crtical discourse analysis.docx

Critical Discourse Analysis2017Critical Discourse Analysis2017
Critical Discourse Analysis
2017
Critical Discourse Analysis
2017

CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF AHOK SPEECH ON THE GOVERNOR'S ELECTIONAL IN JAKARTA
Anwar

Abstract
The paper presented to analyze Ahok's speech on the governor electional in Jakarta through a Critical Discousre Analysis (CDA). The speeches are taken from his speech at Kepulauan Seribu. There are some aspects that analyzed namely: ideology and power in political discourse. By fragmenting each statement and then analyzing them deeply. The writer found that ideology and power often used in political speeches to resemble the speaker both positive and negative purpose as well as hidden agenda in a political domain.
Introduction
Discourse has spread all over the world, whether we are looking at the esoteric language of a scholarly report, the imperative appeals to consumerism in advertising or the exchange of words performed in a dialogue. In discourse, social context plays a prominent rule and always take place. A dialogue between a parent and a child might be different from a political speech such a politician, in terms of ideology, political speech uses power relations and usage of words. Election campaigns and other types of political discourse are the battle of ideology that can be analyzed by critical discourse analysis. Van Dijk (1997) stated that it is eminently here that different and opposed groups, powers, struggles and interests are at stake. In order to be able to compete, political groups need to be ideologically conscious and organized.
Ideology, of course, is an essential part of critical discourse analysis. Moreover, there are a lot of debates about ist definition. Ideology refers to a body of ideas, that is belief systems, characteristic of a particular social group, class or society and ideas which help to legitimize a dominant political power (Eagleton, 1991; Fairclough,1997; Wodak,1999; Luke, 2008). It would require a separate study to engage in a detailed analysis of the views of each of these and other thinkers on the concept; but to move ahead with this study.
The concept of power has proved problematic, with many competing views as to where it is located, what it consists of and how it is best analysed. Power is a complex and an abstract idea but has significant influence on our (van Dijk 1993, 1996; Thornborrow, 2000). Language and politics have become inseparable to an extent that language is an indispensable tool in politics. An inquiry of the language of politics helps us to gain insight into how language is used by those who wish to gain power, those who wish to exercise power and those who wish to keep power. This appears to be in consonance with the claim that language is a vital process of setting the personality and the programme of the candidates to the public with the primary aim of gaining their support and mobilizing them to participate in the process of securing and controlling power (Opeibi:210; Orwell, 1964; Malinwoski, 1990).
The study of political institutions and everyday life and decision-making in organizations has become a major new focus of CDA. Political discourse, as a sub-category of discourse in general, can be on two criteria: functional and thematic. Political discourse is a result of politics and it is historically and culturally determined. It fulfils different functions due to different political activities. Woods (2006) mentions the following speech acts as some of its functions which are to protest, legitimize, intimidate, persuade the people or lead them to a particular view of political reality and to act in a way that is consistent with this view by voting for a particular party. Political discourse then, is not neutral as a medium of communication.
Research Question
The purpose of this study is summed up in the following:
To investigate and interpret the 2017 governor's electional campaign speeches.
To apply the analytical tool of Critical Discourse Analysis and aspects of Systemic Functional Linguistics in the campaign texts.
To investigate linguistic expressions which carry ideology.
To find out if these ideological power and unequal power relations and linguistic manipulation in favour of some groups at the expense of others.
To find out if the political campaign speeches selected have hidden meanings and agenda.
Literature Review
What is critical discourse analysis?
Language, indeed, is a social activities in a part of society. Its usage has influenced and form the people's opinions. Political, social, educational, economic, and cultural are among of them. To form or deform, inform, reform and transform man and his society are the functions of a language (Adidemaji, 2005; Amalsaleh, 2013; Wodak, 1999). All of the activities are in line with the concept of symbiotic.
Critical Discourse Analysis as a more socially committed approach to the analysis of discourse incorporates both linguistic and social analysis including context in its approach. CDA sees itself not as dispassionate and objective social science, but as "engaged and committed" (van Dijk 2001; Fairclough, 1995). CDA is linked to social power and ideological patterns. Power in this study is exercised through the use of ideology or what is called hegemony (Omozuwa & Ezejideaku, 2007; Opeibi, 2004; Abudullahi- Idiagbon, 2010; Hodge & Kress, 2010).
Political Discourse Analysis
The study of political institutions and everyday life and decision-making in organizations has become a major new focus of CDA. Political discourse, as a part of discourse in general,can be divided into two groups: functional and thematic (Fairclough, 2001; Oni, 2010; Aman & Mustaffa, 2006; MacLeod, 2010). Political discourse is caused by politics and also cultural; its functioned as political activitites (Woods,2006; Odenbumi et.all, 2010).
Moreover, to protest, legitimize, intimidate, persuade the people or lead them to a particular view of political reality and to act in a way that is consistent with this view by voting for a particular party can be done by a political speech (Fairclough, 2001; Habermas, 1998; Oni,2010).
To sum up, Critical Discourse Analysis as a more socially committed approach to the analysis of discourse incorporates both linguistic and social analysis including context in its approach. CDA is linked to social power and ideological patterns. Power in this study is exercised through the use of ideology or what is called hegemony.
Major Directions of CDA
CDA is not just an approach or framework but it is a main umbrella to cover numerous approaches in CDA itself (Wodak, 1996,1999, 2001 ). It tries to focus on the process of interpretation and explanation; the socio-cognitive discourse approach in political discourse ( Van dijk, 1993, 1995, 1996). In addition, CDA is viewed as an oriented model textually- oriented model that draws heavily on Hallidayian linguistic study of discourse (Fairclough, 1992,1995; Jaworksi, 1999).
Besides, an assortment of existing techniques for examination have been utilized in CDA look into, while many attract to some degree, a systemic useful syntax structure, others embrace the Conversational Analysis (CA) to shape the reason for consequent macro–level scrutinize. Truth be told, van Dijk contends that CDA can be consolidated with any approach and sub-teach in the humanities and sociologies. As expressed before, Critical Linguistics (CL) is the soonest and a standout amongst the most compelling etymologically situated basic ways to deal with talk investigation.
CDA and the functional of language
Language is a social practice and CDA sees discourse as a form of social practice. It argues that all linguistic usage encodes ideological positions, and studies how language mediates and represents the world from different points of view. CDA relies heavily on insights from functional grammar because functionalistic theory of language studies how linguistic forms can be systematically related to social and ideological functions(Halliday and Matthiessan,2004).
Analysis Ideology and Language in Political Campaign Discourse
Language is the commonest form of social representation, and the form of social representation on which we rely most is "common sense assumption . Language can be used not only to steer people s thoughts and beliefs but also to control their thoughts and beliefs.
Ideological Analysis
Ideology and language political discourse
The extracts below are representation with the ideology of positive self- representation of "us and negative other representation of 'them .
Extract 1:
"Saya siap bekerja di mana saja asal masih bisa lihat Monas,.........................."
Here speaker tries to represent himself in positive terms that he will do the best for all people in Jakarta including the people of Kepulauan Seribu. Although the island is very far away from the capital city but he still pay attention.
Extract 2:
"Kami akan datangkan kapal besar dan ibu dan bapaknya bisa pulang pergi cuma bayar Rp. 5000,.................."
In this sentence speaker ensures the people that no one ever done such a thing like he did even the previous governors. The speaker projects his own image by attacking the opponents in a subtle manner.
Negative "other representation is further consolidated in the extract below:
Extract 3:
"Bapak ibu dapat 70% sedangkan Pemda dapat 30%, mana ada boss yang baik kaya saya"
It is clear that the speaker tries to underestimate his opponents as he believes that they can't do it. It projects the speaker and his party in the positive light. The speaker assures the people if they choose another candidates, they might not have such presentation of profit.
Ideology as Weapon of Persuasion
In the following script, the subjects studied deployed ideology as a weapon of persuasion and pleading to get the audience to accept them and their party and to reject others and their parties.
Extract 4:
"kalo ada orang yang lebih baik dari saya, bapak-ibu gak usah pilih saya,........."
In this extract, the assertive, "I refers to the speaker himself and functions as subject in the first declarative clause. The word "you refers again to the audience, especially the people. The speaker wants to show that he is much better than the other candidates who don't have any experiences as a governor.
Extract 5:
"kami telah mendatangkan banyak bus baru tahun ini dan juga bapak-ibu bisa jualan ikan di pelelangan, ....................................."
The speaker shows their succed in building Jakarta although it has not completed yet, but the programs has run well under his government.
Ideology as Weapon of Negotiation
The usage of ideology as a weapon of negotiation between the candidates who are seeking political offices and the electorate is projected in the extract below:
Extract 6:
" ikan yang bapak-ibu tangkap kami beli dengan harga tinggi, naik kapal pulang pergi Cuma bayar Rp. 5000"
The speaker uses those statment to negotiate related to the election of governor. He is certain that these programs will interest people to choose him.
Extract 7:
" Kami juga akan menyediakan fasilitas pengobatan gratis yang di tanggung pemda"
The statement of the speaker lead the audience that he has provide more welfare for the society and it has proven well. By providing the health facilities, the speaker is certain that they will vote him.


Ideology as Weapon of Isolation\ Personality Profiling
The ideology of isolation/personality profiling abounds in the campaign speeches studied in this work. In the extract below the speaker s personality profiling is glaring.
Extract 8:
"Meskipun masa jabatan saya berakhir tahun ini, bapa-ibu tak usah khawatir, program saya akan tetap jalan, apalagi kalo saya terpilih lagi"
The extract shows that the speaker is highly certain that he has made a great contribution to the society. The speaker also highlited that he will fullfil his promises if he is chosen again as a governor.
Power Relations in Political Campaign Speeches
Power as Domination
This strategy is deployed by the political aspirants to show supremacy, authority and power, especially supremacy of a particular view or belief over that of others.
Extract 9:
"saya akan pastikan bapak-ibu naik transjakarta gratis kemanapun tujuannya"
The speaker draws attention to himself as he is the great provider. It is marked by the word "pastikan" that implicated the role of governor to employ his people.
Extract 10:
" Bapak dan boleh tanam sayuran dan pelihara ternak di kepulauan seribu, dan itu bisa bantu masa depan anak-anak"
The extract asserts that he has power to make their future much better through his decisions and helped by his government.
Power as Liberalism
A speaker uses power to liberalise when s/he does not impose any constraint on the audience. In such a situation, the basic concern of such a speaker is to declare her/his intention and give room for the audience to freely make their decisions or choices of the views or opinions to embrace.
Extract 11:
"Kami tidak akan bagi rata bantuan kapal, tapi kami akan bagi yang mau bekerja, jadi terserah bapak ibu mau yang mana"
The extract shows how speaker gives attention on freedom by using the word "terserah". The speaker images himself as a democratice one.
Power as Mind Control/ Manipulation
Critical Discourse Analysis focuses on how discourse structures influence mental representations. If controlling discourse is a first major form of power, controlling people s minds is the other fundamental way to reproduce dominance and hegemony. Manipulation is one of the crucial notions of Critical Discourse Analysis that requires further analysis.
Extract 12:
"jadi jangan percaya sama orang, kan bisa saja dalam hati kecil bapak ibu, gak bisa pilih saya, ya — dibohongin pake surat Al Maidah surat 51 macam-macam gitu lho"
This extract intentionally shows how the speaker tries to manipulate the audience that he is the victim of the Quranic verse as it is often used by his opponents. It is used by the speaker, although he is not a moslem, to claim that he is much better than the other candidates. In addition, the speaker conciously insulted the moslems by accusing that the verse is used for attacking non moslems candidates.
Extract 13:
"ini pemilihan kan dimajuin, jadi kalo saya tidak terpilih pun bapak ibu, saya berhentinya oktober 2017. jadi kalo program ini kita jalankan dengan baik pun, bapak ibu masih sempat panen sama saya........................".
The speaker intentionally proposes the audience not to worry about his programs since it will continue although he is not chosen anymore.
Extract 14:
"......ya jadi bapak-ibu gak usah merasa gak enak, dalam nurani gak bisa pilih Ahok...."
While the extract is aimed to make the audience hesitate to choose another candidates but it is to influence their mind to use their votes wisely by chhoing the experiences candidates.
Conclusion
On the whole, the analyst has exhibited political speech discourses that encode power and predominance with ideological feeling. The work additionally uncovers some concealed implications and messages that are implanted in the phonetic expressions utilized. Endeavors have likewise been made to give a far reaching record of speeches to be used on ideology and power in term of politic.The etymological and additional semantic factors of the open occasion including the socio-social, socio-political and socio-phonetic files of the earth which impact the structure and the elements of the political messages were likewise considered. The writer has shown that talk has structure, which means and activity. There is a persuasive relationship amongs speech and social structures, in which social structures decide and make social process.
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