Context, Character and Typology of Pottery from the Eleventh and Twelfth Century Danube Fortresses: Case Studies from Morava and Braničevo, in: Actas do X Congresso Internacional a Cerâmica no Mediterâneo – Silves 2012, eds. Maria José Gonçalves, Susana Gómez-Martínez, Silves 2015.

Coordenação editorial de:

Maria José Gonçalves Susana Gómez-Martínez

Edição de:

X CONGRESSO INTERNACIONAL A CERÂMICA MEDIEVAL NO MEDITERRÂNEO SILVES - MÉRTOLA, AUDITÓRIO DA FISSUL, 22 A 27 DE OUTUBRO DE 2012 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON MEDIEVAL POTTERY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. SILVES & MÉRTOLA, 22-27 OCTOBER 2012

ORGANIZAÇÃO: CÂMARA MUNICIPAL DE SILVES, CAMPO ARQUEOLÓGICO DE MÉRTOLA EM COLABORAÇÃO COM: AIECM2 E CEAUCP APOIOS: FUNDAÇÃO PARA A CIÊNCIA E A TECNOLOGIA, FUNDAÇÃO CALOUSTE GULBENKIAN COMITÉ INTERNACIONAL DO AIECM2 PRESIDENTE: SAURO GELICHI VICE-PRESIDENTE: SUSANA GÓMEZ-MARTÍNEZ SECRETÁRIO: JACQUES THIRIOT TESOUREIRO: HENRI AMOURIC SECRETÁRIO ADJUNTO: ALESSANDRA MOLINARI MEMBROS DOS COMITÉS NACIONAIS FRANÇA: HENRI AMOURIC, JACQUES THIRIOT, LUCY VALLAURI ITÁLIA: SAURO GELICHI, ALESSANDRA MOLINARI, CARLO VARALDO MAGHREB: RAHMA EL HRAIKI MUNDO BIZANTINO: VÉRONIQUE FRANÇOIS, PLANTON PETRIDIS PORTUGAL: MARIA ALEXANDRA LINO GASPAR, SUSANA GÓMEZ-MARTÍNEZ ESPANHA: ALBERTO GARCIA PORRAS, MANUEL RETUERCE, JUAN ZOZAYA STABEL-HANSEN PRÓXIMO ORIENTE: ROLAND-PIERRE GAYRAUD

ACTAS DO X CONGRESSO INTERNACIONAL A CERÂMICA MEDIEVAL NO MEDITERRÂNEO. SILVES - MÉRTOLA, 22 A 27 DE OUTUBRO DE 2012 PROCEEDINGS OF 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON MEDIEVAL POTTERY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. SILVES & MÉRTOLA, 22-27 OCTOBER 2012 SILVES, OUTUBRO DE 2015 EDIÇÃO /// PUBLISHER: CÂMARA MUNICIPAL DE SILVES & CAMPO ARQUEOLÓGICO DE MÉRTOLA COORDENAÇÃO EDITORIAL /// EDITOR: MARIA JOSÉ GONÇALVES E SUSANA GÓMEZ-MARTÍNEZ DESIGN GRÁFICO /// GRAPHIC DESIGN: RUI MACHADO IMPRESSÃO /// PRINTING: GRÁFICA COMERCIAL DE LOULÉ ISBN 978-972-9375-48-4 DEPÓSITO LEGAL /// LEGAL DEPOT ?????? TIRAGEM /// PRINT RUN: 500

INDICE

TEMA: 1 AS CERÂMICAS NO SEU CONTEXTO POTTERY WITHIN ITS CONTEXT SUSANA GÓMEZ MARTÍNEZ | MARIA JOSÉ GONÇALVES | ISABEL INÁCIO | CONSTANÇA DOS SANTOS | CATARINA COELHO | MARCO LIBERATO | ANA SOFIA GOMES | JACINTA BUGALHÃO | HELENA CATARINO | SANDRA CAVACO | JAQUELINA COVANEIRO | ISABEL CRISTINA FERNANDES A cidade e o seu território no Gharb al-Andalus através da cerâmica

19

ROLAND-PIERRE GAYRAUD | JEAN-CHRISTOPHE TREGLIA La céramique d’une maison omeyyade de Fustât - Istabl ‘Antar (Le Caire, Égypte). Vaisselles de table, céramiques communes et culinaire, jarres de stockage et amphores de la pièce P5 (première moitié du VIIIe s.)

51

VÍCTOR CAÑAVATE CASTEJÓN | SONIA GUTIÉRREZ LLORET Cerámica, espacio doméstico y vida social: el temprano al-Andalus en el sudeste peninsular a la luz de El Tolmo de Minateda (Hellín, Albacete)

56

4.

JOSÉ AVELINO GUTIÉRREZ GONZÁLEZ | JOSÉ LUIS HERNANDO GARRIDO | HORTENSIA LARRÉN IZQUIERDO | FERNANDO MIGUEL HERNÁNDEZ | JUAN ZOZAYA STABEL-HANSEN | CARMEN BENÉITEZ GONZÁLEZ Notas sobre la cerámica en la iconografía cristiana del norte peninsular (ss. X-xii)

68

5.

VANESSA FILIPE Islamic pottery from the Évora Municipal Museum

84

6.

MARCELLA GIORGIO Ceramics and society in Pisa in Middle Ages

93

7.

MÁRIO VARELA GOMES| ROSA VARELA GOMES A Cerâmica e o Sagrado, no ribĀt da Arrifana (Aljezur, Portugal) (Séc. XII)

106

FRANCESCO M. P. CARRERA | BEATRICE FATIGHENTI | CATERINA TOSCANI Le Ceramiche e le Attività produttive. Recenti acquisizioni da un quartiere artigianale di chinzica (Pi)

114

9(61$%,.,ü Context, Character and Typology of Pottery from the Eleventh and Twelfth Century Danube Fortresses: Case Studies from Morava and BraniČevo

125

VALENTINA VEZZOLI The area of Bustan Nassif (Baalbek) between the 12th and the early 15th cent.: the ceramic evidence

133

11.

ELENA SALINAS Uso y consumo de la cerámica almohade en Córdoba (España)

139

12.

MARCELLO ROTILI Aspetti della produzione in campania nel basso medioevo

148

13.

ALESSANDRA MOLINARI | VALERIA BEOLCHINI | ILARIA DE LUCA | CHIARA DE SANTIS EMANUELA FRESI | LAURA ORLANDI | GIORGIO RASCAGLIA | MARCO RICCI | JACOPO RUSSO Stili di vita, produzioni e scambi: la città di roma a confronto con altri siti del lazio. Secoli ix-xv

158

SILVINA SILVÉRIO | ELISABETE BARRADAS A cerâmica medieval e tardo-medieval na beira interior: materiais provenientes dos castelos de castelo novo e penamacor (sécs. Xii – xvi)

180

ISABEL MARIA FERNANDES A cerâmica e seu uso em portugal, a partir de posturas, taxas e regimentos de oleiros (séc. Xii a xviii): a análise de algumas peças

188

MARGHERITA FERRI | CECILIA MOINE | LARA SABBIONESI The sound of silence. Scratched marks on late medieval and early modern pottery from nunneries: Practice and significance

203

1. 2.

3.

8.

9.

10.

14.

15.

16.

17.

HENRI AMOURIC | LUCY VALLAURI La vie de château d’un vaisselier : Roquevaire près Marseille, 1593

215

18.

ALEXANDRA GASPAR | ANA GOMES Recipíentes de medidas da cidade de Lisboa

229

19.

ANDREIA AREZES Formas cerâmicas e seu significado simbólico na Alta Idade Média

236

20.

VICTORIA AMORÓS RUIZ La estratigrafía como herramienta

242

21.

CRISTINA CAMACHO CRUZ Candiles de piquera. Uso y morfología en la Córdoba del siglo X

248

22.

SARA ALMEIDA | ALEXANDRE VALINHO | JOÃO NUNO MARQUES Conjunto medieval cerâmico no contexto da linha de muralha de Cacela Velha (Portugal)

253

23.

SILVINA SILVÉRIO | ELISABETE BARRADAS Ocupação islâmica na vertente sudoeste da várzea de aljezur – o sítio da barrada e a envolvente da igreja matriz de n. Sra. Da alva

257

MARIA JOÃO DE SOUSA Uma habitação do século XI/XII sob a muralha do Castelo dos Mouros de Sintra – Evidências arqueológicas de um contexto doméstico

262

MANUEL JESÚS LINARES LOSA Un nuevo lote cerámico del guájares, granada). La casa 7

266

24.

25.

poblado fortificado medieval

de “el castillejo” (los

26.

MARIA INÊS RAIMUNDO | VANESSA DIAS Al-Madan e o seu Contexto na Península Ibérica

271

27.

VANESSA FILIPE | CLEMENTINO AMARO Castle of Torres Vedras. Archaeological perspectives on a medieval context

275

28.

ALBERTO GARCÍA PORRAS | MANUEL JESÚS LINARES LOSA MOISÉS ALONSO VALLADARES | LAURA MARTÍN RAMOS De castillo fronterizo nazarí a fortaleza castellana. Los materiales cerámicos del entorno de la torre del homenaje del castillo de moclín (granada)

279

PILAR LAFUENTE IBÁÑEZ Cerámica mudéjar sevillana hallada en la excavación del solar  nº 16 de la calle cervantes de coria del río (sevilla, españa). Los materiales del pozo b

285

30.

SARA ALMEIDA | SUSANA TEMUDO Cerâmica do século XIII, no contexto do Bairro Judaico de Coimbra (Portugal)

291

31.

TÂNIA MANUEL CASIMIRO | TELMO SILVA | DÁRIO NEVES | CAROLINA SANTOS* Cerâmicas Medievais da Rua da Corredoura (Évora)

298

32.

ALBERTO LÓPEZ MULLOR La cerámica del mas montgròs, el brull (barcelona), siglos xi-xv

303

33.

ANTÓNIO MANUEL S. P. SILVA | MANUELA C. S. RIBEIRO Cerâmicas medievais (sécs. Ix-xii) do castelo de arouca (n. Portugal)

310

34.

M. CARMEN RIU DE MARTÍN Ladrilleros barceloneses de la primera mitad del siglo xv

318

35.

ALEXANDRA GASPAR | ANA GOMES Cerâmicas pintadas a branco do século xv/xvi encontradas no castelo de s. Jorge, lisboa, portugal

326

LUÍS SERRÃO GIL Entre tachos e panelas: cerâmica medieval do silo do castelo de Porto de Mós

333

29.

36.

37.

MARIA RAFFAELLA CATALDO Ceramica rivestita dal castello di Circello (Benevento)

340

38.

GONÇALO LOPES | JOSÉ RUI SANTOS Cerâmicas islâmicas da natatio das termas romanas de Évora

346

39.

MARIA JOSÉ GONÇALVES Contributo para o estudo dos utensílios do quotidiano de um Arrabalde islâmico de Silves: a cerâmica decorada a verde e manganês

353

TEMA: 2 CERÂMICA E ALIMENTAÇÃO POTTERY AND FOOD 40.

JOANITA VROOM The archaeology of consumption in the eastern Mediterranean: A ceramic perspective

359

41.

F. CANTINI | S. G. BUONINCONTRI | B. FATIGHENTI Ceramica e alimentazione nel Medio Valdarno inferiore medievale: il caso di San Genesio (San Miniato-Pi)

368

42.

JAQUELINA COVANEIRO | SANDRA CAVACO Entre tachos e panelas: a evolução das formas de cozinha (Tavira)

377

43.

JUAN ZOZAYA Cacharros, fuegos, comidas, servicios, escrituras…

387

44.

TÂNIA MANUEL CASIMIRO | LUÍS DE BARROS De quem são estas ollas? Comer, beber, armazenar Em Almada no século XIII

392

TEMA: 3 O MEDITERRÂNEO E O ATLÂNTICO THE MEDITERRANEAN AND THE ATLANTIC ANTÓNIO MANUEL S. P. SILVA | PEDRO PEREIRA | TERESA P. CARVALHO Conjuntos cerâmicos do Castelo de Crestuma (Vila Nova de Gaia, N. Portugal). primeiros elementos para uma sequência longa (sécs. Iv-xi)

401

JORGE DE JUAN ARES | YASMINA CÁCERES GUTIÉRREZ | MARÍA DEL CRISTO GONZÁLEZ MARRERO | MIGUEL ÁNGEL HERVÁS HERRERA | JORGE ONRUBIA PINTADO Objetos para un espacio y un tiempo de frontera: el material cerámico de fum asaca en sbuya, provincia de sidi ifni, marruecos (ss. Xv-xvi)

420

HUGO BLAKE | MICHAEL J. HUGHES The mediterranean and the atlantic archaeometrical research on the provenance of ‘mediterranean maiolica’ and italian pottery found in great britain

432

48.

HENRI AMOURIC | GUERGANA GUIONOVA | LUCY VALLAURI Céramiques aux îlles d’Amérique. la part de la Méditerranée (XVIIe-XIXe s.)

440

49.

RODRIGO BANHA DA SILVA | ADRIAAN DE MAN Palácio dos Condes de Penafiel: a significant late antique context from Lisbon

455

50.

MARCO LIBERATO | HELENA SANTOS Circulação de materiais setentrionais na Santarém medieval

461

51.

MIGUEL BUSTO ZAPICO | JOSÉ AVELINO GUTIÉRREZ GONZÁLEZ | ROGELIO ESTRADA GARCÍA Las lozas de la casa carbajal solís, punto de encuentro entre el mediterráneo y el norte de europa

466

ARMANDO SABROSA† | INÊS PINTO COELHO | JACINTA BUGALHÃO As porcelanas da Sé da Cidade Velha, Ilha de Santiago, Cabo Verde

473

45.

46.

47.

52.

TEMA: 4 EVOLUÇÃO E TRANSFERÊNCIA DAS TÉCNICAS EVOLUTION AND TRANSFER OF TECHNIQUES JOAN NEGRE PÉREZ Producciones cerámicas en el distrito de ţurţūša entre la antigüedad tardía y el mundo islámico (siglos vi-xii)

483

KONSTANTINOS T. RAPTIS Brick and tile producing workshops in the outskirts of thessaloniki from fifth to fifteenth century: a study of the firing technology that has been diachronically applied in the ceramic workshops of a large byzantine urban center

493

LÍDIA FERNANDES | JOÃO COROADO | MARCO CALADO | CHIARA COSTANTINO Ocupação medieval islâmica no Museu de Lisboa -Teatro Romano de Lisboa: O caso do aproveitamento do post scaenium no decurso do século XII

509

56.

ROSALIND A WADE HADDON What was cooking in Aleppo in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries?

519

57.

IBRAHIM SHADDOUD Production de poterie chez les Nizarites de Syrie  : l’atelier de Massyaf (milieu XIIepremier tiers du XIVe siècle)

525

SERGIO ESCRIBANO-RUIZ | JOSE LUIS SOLAUN BUSTINZA La introducción y normalización de la cerámica vidriada en el Cantábrico Oriental a la luz del registro cerámico de Vitoria-Gasteiz (siglos XII-XV)

534

JAUME COLL CONESA | JOSEP PÉREZ CAMPS | MARTA CAROSCIO | JUDIT MOLERA TRINITAT PRADELL | GLORIA MOLINA Arqueología, arqueometría y cadenas operativas de la cerámica de Manises localizada en el solar Fábricas nº 1 (Barri d’Obradors, Manises, campaña 2011)

549

60.

JACQUES THIRIOT | DAVID OLLIVIER | VÉRONIQUE RINALDUCCI Fouiller les encyclopédistes : transfert de modèles aux Antilles françaises

560

61.

ELENA SALINAS | JUAN ZOZAYA Pechina: el antecedente de las cerámicas vidriadas islámicas en al-andalus

573

62.

GUERGANA GUIONOVA | ROCCO RANTE Aperçu sur la production des ateliers de Paykend, Oasis de Bukhara, Ouzbékistan

577

63.

KRINO P. KONSTANTINIDOU | KONSTANTINOS T. RAPTIS Archaeological evidence of an ELEVENtH-century kiln with rods in Thessaloniki

589

64.

LAURA APARICIO SÁNCHEZ El alfar cordobés de Ollerías y sus producciones (siglos XII-XIII)

596

65.

SERGEY BOCHAROV | ANDREY MASLOWSKIY The Eastern Crimean Centers of Glaze Pottery Production in 13th and 14th centuries

604

66.

JAUME COLL CONESA | CLODOALDO ROLDÁN GARCÍA Composición del pigmento de cobalto y cronología de la azulejería medieval de Manises (Valencia) conservada en el Museo Nacional de Cerámica

608

JULIA BELTRÁN DE HEREDIA BERCERO | CLAUDIO CAPELLI | ROBERTA DI FEBO MARISOL MADRID I FERNÁNDEZ | ROBERTA DI FEBO | JAUME BUXEDA I GARRIGÓS Imitaciones de ceràmicas à taches noires en barcelona en el s. Xviii. Datos arqueológicos y arqueométricos

613

ANNA RIDOVICS | BERNADETT BAJNÓCZI | GÉZA NAGY | MÁRIA TÓTH The transfer of the tin-glazed faience technology by hutterite anabaptists to eastcentral europe during 16th and 17th centuries

619

53.

54.

55.

58.

59.

67.

68.

TEMA: 5 CERÂMICA E COMÉRCIO CERAMICS AND TRADING YASEMIN BAGCI VROOM A New Look on Medieval Ceramics from the Old Gözlükule Excavations: A Preliminary Presentation

627

EVELINA TODOROVA Policy and trade in the northern periphery of the eastern mediterranean: amphora evidence from present-day bulgaria (7th–14th centuries)

637

71.

ISABEL CRISTINA FERNANDES | CLAIRE DÉLÉRY | SUSANA GÓMEZ | MARIA JOSÉ GONÇALVES | ISABEL INÁCIO | CONSTANÇA DOS SANTOS | CATARINA COELHO MARCO LIBERATO | ANA SOFIA GOMES | JACINTA BUGALHÃO | HELENA CATARINO SANDRA CAVACO | JAQUELINA COVANEIRO O comércio da corda seca no gharb al-andalus

649

72.

CLAUDIO FILIPPO MANGIARACINA La Sicilia islamica: produzione, circolazione e consumo di ceramica (IX-pieno XI secolo)

667

73.

GUERGANA GUIONOVA Céramique d’importation du XIVe au XVIIe s. en Bulgarie

681

74.

INÉS Mª CENTENO CEA | ÁNGEL L. PALOMINO LÁZARO | MANUEL MORATINOS GARCÍA Mª J. NEGREDO GARCÍA | J.E. SANTAMARÍA GONZÁLEZ Cerámica de cocina rugosa de pastas claras/campurriana versus cerámica granítica/ zamorana. Patrones de distribución y expansión en época bajomedieval y en la transición a la edad moderna en el norte de castilla y león

692

VASSILEIOS D. KOROSIS Consumption and importation of ceramics in a fairly unknown site of late Roman Greece. A case study from Megara, Attica, Greece

701

76.

NATALIA GUINKUT | VICTOR LEBEDINSKI | JULIA PRONINA Medieval amphorae from shipwrecks near Chersones Taurica

707

77.

VICTOR FILIPE | MARCO CALADO | SANDRA GUERRA | ANTÓNIO VALONGO JOÃO LEÓNIDAS | ROMÃO RAMOS | MARGARIDA ROCHA | JACINTA COSTA | NATALIA GINKUT A cerâmica de importação no arrabalde ocidental de luxbuna (lisboa). Dados preliminares da intervenção realizada no hotel de santa justa

711

SYLVIE YONA WAKSMAN Late medieval pottery production in South Western Crimea: laboratory investigations of ceramics from Cembalo (region of Sebastopol / Chersonesos)*

719

RAFFAELLA CARTA La ceramica italiana indicatore del commercio tra il mediterraneo occidentale e l’atlantico (secoli xv-xvii)

724

JULIA BELTRÁN DE HEREDIA BERCERO | NÚRIA MIRÓ I ALAIX Barcelona y el comercio interior de cerámica en el siglo xvii y principios del xviii: vilafranca del penedés (barcelona), teruel, villafeliche y muel (zaragoza), valencia, talavera de la reina (toledo), sevilla y portugal

729

69.

70.

75.

78.

79.

80.

TEMA: 6 NOVAS DESCOBERTAS NEW DISCOVERIES 81.

RICARDO COSTEIRA DA SILVA Medieval pottery from the forum of aeminium (Coimbra, Portugal) : a proposal of chrono-typological evolution

739

82.

ABDALLAH FILI Le décor de la céramique de Fès à l’époque mérinide, typologie et statistiques

750

83.

SOPHIE GILOTTE | YASMINA CÁCERES GUTIÉRREZ | JORGE DE JUAN ARES Un ajuar de época almorávide procedente de Albalat (Cáceres, Extremadura)

763

84.

MARCO LIBERATO A pintura a branco na Santarém medieval. Séculos XI a XVI

777

85.

THIERRY JULLIEN | MOHAMED KBIRI ALAOUI | VIRGINIE BRIDOUX | ABDELFATTAH ICHKHAKH | EMELINE GRISONI | CÉLINE BRUN | SÉVERINE LECLERCQ | HICHAM HASSINI | HALIMA NAJI Les céramiques mérinides de kouass (asilah-briech, maroc)

792

ELVANA METALLA La céramique médiévale en Albanie : relations entre les productions byzantines et italiennes

807

ANDRÉ TEIXEIRA | AZZEDDINE KARRA | PATRÍCIA CARVALHO La céramique médiévale d’Azemmour (Maroc) : données préliminaires sur des vestiges de production potière

819

88.

EBRU FATMA FINDIK Medieval Glazed Ceramics from Myra and New Results

831

89.

SERGEY BOCHAROV | ANDREY MASLOWSKIY | AIRAT SITDIKOV The Kashi pottery in the Western Regions of Golden Horde

840

90.

ÉLVIO DUARTE MARTINS SOUSA | FERNANDO CASTRO Novos dados químicos de formas de pão-de açúcar produzidas em Portugal: séculos XV a XVI

846

ALEXANDRA GASPAR | ANA GOMES Cerâmicas comuns da Antiguidade Tardia provenientes do Claustro da Sé de Lisboa – Portugal

851

Mª TERESA XIMÉNEZ DE EMBÚN SÁNCHEZ Tipos y contextos cerámicos en el yacimiento emiral del Cabezo Pardo (San Isidro, Alicante). Una breve reflexión sobre la cultura material en el SE Peninsular

861

93.

CRISTINA GONZALEZ Quinta da Granja 1: cerâmica emiral de um povoado da Estremadura

866

94.

DÉBORA MARCELA KISS La cerámica del Tossal del Moro (Benilloba, Alacant). Primeros resultados del estudio de los fondos depositados en el Centre d´Estudis Contestans

875

CRISTINA GARCIA | PATRÍCIA DORES | CATARINA OLIVEIRA | MIGUEL GODINHO Tipologia e funcionalidade nas cerâmicas da casa i do bairro islâmico do poço antigo em cacela-a-velha

882

96.

MANUEL RETUERCE VELASCO | MANUEL MELERO SERRANO Azulejos almohades vidriados a molde de calatrava la vieja (1195-1212)

887

97.

ANA CRISTINA RAMOS | MIGUEL SERRA Novos dados sobre halqal-zawiya (Lagos, Portugal)

893

98.

KAREN ÁLVARO | M. DOLORES LÓPEZ | ESTHER TRAVÉ Una nueva contribución al estudio de la loza barcelonesa decorada en verde y manganeso

900

99.

CARLOS BOAVIDA Medieval pottery from the castle of Castelo Branco (Portugal)

906

100.

FRANCISCO MELERO GARCÍA Pottery of the nasrid period of cártama (málaga)

912

86.

87.

91.

92.

95.

101.

CONSTANÇA GUIMARÃES DOS SANTOS | ELISA ALBUQUERQUE A Capela de São Pedro da Capinha através dos materiais: a cerâmica medieval

917

102.

RICARDO COSTEIRA DA SILVA “Traços mouriscos” na cerâmica do século XV do antigo Paço Episcopal de Coimbra (Museu Nacional de Machado de Castro)

924

103.

IRYNA TESLENKO Crimean Local Glazed Pottery of the 15th century

928

104.

MARIA JOSÉ GONÇALVES Cerâmica em Corda Seca de um Arrabalde Islâmico de Silves: contributo para o seu estudo

934

TEMA: 1

AS CERÂMICAS NO SEU CONTEXTO POTTERY WITHIN ITS CONTEXT

Vesna BIKIĆ

CONTEXT, CHARACTER AND TYPOLOGY OF POTTERY FROM THE ELEVENTH AND TWELFTH CENTURY DANUBE FORTRESSES: CASE STUDIES FROM MORAVA AND BRANIČEVO Abstract: Ceramics from sites along the Danube, especially those coming from the recently renewed excavations at Braničevo and Margum/Morava, provide a solid ground for proposing pottery chronology for the Danube Region. The results of stratigraphic analyses conducted at the most important Danube fortresses indicate that there were three main chronological phases of Byzantine occupation: the earliest one encompasses a century-long occupation of the Late Roman fortifications, starting from the second decade of the eleventh century; the second phase spans the middle and the second half of the twelfth century, i.e. the time of intense Byzantine presence at the Danube frontier; the third phase belongs to the time shortly postdating the withdrawal of the Empire from the border, right at the end of the twelfth century. The most telling pottery contexts from all three phases are discussed and a preliminary chronology of pottery classes is presented, including cooking pots, table vessels and transport containers – amphoras. Resumé: La poterie  des localités situées  le long du Danube, provenant des récentes fouilles de Braničevo et Margum,  fournit  une base solide  à une  chronologie  relative  de la poterie dans la région du Danube. Les résultats des analyses  stratigraphiques  des plus importantes  forteresses danubienne  indiquent trois  principalesphases chronologiques  de l’occupation   byzantine:   la   première phase, marquée par l’occupation des anciennes fortifications de l’antiquité tardive, englobe la deuxième décennie du XIe et la première moitié du XIIe siècle; la deuxième phase révèle la présence intense des Byzantins le long de la frontière danubienne au milieu et dans la seconde moitiédu XIIe siècle et la troisième phase marque le retrait de Byzance de la frontière danubienne à la fin du XIIe siècle. Les contextes de chaque phase sont discutées et une chronologie préliminaire da la poterie, y compris les casseroles, la vaisselle de table et les conteneurs de transport – amphores, est proposée.

INTRODUCTION The Byzantine reconquest of the Balkans at the beginning of the eleventh century brought great changes to this part of Europe. For the first time since Slavic migrations the northern border of the Empire was set along the Danube, and the Danube fortresses once again became a principal concern of Byzantine policy. Excavations at the sites in the Danube Region, particularly in Belgrade, Braničevo, Dristra, Păcuiul lui Soare, and Garvăn, to date have provided valuable

Fig.1 Byzantine fortresses along the Danube

archaeological insight into the processes of consolidation, settlement, and warfare on the re-established frontier of the Empire. Nevertheless, Braničevo and Morava held a unique place among the military and administrative centres on the Danube, not just for having been important strategic points, but also the episcopal seats (PIRIVATRIĆ, 1997). Their intertwined destinies during the eleventh and twelfth centuries and the preservation of the layers of occupation were clearly confirmed even at the early stages of the research. The finds from the two sites should therefore provide a solid

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Fig.2 Pottery assemblage from the Mali Kalemegdan context, the first

phase (photo: Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade)

ground for proposing the pottery chronology for the Danube Region, to leave aside the ongoing excavations at other sites along the Danube (fig.1). Adding to existing knowledge of pottery types and vessel shapes, this research has enabled a broader perception of the character of pottery finds. HISTORICAL RECORD For the Byzantines, the Danube River was a natural frontier of the Empire. It was also the political and cultural border, as eloquently explained by Paul Stephenson: “The notion of the natural frontier is profoundly politicized, and culturally proscriptive: it marks the barrier and point of transition between ‘self’ and ‘other’ in many historical contexts. In medieval Byzantium the frontier delimited the oikoumene, and marked the point of transition from the civilized world to the barbarian (STEPHENSON, 2004: 5).” Centuries after Justinian’s era, the border of the Empire was restored as a consequence of complex military campaigns led by John I Tzimisces (969-976) and Basil II (976-1025). It is likely that two administrative districts (themes) have been established in the Balkan Danube Region. Paristrion – literally the lands along the Danube – was stretching from the southern bank of the Lower Danube in present-day Romania and Bulgaria, and Sirmium stretching from the Sava River to Niš (Roman Naissus) in what is now Serbia (MAKSIMOVIĆ, 1997; STEPHENSON, 2004: 55-58; HOLMES, 2005: 423-428; KRSMANOVIĆ, 2008: 133148 and 191-203, with references; MADGEARU, 2013: 59-100). In the following two centuries the Danube frontier was constantly in the sphere of active Byzantine politics. The Byzantines endeavored to strengthen their authority in the northern Balkans, which was threatened by the expansion of the Hungarians and Venice and the attacks by the Rus’, Cumans and Pechenegs (STEPHENSON, 2004: 47-111; MADGEARU, 2013: 115-166). Particularly significant military operations were undertaken by Komnenian emperors John II (1118-1143) and Manuel I (1143-1180), in order to defend the most important strongholds on the Middle Danube.

Fig.3 Pottery from Morava, the first phase: a) cooking vessels; b) green glazed vessel (photo: Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade)

The Byzantine reconquest of the Balkans and restoration of the Danube border have been followed by huge building activities. The Byzantines restored Roman forts along the Danube and built new ones at the main strategic points. This has been proved at Sirmium/Sremska Mitrovica, Singidunum/Belgrade, Margum/Morava (present-day Dubravica), Braničevo (present-day Kostolac near the Roman town of Viminacium), Taliata/Donji Milanovac, Pontes/Kostol, Iatrus/Krivina, Durostorum/Dristra, Capidava (in the Constanta County), Dinogetia/Garvan, Noviodunum/Isaccea, Aegyssus/Tulcea, and in the Roman and Byzantine forts in Nufăru (MADGEARU, 2013: 101114, with references). The most impressive fortification system was set in Dobrudja, consisting of Păcuiul lui Soare on the river isle and two neighbouring forts at Dervent and Oltina. It was initially built to prevent Rus’ attacks on Dristra (MADGEARU, 2013: 110-112 and fig.7). Similarly, the zone most exposed to Hungarian attacks, which was also the strategic key to the Morava valley, was defended by two forts, Braničevo and Morava (POPOVIĆ, IVANIŠEVIĆ 1988; IVANIŠEVIĆ, BUGARSKI 2012). In a strategic sense, after 971 Morava was the most significant fortress and town in the Middle Danube Region, hence the Episcopal seat. At one point, at the latest in 1019 when the Ohrid archbishopric was established, bishopric seat was moved to Braničevo; yet one can only speculate on

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building activity can be clearly observed in the twelfth century Braničevo (POPOVIĆ, IVANIŠEVIĆ, 1988: 130133). POTTERY IN CONTEXT

Fig.4 Pottery assemblage from the suburb of Braničevo, the second phase (photo: Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade)

the exact year and cause of this relocation (PIRIVATRIĆ, 1997: 173-182). Also, there are no mentiones of the Morava fortress in written sources after the beginning of the twelfth century, while plenty of notices on Braničevo have been preserved, all of them related to the military campaign against the Hungarians (POPOVIĆ, IVANIŠEVIĆ, 1988: 125-127, with references). The archaeological data, being complementary to the written record, can shed some more light on this issue. The results of the ongoing archaeological research provide convincing evidence for an intense occupation of the Morava fort during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, including the period after the relocation of the episcopal seat to Braničevo (BIKIĆ ET ALII, 2012: 101103). On the other hand, as the town grew bigger, intense

Fig.5 Braničevo, vessels from house no. 1, the third phase (photo:

Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade)

As a rule, archaeological contexts dating to the eleventh and twelfth centuries are very rich in pottery. In addition, the distribution of pottery in all the above mentioned sites indicates extensive use of space, which suits to a wide range of building activities and speaks in favour of an intensive settlement process. The period of Byzantine rule in the Danube Region can be determined on the basis of findings of coins and seals, spanning from the time of Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos (913-959) and John  I Tzimiskes (925976) to Bulgarian and Latin imitative coinage from 1195 to 1204/61 (e.g. MADGEARU, 2013: 101-160, with references). However, the results of stratigraphic analyses conducted at the most important Danube fortresses indicate that there were three main chronological phases of occupation inside them. The phases are represented by the remains of houses, ovens and waste pits. The earliest phase encompasses the occupation of Late Roman fortifications and settling in the suburbs. This process can be followed from the second decade of the eleventh century and for a century onwards. Numismatic evidence of the beginning of this horizon consists of the class A2 anonymous folles (976 – ca. 1030/5) and the coins attributable to Emperor Basil II (POPOVIĆ, 1978: 189193; IVANIŠEVIĆ 1993: 79-92; STEPHENSON, 2004: 65-66). Houses and pits dug through the Late Roman and/ or Early Mediaeval occupation layers are common features of this phase, as shown in Belgrade, Morava, Kostol, Dristra, Păcuiul lui Soare, and Garvan (BIKIĆ, 1994, 15-17; BIKIĆ ET ALII, 2012: 102; KIRILOV, KOLEVA 2008: 237240, Abb. 7-9; DIACONU, VILCEANU, 1972: 53-55; MADGEARU, 2013: 105-115, 145-147). Some of the most illustrative eleventh century pottery contexts come from Belgrade and Morava, depicting the production styles of the time. Two very important pottery assemblages were found in Belgrade. From the Upper Town context dated by the class A2 anonymous follis come shards of about twenty pots of similar shape and technological features and fragments of several round-bellied amphoras (BIKIĆ, 1994: 17,fig.3). Then, over forty vessels originate from the Mali Kalemegdan context, which is of a somewhat later date (fig.2; JANKOVIĆ, 1983; BIKIĆ, 1994: 17, fig.4). In the course of the 2011 excavations at Morava, numerous remains from the same time were observed coming from houses and waste pits, one of them also being well-dated by a coin of Emperor Basil II. Among cooking pots, the green-glazed vessel with handles in the form of bird heads was found (fig.3; BIKIĆ ET ALII, 2012: 102, fig.3). Most of the cooking pottery shows a very similar production style. Medium-sized pots were much more numerous than simple conical bowls. They were all decorated with incised linear motifs in combination with notches. At most sites from this time, only one kind of tableware is represented in

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registered in the Lower Danube area (BJELAJAC, 1989: 109-115, fig.2/1-4, 3/1-2; TODOROVA, 2007: 132-134, fig.2-3; AUREL, 2012: 54-61, Figs. 1-3; BIKIĆ, 1994: 58, Fig. 21/3-4; GARAŠANIN ET ALII, 1984: 46). The second phase marks the time of the intense presence of the Byzantines along the Danube frontier in the middle and the second half of the twelfth century, determined by military operations led by John II and Manuel I against the Hungarians. The archaeological layers dated to this period are rather thick, with a wealth of material, especially pottery, dated by coins of the two emperors of the Komnenos dinasty. The finds from this phase have been most completely observed at Braničevo, while pottery from that time was also found in Belgrade and Morava.

Fig.6 Main pottery types from Belgrade and Braničevo: the first phase

(1-4), the second phase (5-9), the third phase (10-13)

pottery assemblages – green glazed pottery. The inclusion of the Middle Danube Region in the Byzantine supply system is particularly confirmed by the finds of roundbellied amphoras, although more such findings have been

Back in the 1980s, part of a settlement was excavated in the suburb of the Braničevo fortress. Remains of seven houses were uncovered, together with ovens grouped in three separate areas between them (POPOVIĆ, IVANIŠEVIĆ 1988: 133-135, fig.5). The houses were simple wooden structures, dug about 50 cm into the soil or built on stone substructures. Similarly to the first phase, cooking vessels dominate the assemblage, but here are represented by ovoid pots of somewhat different style (fig.4; POPOVIĆ, IVANIŠEVIĆ 1988: 142-150, Figs. 15-21). Besides green glazed pottery, already introduced in the previous phase, there are well-known Byzantine wares, as fine as painted sgraffito, champléve, and jugs with red painted decoration over silver slip. Burnished pottery of Bulgarian provenance appears too. One should mention that the same pottery classes, primarily cooking pots, occur in similar habitation contexts at Morava, as indicated by the outcomes of recent

Fig.7 Table pottery types: green glazed jugs (1-4), red painted vessels (5-7, 12-14), Byzantine glazed pottery (8-11)

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excavations there. On the other hand, stratigraphic contexts of the same date from Belgrade were mainly related to major construction work on the fortifications (BIKIĆ, 1994: 4458, Figs. 5-7, 16-21). The number of amphoras was on the increase in all the mentioned contexts. In addition, the recent excavations at the Braničevo fortress, the Mali Grad site, revealed a unique pottery assemblage (SPASIĆ ĐURIĆ, 2011: 45-113). Some fifty vessels have been uncovered to date in a very simple but relatively large two-roomed wooden building. As is usual, these are mostly cooking pots of rather uniform characteristics, both formal and technological. Nevertheless, the assemblage includes a set of ceramic (and glass) tableware of high quality, for example champléve and painted bowls and plates, glazed and burnished jugs, a kind of a burnished kettle, and a faltenbecher with glazed surface, as well as a porcelain plate. Judging by a coin of Manuel I Komnenos found at the floor, the context dates to the middle of the twelfth century (the coin belongs to the first issue, struck 1143/1152). The building was completely burnt down. Owing to a large fire its wooden construction, floor, and furniture have been demolished, and even some ceramic vessels were greatly deformed. Although the excavations of this building are not completed yet, by the structure uncovered so far, by luxurious ceramic and glass tableware and by some other finds, including weaponry, historical background of the context may well be suggested. One can assume that there was a military camp of either John II or Manuel I at this very place (BIKIĆ, POPOVIĆ 2012: 661), the written testimony of which we find in the works of Joannes Kinnamos and Niketas Choniates (KALIĆ, RADOŠEVIĆ-MAKSIMOVIĆ 1997: 7-8, 12-14, 117-118, 130). The third phase marks the time shortly after the withdrawal of Byzantium from the Danube border, which happened right at the end of the twelfth century. At present, this phase can be clearly distinguished only in the suburb of Braničevo, where six houses from that time have been excavated (POPOVIĆ, IVANIŠEVIĆ 1988: 135-138, Figs. 22-23). The pottery assemblages from floor-levels were dated by Bulgarian and Latin imitative coinage, issued between 1195 and 1204/61. Cooking vessels from this stratigraphic phase differ from those previously mentioned, particularly due to the quantity of mica in their structures, and vessel profiles were different too (fig.5). These are mainly globular and bagshaped vessels with wide base and simple linear decoration incised on upper parts of the pots. Cauldrons also appear, not present in earlier stages. As another peculiarity, both tableware and amphoras are missing from these assemblages. CHRONOLOGY OF POTTERY CLASSES The contents of the presented units are sufficiently variant to permit proposing a clear chronology of pottery classes from the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The characteristics of the pottery from the Middle Danube sites, a matter discussed above, can also be seen in the Lower Danube Region. Therefore, a reliable chronology of phenomena related to pottery in the wider area of the Danube frontier can be

Fig.8 Amphora types (1-3), burnished amphora-like jug (4)

established. As one can see from the previous discussion, in the course of the time pottery underwent significant changes, even though some common trends could be observed throughout the region, at all chronological levels. These trends do not only concern formal and technological aspects of pottery, but the commercial ones as well. Pottery from the earliest contexts, dating from the eleventh and early twelfth centuries, keeps to the early-medieval pottery tradition to a large extent. This is shown on the example of pottery from the Middle Danube Region (Fig. 6/1-4), and the same trend can be observed in the repertoire of finds from the Lower Danube fortresses. Cooking pottery of very similar production style predominates, particularly mediumsized pots and simple conical bowls, the first ones having been found in considerably greater numbers (ŞTEFAN ET ALII, 1967: Fig. 77; DIACONU, VILCEANU, 1972: Figs. 27-29). Cooking pots bear distinct characteristics of the Balkan–Danube production style, especially for having been made on the slowly rotating potter’s wheel and fired at relatively low temperature. Very dark coloration of vessels, in shades of dark red and dark grey, came as a consequence of such practice. Incised linear decoration combined with punctures and notches made with finger, nail or tool was common on pottery of this date. Tableware is predominantly represented by green-glazed pottery (fig.7/1-4; ŞTEFAN ET ALII, 1967: 230-238, Figs. 142-145; DIACONU, VILCEANU, 1972: 89-102, Figs. 33-42; BARNÉA, 1989: 137-138, Figs. 6-7; BARASCHI, DAMIAN, 1993: 237-243; KIRILOV, KOLEVA, 2008: 239, Abb. 9/1-5; KOLEVA, 2008). The distribution of

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this kind of pottery was rather restricted, mainly to the area along the Danube and to the Delta (Dobruja), so one could presume that their place of manufacture was situated somewhere in the Black Sea coastal area. The inclusion of the Middle Danube Region in the Byzantine supply system is confirmed by the findings of Byzantine pottery, first of all amphoras, as these were used for the transport of military provisions. The round-bellied amphoras make the most numerous group, and thanks to the nearness of the Black Sea trading posts even more such findings have been registered in the Lower Danube Region (ŞTEFAN ET ALII, 1967: 249-259, Figs. 154-157; BARNÉA, 1989: 131-134, Figs. 1- 3; TODOROVA, 2007: 132-134, Figs. 2-3; AUREL, 2012: 54-61, Figs. 1-3; BIKIĆ, 1994: 58, Fig. 21/3-4; MARJANOVIĆ-VUJOVIĆ, 1984: 46). In the twelfth century ceramics underwent substantial changes, although the basic features of production were preserved (Fig. 6/5-9). In contrast to the previous group, pottery from the second phase contexts was made on the fast potter’s wheel. This resulted in a somewhat different overall appearance of pottery and in a higher level of standardisation in both formal and technological terms, encompassing differentiated types in several volumes of pots, reduced decoration, and uniformity of raw materials and firing temperatures; therefore the colours of vessels are brighter than they used to be, in shades of red and reddish-brown. As particularly striking details stand out accentuated rim and decoration limited to the upper part of the vessel, in the form of horizontal incisions with a line of notches made with finger, nail or tool above it. Among cooking vessels, pots with handle occur in this phase, as well as several variations of bowls (e.g. BIKIĆ, 1994: Figs. 5/14-16, 6/10-11, 16/116). Having been used for regular supplies to the army, amphoras are relatively common finds in fortresses along the Danube. Viewed as a whole, several types of them appear in great numbers, first of all particular variations of large roundbellied amphoras, also present in the previous phase (Fig. 8; BJELAJAC, 1989: 111-115, Figs. 2-3; ŞTEFAN ET ALII, 1967: 257-268; Figs. 159-162; TODOROVA, 2007: 132-140, Figs. 1-7, Pls. I-III). The inclusion of the Danube fortresses in trading processes is mirrored also in the luxurious tableware finds. Variations of sgraffito pottery – fine sgraffito, painted sgraffito, and champlevé wares - were introduced to assemblages from the second phase, again in greater numbers in localities in the Lower Danube Region (Fig. 7/8-11; ŞTEFAN ET ALII, 1967: 244-249, Figs. 150152; BARASCHI, DAMIAN, 1993: 245-247, Figs. 6-7). In addition, some specific kinds of wares have also been registered, such as pottery with red-painted decoration over silverish or golden slip, and burnished pottery. Assemblage of pottery with silver or golden slip is rather outstanding from the typological, qualitative and stylistic points of view (DIACONU, VILCEANU, 1972: 113-115, Figs. 49-50; BIKIĆ 1990; BORISOV 2002: 149-153). Two main groups can be distinguished. The first one consists of fine jugs and

beakers, made on the fast potter’s wheel. This ware is thinwalled, with delicately painted arch-like and floral patterns (Fig. 7/5-7; DIACONU, VILCEANU, 1972: 113-115, Figs. 49-50; POPOVIĆ, IVANIŠEVIĆ, 1988: Fig. 20; BIKIĆ 1990). The second group encompasses coarse pots made on the slow wheel; the vessels are thick-walled, decorated with large geometric patterns (Fig. 7/12-14; ŠTEREVA, 1977: 6-18, Figs. 1-4; POPOVIĆ, IVANIŠEVIĆ, 1988: Fig. 21). Regardless of the differences among them, the layers of coating were of similar composition, basically made from kaolinite and phlogopite, or zinnwaldite. Just as in the Danube Region, this kind of pottery is not frequently found in other regions of Byzantium. To date, a greater quantity of findings is registered only in Bulgaria (BORISOV, 2002: 149-150). Fine pottery with similar red painted design was found in Corinth, but without any kind of slip (STILLWELL MACKAY, 1967: 285-288, Pl. 68/85, 88, 89). To conclude, there is a number of unsolved questions regarding pottery with silver or golden slip and red-painted decoration; therefore many problems concerning issues of their production and the localization of workshops remain open. However, on the basis of more recent research it is assumed that south-eastern Bulgaria may have been one of the production regions, at least for coarse pottery with geometric decoration (BORISOV, 2002: 150-153). Burnished ware may be seen as one of the trademarks of mediaeval Balkan pottery, especially in the territory of the First Bulgarian state during the ninth and tenth centuries. Therefore this kind of pottery, represented by large amphora-like jugs, is specific for northern Bulgaria, where the main workshops were situated (Fig. 8/4; DONČEVAPETKOVA, 1977: 82-92, Figs. 21-25). Beyond the region of origin, similar finds of a later date have been observed as well. Pottery of the same technology was discovered within the second-phase units on the Middle Danube sites, dated to the late eleventh and twelfth centuries (BJELAJAC, 1989: 117; BIKIĆ, 1994: 59-60, Fig. 22/1, 2, with references). The continuation of the production, with certain changes in general appearance, is indicated by thinner walls and more elegant proportions of later vessels. The smallest sample comes from the third phase, dated to the end of the twelfth century and the first decade of the thirteenth (Fig. 6/10-13). The changes are evident in both pottery shape and technology (POPOVIĆ, IVANIŠEVIĆ, 1988: 150-153, Figs. 22-23). This group is clearly defined by baggy vessels, burnished jugs, and especially cauldrons (TAKÁCS 1986: Taf. 82/1-2). A larger proportion of mica in the raw material and a dark grey firing colour point to a rather different pottery tradition, drawing from the Transdanubian regions, most probably from southern Banat (TAKÁCS 1986: 98-99; PAŠIĆ 2001: 182-183, Figs. 6/10, 7/10-12). In the specific case of Braničevo, this assumption can be supported with historical evidence. The battles for supremacy between Hungarians and Bulgarians at that time led to the destruction of settlements in a violent rage (POPOVIĆ, IVANIŠEVIĆ, 1988: 168).

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CONCLUSIONS Although the case studies of Braničevo and Morava have been used for providing the chronology of pottery, similar trends and features of the assemblages were registered across the Balkan Danube Region in general. The noted differences and advances in pottery craftsmanship mark only part of important economic and cultural changes which took place after the establishment of Byzantine rule over the Balkans, reflecting also in the foundation of proto-urban centres and the active trading, which led to the sudden occurrence of luxurious items etc. In this wider context, ceramic can shed light on some socio-cultural processes which were ongoing in the region at that time. Nevertheless, one has to bear in mind that the presented results are only preliminary. While systematic excavations at Morava are still in early stages, systematisation and analyses of attractive new finds from Braničevo will soon be proceeded with. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This paper results from the research project of the Institute of Archaeology Urbanisation Processes and Development of Mediaeval Society (No. 177021), funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. I would like to thank Dr Bojana Krsmanović for critical reading of the manuscript, Mr Ivan Bugarski for improving the English style, and Dr Vujadin Ivanišević for translation of abstract into French.

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