has paired semi lunar valves at its base, to prevent the back flow of the blood. The sinus venosus opens into the right auricle through the sinu-auricular aperture. The paired pulmonary veins from the lungs unite into a common pulmonary vein which opens into the left auricle. The heart is thus more advanced than that of amphibians.
The arterial system of Calotes is advanced compared to that of frog, in many respects. The division of the truncus arteriosus into three separate major arterial branches namely the right systemic, the left systemic and the pulmonary, right from their bases in the ventricle, the common carotid artery arising from the right systemic arch, the ductus caroticus connecting the carotid and the systemic on each side, the subclavian branches which supply the blood to the forelimbs, arising from the right systemic arch and the arterial branches arising from the dorsal aorta to supply the various regions of the body such as the alimentary canal, kidneys, gonads, muscles, vertebrae, hind limbs and tail are the important modifications in the arterial system of Calotes.
By – Ruchika Maurya


By – V Roshini






By-Ruchika Maurya
(2) Fish - Fish have a closed-loop circulatory system. The heart pumps the blood in a single loop throughout the body. In most fish, the heart consists of four parts, including two chambers and an entrance and exit. The first part is the sinus venosus, a thin-walled sac that collects blood from the fish's veins before allowing it to flow to the second part, the atrium, which is a large muscular chamber. The atrium serves as a one-way antechamber, sends blood to the third part, ventricle. The ventricle is another thick-walled, muscular chamber and it pumps the blood, first to the fourth part, bulbus arteriosus, a large tube, and then out of the heart. The bulbus arteriosus connects to the aorta, through which blood flows to the gills for oxygenation.
By – Ruchika Maurya

By – V Roshini
The circulatory system of fish is quite simple. Like mammals, the circulatory system of fish consists of a heart, blood and blood vessels. The heart of a fish is a simple muscular structure that is located between the posterior gill arches. It is enclosed by the pericardial membrane or pericardium. In most of the fishes, the heart consists of an atrium, a ventricle, a sac – like thin walled structure known as sinus venosus and a

tube, known as bulbus arteriosus. Inspite of containing four parts, the heart of a fish is considered two – chambered.
By – V Roshini




















By –Ruchika Maurya
Man - The main components of the human cardiovascular of the human cardiovascular system are the heart and blood vessels. It includes: the pulmonary circulation, a "loop" through the lungs

By – Ruchika Maurya

where blood is oxygenated; and the systemic circulation, a "loop" through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood. An average adult contains five to six quarts (roughly 4.7 to 5.7 litres) of blood cells, which consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Also, the digestive system to provide the nutrients the system needs to keep the heart pumping.
By – Ruchika Maurya







By – Ruchika Maurya
Frog – Frog have three – chambered heart, consisting of two atria and a single ventricle. In the three – chambered heart, oxygenated blood and pulmonary artery for de – oxygenated blood from the respiring tissues enter by separate atria, and are directed via a spiral for oxygenated blood and pulmonary artery for de – oxygenated blood. This special structure is essential to keeping the mixing of the two types of blood to a minimum, which enables frogs to have higher metabolic rates, and to be more active than otherwise.
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By – Ruchika Maurya
(5) Pigeon – Pigeon have a four – chambered heart, in common with humans, and some other reptiles. This adaption allows for an efficient nutrients and oxygen transport throughout the body, providing birds with energy to fly and maintain high levels of activity.
By – Ruchika Maurya

By – V Roshini





(1) Calotes – Calotes have four-chambered heart.
Fish- Fish have four-chambered heart.
(3) Man – Man have four-chambered heart.
(4) Frog – Frog have three-chambered heart.
(5) Pigeon – Pigeon have four-chambered heart.