Electoral System

United States
(Part Identification)


Party attachment was confirmed by the traditional requirement to register as a party support to be eligible to vote in its primaries.


Europe
(Social Group)


Voting expressed loyalty to a social group than a party


Thought of themselves as a Catholic or Protestants,


Think of themselves as Democrats ,Republicans or in a minority cases ,as independents.






How do you decide who to vote for?






Party Identification


Indirect Election
Occurs when office –holders are elected by a body which has itself been chosen by a wider constituency.
Widely used within communist parties as a device for limiting democratic expression.
Three features of Presidential Elections

1. The length of the term

2. The Possibility of re-election

3.The link of other elections




1. The length of the term
-the presidential term is normally no shorter and sometimes longer than for parliament
2. The possibility of re-election
-term limits are often imposed restricting the incumbent to just one or two periods in office

Methods for electing presidents: Some Examples
Country
Methods of Election
Terms (Years)
Re-election Permitted?
Argentina

Electoral College
6
After one term out
Brazil
Run off
5
After one term out
Finland
Plurality

Yes
France
Run off

Yes
Mexico
Plurality

No
Russia
Run off

One term out required after two terms limit
United States
Electoral College

Two terms limit


Methods for selecting presidents
Countries included in the study(170)
Republics
(132)
President directly elected
(91)
Majority Method (61)
Majority Method (61)
Monarchies
(38)
President Indirectly elected or non-elected (41)
Other
(12)
Plurality Method
(20)




Mixed or other method
(10)

Electoral System : Presidents
Party Identification-
a long-term attachment to a particular party with anchors voters' interpretations of the remote world of politics.














Decline in Party Identification (1970s- 1990s)


Decline over 10%
Decline 1-10%
No Decline

Austria
Australia
Belgium
Canada
Finland
Denmark
France
Japan

Germany
Netherlands

Ireland
New Zealand

Italy
Norway

Sweden
UK

United States of America





Voting- an act of affirmation rather than choice.(Campbell et al,.1960)
What are caused of the decline in party loyalties?
1. Political- decay was not in uniform but tended to be focused on periods of disillusionment with governing parties.
2. Party Dealignment-declining Capacity of social cleavages' to fashion electoral choice.
Partisan Dealignment –refers to the weakening of bonds, between (a) electors and parties (b.)social groups and parties

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United States
(Part Identification)
Party attachment was confirmed by the traditional requirement to register as a party support to be eligible to vote in its primaries.
Think of themselves as Democrats ,Republicans or in a minority cases ,as independents.
Europe
(Social Group)
Voting expressed loyalty to a social group than a party
Thought of themselves as a Catholic or Protestants,