Zootaxa 3878 (6): 580–592 www.mapress.com /zootaxa / Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press
Article
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3878.6.5 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:07882734-4B2D-4703-9F90-19CE4300B4FF
Clathria (Thalysias) (Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae: Porifera) from Brazil: New species and redescription of Clathria (Thalysias) basiarenacea (Boury-Esnault, 1973) HELCY GALINDO1, JOHN N.A. HOOPER2,3 & ULISSES PINHEIRO1,4 1 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Zoologia, Av. Nelson Chaves, s/n Cidade Universitária CEP 50373-970, Recife, PE, Brazil 2 Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4101 3 Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt Research Park, Nathan, Queensland, Australia, 4111 4 Corresponding author. E-mail:
[email protected]
Abstract The subgenus Clathria (Thalysias) Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 has 97 valid species, of which 27 are recorded in the Atlantic Ocean.However, only three species are known from Brazil so far. Here we provide the redescription of Clathria (Thalysias) basiarenacea (Boury- Esnault, 1973), based on the discovery of new characters (additional category of auxiliary styles, and details of spicules), and describe a new species of Clathria (Thalysias) repens sp. nov., that differs from sister species in having a live orange color, a massively encrusting repent growth form with lamellate folds and anastomosed projections, and three categories of structural styles, of which the two auxiliary styles have microspined heads. We also invalidate the record of Clathria (Thalysias) procera (Ridley, 1884) for Brazil. Key words: Brazil, marine sponges, Porifera, Poecilosclerida, new species
Introduction Clathria (Thalysias) (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) is the third most diverse subgenus of the genus Clathria, with 97 described species, of which 27 occur in the Atlantic Ocean. The subgenus is characterized by two categories of auxiliary spicules forming a specialized ectosomal and subectosomal skeleton. The smaller style or subtylostyle usually form discrete bundles or a continuous palisade perpendicular to the surface, and the larger style or subtylostyle usually forms brushes supporting the smaller ectosomal spicules. Most species of Thalysias also have echinating accessory megascleres protruding from the fibres, although sometimes the latter may be rare or lost altogether (Hooper 2002). This subgenus is poorly represented in Brazil, where only three species have been recorded so far: Clathria (Thalysias) basiarenacea (Boury-Esnault 1973), Clathria (Thalysias) minuta (Van Soest, 1984), and Clathria (Thalysias) procera (Ridley, 1884). Clathria (T.) basiarenacea was described from a fragment dredged during the "Calypso" campaign in Santo Antônio Bay, Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, without designation of holotype (Fig.2). Hooper (1996), in a revision of the Family Microcionidae, indicated the above fragment was the holotype for the species, but since it was not originally designated as such by Boury-Esnault (1973) it is hereby designated lectotype of this species. In this paper, we provide the description of a new species of Clathria (Thalysias) from the Atlantic Ocean, and the redescription of Clathria (Thalysias) basiarenacea (BouryEsnault, 1973).
Material and methods We collected two specimens of Clathria (Thalysias) repens sp. nov. from Pernambuco State, Brazil. The specimens
580 Accepted by J. Hooper: 13 Oct. 2014; published: 30 Oct. 2014
were collected from rocky substrates at 0.5 m deep. Collections were made between May and June 2012. The specimens were preserved in ethanol and stored in the Coleção de Porifera of Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. The redescription of Clathria (Thalysias) basiarenacea (lectotype- MNHN.LBIM.D.NBE 972) and description of the new species were based on features observed from the morphology, optical microscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), according to the methods described by Hajdu et al. (2011). Measurements of spicules (n=30) were made for megascleres and microscleres of all specimens and presented as (lowest-medianlargest for spicule lengths/ widths). The spicules nomenclature was based in Hooper (1996), in his revision of the family Microcionidae.
FIGURE 1. Map of the geographic distribution: 1) Clathria (Thalysias) basiarenacea (Boury-Esnault, 1973) from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Pernambuco State (About 03°49’60’’S–32°24’00’’W); 2) Clathria (Thalysias) repens sp. nov. from Goiana, Pernambuco State (07°37’00’’S–34°48’51’’W).
Results Class Demospongiae Sollas, 1885 Order Poecilosclerida Topsent, 1928
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Suborder Microcionina Hajdu, Van Soest & Hooper, 1994 Family Microcionidae Carter, 1875 Subfamily Microcioninae Carter, 1875 Genus Clathria Schmidt, 1862 Subgenus Clathria (Thalysias) Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 Clathria (Thalysias) basiarenacea (Boury- Esnault, 1973) (Fig. 1–4) (Tab. 1) Rhaphidophlus basiarenacea Boury-Esnault 1973, p.287; Hechtel, 1976, p.252. Clathria (Thalysias) basiarenacea, Hooper, 1996, p.408; Santos et al., 2002, p.392; Moraes et al., 2006, p.166; Muricy et al., 2011, p.147.
FIGURE 2. MNHN.LBIM.D.NBE 972, Holotype of Clathria (Thalysias) basiarenacea (Boury-Esnault, 1973). Image of Muricy et al. (2011). (Scale bar: 2 cm).
Type locality. Brazil, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Pernambuco States. Type specimens. Lectotype. MNHN.LBIM.D.NBE 972, Santo Antônio Bay, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Pernambuco State, Brazil, depth 6-10m, Calypso est. 14, (Hooper, 1996). (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris) (Fig.1). Redescription. Massively encrusting sponge. It has a maximum thickness of 1.5 cm and 5 cm of diameter. Color light-brown after fixed in ethanol 80% (Fig. 2). Surface rugose with a thin detachable ectosome. Presence of incorporated detritus. The oscules scattered over the surface. Body is soft and compressible. Ectosomal skeleton detachable forming discrete bundles of auxiliary ectosomal styles (Fig. 3c). Choanosomal skeleton plumoreticulate multi-spicular forming erect brushes in a continuous palisade tangential to surface (Fig. 3a–b). Presence of accessory styles included in spongin fibres and echinating acanthostyles in straight or inclined angles present in the principal bundle (Fig. 3d). Megascleres. Principal choanosomal styles are thick, slightly curved, smooth shaft and with smooth heads, also usually asymmetrically pointed (161–258.7–344/ 3–5.8–9 µm) (Fig. 4a–c). Two categories of auxiliary styles: Auxiliary subectosomal styles I are thin slightly curved, smooth with deformed heads and rounded points (206–318.5–375/ 3 µm) (Fig. 4d–f). Auxiliary ectosomal styles II are thin, smooth with smooth heads and rounded points (100–164.2–202/ 3 µm) (Fig. 4g–i). Echinating acanthostyles are straight (22–51.9–67/ 3
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µm), with few spines (about 28 per spicule) (Fig. 4j). Microscleres. Three categories of smooth toxas: two with shallow curvature, in a large size range; Toxas I are rare (9–16.1–25/0.5 µm) (Fig. 4k) and toxas II (32–46.9–68/0.5 µm) (Fig. 4l) and one accolada type,long thin with slightly and shallow median curve; Toxas III (129–203.6–306/1 µm) (Fig. 4m). Palmate isochelae, typical shaped (12–12.5–13 µm) (Fig. 4n) (Tab.1). Distribution. So far only known from to Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (Pernambuco State, Brazil). Remarks. We present here the first images of the spicules of the lectotype using SEM (Fig. 4), which revealed features not reported in the original description. The species is so far known only from a single specimen (the lectotype), which Boury-Esnault (1973) did not report there was two categories of auxiliary styles and described as being characterized by a style II with a microspined head. We, on the other hand, observed a deformed and bluntly pointed head. Furthermore, we did not observe asymmetry at the tip of principal style. The acanthostyle presents few spines (about 28) with a microspined head. Although Boury-Esnault (1973) mentions three categories of toxas in the original description, she provided measurements for only two of them. Here we provided measurements of all categories. However, we did not observe the deformed isochelae reported by Boury-Esnault (1973).
FIGURE 3. Clathria (Thalysias) basiarenacea (Boury-Esnault, 1973). Skeleton: a) Ectosomal skeleton, formed by bouquets; b) Detail of choanosomal skeleton; c) Choanosomal skeleton plumoreticulate with bouquets of auxiliary styles in terminations of principal bundles; d) Detail of echinating acanthostyles. (Scale bar: a—900 µm; b—700 µm; c—500 µm and d—200 µm).
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Not availablec
Not availablea
Caribbean and Netherlands Antilles South Africa
South Africa
C. (T.) collosclera Van Soest, 2009 C. (T.) cullingworthi Burton, 1931 C. (T.) delaubenfelsi (Lévi, 1963)
C. (T.) flabellata (Burton, 1936) C. (T.) hechteli Hooper, 1996
230-450/1.5-6a
650/35a
400/14b -
157–256.5–409/ 161–187.2–228/ 5,7–9.5–13.8a 1.0–2.4–4.3b
180-405/9-15a
Caribbean, Colombia 106-410/ and Jamaica 2-10b
Caribbean Sea, Cuba, and Gulf of Mexico South Africa
300-350/ 15-20d
-
200-260/18-25a
Caribbean and Colombia
C. (T.) chelosigmoidea Zea, Rodriguez & Martinez, 2014
C. (T.) fascicularis Topsent, 1889
96-113.3-156/ 0.5-1-1.5b -
237- 320.7-423 219-244.5-303/ /3-4.8-7a 2-2.5-3b c 120/2b 130/6
Brazil
C. (T.) basiarenacea (Boury-Esnault, 1973) – Original description
200/4b -
-
104–134.0–143/ 1.0–1.4–2.4b
Not available
100-164.2-202/ 3a
Brazil
C. (T.) basiarenacea (Boury- Esnault, 1973) - Redescription 161-258.7-344/ 206-318.5-375/ 3-5.8-9a 3a
Brazil
Ectosomal auxiliary spicules 100-133.6230/ 1-2.4-5a
C. (T.) repens sp.nov.
Subectosomal auxiliary spicules 110-245.2-375/ 2-4.2-9a
Localization
Species
Choanosomal principal spicules 200-313.4-483/ 3-4.9-8a
50-100/ 5-8
70/1
Not available
129-150/ 12-15
42-52.1-66/ 3.5-4.4-5 60/4
76–83.3–103/ 3.7–4.5–5.2
56-70/3-6
32-52-67/3
29-61.6-113/ 2-3.9-6
Echinating Acanthostyle
I 48-413/1-2 II 5-13/1-2
70-200
Not available
10-18
11
8-9
6
-
11-12.8-15
13.2–15.0
12-15
12-12.5-13
I 10-13.9 -20 II 2.5-4.6-7.
Chelae
-
-
Acanthostron gyle: 150-225/1520 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
Other spicules
......continued on the next page
145-195.8-268
-
92-106.8-126
-
I 22-65.6-90/ 0.5 II 103-142.2 241/1 I 9-15-251 II 32-53-74/ 1.5 III 129-160319/0.52 I 160-390/0.5 II 47-153/1.5 III Not available
Toxa
TABLE 1. Records and measurements of the spicules of subgenus Clathria (Thalysias) Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 for Atlantic Ocean. Values measured in µm, expressed as lower-largest or lowest–median–largest, for spicules length / width.
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South Africa
Caribbean and Netherlands Antilles
Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, France, Gulf of Guinea Islands, Levantine Sea, Mediterrenean Sea, North Atlantic and Cape Verde. Malvinas and South Africa Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay Caribbean, Bermuda and, Netherlands Antilles
C. (T.) hooperi Samaai & Gibbons, 2005
C. (T.) isodictyoides (Van Soest, 1984)
C.(T.) jolicoeuri (Topsent, 1892)
Cape Verde, St. Helena, and Ascension Islands
South Africa
Caribbean, and Colombia
C. (T.) minutoides Van Soest, Beglinger & De Voogd, 2013
C. (T.) nervosa (Lévi, 1963)
C. (T.) opalina Zea, Rodriguez & Martinez, 2014
C. (T.) lissoclada (Burton, 1934) C. (T.) membranacea (Thiele, 1905) C. (T.) minuta (Van Soest, 1984)
Localization
Species
TABLE 1. (Continued)
Subectosomal auxiliary spicules 118-124-142/ 4a
-
219–356.3–584 286–368.1–418/ /5.7–10.9–14.3a 2.4–5.7–8.6b
300-475/ 6-16a
201-321.6-483/ 4-6.9-9a
-
400-500/8-10a 125-250/4-5a
150/9a
420/3a 266-348-40/ 7.5-7.9-8.5a
240/4b
240/12a
314-488.9-608/ 160-214.7-274/ 7-8.4-10a 1-1.9-3b 84-92.6-99/ 5-7.6-8d 315-330/ 45/0,0030,0035c 13-15a
Choanosomal principal spicules 491-599-745/ 30-36-44a
152–200.0–261/ 2.4–3.3–4.8b
147-191.5-258/ 1.5-2.1-2.5b 294-322.6-361/ 3-3.6-4b 171-259.4-370/ 1.5-2.7-4b 123-137.7-153/ 1-1.4-2.5b 250-300/ 10a
390/9a
180/3b
335-360/4b
276-401.6500/3-3.8-4.5b
Ectosomal auxiliary spicules 436-458-491 /11a 191-230-291/ 7a
90–112.1–128/ 3.8–5.2–7.6
-
42-88.8-135/ 3-5.4-8
97-123.1-152/ 5-6.4-7
-
40-120/7
-
84-92.6-99/ 5-7.6-8
73-96-118/ 11-16-16
Echinating Acanthostyle
-
-
54-79.3-96
47-75.5-115
70
-
30 -330
I 327-382445/0.5 II 82-111136/0.5 III 45/0.5 145-195.8268
Toxa
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Other spicules
......continued on the next page
I 14 II 11 III 7 12.7–20.7
13-15.8-19
15-15.8-17
17
12
12
15-16.9-19
I 18-19-20 II 11-14-16
Chelae
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Caribbean and Netherlands Antilles
Caribbean, Greater Antilles, and Cuba
Caribbean and Colombia
Cape Verde Islands
Caribbean, 230-350/3-5c 60-155/1-3c Cuba, and Greater Antilles Caribbean, 250-300/4a Greater Antilles, Gulf of Mexico, United States, and Virgin Islands
C. (T.) rarechaela (Van Soest, 1984)
C. (T.) schoenus (de Laubenfels, 1936)
Clathria (T.) sulfocleistochela Zea, Rodriguez & Martinez, 2014
C. (T.) vacata Van Soest, Beglinger & De Voogd, 2013
C.(T.) venosa (Alcolado, 1984)
198-257.3-315 3-3.4-4a
-
-
-
-
200-250/8a 60/6a
91-103.2-129/ 3-3.7-5
59–109.1– 146/ 4.6–5.2–6.7
43/3
42-52.9-65/ 4-4-5
75-90/10
43-49.6-57/ 4-4.2-5
Echinating Acanthostyle
-
162-200.4240/ 1-1.3-1.5b 96-125.2-168/ 0.5-1b
123–153.9– 185/ 1.4–2.4–3.8b
Not availablec
45-375/0.5-5c Not availablec
199–258.4–33 199–220.9– 4.7–8.1–9.5a 261/ 2.9–3.8–4.8b
98-156.2-212/ 1-1.8-2.5b
268-354.6-408 271-316.3415/ 5.5-6.4-8a 2-3.8-5b
350-500/9a 100-150/4a
Ectosomal auxiliary spicules 125-204.7262/ 1-1.9-3.5b
I 300 II 50-60
10-310/ 0.5-1
-
I Not available II Not available -
I 750-1300/ 4-7 II 170-250/ 0.5-1 III 35-40/0.5 48-115-152
I 530-711995/1.5-2.8-4 II 125-305.6390
Toxa
12-14
5-12
-
I 11-13.5-16 II 7-13.2-16
I Not available II Not available
7.5-11.2-14
-
-
Chelae
-
-
-
-
-
-
Oxea: 2400-3000/1011
-
Other spicules
Legend: (a) Styles; (b) Subtylostyle; (c) Tylostyle; (d) Acanthostyles. (1) Toxas in Boury-Esnault, 1973; (*) Present spicule, but the author does not provide dimensions .
C.(T.) virgultuosa (Lamarck, 1814)
Agulhas Bank
C.(T.) oxitoxa Lévi, 1963
Subectosomal auxiliary spicules 312-404.5488/ 3-4.1-5b
450-800/35-40 -
Caribbean Gulf of Mexico, and Netherlands Antilles
C. (T.) oxeota (Van Soest, 1984)
Choanosomal principal spicules 228-328.7-456 5.5-8.1-9.5a
Localization
Species
TABLE 1. (Continued)
FIGURE 4. Clathria (Thalysias) basiarenacea (Boury-Esnault, 1973). Spicules: a) Principal style; b) Smooth head of principal style; c) asymmetrically pointed principal style; d) Auxiliary Style I; e) Deformed head of auxiliary style I; f) Rounded point of auxiliary style I; g) Auxiliary style II; h) Smooth head of auxiliary style II; i) Rounded point of auxialiary style II; j) Acanthostyle; k) Toxa I; l) Toxa II; m) Accolada toxa III; n) Palmate isochela. (Scale bar: a,b,c,e,f, j, k, m and n -10 µm; d and l—20 µm; f—5 µm; g—50 µm; h and i—4 µm).
Clathria (Thalysias) repens sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 5–7) (Tab. 1) Holotype. UFPEPOR 1379, Ponta de Pedras, Goiana, Pernambuco State, Brazil, 07o37’00’’S, 34o48’51’’W, depth 0.7m, coll. Pinheiro, U. 07/VI/2012. (Fig. 1). Type locality. Brazil, Northeast Region, Pernambuco State. Paratype. Ponta de Pedras, Goiana, Pernambuco State, Brazil, 07o37’00’’S, 34o48’51’’W, depth 0.4m, free diving, 07/V/2012, coll. Pinheiro, U., UFPEPOR 1331. Diagnosis. Orange sponge, massively encrusting, repent with lamellate folds and anastomosed projections. Three categories of structural styles, of which the two auxiliary styles with microspined heads. Description of holotype. UFPEPOR 1379 – Sponge massively encrusting and repent with lamellate folds and anastomosed projections (Fig. 5a–c). Projections have 0.5–3 cm high, 0.2–1.3 cm wide. Size 10 x 40 cm, less than 8 cm high. Color orange in vivo and light-brown in 80% ethanol (Fig. 5a–c). Surface slightly rugose with a thin detachable ectossome. Detritus present on surface. Oscules distributed on the apex of surface projections, with 0.2–0.5 mm diameter. Body soft and compressible. Megascleres. Principal styles I thick, slightly curved, smooth, sharply pointed (232–346.93–450/ 5–5.95–7.5 µm). Two categories of auxiliary styles: Auxiliary styles I straight, smooth with smooth and microspined heads (129–246,65–375/2.5–4.25–5 µm). Auxiliary styles II straight, smooth CLATHRIA (THALYSIAS) FROM BRAZIL
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with microspined head (100–125.5–165/ 2.5–2.53–3 µm). Echinating acanthostyles straight, irregular spines distributed throughout the shaft and head with high concentration of spines (29–60.8–74/3–4.3–6 µm). Microscleres. Two categories of smooth toxas with shallow curvature, in a large size range: Toxas I (39–74.6–90/ 0.5 µm); Toxas II (103–137.8–241/1 µm). Two categories of palmate isochelae: one bigger with typical shapes, isochelae I (10–13.91–20µm) and other with deformed shapes, isochelae II (2.5–4.6–7.5µm).
FIGURE 5. UFPEPOR1379, holotype of Clathria (Thalysias) repens sp. nov.: a) in situ; b)newly collected; c) in ethanol. (Scale bar: 6 cm).
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FIGURE 6. Clathria (Thalysias) repens sp. nov.: Skeleton: a) Ectosomal skeleton, formed by bouquets; b) Choanosomal skeleton plumoreticulate; c) Bouquets of auxiliary styles in terminations of principal bundles; d) Echinating acanthostyles (Scale bar: a—380 µm; b—500 µm; c—300 µm; d—80 µm).
Description. Sponge massively encrusting and repent with lamellate folds and anastomosed projections (Fig. 5a–c). Projections have 0.2–3 cm high, 0.2–2 cm wide. Size 10–18 x 25–40 cm, less than 8 cm high. Color orange in vivo and light-brown in 80% ethanol (Fig. 5a–c). Surface slightly roughened with a thin detachable ectosome. Oscules distributed on the apex of the surface projections, with about 0.1– 0.7 mm diameter. Body soft and compressible. Ectosomal skeleton detachable formed by bouquets of ectosomal auxiliary styles (Fig. 6b). Choanosomal skeleton plumoreticulate with dense and multi-spicular bundles (about 96 µm thick) (Fig. 6a) terminating as bouquets of subectosomal auxiliary styles at the surface (Fig. 6d). Subectosomal auxiliary styles are included in spongin fibres and echinating accessory acanthostyles are straight or at inclined angles to the principal bundle (Fig. 6c). Megascleres. Principal styles I thick, slightly curved, smooth, sharply pointed (200–333.8–483/ 3–4.9–8 µm) (Fig. 7a–c). Two categories of auxiliary styles: Auxiliary styles I straight, smooth with microspined heads, and rounded pointed spinesdistributed throughout the shaft and head with high concentration of spines (29–61.6–113/2–3.9–6 µm) (Fig. 7j). Microscleres. Two categories of smooth toxas with shallow curvature and large range size: Toxas I (22–65.6–90/0.5 µm) (Fig. 7k); Toxas II (103–142.2–241/1 µm) (Fig. 7l). Two categories of palmate isochelae: one bigger with typical shapes, isochelae I (10–13.9–20 µm) (Fig. 7n) and other with deformed shapes, isochelae II (2.5–5–7.5µm) (Fig. 7o) (Tab.1). Etymology. Repens (L.) means ‘creep’ or ‘crawl’, referring to the repent growth form of this species. Ecology. On rocks, less than 1 m deep, near to the sediment and under poor light. Presence of algae, polychaetes and brittle stars.
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FIGURE 7. Clathria (Thalysias) repens sp. nov.: Spicules: a) Principal style; b) Smooth head of principal style; c) Sharp point of principal style; d) Auxiliary style I; e) Microspined head of auxiliary style I; f) Rounded point of auxiliary style I; g) Auxiliary style II; h) Microspined head of auxiliary style II; i) Sharp point of auxiliary style II; j) Acanthostyle; k) Toxa I; l) Toxa II; m) Palmate isochela; n–o) Palmate isochelae deformed. (Scale bar: a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,I,j,k,l—10 µm; m,n,o—5 µm).
Remarks. Clathria (Thalysias) repens sp. nov. is allocated in the subgenus by having two categories of auxiliary styles forming a specialized ectosomal skeleton, the smaller usually forming discrete bundles, and having echinating megascleres.Comparing Clathria (Thalysias) repens sp. nov. had a unique combination of spicules compared to other species in the Atlantic (Tab.1). This new species differs by having two categories of auxiliary (subectosomal and ectosomal) spicules from C. (T.) amabilis (Thiele, 1905), C. (T.) cullingworthi Burton, 1931, C. (T.) delaubenfelsi (Lévi, 1963), C. (T.) fascicularis Topsent, 1889, C. (T.) hechteli Hooper, 1996, C. (T.) minuta, C. (T.) minutoides Van Soest, Beglinger & De Voogd, 2013, C. (T.) oxitoxa Lévi, 1963, C. (T.) vacata Van Soest, Beglinger & De Voogd, 2013, C. (T.) venosa (Alcolado, 1984) and C.(T.) virgultuosa (Lamarck, 1814). By the possession of acanthostyles this species also
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differs from C. (T.) jolicoeuri (Topsent, 1892), C. (T.) membranacea (Thiele, 1905), C. (T.) nervosa (Lévi, 1963), C. (T.) venosa, and C. (T.) virgultosa. By the presence of toxas it differs from C. (T.) amabilis, C. (T.) chelosigmoidea Zea, Rodriguez & Martinez, 2014, C. (T.) cullingworthi, C. (T.) lissoclada (Burton, 1934), C. (T.) nervosa, C.(T.) opalina Zea, Rodriguez & Martinez, 2014, C. (T.) sulfocleistochela Zea, Rodriguez & Martinez, 2014, and C. (T.) vacata. By the presence of chelae it differs from C. (T.) amabilis, C. (T.) fascicularis, C. (T.) oxeota (Van Soest, 1984), C. (T.) oxitoxa and C. (T.) vacata. And differs from C. (T.) collosclera Van Soest, 2009 which has unique collosclera-type chelae. Finally, by the absence of oxeas it differs from C. (T.) oxitoxa, and of acanthotrongyles from C. (T.) fascicularis. The most similar species of Clathria (Thalysias) repens sp. nov. is C. (T.) basiarenacea. However, it differs from the latter by having three categories of toxas, one accolada type, while C. (T.) repens sp. nov. has only two categories and lacks the accolada toxa. Furthermore, the acanthostyles of C. (T.) repens sp. nov., present a high concentration of spines, and the styles II are smaller with microspined head, against the styles II that are bigger with smooth and deformed heads from C. (T.) basiarenacea.
Discussion Ridley & Dendy (1887) studied sponges collected from the Challenger Expedition and recorded Rhaphidophlus gracilis from Brazil, although this species was originally described from Australia. At the time, they observed that the Brazilian specimens differed in color from the original description, but they did not provide any other information. Hooper (1996), in his revision of the Family Microcionidae, synonymized Rhaphidophlus gracilis with Clathria (T.) procera, but did not include the distribution of the Brazilian species, and the author did not reexamine the Brazilian specimens (Hooper pers. comm.).However, Muricy et al. (2011) validated the record of C. (T.) procera from Brazil based on the synonymy proposed by Hooper (1996). Considering the different habitats of C. (T.) procera from Australia and the collections from Challenger Expedition from the Brazilian coast,it is likely that the latter is a new species. Recently, Van Soest et al. 2013 described West African C. (T.) minutoides and noted that it was very similar with C. (T.) minuta from the West Indies. Differences consisted of small variations in the sizeof spicules. The main and decisive argument for their separation into different species was the geographic distance betweenboth species. Therefore is necessary to review Ridley & Dendy’s (1884) material to determine if it is a different species. On this basis we consider the record of C. (T.) procera from Brazil, as invalid and potentially representing a new species of Clathria (Thalysias).
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful FACEPE (Fundação de Amparo a Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco) and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - Edital PROTAX 2010 - 562320/2010-5) for funding this research. The authors are also thank Janaina Melo, Diego Maia, Gaby Vasconcelos and Josineide Correia for SEM facilities at CETENE (Centro de Tecnologias Estratégicas do Nordeste). We thank two anonymous reviewers for improving this manuscript, and also Guilherme Muricy (MNRJ-UFRJ) for donating the images of the lectotype of C. (T.) basiarenacea used in this paper. And finally we thank to Dr. Ralf Riedel technical support in the language.
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