COMMODITIES WITH TRADE POTENTIAL

COMMODITIES WITH TRADE POTENTIAL IN
INDIA – ASEAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT

ABSTRACT
India's trade relations with ASEAN have been strengthened since
1991, as a part of her 'Look East Policy'. Her complementary economic
structure with ASEAN involves significant mutual gains. Though ASEAN's
population is less than half of India, but their global trade is more
than five time of India. The trade dependence between India and ASEAN
countries has been increased over the period. But as many developed
countries following protectionist trade practices, the developing world
needs to find out ways to steer their exports in the world market.
Therefore in order to understand the possible trade gain in Indo-ASEAN
trade relations, it is very important to understand the commodities level
trade possibilities, as we have seen that India and ASEAN countries
shared lot of commonality in their imports. Merely studying RCA and RID
in isolation may not help in developing right strategies, as RCA analysis
will tell us about the comparative advantage that a country enjoys in the
export of certain commodities in general, it does not necessarily tell us
about the specific import requirements of the countries being focused for
exports. So, although India may have a comparative advantage in the
export of certain commodities, it may not necessary that ASEAN nations
have a requirement for the same commodities. A comparison of the RCA of
commodities in India with the RID of commodities in ASEAN countries will
give a more reliable picture of the export potential of the Indian goods
in ASEAN countries and vice versa. If for a certain commodity India has a
RCA index greater than one, and the same commodity ASEAN countries have a
RID greater than one, then such a commodity is considered to have a
strong export potential in the particular country.

Keyword: India-ASEAN Trade, Potential, RCA, RID








COMMODITIES WITH TRADE POTENTIAL IN INDIA – ASEAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT
Dr. Davinder Kumar Madaan
Professor & Head,
Department of Social Sciences, Punjabi University Patiala, Punjab

Dr. Vishal Sarin
Assistant Professor & Head,
Department of Economics, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab



INTRODUCTION

India's trade relations with ASEAN have been strengthened since 1991,
as a part of her 'Look East Policy'. Her complementary economic structure
with ASEAN involves significant mutual gains. Though ASEAN's population
is less than half of India, but their global trade is more than five time
of India. The trade dependence between India and ASEAN countries has been
increased over the period. After India became a sectoral dialogue partner
with the ASEAN in 1993, the trade between India and ASEAN has increased
more than threefold and hold immense potential for the future. The
important milestone between India and ASEAN was achieved with the hosting
of the First ASEAN-India Summit in Phnom Penh (Cambodia) on 5th November
2002. Five India-ASEAN Summits have taken place. The last was held in
2007 at Singapore. The Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic
Cooperation and the establishment of Free Trade Area (FTA) between India
and ASEAN was signed in the 2nd India-ASEAN Summit in Bali (Indonesia)
during 6- 8 October 2003. As a result on 13th August 2009 FTA in goods
was signed. Today, India-ASEAN cooperation has extended to diverse field.
Thus, the study of India-ASEAN trade relations is very significant.

India's emerging relationship with the ASEAN is based on real time
complementarities in the field as diverse as trade, investment,
infrastructure, human resource development, science and technology,
tourism and culture. A careful analysis of the trade patterns between
these economies would not only suggest trade specialization, but also the
directions for possible cooperation in the newer trade regime.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Madaan (2004) find that India's trade relations with ASEAN have been
strengthened since 1991, as a part of her 'Look East Policy'. Her
complementary economic structure with ASEAN involves significant mutual
gains. The trade dependence between India and ASEAN countries has
increased over the period. India's trade dependence on ASEAN was much
more during 1995-2003. Her trade dependence was mainly on Singapore,
Malaysia, and Indonesia respectively. On the other hand, Myanmar,
Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore were respectively more dependent on
India's trade during this period. India's trade intensity with ASEAN has
been increased during 1995-2003. India's import intensities with ASEAN
were more than her export intensities. Among the ten ASEAN countries,
trade intensities of Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia were at
desirable level with India during this period
Limaye (2008) reflects upon India's ties with Southeast Asian
countries and with ASEAN through 2007. The main subject of discussion
between India and ASEAN was the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement. The
yearlong talks stumbled on the issue of tariff on palm oil and refined
palm oil in the case of Malaysia and Indonesia, and duty cuts on pepper
and black tea in the case of Vietnam. However, the key issues such as
conclusion of an FTA, the year ended without success, though India
participated in the bilateral summits both as an ASEAN Dialogue Partner
and as a member of the East Asia Summit, which was convened following
both ASEAN summits. Despite indications of growth in India-ASEAN trade,
what is worrying for India is that it is falling steadily behind China.
The study also mentions a report by the Federation of Indian Chambers of
Commerce and Industry (FICCI) on India-ASEAN trade. The statistics
suggests, in the decade between 1997 and 2006, India's share in ASEAN
trade has moved marginally up from 1 percent to 1.6 percent, whereas
during the same period China's has gone up from 3.7 per cent to 11.4 per
cent. Another concern for India is that imports from ASEAN are much
higher than exports to ASEAN following an overall pattern in India's
international trade.
Pal and Dasgupta (2008) draw conclusion out of their detailed study of
India's tariff profile that in short term AIFTA exhibits no gains to
India. Rather India stands at receiving end in case of agricultural
products. Study perceived that agreement may make strategic sense in long
run, especially if India wishes to become a hub for service export, as
agreement on goods may not yield desired result, as most of the ASEAN
countries offering low average MFN applied rate than India, which may not
be good proposition for Indian export.
Pal and Dasgupta (2009) studied the impact of India-ASEAN trade in
goods agreement on India's plantation sector, marine products and light
manufacturing sector. They suggested that plantation sectors such as tea,
spices, coffee and rubber would be negatively affected. The marine
products, textiles, garments, and auto components industries are also
likely to face stiff competition in short term. In long term, there are
inter-sectoral tradeoffs as far as impact is concerned. Thus, the total
welfare gain will crucially depend on the redistributive measures adopted
the Government of India.
Pradnya (2009) highlights the salient features of economic relations
between India and the five major countries of the ASEAN since 1970. The
work examines trade and investment relations, and 'other' economic
relations such as shipping, tourism and banking. The study speculates on
some prospective areas of expanding economic cooperation between India
and the ASEAN countries. An assessment of the economic relations between
India and the ASEAN countries leads to the conclusion that there is
tremendous scope for expanding economic cooperation among these countries
in the coming years, especially in the area of investment cooperation
involving export of Indian technology, consultancy and management and
banking services.
Ghuman and Madaan (2009) found that India's trade relations with ASEAN
have strengthened since 1991, as a part of her 'Look East Policy'. Her
complementary economic structure with ASEAN involves mutual gains. The
increase in India's trade performance with ASEAN was more than with the
rest of world during post WTO period. Further, the growth of India's
exports to ASEAN was better than with the rest of world during the post
WTO period. The trade dependence between India and ASEAN countries has
been increased over the period. India's trade dependence on ASEAN was
much more during 1995-2003. They suggested that India's policy of
liberalization and openness has helped in strengthening India's trade
ties with ASEAN.
Harilal (2010) made a study that assessed the likely impact of the
India-ASEAN agreement on the economy of Kerala in the southern India. In
fact, southern India, particularly Kerala, and South-East Asia have many
features in common. This is especially true in the case of the
agricultural and allied sectors and the agro-based industries. The agro-
climatic conditions and cropping patterns are almost the same in the two
regions. On the basis of India's tariff schedule and the provision for
rules of origin (ROO) under AIFTA, the study concluded that AIFTA would
be detrimental to the interest of tropical commodity producers in Kerala.
This is due to the competitive nature of the production structure of
Kerala vis-à-vis the ASEAN members.
Veeramani and Saini (2010) carried out a quantitative assessment of
the impact of AIFTA on selected plantation commodities, i.e. coffee, tea
and pepper, in India. The result suggested that AIFTA would lead to a
significant increase in such imports by India, driven mainly by trade
creation rather than trade diversion. The analysis showed that the
proposed tariff reductions under the India-ASEAN trade agreement might
lead to a significant loss of tariff revenue for the Government of India.
However, the gain in consumer surplus (due to falls in domestic prices
and the consequent reduction in dead-weight loss) would outweigh the
tariff revenue loss, leading to a net welfare gain. However, Veeramani
and Saini (2010) only discussed and analysed the likely impact and
welfare implications of the AIFTA for India for some selected plantation
commodities only, using a partial equilibrium model to do so.
METHDOLOGY


India's trade with the ASEAN countries has grown rapidly during the
recent years. There is a great potential for further increase in the
volume of trade between India and the ASEAN countries in the near future.
India has identified the dynamic ASEAN countries as thrust markets for
its exports. Nevertheless, components of the trade basket have to undergo
substantial revision to tap the untapped potential in the ASEAN market.
These provide building blocks for further expanding the economic
relations in line with the principle of dynamic comparative advantage. In
this background an analysis of the commodity structure of imports and
exports by major commodity can provide further insights into the India's
trade relations with the ASEAN. This study endeavours to identify the
commodities, which possess potential of trade between India and the
ASEAN, so that the gains from trade can be reaped properly.


Gains from trade can also be calculated by comparing the Revealed
Comparative Advantage Index (RCA) viz-a-viz Revealed Import Dependence
Index (RID). Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index is defined as the
ratio of two shares. The numerator is the share of a country's total
exports of the commodity of interest in its total exports. The
denominator is share of world exports of the same commodity in total
world exports. RCA takes a value between zero and positive infinity. A
country is said to have a revealed comparative advantage if the value
exceeds unity. A country therefore has a RCA only in those products for
which its market share of world exports is above its average share of
world exports. RCA index that is as follow



where Xij and Xwj are the values of country's export of product j and
world export of product j and where Xit and Xwt refer to the country's
total exports and world total exports. A value less than unity imply that
the country has a revealed comparative disadvantage in the product.
Similarly, if the index exceeds unity, the country is said to have a
revealed comparative advantage in the product. Revealed Import Dependence
Index (RID) index identifies the commodities, which have import
dependence on the partner countries. The RID index also has been called
as Revealed Comparative Disadvantage Index. The RID index will give us
the commodity wise structure of imports in the countries. The RID is
defined as commodity i's share in country's total imports vis-à-vis its
share in total world imports. The RID index can be computed as follows:



Where Mia is equal to imports of commodity i from country a, Ma is equal
to total imports of country a, Miw is equal to total value of the world
imports of commodity i and Mw is equal to total world imports. As in the
case of RCA index, an RID index exceeding one suggests a strong
dependence of the country on the import of a specific item in a reference
period and vice-versa. An RCA analysis will tell us about the comparative
advantage that a country enjoys in the exports of certain commodities in
general; it does not necessarily tell us about the specific import
requirements of the countries being focused for exports. So, although
India may have a comparative advantage in the export of certain
commodities, it may not be necessary that ASEAN has a requirement for the
same commodities. A comparison of the RCA of commodities in India with
the RID of commodities in ASEAN nations will give us a more reliable
picture of possible export gain of the Indian goods in ASEAN and vice
versa. If for a certain commodity ASENA has a RID greater than one, then
such a commodity is considered to have a possibly strong export gain in
the particular country. The RCA and RID values for India and ASEAN
nations were calculated and matched to access the commodity potential for
trade between the nations.

The RCA and RID based on the HS-2 digit level. Both the RCA and RID
were calculated for the time period of 23 years – 1991 to 2013 and the
average value is presented for analysis which would give an appropriate
picture regarding the commodity trade of India and ASEAN.

POTENTIAL ITEMS OF TRADE BETWEEN INDIA AND ASEAN

With many developed countries following protectionist trade
practices, the developing world needs to find out ways to steer their
exports in the world market. According to Dr. Joseph Stieglitz, Chief
Economist at the World Bank, one way of doing this for Asian developing
countries is to create internal market within Asia for their products.
The real growth of Asia will come from the huge internal demand existing
in the Asian region. Besides opening of the trade sector will by itself
attract higher doses of investment as FDI is now increasingly more
connected with trading opportunities. Therefore in order to understand
the possible trade gain within Asia, it is very important to understand
the commodities level trade possibilities, as we have seen in previous
section that India and ASEAN countries shared lot of commonality in their
imports. Merely studying RCA and RID in isolation may not help in
developing right strategies, as RCA analysis will tell us about the
comparative advantage that a country enjoys in the export of certain
commodities in general, it does not necessarily tell us about the
specific import requirements of the countries being focused for exports.
So, although India may have a comparative advantage in the export of
certain commodities, it may not necessary that ASEAN nations have a
requirement for the same commodities. A comparison of the RCA of
commodities in India with the RID of commodities in ASEAN countries will
give a more reliable picture of the export potential of the Indian goods
in ASEAN countries and vice versa. If for a certain commodity India has a
RCA index greater than one, and the same commodity ASEAN countries have a
RID greater than one, then such a commodity is considered to have a
strong export potential in the particular country.

Table 1 presents that a total 15 commodities which exhibit
mutually amicable trade between India and ASEAN as for these commodities
India has an RCA>1 and ASEAN has an RID>1 which presents that India has
Revealed Comparative Advantage and ASEAN has Revealed Import Dependence
which shows that these commodities can be traded between the countries.
The commodities like cotton (52), Mineral fuels, oils, distillation
products, etc, (27), Manmade filaments fibers (55), Optical, photo,
technical, medical, etc apparatus (90), Iron and Steel (72), Tanning,
dyeing extracts, tannins, dervis, pigments, etc. (82), Pearls, Precious
stones, metals, coins, etc. (71), Residues, wastes of food industry,
animal fodder (23), Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes (24),
vegetables plaiting materials, vegetables products n.e.s, (14), Organic
chemicals (29), and Oil seed, oleagic fruits, grain, seed, fruit, etc,
n.e.s. (12) are exhibiting a vast scope of trade for India towards ASEAN.
Table 1 also exhibit the trade advantage that India holds up against
Thailand.




Table 1

Commodities with RCA>1 for India and RID>1 for ASEAN Countries
"HS Code "52 "
"ASEAN "Manmade staple fibres, Tools, implements, cutlery, "
" "etc of base metal, special woven or tufted fabric, "
" "lace, tapestry etc, tobacco and manufactured tobacco "
" "substitutes, vegetables plaiting materials, "
" "vegetables products "
"Brunei "Silk, cotton, residues, wastes of food industry, "
" "animal fodder, optical, photo, technical, medical, "
" "etc apparatus, special woven or tufted fabric, lace, "
" "tapestry, etc, tobacco and manufactured tobacco "
" "substitutes, explosive, pyrotechnics, matches, "
" "pyrophorics, etc., tools, implements, cutlery, etc of"
" "base metal "
"Cambodia "Salt, sulphur, earth, stone, plaster, lime and "
" "cement, stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica, etc "
" "articles, special woven or tufted fabric, lace, "
" "tapestry, etc., mineral fuels, oils, distillation "
" "products, etc., sugars and sugar confectionery, "
" "tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes "
"Indonesia "Vegetables textile fibres, paper yarn, woven fabric, "
" "residues, wastes of food industry, animal fodder, "
" "manmade filaments, stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, "
" "mica, etc. Articles, tanning, dyeing extracts, "
" "tannis, derivs, pigments, etc., sugars and sugar "
" "confectionary, tobacco and manufactured tobacco "
" "substitutes, explosive, pyrotechnics, matches, "
" "pyrophorics, etc., tools, implements, cutlery, etc of"
" "base metal "
"Malaysia "Vegetables, plaiting materials, vegetables products, "
" "residues, wastes of food industry, animal fodder, "
" "tanning, dyeing extracts, tannis, derivs. Pigments "
" "etc, oil seed, oleagic fruit, grain, seed, fruit, "
" "etc, tools, implements, cutlery, etc of base metal, "
" "animal, vegetables fats and oils, cleavage products, "
" "etc. "
"Philippines"Manmade, Special Woven Or Tufted Fabric, Lace, "
" "Tapestry Etc. "
"Singapore "Vegetables, plaiting materials, vegetables products, "
" "article of leather, animal gut, harness, travel "
" "goods, stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica, etc. "
" "Articles, tobacco and manufactured tobacco "
" "substitutes "
"Thailand "Lac, gums, resins, vegetables, saps and extracts, "
" "vegetables, plaiting materials, vegetables products, "
" "optical, photo, technical, medical, etc. apparatus, "
" "stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica, etc articles,"
" "special woven or tufted fabric, lace, tapestry etc, "
"Vietnam "Silk, cotton, tanning, dyeing extracts, tannins, "
" "derivs, pigments, etc., special woven or tufted "
" "fabrics, lace, tapestry etc, iron and steel "



Table 4
POTENTIAL EXPORT COMMODITIES FROM ASEAN TO INDIA

"Country "Commodities "
"ASEAN "Tin and articles thereof "
"Brunei "- "
"Cambodia "- "
"Indonesia "Electrical, electronic equipment, salt, sulphur, "
" "earth, stone, plaster, lime and cement, cotton, "
" "optical, photo, technical, medical, etc apparatus, "
" "nickel and articles thereof, tin and articles "
" "thereof, lac, gums, resins, vegetables saps and "
" "extracts, copper and articles thereof. "
"Malaysia "- "
"Philippines"Animal, vegetables fats and oils, cleavage product, "
" "etc., vegetables textiles fibres, paper yarn, woven "
" "fabric, lac, gums, resins, vegetables saps and "
" "extracts, edible fruit, nuts, peel of citrus fruit, "
" "melons. "
"Singapore "Photographic or cinematographic goods, lead and "
" "articles thereof, organic chemicals, tin and articles"
" "thereof. "
"Thailand "Salt, sulphur, earth, stone, plaster, lime and "
" "cement, cotton, edible vegetables and certain roots "
" "and tubers, optical, photo, technical, medical, etc. "
" "apparatus, tin and articles thereof. "
"Vietnam "Silk, optical, photo, technical, medical, etc. "
" "apparatus "



The overall analysis finds that although both India and ASEAN
nations compete with each other in the sale of their exportable; but
still there are many areas where complementarities could be forged for
maximizing commercial benefits. Gradually, many new sectors like high
tech trade are being explored while information technology and
infrastructure development are already emerging as major areas for
cooperation.

CONCLUSION

The study suggested a vast potential of trade still untapped between
India and ASEAN, and recommended a list of commodities which are having
good trade prospects, but so far not traded between them. The identified
tradable commodities between India and ASEAN are those in which RCA and
RID were more than one. The commodities in which India had RCA more than
one and ASEAN had RID more than one during 1991-2013 on an average, and
thus could be exported from India to ASEAN were manmade staple fibres,
tools, implements, cutlery of base metal, special woven or tufted fabric,
lace, tapestry, tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes, vegetables
plaiting materials, vegetables products, etc. Individual ASEAN country-
wise, these commodities were as under: Brunei - silk, cotton, residues,
wastes of food industry, animal fodder, optical, photo, technical,
medical, apparatus, special woven or tufted fabric, lace, tapestry,
tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes, explosive, pyrotechnics,
matches, pyrophorics, tools, implements, cutlery, of base metal. Cambodia
- salt, sulphur, earth, stone, plaster, lime and cement, stone, plaster,
cement, asbestos, mica, articles, special woven or tufted fabric, lace,
tapestry, mineral fuels, oils, distillation products, sugars and sugar
confectionery, tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes. Indonesia -
vegetables textile fibres, paper yarn, woven fabric, residues, wastes of
food industry, animal fodder, manmade filaments, stone, plaster, cement,
asbestos, mica, articles, tanning, dyeing extracts, tannis, derivs,
pigments, sugars and sugar confectionary, tobacco and manufactured
tobacco substitutes, explosive, pyrotechnics, matches, pyrophorics,
tools, implements, cutlery of base metal. Malaysia - vegetables, plaiting
materials, vegetables products, residues, wastes of food industry, animal
fodder, tanning, dyeing extracts, tannis, derivs. Pigments etc, oil seed,
oleagic fruit, grain, seed, fruit, etc, tools, implements, cutlery, of
base metal, animal, vegetables fats and oils, cleavage products.
Philippines - manmade, special woven or tufted fabric, lace, tapestry.
Singapore - vegetables, plaiting materials, vegetables products, article
of leather, animal gut, harness, travel goods, stone, plaster, cement,
asbestos, mica, articles, tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes
from India. Thailand - lac, gums, resins, vegetables, saps and extracts,
vegetables, plaiting materials, vegetables products, optical, photo,
technical, medical, apparatus, stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica,
articles, special woven or tufted fabric, lace, tapestry. Vietnam - Silk,
cotton, tanning, dyeing extracts, tannins, derivs, pigments, special
woven or tufted fabrics, lace, tapestry, iron and steel. The rest of
ASEAN countries i.e. Lao, and Myanmar had no potential items for import
from India.
The commodity not traded and in which ASEAN had RCA more than one and
India had RID more than one during 1991-2013 on an average, and thus
could be exported from ASEAN to India was tin and articles thereof.
Individual ASEAN country-wise, the commodities not traded were as under:
Indonesia - electrical, electronic equipment, salt, sulphur, earth,
stone, plaster, lime and cement, cotton, optical, photo, technical,
medical, apparatus, nickel and articles thereof, tin and articles
thereof, lac, gums, resins, vegetables saps and extracts, copper and
articles thereof. Philippines - animal, vegetables fats and oils,
cleavage product, vegetables textiles fibres, paper yarn, woven fabric,
lac, gums, resins, vegetables saps and extracts, edible fruit, nuts, peel
of citrus fruit, melons. Singapore - photographic or cinematographic
goods, lead and articles thereof, organic chemicals, tin and articles
thereof. Vietnam - silk, optical, photo, technical, medical, apparatus.
The rest of ASEAN countries i.e. Malaysia, Lao, Thailand, Cambodia,
Brunei, and Myanmar had no potential items for export to India.

References

Ghuman, R.S. and Madaan, D.K. (2009): "India-ASEAN Trade Relations during
Post-WTO period", Sen, R.K. and Raj, J.F. (Eds.), WTO and Asian
Union, Deep and Deep Publications, pp. 395-406.

Harilal, K.N. (2010): "ASEAN-India Free Trade Area-Noise of Dissent from
Deep South", State Planning Board Occasional Paper, Kerala State
Planning Board, Thiruvananthapuram, India.

Limaye, S. (2008): "India-Asia Pacific relations: Consolidating Friendships
and Nuclear Legitimacy", Comparative Connections, January, pp. 1-22.

Madaan, D.K. (2004): "India's Trade Intensity with ASEAN", The Indian
Economic Journal, Vol.52, No. 1-2, April-Sept., pp.142-151.

Pal, P. and Dasgupta, M. (2008): "Does a Free Trade Agreement with ASEAN
make Sense?", Economic Political Weekly, November 15, pp. 8-12.

Pal, P. and Dasgupta, M. (2009): "The ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement: An
Assessment", Economic Political Weekly, Vol. XLIV, No. 38, pp.11-15.

Pradnya, P. (2009): "India-ASEAN Economic Relations", Indian Institute of
Management, Ahemadabad, Working Paper Series 108, pp. 1-24.

Veeramani, C. and Saini, G.K. (2010): "Impact of ASEAN-India FTA on India's
Plantation Commodities: A Simulation Analysis", Indira Gandhi
Institute of Development Research, Working Paper 2010-004.


Appendix 1

COMMODITIES DESCRIPTION 2-DIGIT HARMONIZED SYSTEM CODE
"Code"Product label "Code"Product label "
"01 "Live animals "51 "Wool, animal hair, horsehair yarn and"
" " " "fabric thereof "
"02 "Meat and edible meat offal "52 "Cotton "
"03 "Fish, crustaceans, molluscs, "53 "Vegetable textile fibres nes, paper "
" "aquatic invertebrates nes " "yarn, woven fabric "
"04 "Dairy products, eggs, honey, "54 "Manmade filaments "
" "edible animal product nes " " "
"05 "Products of animal origin, nes"55 "Manmade staple fibres "
"06 "Live trees, plants, bulbs, "56 "Wadding, felt, nonwovens, yarns, "
" "roots, cut flowers etc " "twine, cordage, etc. "
"07 "Edible vegetables and certain "57 "Carpets and other textile floor "
" "roots and tubers " "coverings "
"08 "Edible fruit, nuts, peel of "58 "Special woven or tufted fabric, lace,"
" "citrus fruit, melons " "tapestry etc. "
"09 "Coffee, tea, mate and spices "59 "Impregnated, coated or laminated "
" " " "textile fabric "
"10 "Cereals "60 "Knitted or crocheted fabric "
"11 "Milling products, malt, "61 "Articles of apparel, accessories, "
" "starches, inulin, wheat gluten" "knit or crochet "
"12 "Oil seed, oleagic fruits, "62 "Articles of apparel, accessories, not"
" "grain, seed, fruit, etc., nest" "knit or crochet "
"13 "Lac, gums, resins, vegetable "63 "Other made textile articles, sets, "
" "saps and extracts nes " "worn clothing etc. "
"14 "Vegetable plaiting materials, "64 "Footwear, gaiters and the like, parts"
" "vegetable products nes " "thereof "
"15 "Animal, vegetable fats and "65 "Headgear and parts thereof "
" "oils, cleavage products, etc. " " "
"16 "Meat, fish and seafood food "66 "Umbrellas, walking-sticks, "
" "preparations nes " "seat-sticks, whips, etc. "
"17 "Sugars and sugar confectionery"67 "Bird skin, feathers, artificial "
" " " "flowers, human hair "
"18 "Cocoa and cocoa preparations "68 "Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, "
" " " "mica, etc. articles "
"19 "Cereal, flour, starch, milk "69 "Ceramic products "
" "preparations and products " " "
"20 "Vegetable, fruit, nut, etc. "70 "Glass and glassware "
" "food preparations " " "
"21 "Miscellaneous edible "71 "Pearls, precious stones, metals, "
" "preparations " "coins, etc. "
"22 "Beverages, spirits and vinegar"72 "Iron and steel "
"23 "Residues, wastes of food "73 "Articles of iron or steel "
" "industry, animal fodder " " "
"24 "Tobacco and manufactured "74 "Copper and articles thereof "
" "tobacco substitutes " " "
"25 "Salt, sulphur, earth, stone, "75 "Nickel and articles thereof "
" "plaster, lime and cement " " "
"26 "Ores, slag and ash "76 "Aluminium and articles thereof "
"27 "Mineral fuels, oils, "77 "Reserved for possible future use "
" "distillation products, etc. " " "
"28 "Inorganic chemicals, precious "78 "Lead and articles thereof "
" "metal compound, isotopes " " "
"29 "Organic chemicals "79 "Zinc and articles thereof "
"30 "Pharmaceutical products "80 "Tin and articles thereof "
"31 "Fertilizers "81 "Other base metals, cermet's, articles"
" " " "thereof "
"32 "Tanning, dyeing extracts, "82 "Tools, implements, cutlery, etc. of "
" "tannins, derivs,pigments etc. " "base metal "
"33 "Essential oils, perfumes, "83 "Miscellaneous articles of base metal "
" "cosmetics, toileteries " " "
"34 "Soaps, lubricants, waxes, "84 "Machinery, nuclear reactors, boilers,"
" "candles, modelling pastes " "etc. "
"35 "Albuminoids, modified "85 "Electrical, electronic equipment "
" "starches, glues, enzymes " " "
"36 "Explosives, pyrotechnics, "86 "Railway, tramway locomotives, rolling"
" "matches, pyrophorics, etc. " "stock, equipment "
"37 "Photographic or "87 "Vehicles other than railway, tramway "
" "cinematographic goods " " "
"38 "Miscellaneous chemical "88 "Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts "
" "products " "thereof "
"39 "Plastics and articles thereof "89 "Ships, boats and other floating "
" " " "structures "
"40 "Rubber and articles thereof "90 "Optical, photo, technical, medical, "
" " " "etc. apparatus "
"41 "Raw hides and skins (other "91 "Clocks and watches and parts thereof "
" "than furskins) and leather " " "
"42 "Articles of leather, animal "92 "Musical instruments, parts and "
" "gut, harness, travel goods " "accessories "
"43 "Furskins and artificial fur, "93 "Arms and ammunition, parts and "
" "manufactures thereof " "accessories thereof "
"44 "Wood and articles of wood, "94 "Furniture, lighting, signs, "
" "wood charcoal " "prefabricated buildings "
"45 "Cork and articles of cork "95 "Toys, games, sports requisites "
"46 "Manufactures of plaiting "96 "Miscellaneous manufactured articles "
" "material, basketwork, etc. " " "
"47 "Pulp of wood, fibrous "97 "Works of art, collectors pieces and "
" "cellulosic material, waste " "antiques "
" "etc. " " "
"48 "Paper & paperboard, articles "98 "Project imports; Laboratory "
" "of pulp, paper and board " "chemicals, passenger baggage; "
" " " "personal importation by air or post; "
" " " "ship stores "
"49 "Printed books, newspapers, "99 "Commodities not elsewhere specified "
" "pictures etc. " " "
"50 "Silk " " "