Cosmetic Industry.pptx

introduction
The word "cosmetics" comes from the Greek word kosmetikos meaning "skilled in adornment/decoration". The way people wear makeup and the reasons why they wear it have changed dramatically over time and through different cultures.

Several chemicals in cosmetics not only cause harm to human health but also cause a great deal of environmental problems

The personal care products of most frequent use include soaps, fragrances, solvents, non-ionic and anionic surfactants, bleaches, dyes, sunscreen agents, etc
 
Cosmetic wastewaters are characterized by relatively high values of chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids, fats, oils and detergents. (Ritter, 1989)
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1. Pre-weight station 2. Bulk mixer 3. Side mixer 4. Main mixer 5. Bulk material storage 
6. Filling machine 7. Storage tank 8. Clean in place unit 

Shampoo process flow diagram

By-products : No by-products are produced during the shampoo manufacturing process.
The major pollution source is the waste water coming from the production process



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Byproducts
Glycerin is a very useful byproduct of soap manufacture. It is used to make hand lotion, drugs, and nitroglycerin, the main component of explosives such as dynamite.
The major pollution source is the waste water coming from the production process

2) Shampoo
Raw materials
Hair shampoos are highly formulated products based on a limited range of cosmetically acceptable surface active agents, plus conditioning agents, pearling agents, antimicrobials agents, colors and fragrance.
PROCESS: Shampoos are produced by mixing all ingredients. Raw materials must be prepared and weighed by weighing machine. Then they are mixed in bulk material mixer at approximately 80oC. Some components vaporize easily such as perfume so that they need to be mixed separately at lower temperature of 25oC in side mixer.
After premixing, ingredients are mixed properly in main mixer at about 32oC. After that, the liquid is transferred to storage tanks before being filled into bottles or refill bags. When production batch completes, machines are cleaned by hot water at 80oC.







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Process for the Manufacture of Soap
(A Process Flow Diagram)

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2. CONTINUOUS PROCESS
Splitting
Mixing
Cooling and finishing
Milling

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Process scheme
Most Cosmetic Industries have different process scheme, however in this report we will study some few of them.
The process of Making Soap is called Saponification

SOAP
Soap requires two major raw materials: fat and alkali (sodium hydroxide or Potassium hydroxide )
PROCESS
Batch process or Kettle process
Boiling
Salting
Strong change
Pitching

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By
ELEGBELEYE OLADIPO AYODAMOPE
Cosmetic Industry
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Reference.
1. Cavitch, Susan M. The Natural Soap Book: Making Herbal and Vegetable-Based Soaps. Storey Communications, 1995.
2. Maine, Sandy. The Soap Book: Simple Herbal Recipes. Interweave Press, 1995
3. Spitz, Luis, ed. Soap Technologies in the 1990s. American Oil Chemists Society, 1990
4. C. Visvanathan : industrial waste abatement and management: shampoo production, 2007
5. Bogacki J, Naumczyk J, Marcinowski P, Kucharska M.: Treatment of cosmetic wastewater using physicochemical and chemical methods 65, 2, 94-97 2011
6. Chen D., Zeng X., Sheng Y., Bi X., Gui H., Sheng G., Fu J.: The concentrations and distribution of polycyclic musks in a typical cosmeti plant. Chemosphere 2007, 66, 252–258.
7. Esplugas S., Bila D. M., Krause L. G. T., Dezotti M.: Ozonation and advanced oxidation technologies to remove disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water effluents. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2007, 149, 631-642.
8. Joss A., Keller E., Alder A. C., Gobel A., McArdell C. S., Ternes T., Siegrist H.: Removal of pharmaceuticals and fragrances in biological wastewater treatment. Water Research 2005, 39, 3139-3152.
9. Kasprzyk – Hordern B., Dinsdale R. M., Guwy A. J.: The removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving waters. WaterResearch 2009, 43, 363-380.
10. Miege C., Choubert J. M., Ribeiro L., Eusebe M., Coquery M.: Fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater treatment plants – conceptionof a database and first results. Environmental Pollution 2009, 157,1721-1726 
11. Reif R., Suárez S., Omil F., Lema J.M.: Fate of pharmaceuticals and cosmetic ingredients during the operation of a MBR treating sewage. Desalination 2008,
221, 511–517.
12. Krasner SW, Amy G (1995) Jar-test evaluations of enhanced coagulation. J Amer Water Works Assn 87(10):93–107
13.Monsalvo V. M, Lopez J, Mohedano A. F, Rodriguez J. J: Treatment of cosmetic wastewater by a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR), 2014
 
14.Naumczyk J, Bogacki J, Marcinowski P, Kowalik P.: Cosmetic wastewater treatment by coagulation and advanced oxidation processes, 2013
 
15. Matamoros V., Arias C., Brix H., Bayona J. M.: Preliminary screening of smallscale domestic wastewater treatment systems for removal of pharmaceutical


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Fenton Process: Hydrogen peroxide reacts with iron (II) to form Fenton's reagent (an unstable iron-oxide complex) that subsequently reacts to form hydroxyl radicals.
Fe2+ + H2O2 Fe3+ + OH- + OH
Fe3+ + H2O2 Fe2+ + O2- + 2H+
O2- + Fe3+ Fe2+ + O2
The above three reactions cycle iron between the ferrous and ferric oxidation states until the H2O2 is fully consumed, producing OH in the process

Effect of Wastewater parameters above the standard
BOD,COD,TDS and TSS:
Prevent light penetration because of suspended solid and turbidity of the water which can result to the death of the aquatic life and migration of aquatic animals. High oxygen demand in the wastewater makes the micro organism to be less functional in the degradation of the toxic pollutant.
Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorous
Nitrogen and phosphorous are good nutrients to the plants, when present in the water it helps the aquatic plant grow well. But in high amount it causes eutrophication (algal bloom) which makes the presence of aquatic plant to be high and in turn causes oxygen depletion.

Oil and Grease
Oil and grease when present in water tend to float on the surface of the water making less way for oxygen to dissolve and sunlight to penetrate. It has toxic effect and sometimes aesthetic inconveniences. It also bio accumulate in the food chain
pH
High PH damage metal pipes and cause aesthetic problems, such as a metallic or sour taste, laundry staining or blue-green stains in sinks and drains.
Water with a low pH may contain metals in addition to the before-mentioned copper, lead and zinc.





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Cosmetic Wastewater standards
All units are in milligram per liters unless otherwise stated.
 
Parameters
Limit for
discharge into
surface water
Temperature
Less than 40 0C within 15 meter
of outfall

Colour (Lovibond Units)
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pH
6-9
BOD5 at 200C
50
Total suspended solids
30
Total dissolved solids
2,000
Chloride (as CL)
600
Sulphate (as SO42)
500
Sulphide (as S2)
0.2
Cyanide (as CN-)
0.1
Detergents (linear alkylate sulphonate as methylene blue active substance)

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Oil and grease
10
Nitrate (as NO3) NO3
20
Phosphate (as PO43-)
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Treatment process
Physiochemical Process
Pretreatment
Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment
Tertiary Treatment

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Treatment Using Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)

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Treatment coagulation and advanced oxidation processes
Coagulation:
It is the process of addition of a coagulant in the water to disrupt or neutralize colloidal particles to stick together and form flocs. Coagulant chemicals with charges opposite those of the suspended solids are added to the water to neutralize the negative charges on non settlable solids. Once the charge is neutralized, the small suspended particles are capable of sticking together.


Hydrogen Peroxide/UV (H2O2/UV)

The oxidation of organics can occur by either direct photolysis or reactions with hydroxyl radicals. Hydroxyl radicals are produced from the photolytic dissociation of H2O2 in water by UV irradiation.
H2O2/UV process: H2O2 + hυ 2 OH (λ