Pinnacle Sociology & Anthropology ISSN: 2360-959X http:/www.pjpub.org © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Research Article
Ethics, A Plasticity In The Aesthetics Of The Statement Lucas Nascimento Universidade de São Paulo ‐ USP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. CAPES. Accepted 22 June 2015.
ABSTRACT The issues chosen for this work are centered around the ethics and aesthetics of the statement. The authors Bakhtin, Foucault and Pêcheux support the proposed analyzes seven discursive sequences of reference.The materiality of a journalistic investigation will research corpus that statements made in drug trafficking situations will be analyzed in the circulation of the day to day functioning of occurrence and origin.The work, then it is assumed as a kind of real and current picture of Brazil for evidence forms and formulas that are trafficking in the city. The analyzes include the aesthetic values plasticized in external / inner thereby fulfilling the ethical depend on the interpenetration be completed by the I and the other in the return to itself. Ethical then aesthetic plasticity is located between each plasticized expression. Keywords: Ethics, Plasticity, Aesthetics, Statement, Subject in Traffic.
Introduction [...]a way of life can be shared by individuals who differ in age, status and social activity. Can lead to intense relationships that do not resemble any institutionalized relationship. And a way of life can lead to, I believe, in an ethics and a culture (FOUCAULT, 1994a, p. 165). To make the matter of ethics research, experimentation and corporeal aesthetic judgment, uplifting, prevented sanctioning any moral standards. In this text, the ethical tract next to the aesthetics and of utterance. For that, I will raise some questions: How to understand the working ethic of language today? Is there an aesthetic ethics? How is its materialistic? Mobilized the discussion, in the field of discourse analysis studies, around concepts such as aesthetics and utterance, traversed by the postulates of Mikhail Bakhtin and Michel Foucault, in some statements about drug trafficking in Brazil.
subject if when dealing with the (non-) bound, focusing, for his academic life, the plural, the existence, needs, desires, the human, the natural. Given this, other motivations arise: How is the creation and the experience of freedom in bondage? How to make the disturbing desire in domestication, in standardization? With this, what is the relationship of man tamed with the man desiring, or, better, with the man of freedom? These questions, and was almost always the concern of the celebrated philosopher, build those initially proposed for discussion in this text. They, here, cross me! 1. Subject ethical: temptation of one, existence of other style, you
More the last volumes of the History of sexuality and some lessons from the years 1980 to 1982, at the Collège de France, found in Summary ... and The Hermeneutics of the subject, Foucault is in discussion about the moral to deal with other topics such as ethics, sexuality, aesthetics, in focus the active subject or agent and the subject of ethics. Always in vogue, the subject and its relationship with the truth and with divisive practices (knowledge and modern institutionalized powers). So I have been working with specific subjects: the madness, the clinic, the know, speech, legal, psychiatric, prison, the freaks, the society, the power, the subject...
Both said that the power is not one, much less fixed, but is plural and is everywhere - this inheritance found in Microphysics of power, among other texts -, Foucault announces the modes of subjectivation as modes of entry for the man himself to the inside of yourself. Showed the freedom as a condition of the ethical man (author (ia) while subject singular). The freedom being the perception point for understanding the relationship of the subject with the existence of ethics, truth: the "self" and the "care of themselves" as practices of escape. What escapes around "you" is freedom and the spraying of time, of space and body uncontrollably. On the strength of power to be filled so quickly by any minimum possible particles, does their existence conditions for perception of tactics, strategies, modalities to be, exist or be human. The issue shown in the subject, ethical care and the hermeneutics of you showed ways to exist the subjectivation, not always having the possibility of being recognized with freedom "or" liberty ", which would make the identification somewhat conflicting. It is seen the entry as something promising freedom.
Beyond walls of asylums, hospitals and prisons, the concentration of Foucault in conducting of the Greeks and Romans 'lives was, in many cases, the crucial point for reflection on the various analyses. At one point, it was no longer closed spaces or enclosed, but, Yes, free spaces to analyze subject and your freedom. What is your relationship with the freedom? What implies the man be, or feel free to? With such issues, enabled both identify intellectual or more to imprisonment, freedom would demonstrate how the
Again, the power or cunning of creeping (failures, anguish, dissatisfaction) or cunning of singularities (successes, identification of you...). Between one and the other are modes of subjectivity or modes of entry. The "care of themselves" is the recognition of freedom, it is the desire of freedom and the freedom of own wish, which makes this subjectivity always desire free the biggest slick of singularity. The wish is the practice of taking care of yourself; the desire is not just the practice of will. In the freedom of the will and the desire of
How to set up so many times, Foucault was attracted by the fact that, among the Greeks and Romans, there was no attempt to impose a moral only to all, but production of group moral, ethical and Amadeo-oriented life, for groups and group styles.
Corresponding Author: Lucas Nascimento Doctoral student at the University of São Paulo, PhD research by Stockholm University, Department of Romance Studies and Classics, SE‐106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. Email address:
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Pinnacle Sociology & Anthropology ISSN: 2360-959X
freedom is, always, in one as in the other, the presence of truth. The wish is true, regardless of what may be the desire. The relationship itself power -resistance, Foucault very interesting concepts is the relation of freedom of ethics. Ethics built this relationship, as well as the fact also does. If "where there is power, there is resistance" (Foucault , [ 1982 ] 2005, p. 91) converges to fight for ethics and truth. What is at stake is symbolic constructions, concretions of what is (sense) and what could be (non- sense), sometimes, even that which is not (nonsensical). This is the process of what becomes ethical and what becomes true. Although, not all the ethical is necessarily true and vice versa . The desire to know, the use of the pleasures and the care of themselves investigative evidence of freedom. Way of inventions, experiences and meanings of the forms of human existence. The practices of freedom are constructions of domination or of release. There you can discuss, for example, other correlated themes such as morality, standards, paradigms, stereotyping, beliefs,. What now dominates, now becomes liberated, is of the order of the domestication, or outside it, otherwise. So freedom is responsible for ethics and truth. And power-resistance be freedom struggles mechanisms. Anyway, to make up the very existence of freedom you. The pleasures and the care are wills; If out of domestication, the subjects are subjectified, if not, subjected. This claims to be practice of freedom all absence of domesticate, you don't say that this practice is docilizada, but instigative to the subject. Maybe there is the point of the construction of identities. Freedom is the first condition for the ethics of you. She is the power of you, the original, once achieved. Thus arises another question-missing the absolute answers: to be subject of freedom need to refrain from placing (s)? To live is to correlate the strength (for power vs. resistance) and materialize them in (in) discursive visibilities, once understood the subject as with language (ens). If the speech is lively in the example function, in practice this materialise sets of meanings visible for statements that, in turn, are understood as tangles of possibilities dizı́veis, aesthetic stocks. In the statement, the ethics stands out and the aesthetics of truth wins rights. The body of ethics is the aesthetics of the verb. Its materiality has the meaning resulting from the statement [by reference, by the ratio determined by the subject, by the associated domain of knowing, and for his own material existence, cf. Foucault ([1969] 2008). 2. Aesthetics of the verb and existence of aesthetics: a source? If Adam is the origin of the human species, as Jesus Christ and the Christian faith, Bakhtin the touts as "the first word in a world not yet discredited Virgin" (1988, p. 88), Thus he the only of all mankind out of dialogical relationship of others throughout the speech. That is why there were no more men, more children of God? Divine salvation was the creation of Eve, a woman companion of man, to the sound of the word start to compose beautiful music.
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It compels understanding man the "subject of history", but don ' t take care of big men involved in great deeds, so little in successful events like those made famous in the Homeric Iliad and Odyssey, so less as the transcendental task creator of Lord Jesus Christ. I made humans that derivatives contrary to divine order, action, known to us, causing the first major punishment, the expulsion from paradise, causing thus consequences for all and always humanity. If the source of the speech is the conversation given between God and Adam; the crime scene was born with sin the most beautiful fruit in the most beautiful Garden. And evil was born with the mistake, just the naivety of the woman and the man. Naivety and trust make Adam and Eve make slaves of their own actions. And Jesus was a slave of his people and his body and his blood as evidence for the good of all his brothers. By sin done in garden of Eden, He, the Son of God, kneeling-if so many times the request for forgiveness, stating: "Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do. And, by spreading their garments, launched sorts" (BI�BLIA, Lucas, 23, 34). Then, He had asked forgiveness for the worst crime of humanity. I made in that order ... in order awareness. Take care of the rejected, the criminal, to "margin": the drug dealer. Enter the risky order to understand the functioning of this specific subject language in an order of trying to deprive the accusations and trials, commonly seen, as: "in the present day, in which about 70% of crime is linked directly or indirectly with drug trafficking (also due to consumption, addiction etc), the punishment of evil trade necessarily must be aggravated, and in an exemplary way" (MARCA�O, 2003, p. 2). Consider the view that the punishment [...] shall be aggravated, but I'm not going in that direction to look like point of discussion here. The materiality of a relevant journalistic research conducted by Caco Barcellos, the work Abused: the owner of the Hill Dona Marta (Rio de Janeiro, editoral Record), will that listed research corpus formulated in situations of drug trafficking will be analyzed in the circulation of the daily life, the operation of occurrence and origin. The work, so it is assumed as a species of real and Brazil's current picture by highlighting ways and formulas that make up the traffic in the city. See, in this journalistic work, subject (s) member (s) "of very divergent groups. Tangential. Individuality and standardization as poles constants in characterization of city life, resulting in an enormous mobility of relationships, life forms, movements, initiatives ". See also the production, distribution and the result of symptoms in modern civilization "that indicate the development of urbanism as a way of life" (ORLANDI, 2004, p. 13 e p. 14). For this development, forms of sociability (sale-consumption) work in urban design from traficância. Next, I selected as a dialogue of clipping situations experienced in and by the trafficking and, as I read, I had the simple feeling to experience the pain and the beauty (ambiguous relationship) of subjects of trafficking and trafficking. You can follow "the subject that distinguishes them in his manner, which identifies and produces senses that are what will mean the city with all the consequences that this entails" (ORLANDI, 2004, p. 14). The do and the words to be seen will be taken towards the landscape and urban forms,
Pinnacle Sociology & Anthropology ISSN: 2360-959X
the urban organization of the imaginary and the directions of the traffic and all traficância installed in the relationship between subjects (bodies and lives), stories and memories. Traffic relations have numerous sources. The money is one of them because the commercial return be the biggest attraction to friends for the Act of dealing. The involvement of this practice - seen as a crime in Brazil-, unusual situations are occurring. Juliano VP3, the dealer, for example, in sense of dangerous challenge to face, call his girlfriend and so is the enunciation, part I [Time to live], "Wheel", the second chapter to be read: Clipping 1 [R1]: [...] The next Julian calls strategic weren't exactly. One of them went to Salvador, Bahia. Who answered was Vânia, lead singer of a famous axé music band. - I don't believe, is that you? Speak a little ...-asked Vânia. - My flower garden, said Julian. - Miss your smell, my King! Boss? - I need to get an idea with you. I ask you a favor, in morals, can be? The Warriors of the West border were concerned about the safety of the head, which sat on an old refrigerator turn to talk on the phone. They did sign for Julian rush. He went on to concern Vânia, but didn't move. - I have to pour out, flower. But then, o: I saw you on TV show. Wonderful! - You wanted in the audience, my King! - Here! Pray a lot for me, today. I'm on there ... Grandpa needs protection. -You pray? - It's too dangerous? I'm going to start praying now. - Oh, there's a catch. - What? - Pray to Santa Maria of lost souls. She is good at it, close the body, manero. - Good at it, it's bad, huh? Take care ... take care. - A kiss in your heart (BARCELLOS, 2010, p. 36). Another instance how traffic relationship schemes that love ball. In R1 for at least two associated fields of knowledge working in the utterance of the dealer: love, the figure of the girlfriend, and the religious, the figure of the Holy. In the first, the discursive sequence (Griffin as SD) 1 [-My flower garden...] and SD 2 [-I need to get an idea with you. I ask you a favor, in morals, can you be?] demonstrates an "aesthetic contemplation and the ethical Act" are identified by the "uniqueness of the place that the subject of this Act and of artistic contemplation in existence" (BAKHTIN, 2003, p. 22). Namely, Vânia, lead singer of a famous band of axé music, is experienced (for representation) inside the boyfriend Julian. Is perceived the experience by category of other-for-me in the sense that, in Julian, she is the "other" means (BAKHTIN, 2003, p. 22). In SD 4 [-Here! Pray a lot for me, today. I'm on there ... Grandpa needs protection. -You pray?] sounds like an action of the place she occupies in the interior of Julian. Vânia who must pray to ask for protection to boyfriend. There's the place this female representation. In addition, the materiality "To on there..." works as evidence the occurrence in practice of drug
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trafficking. The order of the language, the structure "bid" carries the sense as criminal event. To formulate the SD 5 [-Oh, there's a catch.], the statement is the category of I-to-myself in order to have a reference, the wording of this SD, marked as a caveat for the conjunction "but", accompanied by the determinant "a". The materiality of SD 6 [-Pray to Santa Maria of lost souls. She is good at it, close the body, manero.] States that "I" meaning "me". Ask the prayer to be the Santa Maria of lost souls traceja the meaning of he resort to Maria, that specific Saint Savior "of lost souls". Certainly, the situation of trafficking puts Juliano to feel something "worse", maybe, on the shaft of the possibilities, as each traficância event is always in range of the danger. Is dangerous. The SD 7 [-A kiss in your heart] has end effect "in enunciation, that the dealer have to" leak "of the place in which it is at the moment, as SD 3: - I have to pour out, flower. But then, o: I saw you on TV, on the show. Wonderful! (BARCELLOS, 2010, p. 36). The presence of religiosity, of faith in images and in religious objects, as meaning and process of identification with other subjects loyal non-drug dealers, the wording of the R1 moves the sense of the faith "in something". There is, thus, the ethics and the truth of faith, religion. This meaning visible in (DIS) order of speech includes certain aesthetic existence. In the statement the ethics stands out and the aesthetics of truth wins rights, there are arrangements for the truth of the faith to the subject of trafficking Juliano. "Santa Maria of lost souls" has the aesthetic of his word, their meaning. The verb said the sense of materiality of the relationships of the words, not the categorical sense of grammar class, as an indicator of action, State..., but, Yes, the lexical field. For Bakhtin (2003, p. 23), "the first moment of aesthetic activity is the concentration", the experience and the know what he [the other] is experienced, your place. In the case of SD listed on R1, the dealer is projected inside the categories in views I and on the other experienced to-me. These vivenciares are compenetrações and existing aesthetic expressions. "But in any case the concentration must be followed by a return to myself" (BAKHTIN, 2003, p. 24). Soon, the existence of aesthetics depends on movement between exterior and interior, so that the uniqueness can only take place in freedom. The "I" and the "other" should make the subject come in "for me". Even affected or interfered with by conditions, entry, ethics needs to return to the subject's own freedom as aesthetic effect you. "Aesthetic activity starts exactly when we return to ourselves and to our place" (BAKHTIN, 2003, p. 25). 3. Statement and the creation of the (im) possible The sphere of the listed multiple. The lines are incomplete of senses, which, in turn, are delinquent and disturbed at the same time in the order of discourse and the order of the language (PE�CHEUX, [1983] 2002). Look the opacity of lines between the religious and the Criminal Act emerges the clear observation of distinct, segregated hesitated, conflicted, ambiguous. The opacity/transparency of the statement provides, in the speech, the emptying of the sacred and common sense for uncommon senses, semantic schemes
Pinnacle Sociology & Anthropology ISSN: 2360-959X
dispersed natural. These unusual senses are extreme points of plasticity. Of aesthetization. The faith of the subject of trafficking Juliano, known as Julian VP [name] and author of the commando Vermelho in Rio de Janeiro, demonstrates storing sacred religious traits. Consists of beliefs in the Holy Bible and sacred, as evidenced in the formulations views. Outside religious environment created. At some point, he says: "-With the glory of God and of Our Lady of Aparecida, I'm Julian, very prazê" (BARCELLOS, 2010, p. 25). The break with the stabilized stereotype of Christian causes the drug dealer Julian interfere in their community, in practices of trafficking (as subject of trafficking, even with his fellow crime), in different ways, so (UN) arranging the order of the traffic in the city. The break was the aesthetics of subject of trafficking, symbolized and transformed into different social forms, shifted and the common. Citizenship is the way he lives, the city. The living city has an effect on the space in which he means, training rules drawn up by himself and by others can link subjects, minutamente movements experienced, anyway, in the plot lived every moment in space architected and materialized as language (NASCIMENTO, 2009). The traficância relationship "with someone", "with" something "and" somewhere "is important to the analysis, by circumstances of the subject be seen commonly as accused, criminal, wandering," lost "of the meanings of living the city. The traffic the illicit product as another way of working among the other demonstrates the subject of trafficking live the city, live with their precepts of religion, culture, habits, head of family, neighborhood, resident of the favela. It is based on the style of each dealer by ethical tensions, the positions taken (NASCIMENTO, 2011). If our imaginary the symbolizes how criminal, only occupant of this place, this identity position, forget us of other places occupied by he: father, religious, worker, taxpayer, voter, husband, son, etc.. Anyway, their social relations are unlike the common citizen relations, that seen as something worker lawful, correct, appropriate, honest. This is a society in which the prevailing representation of places where the good guys are (NASCIMENTO, 2011; 2014). Final considerations The theme on ethics and aesthetics can be refined by the words of Foucault ([1982]1994b, p. 778): My role - and this is a term too pompous - is to show people that they are much more free than you think; they take for truth, by evidence some themes that were manufactured in a particular moment of history; and that this alleged evidence can be criticized and destroyed. Change something in the spirit of the people: this is the role of an intellectual. Ask about the Constitution of the individual as subject of their actions, their positions, accept the variability and diversity, think of ethics as creation to and from (preparation, adaptation, resilience) and think of the subject as a work, work, work of art, nothing casual.
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Thus, Foucault studies point out a new theme of "Arts of existence", which are defined by him as "practices reflected and volunteers through which men not only lay down rules of conduct, but also seek to transform, modify in your being singular and make his life a work that is a carrier of aesthetic values and respond to certain criteria of style" (FOUCAULT, [1984] 2006, p. 15). The aesthetic values, plasticizados in exteriority/interiority materializing the ethics, depend on the concentration to be filled by the I and the other in return you. Ethics, then, is a plasticity of aesthetics, located between plasticizada expression, one that has undergone the process of incarnation and finishing the expressed. The tones of this expressiveness are effective elements of freedom. So "relate to each other the experienced is compulsory condition an effective concentration and knowledge both ethical as aesthetic" (BAKHTIN, 2003, p. 24-5). References 1. BAKHTIN, M. M. Questões de literatura e de estética: a teoria do romance. Tradução de Aurora Fornoni Bernardini et.al. São Paulo: EDUNESP/HUCITEC, 1988. 2.
_____. Estética da Criação verbal. Introdução e tradução do russo por Paulo Bezarra; prefácio à edição francesa por Tzvetan Todorov. 4. ed. São paulo : Martins Fontes, 2003.
3. BARCELLOS, Caco. Abusado: o Dono do Morro Dona Marta. 21. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Record, 2010. 4. BI�BLIA. A T. Lucas. In: BI�BLIA. Português. Bíblia Sagrada: contendo o antigo e o novo testamento. Tradução de João Ferreira de Almeida. Rio de Janeiro: Sociedade Bı́blica do Brasil, 1966. 5. FOUCAULT, Michel. [1969]. A Arqueologia do Saber. 7. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Forense Universitária, 2008. 6. _____. Dits et Écrits III. Paris: Gallimard, 1994a. 7. _____. [1982]. Verité, Pouvoir et Soi. (entretien avec R. Martain, Université du Vermont, 25 de octobre 1982). In: FOUCAULT, Michel. Dits et Écrits IV. Paris: Gallimard, 1994b, pp.777-783. 8. _____. [1982]. História da Sexualidade I - A Vontade de Saber. Rio de Janeiro: Graal, 2005. 9. _____. [1984]. História da Sexualidade II - O Uso dos Prazeres. Rio de Janeiro: Graal, 2006. 10. MARCA�O, Renato. A lei e o crime de tráfico de drogas. Revista Jurídica Brasileira Jus Navigandi, Teresina, PI, ano 7, n. 87, 28 set. 2003. p. 1. 12. 11. NASCIMENTO, Lucas do. Estado e discurso jurı́dico. A defensoria pública brasileira frente ao processo crime tráfico de drogas. Revista Jurídica Brasileira Jus Navigandi, Teresina, PI, ano 13, n. 2152, 23 maio 2009. p. 1-24. 12. _____. Análise do Discurso: acontecimento e memória(s) de tráfico. Curitiba: Appris Editora, 2011. 13. _____. Análise do discurso, vitimologia e tráfico de maconha no Brasil. Alemanha: NEA Editores, 2014. 14. ORLANDI, Eni Pulcinelli. Cidade dos Sentidos. Campinas, SP: Pontes, 2004.
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15. _____. Formas de Individuação do Sujeito Feminino e Sociedade Contemporânea: O Caso da Delinqüência. In: _____. (org.). Discurso e Políticas Públicas Urbanas: A Fabricação do Consenso. Campinas, SP: Editora RG, 2010, p. 11-42. 16. PE�CHEUX, Michel. [1983]. O Discurso: estrutura ou acontecimento. Tradução de Eni Puccinelli Orlandi. 3. ed. Campinas: Pontes, 2002.
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