conceptual paper : port safety vs port security

PORT OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT:
PORT SAFETY VS PORT SECURITY
DR.Mohd Azril B. Ismail
College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia
Jumaliah bt md salleh

Bachelor of Business Administration
School of Business Management
University Utara Malaysia

Abstract
Establishing the different between port safety and port security is a current challenge. This paper examines the different between of port safety and port security in the decision making process and choice of understanding. Alternatively, this paper seeks to answer the question of whether the port safety and port security is the same, the part of or totally the different concept. This paper is to establish and to extend the different and understanding between port safety and port security in port operation and management.
Keywords: Port, Safety and Security.
Type of paper: conceptual paper
Introduction
A seaport is a facility which can accommodate ships which go out to sea. (Nordseth, 2003)Seaports can be found in natural and artificial harbours along many coastlines in the world, and they have a variety of fixtures including cranes to help ships handle cargo, and docks for ships to attach to. Seaports are of economic and strategic importance to the nations which hold them, because they can be used for everything from shipping out a nation's consumer products to loading up troop ships to sail to war.
Port was determine as terminal or the area within ship are loaded wit and discharge of cargo. Ports can also be found in inland waters such as lakes and rivers, but they are not known as seaports because they do not have facilities for seagoing ships. In some cases, inland ports have no outlet to the ocean, and in other instances, the waterway may not be navigable by oceangoing ships. Not all seagoing ships can fit in a seaport, either: large oil tankers, for example, actually dock offshore while smaller tenders load and offload their cargo.
According to (Nolan, 2012) there are the importance of port such as expanded markets for producers via exports, reduced prices from importing goods and services, increased quality and choices available for consumers and business, importers benefit from foreign resources and investments, exporters benefit from larger, more open markets, job growth in the transportation and distribution sector and accelerated development of trade partners' economies while maintaining the environment, safety and security.

Defining safety
The word safety refers to your freedom form danger, injury and damage, and to your personal security. The word safety has been used so often that many of you may think of it as a "Preaching Word" or a word that forces you to alter your ways or change bad habits. Safety means a complete understanding of your work and knowledge of every step that must be taken and the realization that mistakes could be costly to yourself and to the company. For example: If you're driving safely, you're simply operating your vehicle as intended and obeying the laws, no more, no less. If you're working with a power tool that requires eye protection, don't fight it. Safety glasses are simply a necessary accessory to the proper use of that tool. If you're at home, take the time to use a ladder instead of standing on a chair that was made to sit on it. Safety means good judgment. Never rely on luck, always be prepared to cope with unexpected situations and being alert when following your routine. Safety means consideration for the family that depends on you, for the company that employs you, and for your own welfare.
Port safety is you may be dealing with a whole range of cargoes and working alongside a wide variety of people, including some who don't speak English. Work at ports takes place throughout the day and night and in all types of weather. There are often pressures to load or unload a ship's cargo quickly to catch a tide or to free up a wharf. Visiting drivers want to pick up or drop off their cargo as quickly as possible and get back on the road. These factors make it an exciting but also a potentially high-risk industry to work in. Ever-changing circumstances lead to ever-changing risks. Companies must put appropriate health and safety measures in place to manage these risks properly.

Safety requirements
1. Always put safety as first priority.
2. Adhere to correct practices and procedures.
3. Use good judgment and common sense to guide your actions.
4. Use job knowledge and observation to detect problems and unsafe conditions.
5. Take the initiative to report problems and unsafe conditions immediately. Where possible, correct these situations yourself.
6. Report any accident, ship damage or injury immediately.
7. Be aware of changing conditions and adjust your actions accordingly.
8. Never perform any task that you are not trained for.


Port work often involves a number of different employers or contractors who can all affect each other's activities. These may include harbour authorities, port operators, stevedoring firms, hauliers, ships' masters and crew. Companies need to have strong and effective health and safety systems in place. These should ensure co-operation, co-ordination and communication between all employers and their workers.
The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 set out a number of requirements for employers to ensure they are adequately managing health and safety. These include a risk assessment of their activities. This should identify the measures they need to have in place to comply with their duties under health and safety law and reduce risks so far as is reasonably practicable, making sure there is effective planning, organisation, control, monitoring and review of the measures they put in place, appointing a competent person to provide health and safety assistance. A competent person is someone with the necessary skills, knowledge and experience to manage health and safety, providing employees with information they can understand including people whose first language is not English, and co-operation and co-ordination with other employers sharing a workplace.














Source: (Burton, 2013)


Cost of Damage
The employer is responsible for any damage done to port facilities by the employee during his/her duty on the port premises. After the final investigation is performed, the APA will notify the employer regarding the total cost involved to repair the damage caused by the employee.

Defining security
The state of being protected or safe from harm, (Garrison, 2014)things done to make people or places safe or the area in a place (such as an airport) where people are checked to make sure they are not carrying weapons or other illegal materials. Security is the degree of resistance to, or protection from or harm. It applies to any vulnerable and valuable asset, such as a person, dwelling, community, nation, or organization.
Port security refers to the defence, law and treaty enforcement, and counterterrorism activities that fall within the port and maritime domain. It includes the protection of the seaports themselves, the protection and inspection of the cargo moving through the ports, and maritime security.
Internationally, port security is governed by rules issued by the International Maritime Organization and its 2002 International Ship and Port Facility Security Code. Additionally, some United States-based programs have become de facto global port security programs, including the Container Security Initiative and the Customs Trade Partnership against Terrorism.
The security of ports and their deficiencies are numerous and leave US ports vulnerable to terrorist attack. The vulnerabilities of our ports are many, leading to potential security breaches in almost all aspects of the container shipping industry. With the sheer volume of maritime traffic, there is serious concern of cargo/passenger ship hijackings and pirate attack, as well as accountability of the millions of shipping containers transported worldwide. Given the overwhelming number of ships and containers, there are many areas of concern regarding the security of U.S. ports.
Terrorists can, and eventually may, exploit the shipping industries deficiencies in cargo security. Potential threats include the smuggling of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), a radiological "dirty" bomb, a conventional explosive device, and transportation of terrorist operatives, as well. Studies have claimed a Hiroshima sized nuclear detonation at a major seaport would kill fifty thousand to one million people.
The container shipping system is an attractive outlet for terrorist activities. It is common knowledge within the industry that security measures of major ports cannot have a significant effect on the movement of goods, thereby allowing exploitation of the system for terrorist use. Container shipping is an amalgam of many different actors: the exporter, the importer, freight forwarder, customs broker, excise inspectors, truckers, railroad workers, dock workers, and the crews of the vessels themselves.

(Greenberg, 2006) states "that whenever and wherever a container is handled during movement represents a potential vulnerability for the security and integrity of the cargo"


Port security is a layer two traffic control feature on Cisco Catalyst switches. It enables an administrator configure individual switch ports to allow only a specified number of source MAC addresses engrossing the port. Its primary use is to deter the addition by users of "dumb" switches to illegally extend the reach of the network example like so that two or three users can share a single access port. The addition of unmanaged devices complicates troubleshooting by administrators and is best avoided.

There are Closed Circuit Televisions installed all over the ports to monitor the activities of port users. The CCTV is been manned 24 hours by the Security Department and the Port Terminal Operators (PTC). Source: (mathew, 2013)


A combined team of NPA Security Personnel and Port Police carry out joint patrol of the common user area and water fronts at regular intervals. Source: (mathew, 2013)


A conceptual of port safety and port security
Port safety and security is the prerequisite of normal operation and sound development of port. Shanghai port operators have long been giving the utmost priority to safety and security and targeting at an international safe port. (zheng, 2014)After the 911 incident, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) passed the amendment of maritime security to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea 1974 (SOLAS) and the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) by adding contents concerning ship and port facility security. As a comprehensive international hub port, Shanghai Port is, apart from natural disasters, confronted with terrorism against port facilities and calling ships. Moreover, as Yangshan Deep-water Port District was put into operation, the scope of port safety and security is extended from rivers to the ocean islands. It is an extremely urgent task with great hardship to build sea/river combined safety and security management system and guarantee such safety and security in the international circle.
After official implementation of Port Law since January 1st 2004, Shanghai Municipal Port Administration Bureau gradually set up and improved safety and security management mechanism by special inspection of port safe production and administrative law enforcement. By trial surveillance of law enforcement, joint case handling and improvement of all-port superintendence, the safe and security management network has taken shape.
The different between port safety and port security are port safety is the safety rules set up by you company and applying them every minute when you are on the job (Kock, 2011). You must follow the rule for own benefit too. While port security is measures taken to guard against espionage, pirate, sabotage, crime, attack, or escape. Almost all port already use closed-circuit television (CCTV), also known as video surveillance, is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors. They sound almost the same, but they are not. Safety measures are created to protect people and property from injury or loss by circumstance, accident, or negligence. Security measures are created to protect people and property from injury or loss by deliberate actions taken by people (Peterson, 2014)
According to the Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, safety is the "the condition of being safe from undergoing or causing hurt…to protect against a failure, breakage or hurt…a device that prevents a piece of military apparatus from being fired accidentally." The same reference defines security as "A quality or state of being secure…free from fear or anxiety…protection…to make safe…guard or shield…to relieve from exposure to danger."
The similarity of port safety and port security is security awareness is vital to the safety, security and health of port personnel and others having a place of work in the port, who should be made aware of their responsibilities to fellow workers, the port community and the environment. Appropriate training of personnel working in the port should maximize personal awareness of suspicious behaviour, incidents, events or objects when going about their daily tasks and the invaluable contribution to be made to the security of the port and its personnel by each individual. Included should be clear lines for reporting such matters to supervisors, managers or appropriate authorities. Additional or special training may be required for people in particular roles.
Conclusion
In conclusion the terms port safety and port security may both be used to describe the ways in which members of organisations make sense of the overall safety and security of their work environment Ports are often challenging places to work. From Maslow's hierarchy of needs (mcleod, 2014), there is little question that safety as a state of being is critical to each of us individually and collectively. When the term "safety" is used a generic term for security, it changes the dynamic and challenges management's ability to put in place the best countermeasures to change the behaviours of persons intent on causing injury or loss to company assets. The differentiation is important and often misunderstood by management and even practitioners. Safety professionals require a distinct set of skills and knowledge with the intention of preventing injury or loss due to circumstance, accident, or negligence. Although security is also the prevention of injury or loss, it is predicated on the fact that there is a desirable asset, a motivated person who wants that asset, and the perception by that motivated person that there is a lack of guardianship over the asset. This defense requires a very different set of skills and experience. Rarely can one person possess the breath of skills and experience to effectively manage both safety and security.




















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