English Remedial Syntax Primer
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Complex Syntax Module: Reference Sheets Introduction to College Writing Cara Luechte Marty Richards ✦ Brian Ashland
1 Historical Note Modern English syntax standardizes a variety of historical constructions. Old English: S MP DO P/Inf IO Ic ÆLfric wolde Þas lytlan bõc awendan to Englishcum... I, Alfred, would translate this little book for Englishmen Middle English: IO P S IO S P Me bifel a ferly, a feyrie, me Þouhte. A fantastic experience happened to me. It seemed fairylike to me. Beginning Basic Building Blocks (BBBB) Words Basic units of meaning that are combined together to create a complete thought.
2 Mary picked rodent down Phrases Collections of words (not complete thoughts) that helps to clarify an idea. Picking off the rodent , Mary sat Bill down. Bill sat down on the railroad tracks . Clauses Two Types Independent A complete thought that can stand on its own. Bill sat down. Bill sat down on the railroad tracks.
3 Dependent A complete thought that cannot stand on its own. Bill sat down. Mary picked off the rodent. [Two complete thoughts that stand on their own] || \/ When Bill sat down [Complete thought that cannot stand on its own] || \/ When Bill sat down, Mary picked off the rodent. [A more elegant expression of the two complete thoughts above that demonstrates how the two clauses relate] Introduction Simple Syntax
4 English is a word order language. We know how words function by their position in the sentence: S P Example: Bill threw. We know “Bill” is the subject because his name is placed in front of the predicate “threw.” Likewise: S P DO Example: Bill threw the ball. We know “Bill” is the subject because his name is placed in front of the predicate “threw” and that “the ball” is the direct object because it follows “returned.” In addition: S P DO IO Example: Bill threw the ball to me. “Bill” is the subject because his name is placed in front of the predicate “threw,” and that “the ball” is the direct object because it
5 follows “returned” with “to me” as the indirect object because of the preposition “to” occurring before “me.” or S P IO DO Bill threw me the ball. “Bill” is the subject because his name is placed in front of the predicate “threw,” and “me” is the indirect object” because it is the person that receives Bill’s action, and it precedes “the ball” what he hurled. “The ball” is the direct object because “threw” precedes it in the sentence. The importance of these constructions cannot be overstressed. Introduction Complex Syntax Thus, Bill threw the ball. tells us about one complete thought and action, but
6 When Bill threw the ball, does not. It leaves us needing more information to complete the idea. Perhaps, we need to add it was raining. In English this is a complete thought. We combine the two clauses together, and we have a new complete thought: When Bill threw the ball, it was raining. telling the reader about the time Bill’s action took place here we bring two clauses together to create a complex sentence. Complex Syntax Clausal Concepts Complex syntax is a dance joining clauses together. Thoughts come together in a variety of cotillions, rhumbas, and jive.
7 Coordination versus Subordination The Seven Coordinating Conjunctions are: F A N B O Y S O | N | O | U | R | E | O R D R T | T | These superhero-connectors can bring two ideas together in a single bound and confront the reader with multiple ideas in one sentence. Coordinating conjunctions bring independent clauses together forming one delicious thought. Example: Superman held up the bank, and the Batmobile drove underneath it, yet the Joker still escaped.
8 The subordinating conjunctions are: after, although, as, as if, as long as, as though, because, before, even if, even though, if, if only, in order that, now that, once, rather than, since, so that, than, that, though, till, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, while, who, whom, whose, which, that, what These partnering conjunctions allow unequal clauses (dependent clauses and phrases with independent clauses) to be linked together with a singular purpose, so the focus of the sentence remains faithful to one idea. Example: While Superman held up the bank, the Batmobile drove underneath it, although the Joker still escaped. Complex Syntax Introduction to Rhetoric
9 Rhetoric is your ability to write with an intentional, transparent purpose. When we come to see that our thoughts can guide our syntax, we also see that how we say or write something inherently expresses our point of view, that is, our way of looking at things. Thus we come to the conclusion that all writing is rhetorical. All writing is argument. I write what I mean. I mean what I write. Habbe god daeg.
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