City is a Dialogue

June 6, 2017 | Autor: Toti Di Dio | Categoria: Urban Planning, Urban Studies, Design Innovation, Public Policy
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SALVATORE DI DIO

CITY IS A DIALOGUE 07.11.2014

Designing smart cities in Europe means to holistically approach the complexity of the urban structures we inherited, and trying to link together sustainable urban policies with Information and Communication Technology.   Smart city policies, however, are usually top‐down models which are very hard to implement in such contexts as the south of Italy or worse, the south of Europe and North Africa: building new infrastructures or rebuilding and restoring our physical heritage is too expensive in terms of resources and in terms of time.We need big changes and we need them now.  Despite the gap, between today's conditions and a sustainable future, increasing every day, bottom‐up approaches have started to change these dynamics lately, by paying more attention to the “cities’ dialogues” than the “cities’ infrastructures”.  As many thinkers have argued about cities and citizens, from Kevin Lynch (The image of the city, Cambridge, 1960, MIT Press) to Robert Venturi (Learning from Las Vegas, Cambridge, 1977, MIT Press), cities are communities made by people, and if we aim to transform urban conditions in an effective way, it is necessary to change how they are perceived, how they are related to, and how they are treated.  Roland Barthes, particularly, said that “City is a discourse, and this discourse has its own language”. Using the “Urban Metabolism” metaphor, to improve the “body's” performance we should effectively operate on the “nervous system” i.e. the people that actually “use” the city, too often, improperly.

PREVIOUS ISSUES

THE BERLIN WALL EUROPEAN CITIES 25 YEARS LATER

RETHINKING DEMOCRACY

WELFARE

ALSO IN THIS ISSUE CARLO RATTI MATTHEW CLAUDEL GOVERNMENT’S ROLE IN GROWING A SMART CITY It is widely thought that smart cities have the capacity to respond better to their inhabitants and their environment, becoming efficient, sustainable and livable ecosystems. To this end, a broad spectrum of implementation models are emerging in different parts of the world. But how can smart city funding be used most effectively, specifically to promote innovation? And are huge sums of public money the right stimulant of smart cities after all?

DANIEL HABIT THE EUROPEAN CITY AS CAPITAL OF CULTURE This culture-oriented governmental thinking is observable not only at the discursive level, but also in the material form of the urban entity. In the context of the Capital of Culture concept, this orientation is aligned to 'Europe'. The title-winners’ event calendars prove that the term 'culture' is by no means rigidly defined, but can rather be understood as an arena for the most diverse cultural activities, whose heterogeneity symbolises diversity in unity and makes reference to Europe only at a secondary or even tertiary level.

MANUEL ORAZI EUROPE: THE FIRST CONTINENT-CITY Europe remains the only continent that has not yet witnessed the development of a megalopolis a city

such as Shanghai, Karachi, Lagos or Sao Paolo, with over ten million inhabitants and covering such a vast metropolitan area that it is hard to produce accurate demographic data. Why is this the case? In 1962, in an attempt to answer this question, the French-Hungarian architect and essayist Yona Friedman proposed a new and original explanation, which has been re-interpreted and expanded upon many times since, but remains largely applicable.

New York by google maps and Eric Fischer's New York twitter use map. Source: below a map drafted by the author, above, one by Eric Fischer The two images above represent, visually, two different ways of seeing the city. The image on the left looks like a tumour cell, while the one on the right (that is the Eric Fischer elaboration on © Twitter data) seems to be a neuronal cell. The second image represents the collective intelligence of the city; the system that actually regulates the body structure.  In this era of information new communication technologies give us the chance to join the Roland Barthes “discourse” and transform it into an effective “dialogue” between the city, the citizens and the community’s values.  “Social computing” is the research domain. The idea is that easy connections brought about by cheap devices, modular content and shared computing resources, are having a profound impact on our global economy and social structure. These kinds of projects aim to trigger a social and cultural change with the “dialogue tool” offered by social media technology, creating new services and enriching our cities' discourse.  There are many experiments all around the world that are trying to change their cities dynamics, moving the domain field from urban structures (the hardware) to the citizens and community's habits (the software). Moreover, in areas with strong socio‐economic constrains, this approach to the city could become a determining factor.  In marginal cities’ areas in the Mediterranean region, due to complex issues such as climatic conditions, historical urban tissues but mostly because of the lack of good development policies introduced in the past, the need for new ways of planning seems even more urgent.  Following this direction, in June 2012 the Italian Ministry of University and Research created the “Smart Cities and Communities and Social Innovation” competition, funded with almost 4 million euros, three “no profit smart mobility projects” that have to be implemented in the city of Palermo, one of those is TrafficO2 (http://traffico2.com).  This project, recently selected as remarkable action by the European project “Do the right mix” (http://dotherightmix.eu/), is an information mobility decision supporting system that aims to foster a modal split through “gaming” policies and gives tangible incentives for each sustainable choice made.  The idea is to match the interests of two complementary groups on the city traffic scene: communities' workers (communities that already need a mobility manager) and local business communities (places on the community worker's daily paths).  The goal is to decrease traffic and pollution, creating an equal agreement for both communities: prizes in exchange for respectful behaviour towards the environment. So, all of the local businesses that

belong to the platform (as sponsors) became the stations of a new kind of transport system that anticipates commuting only on foot, by bicycle, by local public transport or by carpooling. Each trip from station to station gives O2 points to the user, these points are the system's virtual money users can collect to get prizes from the sponsors.  The aim of the project is to generate a “win‐win” situation that creates new city development opportunities by matching the right needs. A first test of the mobile application (an alpha version with reduced features) was launched in June 2014 with 77 students, it recorded more than a 50% reduction in the emissions rate (http://traffico2.com/suvchallenge1).  Without needing to touch a single bus route or digging the historic city’s tissue for another metro lane, we thought it possible to change urban traffic dynamics just by talking to the people, giving them the right motivations at the right time to do the “right thing” regarding their urban mobility behaviour.  This bottom‐up proposal is, obviously, far from being a formal Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan but, regarding the final results, it shares the same ambitions.  In fact, it tries to raise the impact level to a larger scale than what we usually have for these bottom‐up projects.  For instance, if we compared the data gathered by the TrafficO2 mobile application with City of Milan Limited Traffic Zone “Area C” performance (http://bit.ly/1z6zFEl), we notice very similar results, but very different costs and environmental impacts on the urban space.  All of those projects like TrafficO2, aim to stimulate communities to abandon their bad habits, aiming instead towards more responsible behaviour through engagement policies (intrinsic and extrinsic motivations) via software and especially without imposing any constrictions.  Smartphones (or better information systems through personal mobile technologies) particularly, have the power to change the “lens” people use to read and interpret their city and their community, giving them, finally, new words to enrich the city’s language.  These technologies, moreover, are bringing new roles, skills, and methods to the market and to public administration.  In the U.S.A. Open Ideo (https://openideo.com/), Boston and Philadelphia New Urban Mechanics (http://www.newurbanmechanics.org/) and Code for America (http://www.codeforamerica.org/) and in Europe the UK Government Digital Service (https://gds.blog.gov.uk/), the Waag Society (https://www.waag.org/en) Push (http://wepush.org) and many others are working as start‐ups trying to innovate the different “cities’ discourses”.  It’s just beginning, yet look what promising possibilities lie ahead; the opportunity for civic technologists to collaborate intensively with architects and engineers. This link between the technology innovation domain and the city planning domain is getting tighter day by day.  In February 2014 Jennifer Pahlka, founder and Executive Director of Code for America, was awarded the prestigious Kevin Lynch Award by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  The award (presented biannually for outstanding scholarship and practice in urban design, planning and landscape design), according to Eran Ben‐Joseph, head of MIT’s Department of Urban Studies and Planning, “…recognizes Jennifer Pahlka’s impact on the growing trend toward valuing the everyday citizen’s view of his or her community. A grass‐roots perspective is a vital component to urban design and planning.”  Kevin Lynch defined the efficient city as one that “offers a high level of access without any loss of local control.” Lynch believed policy makers and planners couldn’t understand any site without first talking to the people who used the space, but lamented that doing so was often beyond economic feasibility for such projects. 

The award to Jennifer Pahlka helps to validate, the use of new technologies to bridge the communication gap between the planners and residents even in these austere times.  Code for America's former project manager Joel Mahony gave his point of view on this question in November 2012. “Bringing technologies to public service, it’s a big mission” he said “but governments have to understand that these are feasible and sustainable policies (also economically) and they don’t need IBM or Microsoft engineers to do it. It’s not only about delivering software, but it’s definitely bringing the Silicon Valley culture, methods and approach into the civic home”.  The method of measuring the success of these projects, in fact, beyond the civic “discourse” finality, should have the same focus as the other mobile technology start‐ups: numbers of users, numbers of users interaction and, for the business sustainability, the quality of gathered data.  Paraphrasing the Harvard Business Review journalist, Mitchell Weiss: “civic entrepreneurship is entrepreneurship”. This characteristic makes this kind of approach even more complex but, with no doubt, it also makes the “dialogue” much more interesting and credible.  Of course this kind of change is happening everywhere across the world and many European cities are rapidly evolving their own “languages” on the one hand by hosting in some of their policies these new challenging perspectives, on the other hand by giving room to start‐ups, social innovators and civic software engineers inside their own infrastructure.  TAG: CITY, EUROPE, SMART CITY, EUROPEAN CITIES

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