ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESS

45



1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Petroleum Product Marketing
Nigeria is blessed with abundant natural resources of which petroleum products play a major role. At present, Nigeria is the ninth world producer and sixth world exporter of crude oil. On the domestic economy, the petroleum sector generates over 90% of the country's foreign exchange earnings, and provides employment in various forms to Nigerians (CBN,2010). In addition, the tremendous growth in oil earnings has influenced significantly Nigeria's international relations, and sometimes the politics of oil has taken centre stage in the nation's history of international relations in the last few decades.
The petroleum industry can be classified by type of actors or by sector. The actors in the Nigerian industry consist of both private and public organizations. The public actors are the government agents and functionaries such as the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and its subsidiaries, the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), the petroleum products pricing regulatory authority (PPPRA), among others. The private segment consists of both indigenous and foreign actors (Christopher and Adepoju, 2012).
In the last two decades, petroleum industry has occupied strategic importance in the Nigerian economy accounting for as high as 78 percent of Gross Domestic product and up to 90 percent of the country's total annual revenue and foreign exchange earnings, (NBS, 2008).
The petroleum industry can be classified by type of actors or by sector. The actors in the Nigerian industry consist of both private and public organizations. The public actors are the government agents and functionaries such as the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and its subsidiaries, the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), the Petroleum Products Pricing Regulatory Authority (PPPRA), among others. The private segment consists of both indigenous and foreign actors.
The indigenous sector consists of private independent marketers. As far back as 1978, the concept of independent petroleum products marketing was introduced with a view to bringing indigenous independent marketers to that sector of the industry. According to Edoreh (1997), in 1979 a year after the scheme of independent marketers was introduced, there were not more than 20 (twenty) "independent marketers".
By 1993, the number had risen to 1000. Today, the indigenous independent marketers are well over 7,948 (PPPR, 2010). As a measure of the growing involvement of the indigenous petroleum products marketers in the economic development process of Nigeria, it is interesting that in 1981, they accounted for less than half – percent in terms of volume of petroleum products marketed in Nigeria. By 1998, they had captured about 25 percent of the market. Today, they account for nearly 40 percent of the volume of products marketed in country. (NNPC, 2010). In terms of outlets, the major marketers have 2218 while the Independent marketers have 7948 outlets. The NNPC has 18 mega stations nationwide as at June, 2010.
These indigenous independent marketers are competing with the established big (foreign) multinational enterprises usually referred to as the major oil marketers comprising:
Mobil Oil Nigeria Plc
MRS Nigeria Plc
Total Nigeria Plc
Con oil Plc
Oando Nigeria Plc
African Petroleum Plc
These six major oil marketers control about 60 percent of the market. There are two major classification of petroleum industry by sector. These are the "Upstream" and Downstream sectors.



1.2 Petroleum products distribution in Nigeria and the role of oil marketers

The antecedents of oil or refined petroleum products marketing in Nigeria date back to the early 1930s when precursors of Shell and Mobil engage in the distribution of petroleum products. The prominent brand of cooking oil or kerosene then was 'sunflower'. The domestic petroleum products market was dominated by the downstream arms of the multinational oil prospecting companies: National Oil (now Con oil), Mobil Oil, Elf, Total Nigeria, Agip Nigeria, British Petroleum (later African Petroleum, now Forte Oil), and Unipetrol (now Oando). Royal Dutch/ Shell Petroleum use to own 40 per cent equity in the former National Oil. Other shareholders were Nigerian government through NNPC (40 per cent), while the remaining 20 per cent of the equities was held by the Nigerian public ( Onigbinde, 2014).
Petroleum products distribution is therefore concerned with the movement of refined petroleum from the refinery to the final consumers across various locations of delivery in the country. In the Nigeria situation, the pipelines and products Marketing Company (PPMC) is responsible for the wholesale supply, distribution and marketing of petroleum products in Nigeria.
Until recently, the petroleum products available for distribution were through an elaborate, network of nearly 4,000 kilometers of pipelines inter connected to 21 widely dispersed depots across the country (table 1).
Table 1: Nationwide retail outlets 2009 census – summary distribution by zone
Geo - Political Zone
Marketer type Major
Marketer type independent
Total No of Outlets
North Central
355
1318
1673
North East
163
726
889
North West
265
1023
1288
South East
194
1227
1421
South South
224
1519
1743
South West
1017
2135
3152
TOTAL
2218
7948
10166
Source: Petroleum Products Pricing Regulatory Authority
Available at www.pppra-nigeria.org
















As highlighted in the NNPC (2006) bulletin the responsibilities of the oil marketing companies are as follows:
To contract for petroleum products supply from refineries in line with prescribed regulations.
To import, supply and market petroleum products throughout the country.
To contract for capacities from logistics companies (jetties pipelines, depots) in line with regulations and pay prescribed tariffs
Ensure that marine tanker parcel size, quantity of products and conditions of
vessel meet prescribed regulations.
Ensure that onward delivery of petroleum products from regional depots to retail station using road tankers comply with stipulated regulations.
Ensuring holding of strategic petroleum stocks in regional depots, refinery tank forms or company owned depots in line with regulations.
In discharging these responsibilities, marketers will be able to distribute the products effectively, and still make the normal profit. Emedosibe (2009) observed that in performing these responsibilities, the marketers are making abnormal profit of 106% per litre; an allegation which the marketers have refuted several times. As highlighted in the NNPC bulletin the Pipelines and Product Marketing Company (PPMC) is the product distribution arm of NNPC. PPMC is directly responsible for the comparative ease with which petroleum products are sourced and distributed to all parts of the country, at a uniform price. PPMC, a subsidiary of NNPC, ensures, among other things, the availability of petroleum products to sustain the nation's industries, run automobiles and for domestic cooking.
Petroleum products are either imported or refined locally and received by the PPMC through import jetties and pipelines and distributed through pipelines to depots that are strategically located all over the country called bridging to designated retail outlets. NNPC operates retail outlets with efficient service delivery of petroleum and allied products to customers in an environmentally friendly manner. This situation prevails only in some states of the federation, but it is not the case in other parts of the country. On occasions, some states of the country including Abuja, the federal capital territory, may experience outages lasting for days, and motorists have to queue up to buy the products. This situation ought not to be so (Christopher and Adepoju, 2012).

1.3 Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is the process by which information about the environmental effect of a project is collected, assessed and taken into account by the planning service in reaching a decision on whether the proposed development should be granted planning permission. EIA can also be defined as a systematic process to identify, predict and evaluate the environmental effect of proposed actions in order to aid decision making regarding the significant environmental consequences of projects or proposed development (Akintunde and Akin, 2011).
The objectives of any environmental impact assessment (in the Act referred to as "the assessment") are:-
(a) to establish, before a decision is taken by any person, authority, corporate body or un incorporated body, including the Government of the Federation, State or local government intending to undertake or authorize the undertaking of any activity, those matters that may likely or to a significant extent affect the environment or have an environmental effect on those activities and which shall first be take into account;
(b) to promote the implementation of appropriate policy in all Federal Lands
(however acquired) States and local government areas, consistent with all
laws and decision making processes through which the goal and objective in
paragraph (a) of this section may be realized;
(c) to encourage the development of procedures for information exchange, notification and consultation between organs and persons when proposed activities are likely to have significant environmental effects on boundary or trans State or on the environment of bordering town and villages, (EIA,1992).
1.3.1. Restriction on public or private project without prior consideration of
the environmental impact
(1) The public or private sector of the economy shall not undertake or embark on or authorize projects or activities without prior consideration, at an early stage, of their environmental effects.
(2) Where the extent, nature or location of a proposed project or activity is such that it is likely to significantly affect the environment, its environmental impact assessment shall be undertaken in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
(3) The criterion and procedure under this Act shall be used to determine whether an activity is likely to significantly affect the environment and is therefore subject to an environmental impact assessment.
(4) All agencies, institutions (whether public or private) except if exempted pursuant to this Act, shall, before embarking on the proposed project, apply in writing to the Agency, so that subject activities can be quickly and surely identified and environmental assessment applied as the activities are being planned.
1.3.2 Identification, etc., of significant environmental issues
(1) In identifying the environmental impact assessment process under this Act, the relevant significant environmental issues shall be identified and studied before commencing or embarking on any project or activity convened by the provisions of this Act or covered by the Agency or likely to have serious environmental impact on the Nigerian environment.
(2) Where appropriate, all efforts shall be made to identify all environmental issues at an early stage in the process.
1.3.3 Minimum content of environmental impact assessment
An environmental impact assessment shall include at least the following minimum matters, that is:
(a) a description of the proposed activities;
(b) a description of the potential affected environment, including specific information necessary to identify and assess the environmental effect of the proposed activities;
(c) a description of the practical activities, as appropriate;
(d) an assessment of the likely or potential environmental impacts of the proposed activity and the alternatives, including the direct or indirect cumulative, short term and long term effects;
(e) an identification and description of measures available to mitigate adverse environmental impacts of proposed activity and assessment of those measures;
(f) an indication of gaps in knowledge and uncertainty which may be encountered in computing the required information;
(g) an indication of whether the environment of any other State or local government area or areas outside Nigeria is likely to be affected by the proposed activity or its alternatives;
(h) a brief and non technical summary of the information provided under paragraphs (a) to `(g) of this section.
1.3.4 Detailed degree of environmental significance
The environmental effects in an environmental assessment shall be assessed with a degree of detailed commensuration with their likely environmental significance.
1.3.5 Examination of environmental impact assessment by the Agency
The information provided as part of an environmental impact assessment shall be examined impartially by the Agency prior to any decision to be made thereto (whether in favour or adverse thereto).
1.3.6 Opportunity for comments by certain groups
Before the Agency gives a decision on an activity to which an environmental assessment has been produced, the Agency shall give opportunity to government agencies, members of the public, experts in any relevant discipline and interested groups to make comment on the environmental impact assessment of the activity.
1.3.7 Decision not to be given until the appropriate period has elapsed
The Agency shall not give a decision as to whether a proposed activity should be authorized or undertaken until the appropriate period has elapsed to consider comments pursuant to sections 7 and 17 of this Act.
1.3.8 Decision on the effect of an environmental impact assessment to be in
writing
(1) The Agency's decision on any proposed activity subject to environmental impact assessment shall:
(a) be in writing;
(b) state the reason therefore;
(c) include the provisions, if any, to prevent, reduce or instigate damage
to the Environment.
(2) The report of the Agency shall be made available to any interested person or
group.
(3) If no interested person or group requests for the report, it shall be the duty of the Agency to publish its decision in a manner by which members of the public or persons interested in the activity shall be notified.
(4) The Council may determine an appropriate method in which the decision of the Agency shall be published so as to reach interested persons or groups, in particular the originators or persons interested in the activity subject of the decision.
1.3.9 Supervision of the activity
When the Council deems it fit and appropriate, a decision on an activity which has been the subject of an environmental impact assessment, the activity and its effect on the environment or the provisions of section 9 of this Act shall be subject to appropriate supervision.
1.3.10 Notification to potentially affected States or local government area, etc.
(1) When information provided as part of an environmental impact assessment indicates that the environment within another State in the Federation or a local government area is likely to be significantly affected by a proposed activity, the State or the local government area in which the activity is being planned, shall, to the extent possible:
(a) Notify the potentially affected State or local government of the proposed
activity;
(b) Transmit to the affected State or local government area any relevant information of the environmental impact assessment;
(c) Enter into timely consultations with the affected State or local government.
(2) It shall be the duty of the Agency to see that the provisions of subsection (1) of this section are complied with and the Agency may cause the consultations provided pursuant to subsection (1) of this section to take place in order to investigate any environmental derogation or hazard that may occur during the construction or process of the activity concerned.
1.3.11. Mandatory study list not to be carried out without the report of the
Agency
(1) When a project is described on the mandatory study list specified in the Schedule to this Act or is referred to mediation or a review panel, no Federal, State or local Government or any of their authority or agency shall exercise any power or perform any duty or functions that would permit the project to be carried out in whole or in part until the Agency has taken a cause of action conducive to its power under the Act establishing it, or has taken a decision or issued an order that the project could be carried out with or without conditions.
(2) Where the Agency has given certain conditions before the carrying out of the project, the conditions shall be fulfilled before any person or authority shall embark on the project (EIA, 1992).
1.4 Statement of the Problem
University of Agriculture Makurdi Thrift Cooperative Society has proposed to erect a filling station on campus; environmental baseline information is to be carried out and prepared as part of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study of the site.

1.5 Objective of the Study
The objective is aim:
to provide highlights on operational guide lines, existing laws and regulations involved in filling stations.
- to provide baseline study of the original status of the environment in the area chosen by Thrift as the site for the filling station before the development of the project is started which will serve as a base reference for the implementation of the project.
1.6 Scope of Study
The baseline study will be limited to the environment around the location of the filling station.
1.7 Justification of the Study
In Nigeria, major oil marketers comprise of mainly multinational oil firms that operate in the downstream sector as well as some indigenized oil enterprises, these include Mobil Oil Nigeria PLC, Total Nigeria PLC, Oando PLC, MRS Oil Nigeria PLC, Forte Oil PLC, Conoil PLC, Afroil PLC, Eternal Oil and Gas PLC, Beco Petroleum Products PLC, and Zenon Oil Limited, among others. Many of these oil firms are listed under the petroleum marketing sector in the Nigerian Stock Exchange.
In addition, the NNPC as a state-owned oil company also has a marketing arm that engage in oil retail sales management and this is the arm that ensure thorough re-distribution of petroleum products via the NNPC 'Mega' or 'Micro' filling stations nationwide. Nevertheless, there are several independent oil marketers that operate in various nooks and crannies of Nigeria. Independent oil
marketers comprise of mainly indigenous oil enterprises. There are over three hundred and fifty (350) of these marketers in the country as at September 30, 2012, (NNPC, 2012).
Erection of filling stations has become an investment outlet for many Nigerian businessmen. Many investors in this sector invested heavily in the construction of filling stations in order to benefit heavily during periods of fuel scarcity leading to a proliferation of such structures in our urban environments and on our highways.
Constructing 'Thrift Filling Station' will help the university community to get fuel at ease within the campus away from the long queues. On the other hand, employment opportunities will be open to the inhabitants surrounding the university.






2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SITE

2.1 Project Location
The Thrift Filling station is located on campus of the University of Agriculture Makurdi in Makurdi LGA, 8 km away from makurdi town, along Makurdi – Bajumba road. The site is position at about 300m from the university main gate. The site area occupied about 200m by 300m (plate 2), it is parabolic to South/North core roads, (plate 3) . Makurdi lies between latitudes 7045'and 7052'N of equator and longitude 8035' and 8041'E of Greenwich meridian (Ochedikwu 2015).
2.2 Project Site Work
The project site work will involve land clearing to remove grasses and shrubs, cut down some trees to make way for access road, construct drainages, dig trenches for underground storage tanks, office building foundation and wall construction.


2.3 Project Site and Surrounding Land Use
From the main gate, the site is adjoined to the left by palm tree plantation which is separated by Makurdi – Bajumba main road. To the right separated by a road leading to 'South core', is an office building of the University Fire service and residential quarters belonging to the university. Behind the 'site spot' is a vast farm land extending over 500m to the main university staff quarters along 'North core' road (Table 2).
2.4 Geographical and Biophysical Information
2.4.1 Topography
The land surface at the site has undulated topography sloping towards the 'North core' road.
2.4.2 Geology
The area under study, University of Agriculture Makurdi lies withn the sedimentary basin of Nigeria, dominated by the crystalline and the sedimentary rock in about the same proportion. The following rock groups are recognized within the sedimentary basins: sand stones, shades and mudstones, limestone, siltstones and others e.g. ironstones (Rahaman and Malomo, 1983).
From studies carried out by Nwajide (1982), the formation comprises of three zones being the lower Makurdi sandstone, the upper Makurdi sandstone and the Wadata limestone.
The upper Makurdi sandstone, which the project site lies, comprises of areas around the Benue River and North-bank where the University of Agriculture is situated. Sandstone and shale outcrop prominently exist within the region and the sandstone units ranges from very fine to medium in grain size. They are silty and high in matrix content.






Table 2: Land use
Direction from Site
Land use
North
Vast Farm land link to Main staff Quarters
South
Main road to the main university Gate
East
Palm tree plantation
West
Fire Service building, Prof Gyang Junior staff Quarters













2.4.3 Climate and Meteorology
The study area is characterized by undulating rolling plain with irregular river valleys and ridges with steep shapes. The University lies within the humid zone with little seasonal temperature variation throughout the year. Two major seasons do exist, the rainy season between April and October and the dry season between November and March. The average annual temperature is 31.50C while the relative humidity is between 65 – 69% and the rainfall varies between 1000mm to 2500mm (Egboramy, 1989).
2.4.4 Soil Characteristics
Soil characteristics of the Project site were directly influenced by relief, decomposition of parent material, climate timing organism; Loamy soils can encompass a variety of infiltration speeds. The soil characteristics fall under 'hydrologic group B' which includes sandy loam soils with moderate textures. The soil of the project site is classified to be loamy sand (Ochedikwu, 2015).
2.4.5 Water Source
Benue state sources of water are Surface and groundwater. The surface water source are rivers, streams, ponds and earth dams while groundwater source are either bore holes or hand dug wells. At the site environment, there is no water source of any kind.
2.4.6 Drainage
The area has no existing natural drainage. Drainage in the area will depend on the land slope. The main sloping is towards the north to a drainage culvert near the primary school.
2.4.7 Atmosphere and air quality
The propose site is located at an open area free from atmospheric pollution. Visual observation showed the atmosphere is clear. The road from the main gate, south core and north core roads are not dusty because the roads are tarred, though with potholes.
2.4.8 Vegetation
The vegetation at the site location has been altered with a continues rain fed agricultural and human activity in the area. Few trees are left in line at the side of the road.
2.4.9 Wild life and animal habitat
The sites environment has undergone massive farming activities that have removed habitats for wildlife. This has altered the required natural environment for wildlife and animal habitats.
2.5 land Use and Development
The land use of the site being on campus was taken out of vast land that is awaiting developmental project. The land belongs to the university. In the absence of an immediate project, it is temporally use for farming by the staff of the university.
2.6 Settlement Statues
The proposed site location is in a land belonging to the university. No major activity yet in the area, only agriculture. There are no churches and mosque close to the site.
2.7 Land Holding
The land for the proposed site belongs to the university. The site is allocated to thrift as any other developmental project on campus by the university.
2.8 Utilities and Aesthetics
The site is accessible because is situated along Makurdi – Bajumba and north core road within the university. There are electricity poles on both sides of the site. Communication signals of the leading networks (MTN, Air Tel, Etisalat function very well. Some provision shops are allocated adjacent to the Fore service office, but appear non functional; however, with sitting of this project, they may become opera tonal. The project plan to develop aesthetic structures around the environment.
2.9 Socio-economic Status
There is no permanent socio-economic activity that takes place in the site. Petty mobile traders do come around from time to time at will, to display their commodity (mostly agricultural products, pure water) for one to two hours and move out.

3.0 RELEVANT LEGISLATION & THE EIA PROCESS

3.1 Applicable legislation, Policies and /or Guidelines

The EIA of the site has to abide by the following list of all legislation, policies and/or guidelines of government that may be applicable to the application:
Nigerian Constitution Act, including the Bill of Rights.
Environmental Conservation Act.
National Environmental Management Act (NEMA), as amended;
NEMA EIA Regulations);
National Environment Management: Air Quality Act;
National Ambient Air Quality Standards in Terms of the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act;
Model noise regulations published under the Environment Conservation Act;
National Health Act;
Food Regulation, as framed under the Health Act;
Tobacco Products Control Act;
Schedule Trade and Occupations Bylaw;
Code of Practice for the Application of the National Building Regulation,
Occupational Health & Safety Act,
National Environmental Management;
National Heritage Resources Act;
Natal Heritage Act;
National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act;
National Water Act;
Municipality by-laws;
Municipal Structures Act; and
- Municipal Systems Act (Hale and Jordaan , 2012).

3.2 Legislative process
Environmental authorization in terms of the EIA Regulations (notices) of the National Environmental Management Amendment Act (NEMA) is required before the proposed project may proceed.
The proposed development of a filling station and associated infrastructure constitutes the following listed activity under the EIA Regulations, as promulgated under sections NEMA:

Listing Notice (requiring Basic Assessment): "The construction of facilities or infrastructure for the storage, or for the storage and handling, of a dangerous good, where such storage occurs in containers with a combined capacity of 80 but not exceeding 500 cubic metres".
Application for environmental authorization shall be made subject to the Scoping and Assessment phases.

4.0 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION ASSESSMENT
4.1 Socio-Economic Assessment /Potential Impacts

The sale of fuel (gasoline, diesel, LPG, kerosene) is the principal activity in filling stations. However, additional services may also be provided such as washing and polishing of vehicles, retailing activities, filling up the radiator, checking tyre pressure, lubrication and vulcanization services.
Socio-economic impacts assessment take into consideration the relationship between economic activities and social life. This relationship is interlinked by the dependence of social activities on economic activities and economic activities on social activities. In most instances the focus is on the social impacts due to economic changes. A change could be the closing down of a factory or new regulations being implemented, which could trigger a change in an entire society or small changes within the community.
The significance of socio-economic impacts associated with the proposed service station is summarized below:
Health and Safety Impacts
Traffic Impacts
Impact of Fuel Spillage or Leakage
Fire and explosion Impacts
Solid and Liquid Waste Generation and Management Impacts
Storm water Management Impacts
Noise Impacts
Aesthetics & "Sense of Place" Impacts
Air Quality Impacts
Traffic Impact Assessment
Thus, the major environmental issues associated with filling stations are noise, fuel spillage, generation of wastewater. The different aspects, impacts and nuisances associated related to such activities are listed below (MEN, 2015):-
4.2 Impacts Significance
The impact evaluation is assign relative significance to predict impacts associated with the project, and to determine the manner in which impacts are to be avoided, mitigated or managed. The information in terms of identified aspects and impacts are summarized in a tabular form and significance assigned with supporting rational. Significance are determined before and after mitigation, taking into consideration all the factors measurements (ratings) in terms of "severity" and "frequency "scale. Severity of each of the impacts is rated on the following scale,(Hale and Jordaan 2012):
Insignificant/non-harmful
1
Small/potentially harmful
2
Significant/slightly harmful
3
Great/harmful
4
Disastrous/extremely harmful
5




The frequency of the impact occurs often either positively or negatively on the environment. Frequency is indicated on the following scale:
Almost never/almost impossible
1
Very seldom/highly unlikely
2
Infrequent/unlikely/seldom
3
Often/regularly/likely/possible
4
Daily/highly likely/definitely
5



4.2.1 Impact significance determination

The environmental significance rating is an evaluated importance of a particular impact, the consequence and likelihood of which has already been assessed by the relevant specialist. The description and assessment of the aspects and impacts undertaken is presented in a consolidated table (Table 4 and 5) with the significance of the impact assigned using the process and matrix detailed below. The sum of the first three criteria (spatial scope, duration and severity) provides a collective score for the CONSEQUENCE of each impact. The sum of the last two criteria (frequency of activity and frequency of impact) determines the LIKELIHOOD of the impact occurring. The product of CONSEQUENCE and LIKELIHOOD leads to the assessment of the SIGNIFICANCE of the impact, shown in the significance matrix below.
Insignificant/non-harmful.


Table 4: Significance Assessment Matrix















Table 5 : Positive and Negative Mitigation Ratings

















The model outcome is then assessed in terms of impact certainty and consideration of available information. Where a particular variable rationally requires weighting or an additional variable requires consideration, the model outcome is adjusted accordingly. Arguments for such adjustments are presented in the text and associated table.

5.0 MITIGATION OF IMPACTS

Mitigation is measure taken to avoid, reduce or manage impacts consistent with best practices. The location of the Thrift Filling station is sited at an area that affected EIA conditions negatively among those mention under section, (4.0 - impact identification).
Mitigation management that measures, alleviate (control, moderate or curb) impacts. The plan specifies methods and procedures for managing the environmental aspects of the proposed development, monitoring requirements are also detailed particularly for those environmental aspects taking into account any mitigation measures that are proposed that give rise to potentially significant impacts.
5.1 Health and Safety Impacts
Table 7, summarizes the health and safety related aspects which could potentially impact upon the environment from the proposed petrol filling station development, during both the construction and operational phases.




Table 7: Health and Safety related aspects and potential impacts
Aspects
Potential impacts
Construction activities (e.g. use of heavy machinery, installation of USTs, vehicular movement etc.)
Minor, serious or fatal injury to staff employed to construct the service station
Storage and transfer of fuel by either delivery vehicles to UST or by attendants to customer vehicles
On-site fires.

Transportation of dangerous goods.

UST filling procedure – Spills from overfilling of tanks and improper connection between the tanker and filler points.

Pedestrian traffic following the boundary of the site crossing the site entry and exit points


Table 8 : Significance Impacts related to health and safety during the construction phase

Table 9: Significance impacts related to storage and transfer of fuel during the
operational Phase








Remarks: From the above tables, the significance of the health and safety impacts associated with the installation of the Underground Storage Tanks (UST) and the running of the service station assuming mitigation measures are effectively implemented in both the construction and operational phases, are rated as being Low.
However, from the Thrift station site, the petrol station is design to release petrol vapour into the air, soil and water using pipes connected from (USTs).

5.2 Fire and Explosion Impacts
Table 10 summarizes the fire and explosion related aspects which could potentially impact upon the environment from the Thrift Service Station development, during both the construction and operational phases.

Table 10: Fire and Explosion Related Aspects and Potential Impacts

Aspect
Potential Impact
Storage and transfer of fuel
On-site fires

On-site explosions




Remarks: From Table 12, during the construction phase the potential for on-site fires and explosions is rated Very-Low after mitigation as there will be no fuels stored on site or in the USTs due to the fact that they would not yet be installed. However, during the operational phase the potential impact associated with on-site fires and explosion is rated as high because no assurance of mitigation implementation of Health Insurance and Safety Policy, Emergency Plan or Environmental Management Plan. With the implementation of these mitigation measures Fire and Explosion impacts are rated as Very-Low.

Table 11: Impact significance for on-site fires and explosions during the construction phase



Table 12: Impact significance for on-site fires and explosions during the operational pha
RER
Rrrrr












5.3 Traffic Impacts
Table 13 summarizes the traffic related aspects which could potentially impact upon communities from the proposed service station, during both the construction and operational.



Remarks : The traffic impacts during the construction phase without mitigation are Medium-Low with a rating of Low with the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures. The significance of traffic impacts during the operational phase has been calculated as Medium-low provided that the mitigation measures are adhered to.
Should the mitigation not be implemented then the potential impact of the traffic will be High and occasional congestion will be experienced at South / North core junction.
5.4 Impact of Fuel Spillage or Leakage.
Table 14 summarizes the spillage or leakage related aspects which could potentially impact upon the environment from the proposed development, during the operational phase only, as no fuel will be on-site during the construction phase.










Table 13: Traffic related aspects and potential impacts
Aspects
Potential impacts
Service station construction
Heavy vehicles entering and exiting the site during loading and
Off-loading of construction equipment.

Increase in traffic volumes at South/North core junction
Service station operation
Increase in traffic volumes during fuel scarcity periods

Fuel tankers maneuvering on site causing traffic congestion at South/ North core in the morning between 7:30 AM and 3:30 – 5PM



















Table14: Spillage or leakage related aspects and potential impacts

Aspects
Potential impacts
Storage of fuel in UST
Contamination of groundwater
UST piping
Contamination of soil and groundwater and sub-sequent contamination of surface runoff
Refilling procedure
Contamination of soils, surface water and groundwater.

People exposed to spilled / leaked fuel.

Catastrophic surface spillage leading to safety hazard at at fire service office and traffic at South /North core road interface.


















5.5 Solid and Liquid Waste Generation and Management Impacts

Table 15 summarizes the waste, both solid and liquid, related aspects which could potentially impact upon the environment from the proposed service station, during both the construction and operational phases. Two alternative methods of sewage and waste water disposal were assessed in this application namely, a waste water treatment plant and a conservancy tank.


5.6 Storm water Management Impacts

Table 16 summarizes the storm water related aspects which could potentially impact upon the environment from the proposed development, during both the construction and operational phases.


Remarks: Provided that all areas that generate potentially contaminated stormwater discharge via the oil/water separator and the appropriate mitigation measures are implemented, the impact significance related to storm water management is considered to have a Very-low significance.











Table 15: Waste management related aspects and potential impacts
Aspects
Potential impacts
Service station construction
Contamination of ground and surface water

Illegal dumping of construction waste, attracts vagrants.
Service station operation
Contamination of ground and surface water, and transportation of contaminants downstream
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Air, soil, ground water and surface water contamination from system leakage.Vector infestation.
Conservancy Tank
Air, soil, ground water and surface water contamination from system leakage.




















Table 16: Storm water management related aspects and potential impacts
Aspects
potential impacts
Service station construction
Contamination of soils and surface water and transportation of contaminants downstream.

Create soil erosion in vulnerable areas.

Flooding Link Road and David Road during storm events.
Service station operation
Contamination of soils and surface water and transportation of contaminants downstream.

Increased hardened surfaces and run-off thereby creating soil erosion in vulnerable areas.

Flooding Link Road and David Road during storm events.




























5.7 Noise Impacts

Table 17 summarizes the noise related aspects which could potentially impact upon the environment from the proposed service station, during both the construction and operational phases.

Remarks: The construction noise impact, with the mitigation implemented, will impact the surroundings during normal working hours and the impact significance is rated Low. Provided that a comprehensive noise control policy is compiled and implemented, noise generation significance is considered to be Low.




















Table 17: Noise related aspects and potential impacts
Aspects
Potential impacts
Service station construction
Disturbance of surrounding residents through noisy machinery and general construction noises.
Service station operation
Service station operation Disturbance of surrounding residents through 24hr service station.

































5.8 Aesthetics & "Sense of Place" Impacts

Table 18 summarizes the aesthetics related aspects which could potentially impact upon the environment from the proposed service station, during both the construction and operational phases.






















Table 18: Aesthetics related aspects and potential impacts
Aspects
Potential impacts
Service station construction
Visual intrusion by construction site activities.
Service station operation
Permanent sight illumination from on site lighting causing light pollution.

Temporary illumination from accessing vehicles.

Disturbance to ones sense of place from infrastructure introduction.

Visual intrusion by removal of vegetation.





















Remarks: Provided that all aspects of aesthetics are managed according to the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) during the construction phase the impact significance related to aesthetic impact is considered to be of Low significance. In terms of the visual impact during the operational phase the design, including the proposed development, is such that lights are projected inward and downwards
thereby reducing the potential negative impact of light pollution for the surroundings and residents at the quarters.

5.9 Air Quality Impacts

Table 19 summarizes the air quality related aspects which could potentially impact upon the environment from the proposed UST installation, during both the construction and operational phases.














Table 19: Air quality generation management related aspects and potential impacts
Aspect Potential impacts

Aspect
Potential impacts
Service station construction
Dust generation during construction phase.
Fuel Vapour Emissions (VOC s)

Release of vapours into the surrounding environment during the refuelling of the UST, vehicle refuelling, fuel spillage and motor vehicle exhausts.




Mi














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