Da fenomenologia à desconstrução
978-989-8247-13-1
vol. II
2V WH[WRV TXH FRPS}HP R SUHVHQWH YROXPH IRUDP DSUHVHQWDGRV QR FRQWH[WR GR SURJUDPD GH ZRUNVKRSV ©)RUDª GD)LORVRILDRUJDQL]DGRSHOR&HQWURGH)LORVRILDGDV&LrQFLDV GD8QLYHUVLGDGHGH/LVERDGXUDQWHRVDQRVGHH
Centro de Filosofia das Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa
2V WH[WRV TXH FRPS}HP R SUHVHQWH YROXPH IRUDP DSUHVHQWDGRV QR FRQWH[WR GR SURJUDPD GH ZRUNVKRSV ©)RUDª GD)LORVRILDRUJDQL]DGRSHOR&HQWURGH)LORVRILDGDV&LrQFLDV GD8QLYHUVLGDGHGH/LVERDGXUDQWHRVDQRVGHH
©)RUDªGDILORVRILD
'DIHQRPHQRORJLDjGHVFRQVWUXomR
(GLWDGRSRU*ROJRQD$QJKHOH(GXDUGR3HOOHMHUR 9RO,,
©ȱGolgonaȱAnghelȱeȱEduardoȱPellejero,ȱ2010ȱ
ȱ Título:ȱ«Fora»ȱdaȱfilosofia.ȱDaȱfenomenologiaȱàȱdesconstrução.ȱȱ Editores:ȱGolgonaȱAnghelȱeȱEduardoȱPellejeroȱ ȱ CentroȱdeȱFilosofiaȱdasȱCiênciasȱdaȱUniversidadeȱdeȱLisboaȱ FaculdadeȱdeȱCiênciasȱdaȱUniversidadeȱdeȱLisboa,ȱȱ CampoȱGrande,ȱEdifícioȱC4,ȱ3ºȱPiso,ȱSalaȱ4.3.24ȱȱ 1749Ȭ016ȱLisboa,ȱPortugalȱ http://cfcul.fc.ul.ptȱ
[email protected]ȱ ȱ ArranjoȱdaȱCapa:ȱG. A. ȱȱ FormataçãoȱeȱPaginação:ȱE. P.ȱ Impressão:ȱPublidisa.ȱ Data:ȱJunhoȱdeȱ2010.ȱ DepósitoȱLegalȱnº.:ȱȱ ISBN:ȱ978Ȭ989Ȭ8247Ȭ13Ȭ1ȱ Livroȱ editadoȱ peloȱ Centroȱ deȱ Filosofiaȱ dasȱ Ciênciasȱ daȱ Universidadeȱ deȱ Lisboa,ȱ apoiadoȱ noȱ âmbitoȱ doȱ Programaȱ deȱ Financiamentoȱ Plurianualȱ dasȱ Unidadesȱ deȱ I&Dȱ daȱ Fundaçãoȱ paraȱaȱCiênciaȱeȱaȱTecnologia.ȱ
Os textos que compõem o presente volume foram apresentados no contexto do programa de workshops «Fora» da Filosofia, organizado pelo Centro de Filosofia das Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, durante os anos de 2007 e 2008.
2V WH[WRV TXH FRPS}HP R SUHVHQWH YROXPH IRUDP DSUHVHQWDGRV QR FRQWH[WR GR SURJUDPD GH ZRUNVKRSV ©)RUDª GD)LORVRILDRUJDQL]DGRSHOR&HQWURGH)LORVRILDGDV&LrQFLDV GD8QLYHUVLGDGHGH/LVERDGXUDQWHRVDQRVGHH
3UHIiFLR
1mRDEUDVHVVDSRUWD SRUTXHMiHVWiVGHQWUR -RUJH/XLV%RUJHV
5HWRPDQGR DV QRWDV SDUD XPD KLVWyULD GD YHUGDGH TXH 0LFKHO )RXFDXOW HVERoDUD HP 0LFKHO GH &HUWHDX HVFUHYLD HP TXH D ILORVRILD VH DILUPD SRVWXODQGR XPD H[FOXVmRRULJLQiULD&RORFDQGRDVVXDVSUySULDVFRQWUDGLo}HV FRPRILJXUDVGRIRUD JpQLRPDOLJQR'HXVORXFXUDYLROrQ FLDFDRV RSHQVDPHQWR LQVWDXUDVXFHVVLYDPHQWH± HVHJXQ GR RV FDVRV ± XPD GLVFXUVLYLGDGH FRPSOHWDPHQWH VLQJXODU ³2 GLVFXUVR KHQROyJLFR KpQRV 8P RUJDQL]DVH D SDUWLU GH XPOLPLWHTXHFRQVWLWXLFRPRIRUDGRWH[WRXPDDOWHULGDGH LUUHGXWtYHO´ 7DOYH] TXDQGR RV ~OWLPRV UDSVRGDV KRPpULFRV DLQGD VH DYHQWXUDYDP QD FLGDGH JUHJD SDUD DVVRPEUDU PXOKHUHV FULDQoDVHKRPHQVQpVFLRVGHVFUHYHQGRFRPRDVI~ULDVDWUD YHVVDYDP R DFDPSDPHQWR GH $JDPHQRQ TXDQGR RV IRJRV DPDLQDYDPSHODQRLWHIRUDHQORXTXHFHQGRKRPHQVHEHVWDV SRULJXDOFRPRVHGHXPYHQWRHQORXTXHFLGRVHWUDWDVVHHVy IRVVHPFDSD]HVGHGL]HU©HXªDTXHOHVFRPDDVW~FLDRXDWHP SHUDQoDQHFHVViULDSDUDUHLQDUVREUHHVVHVUDSWRVGRGHVWLQR WDOYH]HQWmRHVWLYHVVHPMiIHFKDGDVDVSRUWDVGDLQWHULRULGDGH HDVSDL[}HVVHFR]HVVHP DIRJR OHQWRQRSHLWRGRVRXYLQWHV 6yFUDWHVQR)HGURDOpPGDVPXUDOKDVGDSROLVDFDVRVHMDXP GRV~OWLPRVFRPDFRUDJHPSDUDGHVFREULUDVXDFDEHoDGHL
ϱ
Golgona Anghel - Eduardo Pellejero
[DUVH HQWXVLDVPDU H DVVLP H[SRVWR jV IRUoDV LQJRYHUQiYHLV GRIRUDIDODUVREUH(URVFRPRGHXPDOLQKDGHIXJD $ UHGXomR NDQWLDQD GD SUySULD H[WHULRULGDGH D XPD GDV IRUPDVSXUDVGDVHQVLELOLGDGHQRRXWURH[WUHPRGDKLVWyULD GD ILORVRILD RFLGHQWDO SURYDYHOPHQWH QmR IRVVH VXILFLHQWH SDUD ID]HU FRP TXH GHL[iVVHPRV GH VHQWLU D YHUWLJHP TXH LQYDGLDRVDXGLWyULRVPDLVDQWLJRVDRRXYLUHVVDVKLVWyULDVVRE XP FpX HVWUHODGR TXH QmR VH UHGX]LD DSHQDV D VHU R PHUR UHIOH[RLPyYHOGDOHLPRUDOGHQWURGHQyV 0DVVHUiQHFHVViULRHVSHUDUSRUQRYRVPHWHRURV±RYHQWR TXHVRSUDRQGHTXHUDDQXQFLDGDWRUPHQWDHRUDLRLQHVSH UDGRDLPSHUFHSWtYHOEULVDGH$EULO±SDUDTXHRSHQVDPHQ WRUHFXSHUHDVXDSDL[mRSHORIRUDSRUXPDYLGDPHQRVUHDF WLYD SRU XP PXQGR PDLV TXH KXPDQR (QWmR ³ORQJH GD PHODQFROLDTXHVHWRUQDLQGLIHUHQWHSHUDQWHRPXQGRHFXMD LPRELOLGDGH DVVLQDOD DR ODGR GD HVIHUD H GRV OLYURV D SUR IXQGLGDGHGRVSHQVDPHQWRVHDGLYHUVLGDGHGRVDEHU´DILOR VRILD SURFXUDUi ± H JRVWDUtDPRV GH DFUHGLWDU HQFRQWUDUi ± XPDVDtGD XPDVDtGDSDUDTXHRSHQVDPHQWRYROWHDVHUXP WUDQVHHQRYDPHQWHYDOKDDSHQDSHQVDU 2VVHLVWH[WRVTXHLQWHJUDPRSUHVHQWHYROXPH HTXHQmR YrPIHFKDU±HVSHUDPRV±RMRJRMRJDGRQRYROXPHDQWHULRU PDV VLP DEULOR D QRYDV UHJUDV H QRYRV MRJDGRUHV VmR SDUWH GRSURWRFRORGHVVDH[SHULrQFLDGRIRUDQDTXDORSHQVDPHQ WRFRQWHPSRUkQHRGHVFRQKHFHSRUXPPRPHQWRDVXDLPD JHP QR HVSHOKR GD PRGHUQLGDGH 2V QRPHV GH 0HUOHDX 3RQW\0DXULFH%ODQFKRW7KHRGRU$GRUQR*LOOHV'HOHX]H 0LFKHO)RXFDXOW-DFTXHV'HUULGDH=LJPXQW%DXPDQGREUD GRVFULWLFDPHQWHSHORVGH1XQR6LOYD$QWyQLR9LHLUD-RmR 3HGUR &DFKRSR &DWDULQD 3RPER 1DEDLV *RQ]DOR =DJDOR H -RVp&DVHODV1XQR0HOLPQmRSUHWHQGHPVHUXPSULQFtSLR GHFODXVXUDPDVXPFRQYLWHDSURVVHJXLUHVVDSURFXUD 4XHPVHDSUR[LPHGHOHVHQFRQWUDUiSDUDDOpPGDFODUDH ULJRURVDH[SOLFDomRGRVFRQFHLWRVHGDVTXHVW}HVHPMRJRXP
ϲ
Prefácio
REVFXURGHVDILRTXHH[LJHGHWRGRVQyVDOJRPDLVTXHPpWR GRHERDYRQWDGH *ROJRQD$QJKHO (GXDUGR3HOOHMHUR 1RWDV 0LFKHOGH&HUWHDX+LVWRLUHHWSV\FKDQDO\VH HQWUHVFLHQFHHWILFWLRQ3DULV*DOOL PDUGS &I 0LFKHO )RXFDXOW ©7KHDWUXP 3KLORVRSKLFXPª HP )RXFDXOW 'LWV HW pFULWV,, *DOOLPDUG3DULV SS
ϳ
2V WH[WRV TXH FRPS}HP R SUHVHQWH YROXPH IRUDP DSUHVHQWDGRV QR FRQWH[WR GR SURJUDPD GH ZRUNVKRSV ©)RUDª GD)LORVRILDRUJDQL]DGRSHOR&HQWURGH)LORVRILDGDV&LrQFLDV GD8QLYHUVLGDGHGH/LVERDGXUDQWHRVDQRVGHH
$LQGHILQLomRGRVFRQWRUQRVGDVFRLVDV RXDUHODomRGHGDQVGHKRUV HP/¶¯LOHWO¶(VSULWGH0HUOHDX3RQW\ 1XQR6LOYD (P /¶¯LO HW /¶(VSULW GH 0HUOHDX3RQW\ QmR HQFRQWUDPRV SUR SULDPHQWH XPD H[SORUDomR FRQFHSWXDO TXH FRORTXH DV QRo}HV GH GHQWURHIRUDHPGHVWDTXH&RQWXGRpHYLGHQFLDGDXPDSHFXOLDU IRUPDGHUHODomRHQWUHRGHQWURHRIRUDHPTXHHVWHVQmRVXUJHP FRPR SyORV RSRVWRV H GLIHUHQFLDGRV PDV DQWHV FRPR PRPHQWRV LQGLVWLQJXtYHLV GD SUySULD UHODomR TXHU GL]HU RQGH DV IURQWHLUDV TXHGHPDUFDPRVWHUULWyULRVGHXPHGHRXWURVmRDEVROXWDPHQWH FRQYHQFLRQDLVHSRULVVRWrPDSHQDVXPFDUiFWHUIXQFLRQDOHSLV WpPLFR PDV QmR YHUGDGHLUDPHQWH RQWROyJLFR $VVLP R IRUD QmR DSDUHFHPDUFDGRSHODGLVWkQFLDHVSDFLDOUHODWLYDPHQWHDXPGHQWUR PDVFRPRDTXLORTXHQRVHX DSDUHFHUpLQGLVVRFLiYHOGRGHQWUR $LQGD TXH D GLVWkQFLD VH FRQVWLWXD FRPR D SUySULD FRQGLomR GH SRVVLELOLGDGHGRDSDUHFHU±QDGDDSDUHFHTXHQmRVHGHPDUTXHRX GHVWDTXHQXPDUHODomRIRUPDIXQGRRVHXDSDUHFHUFRUUHVSRQGH D XPD IRUPD GH PDQLIHVWDomR QR SUySULR GHQWUR 1HVWH VHQWLGR 0HUOHDX3RQW\ H[SORUD R IHQyPHQR GD SHUFHSomR PDLV HVSHFLIL FDPHQWH GD SHUFHSomR YLVXDO RQGH DTXHOH TXH Yr H DTXLOR TXHp YLVWRSDUWLOKDPGHXPDFRPXQLGDGHIRUPDOTXHSHUPLWHDDQXOD omRRQWROyJLFDGDVIURQWHLUDV6XEMDFHQWHDHVWDFRQFHSomRHQFRQ WUDVHDLGHLDGHTXHRPXQGRpXPSURORQJDPHQWRGRPHXFRUSR VHQGRDPERVSURMHFWRVGHXPPHVPR6HU 2HQLJPDGRFRUSR3DUD TXH H[LVWD XPD FRQWLQXLGDGH QmR VHSDUiYHO HQWUH R PHX FRUSR H R PXQGR RX FRPR GL] 0HUOHDX 3RQW\³LQGLYLVLRQGXVHQWDQWHWGXVHQWL´QmRDSHQDVGRFRUSR UHODWLYDPHQWHDVLPHVPRPDVGRFRUSRUHODWLYDPHQWHDRPXQGR HQTXDQWRSURORQJDPHQWRGHVLWHPRVGHSHUFHEHUTXDODFRPXQL GDGHIRUPDOH[LVWHQWHHQWUHFRUSRVTXHVHUHFRQKHFHP QRVHQVR
9
Nuno Silva
FRPXP FRPR HQFRQWUDQGRVH GLVWDQWHV XQV GRV RXWURV 2X R PHVPRpGL]HURTXHpTXHH[LVWHGHFRPXPQDWH[WXUDGRPXQGR TXH ID] FRP TXH VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH UHFRQKHoDPRV RV FRUSRV GLIH UHQWHVXQVGRVRXWURVHFRQWXGRQmRSRVVDPRVHPDEVROXWRLVROi ORV XQV GRV RXWURV 6H SRU XP ODGR H[LVWH XPD LGHQWLILFDomR QRPLQDOGRVFRUSRVSRURXWURpFRQGLomRGRVSUySULRVFRUSRV± TXHVHSURORQJDPXQVQRVRXWURVTXHYLYHPXQVQRVRXWURVQmR VHGHL[DUHPUHGX]LUDVLPHVPRV(VWHpQRIXQGRRSUREOHPDTXH GH DOJXPD IRUPD HVFDSD j RQWRORJLD IHQRPRQROyJLFD GD TXDO R SUySULR0HUOHDX3RQW\VHGHVWDFDQHVWDREUD LHDSURFXUDGRHP VLPHVPRQmRpFRPSDWtYHOFRPXPDUHGXomR2HPVLpDQWHVHQWUH ODoDPHQWRRXPHOKRURHPVLpDEHUWXUDHVVHQFLDO HQmRDFLGHQWDO DRPXQGR2HPVLQmRp DTXLORTXHVHHQFRQWUDIHFKDGRHPVL PHVPRFRPRVHIRVVHXP³GHQWURPHWDItVLFR´TXHSRUFDSULFKRVH DEUHRXIHFKDDRIRUD2HPVLVyRpHPUHODomRHLVVRLPSOLFD DEHUWXUD SDVVDJHP 1mR VH WUDWDGHDEHUWXUD GH MDQHODV FRPR VH QyVVyYtVVHPRVTXDQGRDEULPRVRVROKRV$YLVLELOLGDGHHVWiDQWHV H GHSRLV GD SUySULD YLVmR WDO FRPR D LQYLVLELOLGDGH SHUPDQHFH ³GHQWUR´ GD DSUHVHQWDomR GDV FRLVDV YLVtYHLV H QmR ³GHQWUR´ GDV FRLVDV YLVtYHLV 4XHU GL]HU D LQYLVLELOLGDGH LQYHVWH D YLVLELOLGDGH H QmRVHHVFRQGH³GHQWUR´GRTXHpYLVWR1mRpSRUDFDVRTXH0HU OHDX3RQW\ H[SORUD R IHQyPHQR GD YLVmR QHVWD REUD H p DWUDYpV GHVVDDQiOLVHTXHWHQWDUHPRVSHUFHEHUPHOKRUHVWDUHODomRGHQWUR IRUD /¶pQLJPHWLHQWHQ FHFLTXH PRQFRUSVHVWjOD IRLVYR\DQWHWYLVLEOH /XLTXLUHJDUGHWRXWHVFKRVHVLOSHXWDXVVLVHUHJDUGHUHWUHFRQQDvWUH GDQV FH TX¶LO YRLW DORUV O¶ ©DXWUH F{Wpª GH VD SXLVVDQFH YR\DQWH ,O VH YRLW YR\DQW LO VH WRXFKH WRXFKDQW LO HVW YLVLEOH HW VHQVLEOH SRXU VRL PrPH&¶HVWXQVRLQRQSDUWUDQVSDUHQFHFRPPHODSHQVpHTXLQH SHQVH TXRL TXH FH VRLW TX¶HQ O¶DVVLPLODQW HQ OH FRQVWLWXDQW HQ OH WUDQVIRUPDQWHQSHQVpH±PDLVXQVRLSDUFRQIXVLRQQDUFLVVLVPHLQ KpUHQFHGHFHOXLTXLYRLWjFHTX¶LOYRLWGHFHOXLTXLWRXFKHjFHTX¶LO WRXFKHGXVHQWDQWDXVHQWL±XQVRLGRQFTXLHVWSULVHQWUHGHVFKR VHVTXLDXQHIDFHHWXQGRVXQSDVVpHWXQDYHQLU
$TXLOR TXH 0HUOHDX3RQW\DTXL DSUHVHQWDp R HQLJPD GR SUy SULR FRUSR RX PHOKRU GR FRUSR SUySULR HP TXH HOH p VLPXOWD QHDPHQWHYLGHQWHHYLVtYHOTXHUGL]HUHPTXHQHOHVHHQWUHODoDP
10
A indefinição dos contornos das coisas
D FDSDFLGDGH GH DSUHVHQWDU FRPR FRQGLomR GH SRVVLELOLGDGH H D FDSDFLGDGHGHVHUDSUHVHQWDGR FRPRSRVVLELOLWDGR 1HVWHVHQWLGR R FRUSR HQTXDQWR SRVVLELOLWDGR p HOH SUySULR PXQGR SRUTXH SHUWHQFH DR FRQMXQWR GDV FRLVDV YLVtYHLV WRFiYHLV VHQVtYHLV 0DV HQTXDQWR FHQWUR GH SHUFHSomR p PDLV GR TXH PXQGR SRUTXH DSHVDU GH VH HQFRQWUDU SUHVR QR PHLR GDV FRLVDV GHVWDFDVH GHODV TXHUGL]HUQmRVHGHL[DGLOXLUHPDEVROXWRQDVFRLVDVLHQmRp PHUDPHQWHFRLVDPDVDOJRTXHSRVVLELOLWDDDSUHVHQWDomRGDVSUy SULDV FRLVDV 2 FRUSR H R PXQGR HQFRQWUDPVH DVVLP LQH[WULQFD YHOPHQWHHQWUHODoDGRV2FRUSRIRUPDFRPRPXQGRXPDVtQWHVH RULJLQDOGHWHLDHWUDPDHQWUHODoDPVHHVVHQFLDOPHQWH'HWDOIRUPD TXHGHVVDVtQWHVHUHVXOWDHVWDHVWUXWXUDSDUDGR[DOTXHWRUQDRFRU SRHQLJPiWLFR 6tQWHVHRULJLQDOFRUSRPXQGR2TXHVHWRUQDSULPHLUDPHQWH HYLGHQWHpTXHRPXQGRQmRpDSHQDVXPSURORQJDPHQWRGRFRU SRFRPRVHRSUySULRFRUSRIRVVHH[WHULRUDRPXQGRHVHSXGHVVH DGLFLRQDU D HVWH (OHV HQWUHODoDPVH HVVHQFLDOPHQWH VHQGR TXH R UHVXOWDGRGHVVDXUGLGXUDQmRFRQVHQWHPDLVTXHHVWHVVHFRQVLGH UHPFRPRSyORVRSRVWRVHDEVROXWDPHQWHH[WHULRUHVXPDRRXWUR $VtQWHVHGDUHODomRFRUSRPXQGRpRULJLQDOTXHUGL]HUpDSULRUL ([LVWHXPDUHODomRGHSHUWHQoDRQWROyJLFDUHFtSURFDHQWUHFRUSRH PXQGRTXHRVFRORFDFRPRSURMHFWRVGHXPPHVPR6HU&RPRWDOD VXD SHUWHQoD QmR p QHP SRGH VHU DFLGHQWDO 2 FRUSR QmR p XP DGHUHoRGRPXQGRRXXPDIRUPDGHDFUHVFHQWRDHVWH FRPRVHR FRUSR SXGHVVH YLU GH IRUD GR PXQGR SDUD GHQWUR GHOH p DQWHV SDUWHFRQVWLWXWLYDHVVHQFLDOHQHFHVViULD5HVXOWDGRGHXPDQHFHV VLGDGH IRUPDWLYD LPDQHQWH DR SUySULR PXQGR 3RU LVVR 0HUOHDX 3RQW\GL]TXHRPXQGRQmRpDSHQDVXPSURORQJDPHQWRGRPHX FRUSRPDVVmRIHLWRVGRPHVPRWHFLGR2UDHVWDQRomRGH³PHVPR WHFLGR´pIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDSHUFHEHUTXHFRUSRHPXQGRFRPXQ JDP GH XPD PHVPD QDWXUH]D TXHU GL]HU R FRUSR p HOH SUySULR PXQGRQDPHGLGDHPTXHDVXDPDWpULDFRQVWLWXWLYDpDPDWpULD GR PXQGR H SRU RXWUR ODGR R PXQGR p FRUSR LH R PXQGR p SRVVLELOLGDGH GH DIDVWDPHQWR GH VL SDUD VH DXWRUHSUHVHQWDU $ WH[WXUDGDUHDOLGDGHFRQVWLWXLVHQHVWHWHFLGRHPTXHRPXQGRpD XUGLGXUD GRV SUySULRV FRUSRV HQWUHODoDGRVH DSHVDU GH GLVWLQWRV
11
Nuno Silva
VmRLQVHSDUiYHLVLHHQFRQWUDPVHHVVHQFLDOPHQWHSUHVRVXQV DRV RXWURVQDFRQWLQXLGDGHGHVLPHVPRV2FRUSRHQFRQWUDVHDVVLP QRPXQGRSRULQHUrQFLDSRUFRQIXVmRFRQVWLWXWLYDSRULPSRVVL ELOLGDGHGHVHSDUDomRGRPXQGR1RHQWDQWRDSHVDUGHLQHUHQWH DRPXQGRWHPDSRVVLELOLGDGHGHVLPXOWDQHDPHQWHRWUDQVFHQGHU 7UDQVFHQGrQFLDHVVDTXHQmRLPSOLFDXPHVWDUIRUDGHPDVXPHVWDU SDUDDOpPGHLHGHXPDQmRUHGXomRDEVROXWDSUHFLVDPHQWHDR VHXFRUSR$VXDLQHUrQFLDQmRVLJQLILFDXPHVWDUGHQWURGH FRPRVH DUHODomRPXQGRFRUSRIRVVHDGHXPUHFHSWiFXORFRQWH~GR PDV XPHVWDUQRPHLRGHTXHGL]HUHVWDUWHFLGRDWUDYHVVDGRQRPXQGR FRQIXQGLQGRVHFRPHOH 'HIRUPDDSRGHUPRVSHUFHEHUPHOKRUSRUTXHpTXHRFRUSR QmRpXPDFUHVFHQWRQmRpXP³DPDLV´GRPXQGRpQHFHVViULR GHVWUXLUDLGHLDVXEMDFHQWHjFRQFHSomRGHPXQGRFRPRXPDIRU PD GH UHFHSWiFXOR LH GH HVSpFLH GH FDL[D RQGH VH FRORFDP RX DFUHVFHQWDPFRUSRV 3RVLomR H VLWXDomR 0HUOHDX3RQW\ GLIHUHQFLD FRUSR SUySULR GH FRUSRREMHFWLYReQRVHLRGHVWDGLVWLQomRTXHRSHUDXPDFUtWLFDDR SHQVDPHQWR RSHUDWyULR TXH VH LQWHUHVVD SRU XP FRQWUROR PHUD PHQWHH[SHULPHQWDOGRFRUSRHQFHUUDQGRRRXUHGX]LQGRRDXP FRQMXQWRGHGHWHUPLQDo}HVSXUDPHQWHREMHFWLYDVHH[SRQGRRSRU PHLR GH IyUPXODV 0HUOHDX3RQW\ LQLFLD /¶¯LO HW /¶(VSULW FRP D DILUPDomR©/DVFLHQFHPDQLSXOHOHVFKRVHVHWUHQRQFHjOHVKDEL WHUª(VWDFUtWLFDDRSHQVDPHQWRRSHUDWyULRGDFLrQFLDSUHQGHVH FRPRIDFWRGHVWDQDVXDDWLWXGHGLVVHFDGRUDSURFXUDUXPDHVSp FLHGHWUDGXomRGRFRUSRHPGHWHUPLQDo}HVREMHFWLYDVHDQyQLPDV TXH OKH FRUWDP RV ILRV LQWHQFLRQDLV TXH R WHFHP DR PXQGR $ FLrQFLDWUDWDRFRUSRFRPRXPREMHFWRFRPRRREMHFWR³;´GHV SURYLGR GH LGHQWLGDGH SUySULD &RQWXGR DSHVDU GH SHUWHQFHU DR Q~PHUR GDV FRLVDV GH SRGHU VHU GHWHUPLQDGR H FRPSDUDGR R FRUSRUHYHVWHVHGHXPDRSDFLGDGHLQWHUQDTXHVHJXQGR0HUOHDX 3RQW\DSHQDVXPDFLrQFLDVHFUHWDSRGHS{UDGHVFREHUWR8PDGDV FUtWLFDVIXQGDPHQWDLVDRSHQVDPHQWRRSHUDWyULRFLHQWtILFRFRQVLV WHQRIDFWRGHVWHSDUDH[SORUDURFRUSRHPDQLSXOiORWHUQHFHVVD ULDPHQWHGHRFRORFDUSHUDQWHHPIUHQWHGHLHWRUQiORXPHOH PHQWRH[WHULRU0DVDSUHVHQoDGRFRUSRQRPXQGRUHFXVDVHDHVWD
12
A indefinição dos contornos das coisas
IRUPD GH H[SORUDomR SUHFLVDPHQWH SRUTXH D VXD UHODomR GH SHU WHQoD H DWUDYHVVDPHQWR SHOR PXQGR R LPSHGH GH VHU ³LVRODGR´ 'DtTXHVHMDQHFHVViULRGLIHUHQFLDUFRUSRSUySULRGHFRUSRREMHF WLYR QD PHGLGD HP TXH R FRUSR REMHFWLYR p DSHQDV XPD YLVmR SDUFLDOHUHGXWRUDGRFRUSRSUySULR1mRVLJQLILFDLVWRTXHDFLrQ FLDQmRSURGX]DRVVHXVDYDQoRVQDVWpFQLFDVGHH[SORUDomRREMHF WLYDGRFRUSR7pFQLFDVHVVDVTXHPDQLSXODPDSUySULDYLGDTXHD SRGHPPHVPRSURORQJDUPDVQmRVLJQLILFDQGRLVVRXPDGHFLIUD omR GD PHVPD SRUTXH VH WUDWD GH XPD YLVmR TXH QmR KDELWD DV FRLVDV 0DVRSULQFLSDOSUREOHPDGRWUDWDPHQWRGRFRUSRFRPR³FRU SR REMHFWLYR´ DGYpP GR IDFWR GHVWH RFXSDU RX SUHWHQGHU RFXSDU XPD SRVLomRGHWHUPLQDGD QR HVSDoR 4XHU GL]HU DQHFHVVLGDGHHP FLUFXQVFUHYHUXPFRUSRSDUDRSRGHUREVHUYDUHVWXGDUHPDQLSX ODUID]FRPTXHHVWHVHUHGX]DDXPDFRLVDTXHRFXSDXPDSRVLomR QR HVSDoR $ UHODomR FRUSRPXQGR WRUQDVH DVVLP QXPD UHODomR ³JHRPpWULFD´HPTXHRFRUSRVHFRQVLGHUDFRPRXP³SRQWR´TXH RFXSDFRRUGHQDGDVSUHFLVDVQXPHVSDoRDEVWUDFWR2PXQGRWRU QDVHR JHRPHWUDOHRFRUSRXPDHVSpFLHGHSRQWRHXFOLGLDQRTXH RFXSD XPD SRVLomR SUHFLVD QHVVH JHRPHWUDO 2 SUySULR PXQGR WRUQDVH XP HVSDoR KRPRJpQHR LH XP OXJDU DEVWUDFWR RQGH p SRVVtYHO GHWHUPLQDU ULJRURVDPHQWH ³SRVLo}HV´ GH FRUSRV TXH VHU YHPDXPSURSyVLWRPHUDPHQWHIXQFLRQDO'HVWDIRUPDRVFRUSRV H[FOXHPVH UHFLSURFDPHQWH H DXWRHQFHUUDPVH HP VL PHVPRV DUUDQFDQGRVHDRHVSDoRYLWDORQGHVHHQFRQWUDPHPHUVRV 1R HQWDQWR D FRQVLGHUDomR GR PXQGR FRPR XP HVSDoR KRPRJpQHRGHFRRUGHQDGDVpDOJRTXHVHHQFRQWUDGHUDL]DIDVWD GRGDSUySULDSHUFHSomRVHQVtYHO$LQGDTXHDQRomRGHSHUVSHFWLYD VHMDHODSUySULDJHRPpWULFDRFRUSRSUySULRHQTXDQWRFRUSRVHQ VtYHO GHVFRQKHFH HVWH SRVWXODGR GD KRPRJHQHLGDGH GR HVSDoR 4XHU GL]HU QD SHUFHSomR LPHGLDWDQmRH[LVWH KRPRJHQHLGDGH GH OXJDUHV RX GLUHFo}HV FDGD OXJDU WHP XP YDORU SUySULR $V FRLVDV VmR LQYHVWLGDV SRU XP LQWHUHVVH TXH HX QHODV GHSRVLWR SRU XPD DWLWXGHWHQVLRQDOHLQWHQFLRQDO,QWHUHVVHHVVHTXHDSHVDUGHSRGHU VHU PDLRULWDULDPHQWH IXQFLRQDO QmR VH UHGX] GH WRGR D PHUDV RSHUDo}HV FRQFHSWXDLV /RJR R HVSDoR QmR SRGH VHU UHGX]LGR D XPFRQMXQWRGHSRQWRVRXFRRUGHQDGDVDEVWUDFWDVRQGHRFRUSR VHLQVFUHYHRFXSDQGRXPDSRVLomR$SRVLomRGRFRUSRHQFRQWUDVH
13
Nuno Silva
DWUDYHVVDGDSRUXPPRYLPHQWRGH IXJDGRSUySULRFRUSRDVL2 FRUSRpQXPDDEHUWXUDDXPSDUDOiGHVLDVVLPLODQGRHVVHSDUDOi jFDUQHGHVLPHVPRLHDRWHFLGRRXWH[WXUDFDUQDOPHWDItVLFDGHVL PHVPR e SRU LVVR TXH FDGD OXJDU TXH HX LQYLVWR SRU H[HPSOR FRPDPLQKDYLVmRVHFRQVWLWXLQXPDIRUPDGHRFXSDomRGHPLP GHWDOIRUPDTXHRVOLPLWHVGRPHXFRUSRVHH[SDQGHPQXPSDUD OiLQGHWHUPLQDGR2FRUSRVHQVtYHOSHORIDFWRGDVHQVLELOLGDGHVH FRQVWLWXLU FRPR IRUPD GH SHUFHSomR DUUDQFDVH D VL PHVPR H GHSRVLWDVHQR³IRUDGHVL´WRUQDQGRVLPXOWDQHDPHQWHHVVH³IRUD GHVL´FRPRXPSURORQJDPHQWRGRSUySULRVLGHWDOPRGRTXHHOH p QR SUySULR ³IRUD´ 3HUFHEHPRV HQWmR TXH R FRUSR VH HQWUHODoD FRPRPXQGRGHXPDPDQHLUDRULJLQDO FRRULJLQDO DSHUVSHFWLYD TXH GHVWH WHP p XPD SHUVSHFWLYD VHQVtYHO H QmR PHUDPHQWH XPD SHUVSHFWLYDGHUHSUHVHQWDomRJHRPpWULFD2FRUSRGHL[DGHRFXSDU XPD SRVLomR SDUD VH HQFRQWUDU QXPD VLWXDomR 2 FRUSR SUySULR UHSRUWDVHDXPDHVSDFLDOLGDGHGHVLWXDomRHQmRGHSRVLomR0HU OHDX3RQW\GL] ³2VHUpVLQyQLPRGHVHUVLWXDGR´2HVSDoRJHR PpWULFR p XP HVSDoR KRPRJpQHR QR TXDO VH SRGH PRGLILFDU D SRVLomRGRFRUSRVHPTXHQDGDVHDOWHUHQRSUySULRFRUSR1LVWR GLVWLQJXHVHGDVLWXDomRGRFRUSRQXPFRQWH[WRSRLVQHVWHFDVRR HVSDoR p XPD SRWrQFLD XQLYHUVDO TXH HVWDEHOHFH FRQH[}HV H QmR FRRUGHQDGDV HQWUHRVGLYHUVRVFRUSRV $VLWXDomRGRFRUSRQRPXQGRLQWURGX]DQRomRGH SDLVDJHP TXHHQTXDQWRHYRFDomRHVSDFLDOHWHPSRUDOVHGLVWLQJXHGRHVSD oR H WHPSR REMHFWLYRV $ SDLVDJHPQmR p DOJR TXH HVWHMD j QRVVD IUHQWHQmRpXPFRQMXQWRGHVHUHVTXHVHGLVSRQKDPKDUPRQLR VDPHQWHGLDQWHGHQyV$SDLVDJHPHQYROYHQRVHDWUDYHVVDQRVR PHX FRUSR HPHUJHVH QHOD 2 SHFXOLDU GD SDLVDJHP FRQVLVWH QR IDFWRGHVVHHQYROYLPHQWRHQWUHRPXQGRHRPHXFRUSRVHUVHP SUHIHLWRDSDUWLUGRKRUL]RQWHGRPHXDTXL2PHXDTXLQmRVH UHIHUHDPDLVQDGDSDUDDOpPGHVLSUySULR,VWRQmRLPSOLFDTXHR PHXFRUSRVHMDRFHQWURGRPXQGRLPSOLFDDQWHVTXHQmRH[LV WLQGRFRRUGHQDGDV SDUD GHWHUPLQDUHP D PLQKD SRVLomR QR PXQ GRTXDOTXHUPRYLPHQWRTXDOTXHUGHFLVmRSRGHDOWHUDURDVSHFWR SDLVDJtVWLFRGDYLGD2KRUL]RQWHSDLVDJtVWLFRTXHPHHPHUJHPXGD FRP FDGD DTXL QmR Ki HVSDoR JHRJUiILFR TXH PH VLWXH QmR Ki URWDVDVHJXLUQmRKiSRQWRGHRULJHPQHPFRRUGHQDGDV0DOGL QH\DILUPDTXH³2VHUSHUGLGRpDVLWXDomRGRKRPHPQRHVSDoR
14
A indefinição dos contornos das coisas
GDSDLVDJHP´2KRPHPQmRpXPSRQWRQmRRFXSDXPDSRVL omRQXPVLVWHPDGHUHIHUrQFLDVHOHpXPDVLWXDomRHWRGRVRVVHXV PRYLPHQWRV VmR XP SDVVHLR QmR XPD GHVORFDomR DEVWUDFWD 2 KRPHP FRQVWUyL XP FDPLQKR XP SHUFXUVR WDO FRPR R WXULVWD TXH VHP PDSD VH GHL[D SHUGHU QXPD FLGDGH HVWUDQJHLUD 8P KRPHPSHUGLGRQmRWHPOXJDUGHDPEXODQDSDLVDJHP(VWHOXJDU QmR SRGH VHU HQWHQGLGR PHUDPHQWH QR GRPtQLR HVSDFLDO 3RU H[HPSOR R DUWLVWD PXLWDV YH]HV WHP XP VHQWLGR FRPSOHWDPHQWH GLIHUHQWH GD SDLVDJHP VRFLDO GD VXD pSRFD QmR VHJXLQGR FRRUGH QDGDV VRFLDLV RX KLVWyULFDV 2 DUWLVWD SRGH VHU FRQVLGHUDGR XP KRPHPSHUGLGRFRPFRQVFLrQFLDGRVHXHVWDGR$SDLVDJHPWRU QDVHDIRUPDRULJLQiULDGHWRGRRHVSDoRVHQGRTXHRFRUSRpR GHXPVHUSHUGLGRTXHQHODGHDPEXODHTXHDWUDYpVGHXPWHPSH UDPHQWRDUHSUHVHQWD &RPR FRQFLOLDU DV GXDV SRVLo}HV TXH SDUHFHP GLYHUJLU HQWUH 0DOGLQH\ H 0HUOHDX3RQW\" 0DOGLQH\ DILUPD TXH D VLWXDomR GR KRPHPpVHUSHUGLGRQDSDLVDJHP0HUOHDX3RQW\GL]SRUVXDYH] TXH R VHU p VLQyQLPR GH VHUVLWXDGR 6H TXLVHUPRV UHODFLRQDU DV GXDV DILUPDo}HV GLUHPRV TXH R VHU HQFRQWUDVH VLWXDGR SHOD VXD SHUGLomR QD SDLVDJHP ( GH IDFWR DSHVDU GH SDUDGR[DO p LVVR PHVPR TXH SDUHFH DFRQWHFHU 2 FRUSR UHODFLRQDVH GLUHFWD RX LQGLUHFWDPHQWHDRPXQGRSHUFHELGRDWUDYpVGHXPDRULHQWDomR$ SHUFHSomR p D IRQWH EiVLFD SDUD D RULHQWDomR 2 SUREOHPD VXUJH SHOR IDFWR GH TXH R FRUSR DR HQWUHODoDUVH FRP R PXQGR QmR SRGHVDLUGHOHSDUDWHUXPDYLVmRJOREDOGDVXDVLWXDomR3RUWDQWR WRGDDRULHQWDomRQRkPELWRGDSDLVDJHPpVHPSUHUHJLRQDOHLVVR WRUQDVH SUREOHPiWLFR 3RUTXH GH QDGD VHUYH XP PDSD TXH GLJD ³YRFrHVWiDTXL´VHDFRQWLQXDomRGHVVHDTXLQXPSDUDOiGHVL QRVOHYDjLQFyJQLWDGHVVHOXJDUPDLVDEUDQJHQWHTXHQRVHQYROYH $ DEHUWXUD DR PXQGR SHOD VHQVDomR ± FRPXQLGDGH IRUPDO HQWUHRFRUSRHRPXQGR$VHQVDomRpRPHLRSHORTXDORFRUSR DFHGH RX VH FRQVWLWXL QD VXD DEHUWXUD DR PXQGR (P /¶¯LO HW O¶(VSULW 0HUOHDX3RQW\ Gi HVSHFLDO DWHQomR DR IHQyPHQR GD YLVmR FRPR DTXHOH TXH QRV SHUPLWH PHOKRU LGHQWLILFDU HVWD UHODomR GH SURORQJDPHQWRGRFRUSRQRPXQGR(FRDQGRDVSDODYUDVGH$ULV WyWHOHV0HUOHDX3RQW\GL]
15
Nuno Silva
/DSHLQWXUHUpYHLOOHSRUWHjVDGHUQLqUHSXLVVDQFHXQGpOLUHTXLHVWOD YLVLRQ PrPH SXLVTXH YRLU F¶HVW DYRLU j GLVWDQFH HW TXH OD SHLQWXUH pWHQGFHWWHEL]DUUHSRVVHVVLRQjWRXVOHVDVSHFWVGHO¶ÇWUHTXLGRLYHQW GHTXHOTXHIDoRQVHIDLUHYLVLEOHVSRXUHQWUHUHQHOOH
9HUpWHUjGLVWkQFLD$TXHVWmRTXHDJRUDVHFRORFDp GHTXH IRUPD p SRVVtYHO SRVVXLU DOJR QD GLVWkQFLD" 3DUD LVVR p QHFHVViULR SHUFHEHU R PRGR FRPR VH DFKD FRQVWLWXtGR R SUySULR yUJmR GD YLVmR 3DUD TXH H[LVWD XP DQ~QFLR VHQVtYHO QR FRUSR WHP GH H[LVWLU XPDUHODomRGLUHFWDHQWUHLVVRTXHpyUJmRHLVVRGHTXHpyUJmR 7RPDQGRRH[HPSORGDYLVmRH[LVWHXPDUHODomRGLUHFWDHQWUHRV ROKRV H R VHX VHQVtYHO SUySULR D OX] 2V ROKRV VmR SRU LVVR RV yUJmRVGDOX]PDVVmR OX] HQTXDQWRHVWDUHIOHFWHXPDFRUHQmR SRUH[HPSORRFDORU6HRVROKRVVmRDFRQGLomRGHSRVVLELOLGDGH GRDSDUHFLPHQWRGHFRUHVDOX]pRTXHSURSULDPHQWHSRVVLELOLWDR HQFRQWURHQWUHRyUJmRHRVHXVHQVtYHOSUySULR$TXLORTXHDYLVWD SHUFHEH p R YLVtYHO D FRU TXH VH HQFRQWUD QXPD GDGD VXSHUItFLH TXHpHPVLYLVtYHOSRUTXHFRQWpPHPVLRPRWLYRGDYLVLELOLGDGH 3RUTXHHVVDVXSHUItFLHWHPDFDSDFLGDGHGHUHFHEHUOX]HFRPRWDO UHIOHFWLU XPD FRU 7HQGR D YLVmR FRPR VHQVtYHO SUySULR DV FRUHV HODSUySULDWHPDOJRGHFRPXPFRPLVVRTXHOKHpH[WHULRUDOX] 3RULVVRRVROKRVWrPDIRUPDGDOX] XPDYH]TXHpHVVDIRUPD TXHSHUPLWHDRVROKRVUHDJLUHPDRTXHOKHVpH[WHULRU1HVWHVHQ WLGRDOX]pDRPHVPRWHPSRLPDQHQWHHWUDQVFHQGHQWHDRyUJmR GDYLVmR,PDQHQWHHWUDQVFHQGHQWHSRUTXHpHQTXDQWRIRUPDGD YLVmRDSUySULDFRQGLomRGHSRVVLELOLGDGHGHXPDQRWLILFDomRHP PLPGDTXLORTXHHXQmRVRX3HUFHEHPRVHQWmRHPTXHPHGLGD RV ROKRV WHQGR D IRUPD GD OX] VmR FRQGLo}HV GH SRVVLELOLGDGH GH QRWLILFDomRGRYLVtYHOHSUHFLVDPHQWHSRULVVRHOHVQmRVmRRSUy SULRSRVVLELOLWDGRSRUTXHQDUHODomRRTXHGHYHDSDUHFHUpDYLVmR HQmRRVROKRV7DOFRPRDOX]DSHQDVVHWRUQDYLVtYHOQDDFWXDOL]D omR GH XPD FRU WDPEpP RV ROKRV DSHQDV VH UHFRQKHFHP DFWLYRV QRDFWRGHYHU$VVLPVHQGRRSRVVLELOLWDGRQmRVmRRVROKRVQHP DOX]PDVDYLVmR1mRSRGHSRULVVRKDYHUXPDFHVVRGLUHFWRDRV yUJmRVGHSHUFHSomRHXQmRPHSRVVRYHUDYHU
16
A indefinição dos contornos das coisas
2 HVWUDQKR p FRQVLGHUD 0HUOHDX3RQW\ TXDQGR PH ROKR QR HVSHOKR 9HMR DR PHVPR WHPSR XQV ROKRV TXH VHL R TXH HVWmR D YHU1HVVDDOWXUDWHQKRXPDDFHVVRPHGLDGRDRVSUySULRVROKRVH QR HQWDQWR XPD YLVmR LPHGLDWD GRV ROKRV 2 HVSHOKR HQXQFLD D UHIOH[LYLGDGHGRVHQVtYHORSDUDGR[RGRFRUSR(VWDDWLWXGHUHIOH [LYDGRFRUSRGiDYHUDUHODomRGHLQHUrQFLDHQWUHDTXHOHTXHYrH DTXLOR TXH p YLVWR $ VHQVDomR p FRPR WDO D FDSDFLGDGH TXH R FRUSR RVyUJmRVGRVVHQWLGRV WHPGHUHFHEHUIRUPDVVHQVtYHLVVHP PDWpULD 0DVGHWRGDDVHQVDomRHPJHUDOQyVGHYHPRVFRQFHEHUDLGHLDTXHR VHQWLGRFRQVWLWXLDTXLORTXHpSUySULRDUHFHEHUDVIRUPDVVHQVtYHLV VHPDPDWpULD
6HDVHQVDomRpRUHVXOWDGRGHXPDDOWHUDomRQDUHODomRHQWUH RVVHQWLGRVHRVREMHFWRVH[WHULRUHVRTXHVHGipXPDDOWHUDomRQR FRUSR2UHVXOWDGRGHVVDDOWHUDomRpGDGRDWUDYpVGDUHFHSomRGH XPDIRUPDTXHWHQKDHVVrQFLDLPDWHULDOTXHUGL]HURFRUSRVHQWH DFDUQHGDVFRLVDV&DGDyUJmRGRVVHQWLGRVpXPUHFHSWiFXORGR VHQVtYHOVHPPDWpULDHPDLVXPDYH]VHFRQVWDWDTXHH[LVWHXQLmR QRDFWRGHVHQWLU3RUTXHSDUDDOJXPDFRLVDTXHQmRpWRUQDUVH QDTXLORTXHpVHQWLGRMiWHPGHWHULVVRHPSRWrQFLD3RUH[HPSOR HXQmRVRXXPDiUYRUHHQRHQWDQWRIRUPRHPPLPDiUYRUHGH TXHWHQKRQRWtFLD7HPGHH[LVWLUXPDFRPXQLGDGHIRUPDOHQWUH PLPHDFRLVDSHUFHELGD3RUWDQWRDFRH[LVWrQFLDHQWUHRTXHVHQ WHHRVHQWLGRGiVHSHORIDFWRGHH[LVWLUXPDFRPXQLGDGHIRUPDO HQWUHDPERV&ODURHVWiTXHDLPDWHULDOLGDGHGDVHQVDomRLPSOLFD DSHQDVXPDFHUWDLQGHSHQGrQFLDGDPDWpULD$VHQVDomRHVWiOLYUH GH PDWpULD PDV QmR HVWi VHSDUDGD GH XP yUJmR FRUSRUDO 3HOD VHQVDomR DV FRLVDV GR PXQGR JDQKDP IRUPD H LQFUXVWDPVH QR FRUSRHGHVVHPRGRUHFHEHPRVRVHXHFRVRPRVWUHVSDVVDGRVSRU HODV9HUp³WHUjGLVWkQFLD´QDPHGLGDHPTXHDTXLORTXHSRVVXt PRVpDIRUPDGDVFRLVDVHQmRDVXDPDWpULD /DPrPHFKRVHHVWOjEDVDXFRHXUGXPRQGHHWLFLDXFRHXUGHODYL VLRQODPrPHRXVLO¶RQ\WLHQWXQHFKRVHVHPEODEOHPDLVVHORQXQH VLPLOLWXGH HIILFDFH TXL HVW SDUHQWH JHQqVH PpWDPRUSKRVH GH O¶rWUH HQVDYLVLRQ
17
Nuno Silva
2TXHLPSRUWDDJRUDSHUFHEHUpTXHDYLVLELOLGDGHGRPXQGR QmR FRQVLVWH QXPD UHSUHVHQWDomR GR PXQGR FRPR VH R FRUSR HVWLYHVVH GLDQWH GHOH 2 FRUSR QmR HVWi GLDQWH GR PXQGR PDV HQFRQWUDVHQRPHLRGHOH$VVLPDSUySULDYLVmRGHL[DGHVHUXPD DFomRSRUFRQWDFWR FRPRpVXSRVWRQD'LySWULFDGH'HVFDUWHV SDUD SDVVDUDVHUDOJRPDLV$YLVmRMiQmRpRROKDUVREUHXPGHKRUVMi QmR p XPD UHODomR ItVLFRySWLFD FRP R PXQGR SRUTXH R PXQGR QmR VH HQFRQWUD GLDQWH GH 2 FRUSR DEUHVH QD VXD UHODomR DR PXQGRHQHVWDDEHUWXUDQmRVLQWHWL]DDVFRLVDVGRPXQGRFRPR XPDSURMHFomRGHVWHVREUHRVHXFRUSRRXFRPRRUHEDWLPHQWRGH XPD ILJXUD QR JHRPHWUDO 2 FRUSR HQYROYH H p HQYROYLGR SHOR PXQGR FRORFDQGRVH QXPD SUHVHQoD LPHGLDWD DR 6HU HQTXDQWR SURMHFWRFRQMXQWRHPTXHPXQGRHFRUSRVHLQVFUHYHP $ LQGHWHUPLQDomR GRV FRQWRUQRV &KHJDPRV DVVLP DR SRQWR IXQGDPHQWDOGRQRVVRSUREOHPDTXHWHPTXHYHUFRPDSRVVLELOL GDGHRXQmRGDGHWHUPLQDomRGRVFRQWRUQRVGDVFRLVDV6HRFRU SR VH HQWUHODoD FRHVVHQFLDOPHQWH QR PXQGR QmR SRGHQGR GHOH VHUDIDVWDGRHVHDSUySULDIRUPDGHDFHVVRRXDEHUWXUDDRPXQGR SHODYLVLELOLGDGHGHVWHVHFRQVWLWXLFRPRDOJRQRPHLRGHWRUQDVH FRPSOLFDGRLGHQWLILFDURVOLPLWHVTXHVHSDUDPDVFRLVDVXPDVGDV RXWUDV (VVHV OLPLWHV H[LVWHP H VmR FRQYHQFLRQDLV SRUTXH H[LVWH XPDQHFHVVLGDGHRSHUDWyULDTXHQRVLPSHGHGHYDFLODUPRVSHUDQWH DLGHQWLILFDomRGRVFRQWRUQRVGDVFRLVDV7RGDYLDRSUySULRFRUSR VHQVtYHOSHORSUHFLVRIDFWRGHVHUVHQVtYHOQmRVHHQFRQWUDFRQGL FLRQDGR D HVVHV FRQWRUQRV DQWHV VH FRQVWLWXL QD VXD DEHUWXUD DR IRUDFRPRDOJRTXHUHVSLUDQHOH3RGHPRVIDFLOPHQWHGL]HUTXHRV OLPLWHV GR PHX FRUSR FRLQFLGHP FRP RV OLPLWHV GD PLQKD SHOH PDVLVVRIDUiFRPTXHHVVHOXJDUGHIURQWHLUDTXHpDSHOHSHUFDD VXDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDIXQGDPHQWDOTXHQmRpPHUDPHQWHDGHHQYRO YHUXPFRUSR FRPRXPDHVSpFLHGHVDFRSOiVWLFR PDVDQWHVRSH UDUDVSUySULDVSDVVDJHQVVHQVtYHLVHQWUHRIRUDHRGHQWUR,GHQWLIL FDU OLPLWHV FRQVLVWHHP GHWHUPLQDU IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH D VXSHUItFLH GDVFRLVDV 2TXHGHFDGDYH]QRVpGDGRVmRVXSHUItFLHV2VFRUSRVQDVXD RSDFLGDGH DSHQDV QRV SHUPLWHP XPD DSUHVHQWDomR GR VHX H[WH ULRUYLVtYHO&ODURTXHDDSUHVHQWDomRGHXPFRUSRpDFRPSDQKDGD
18
A indefinição dos contornos das coisas
GHXPDFRDSUHVHQWDomR2H[WHULRUGRFRUSRpDFRPSDQKDGRGH XPDFRDSUHVHQWDomRGRVHXLQWHULRUDLQGDTXHHVWDVHMDLQH[SOtFL WD4XDQGRROKRSDUDDOJXpPDSHVDUGHQmRWHUIRFDGRVRVyUJmRV LQWHUQRV GHVVD PHVPD SHVVRD WHQKR GH VXSRU D VXD H[LVWrQFLD DLQGDTXHSDUDPLPHVVDFRDSUHVHQWDomRVHMDHODSUySULDDFRPSD QKDGD GH XPD LQGHWHUPLQDomR UHODWLYD 3RU H[HPSOR VHL TXH D SHVVRDjPLQKDIUHQWHWHPItJDGRFRUDomRLQWHVWLQRVHWFHDLQGD TXHSXGHVVHUHSURYDUQXPH[DPHDQDWyPLFRTXDQWRjORFDOL]DomR GHVVHV PHVPRV yUJmRV VHL TXH HOHV WrP FRU H[WHQVmR SHVR HWF 3RUWDQWRDVGHWHUPLQDo}HVGRH[WHULRUGRFRUSRVmRPDLVSUHFLVDV TXHDVGRVHXLQWHULRUDLQGDTXHRLQWHULRUQmRVHMDDEVROXWDPHQ WH HQLJPiWLFR 1mR p HQLJPiWLFR QmR Vy SRUTXH VHL TXH DOJR SUHHQFKH HVVH PHVPR FRUSR DLQGD TXH R VDLED VXEGHWHUPLQDGD PHQWH FRPR WDPEpP QmR PH p H[LJLGR VHPSUH TXH ROKR SDUD DOJXpPWHUGHSUHVHQWLILFDUWXGRRTXHRFRQVWLWXL1RHQWDQWRp VHPSUHDSDUWLUGDVXSHUItFLHGDVGHWHUPLQDo}HVH[WHULRUHVGHXP FRUSRTXHVHLQVWDQFLDPDVGHWHUPLQDo}HVLQWHULRUHV0DVKiDOJR TXHHVFDSDVHPSUH1DDSUHVHQWDomRQRUPDOGDVFRLVDVDSHTXHQD SDUWH GDV GHWHUPLQDo}HV GDGDV UHPHWHP SDUD XPD TXDQWLGDGH HVPDJDGRUDGHVXEGHWHUPLQDo}HVQmRVyDWHPiWLFDVFRPRGHVFR QKHFLGDV2TXHQRVLQWHUHVVDQmRpLGHQWLILFDUTXDLVDVGHWHUPL QDo}HVQmRDSXUDGDVHSRVVtYHLVGHRVHUHPPDVDQWHVDVUHDOLGD GHVGHVFRQKHFLGDVDGRUPHFLGDVQDSURIXQGLGDGHGRFRUSR 7RGDDVXSHUItFLH VHQmRpXPVLPSOHVLQYyOXFUR UHPHWHSDUD XPDSURIXQGLGDGHpH[SUHVVmRGHXPDSURIXQGLGDGHXPLQWHULRU PDQLIHVWDVHQRH[WHULRUSRUTXHVHHQFRQWUDPLQWHUQDPHQWHOLJD GRV$RROKDUSDUDDIDFHGHDOJXpPQmRSRGHPRVGL]HUTXHHVWH MDPRV DSHQDV D YHU R H[WHULRU GH XP FRUSR 6H QRV SHUJXQWDUHP FRPRpTXHHVVDSHVVRDHVWiXPFRQMXQWRGHGHWHUPLQDo}HVREMHF WLYDV VHULD LQVXILFLHQWH SDUD R GHWHUPLQDU $V PHVPDV GHWHUPLQD o}HVQmRGDULDPFRQWDGHVVHLQWHULRUTXHVHPDQLIHVWDGDYLGDTXH DQLPD HVVDV PHVPDV GHWHUPLQDo}HV 3RU LVVR TXDQGR YHPRV DOJXpP YHPRV VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH DOHJULD WULVWH]D VDXGDGH HWF GHWHUPLQDo}HV HVVDV TXH QmR VH HQFRQWUDP DTXL RX DOL PDV TXH LQYDGHPRFRUSRHPWRGRRVHXVHU $SURIXQGLGDGHHPHUJHjVXSHUItFLHHQRHQWDQWRVLWXDVHSDUD Oi GHOD (VVD SURIXQGLGDGH QmR VLJQLILFD QHFHVVDULDPHQWH XPD GLVWkQFLD HVSDFLDO XP OXJDU ORQJtQTXR RX XP ³Mi DR YLUDU GD
19
Nuno Silva
HVTXLQD´ WHP DQWHV TXH YHU FRP DTXLOR D TXH 0HUOHDX3RQW\ FKDPDGHSDUWLFLSDomRQR6HU &HTXHM¶DSSHOOHSURIRQGHXUQ¶HVWULHQRXF¶HVWPDSDUWLFLSDWLRQjXQ ÇWUHVDQVUHVWULFWLRQHWG¶DERUGjO¶rWUHGHO¶HVSDFHSDUGHOjWRXWSRLQW GHYXH
$SDUWLFLSDomRQR6HUPDLVQmRpGRTXHRUHFRQKHFLPHQWRGD LQHJiYHOFRSHUWHQoDGRFRUSRDRPXQGReSUHFLVDPHQWHDSHQH WUDomRGRPHXVHUQXP6HULOLPLWDGRTXHXUGHDVUHODo}HVGHWXGR FRP WXGR $ SURIXQGLGDGH QmR VH WUDWD GD FRQVLGHUDomR GH XPD GLVWkQFLD HVSDFLDO RX PHVPR WHPSRUDO TXH YDL GH XP REMHFWR D RXWURHODSHUWHQFHjSHUVSHFWLYDHQmRjVFRLVDVHODVLWXDRFRUSRH OLJDR iV FRLVDV GH IRUPD LQWHQVLYD $ SURIXQGLGDGH QmR p XPD GLPHQVmR HVSDFLDO D LVVR FKDPD 0HUOHDX3RQW\ XPD ODUJXUD FRQ VLGHUDGDGHSHUILO$YLVmRGDSURIXQGLGDGHQmRpREMHFWLYiYHO HOD QmRSRGHVHUFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRXPDGLVWkQFLDHQWUHXPREMHFWRH RXWURpDQWHVXPDGLPHQVmRH[LVWHQFLDO$SURIXQGLGDGHQDVFHGR ROKDUTXHVHSHUGHQDSDLVDJHPTXHSHQHWUDRVREMHFWRVHDOFDQoD SDUDDOpPGHOHV3RULVVRPHVPRDSURIXQGLGDGHQmRpXPDGLV WkQFLDHVSDFLDOSDVVtYHOGHVHUPHGLGDHQWUHPLPHRREMHFWRSRU TXH HOD HQYROYHPH QR SUySULR REMHFWR UDVJD URPSH LQYDGH R REMHFWRSURMHFWDQGRVHQXPDGLPHQVmRSDUDDOpPGHOH3RURXWUR ODGRWDPEpPQmRSRGHVHUFRPSUHHQGLGDFRPRRSHQVDPHQWRRX YLVmRGHXPVXMHLWRDFyVPLFRQmRVLWXDGReDQWHVDSRVVLELOLGDGH GHXPVXMHLWRFRPSURPHWLGRDLQGDTXHSHUGLGRQDVXDSDLVDJHP SHUWHQFHOKHHWUHVSDVVDDeXPFRQVWDQWHGLiORJRHQWUHRLQWHULRU HRH[WHULRUTXHVHLQWHUSHQHWUDPHLQGLIHUHQFLDP &RPRVHYLX0HUOHDX3RQW\GL]TXH³YHUpWHUjGLVWkQFLD´H QLVWRFUX]DVHDSHUVSHFWLYDHVSDFLDOGHGLVWkQFLDHDH[LVWHQFLDOGH SURIXQGLGDGH SRUTXH VH D GLVWkQFLD p D GLPHQVmR TXH QRV PDQ WpPDIDVWDGRVGDTXLORTXHREVHUYDPRVDSURIXQGLGDGHpDGLPHQ VmRTXHQRVDSUR[LPDTXHQRVS}HHPFRQWDFWRHHQWUHODoDFRP DVFRLVDV+DELWXDOPHQWHSHQVDPRVTXHRVQRVVRVyUJmRVVHQVtYHLV TXHQRVGmRQRWtFLDGDVFRLVDVVmRPHURVUHFHSWiFXORVSHQVDPRV TXHVRPRV³DIHFWDGRV´LQYDGLGRVVXUSUHHQGLGRVSHODVUHDOLGDGHV H[WHULRUHV 1HVWD SHUVSHFWLYD HVWDUHPRV VHPSUH LUUHPHGLDYHOPHQ WH VHSDUDGRV SHOD GLVWkQFLD GH QyV jV FRLVDV 0DV VH VLPXOWDQHD
20
A indefinição dos contornos das coisas
PHQWHSHQVDUPRVTXHRQRVVRFRUSRQmRpXPPHURUHFHSWiFXOR TXHSHORFRQWUiULRVHSURMHFWDQDVFRLVDVHVVDGLVWkQFLDpDQXODGD SHODSRVVHTXHRFRUSRWHPGRPXQGRSURMHFWDQGRVHSDUDIRUDGH VL FRUSR HPHUJXOKDQGRHPSURIXQGLGDGHQHOH PXQGR 2FRU SRHVWLOKDoDVHQDUHDOLGDGHHVWiVLPXOWDQHDPHQWHDTXLHDOLDJRUD H RXWURUD ,QWHULRUH[WHULRU SURIXQGLGDGHVXSHUItFLH SUy[L PRGLVWDQWHVmRWXGRFRQFHLWRVTXHVHFRQWDPLQDPQDDPELJXL GDGHLQHUHQWHDRSDUDGR[RGRFRUSRHQRPRGRGHOHVHHQFRQWUDU QRPXQGR 2LQH[SULPLYHORXDSUySULDLQYLVLELOLGDGHUHYHODVHPRVWUDVH PDV QmR VH GL] $ SURFXUD HP GHWHUPLQDU R LQGHWHUPLQDGR OHYD QRVDILFDUVHPSUHQRHVSDoRLQWHUPpGLRQRHVSDoRHPTXHDOJR VH PDQLIHVWD VH Gi D YHU H TXH WUiV FRQVLJR D FLIUD GR LQGL]tYHO 8P LQGL]tYHO p SUHVVHQWLGR QDTXLOR TXH VH PRVWUD DOJR TXH VH SUHVVHQWHHDRPHVPRWHPSRHVFDSDDRDSULVLRQDPHQWRGDGHWHU PLQDomR2TXHJHUPLQDGHGHVFRQKHFLGRQDTXLORTXHVHPRVWUD FUHVFH VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH QDTXHOH D TXHP VH PRVWUD 2 SUHVVHQWL PHQWRHVWDEHOHFHDSRQWHHQWUHDLUUHFXSHUDELOLGDGHGRLQGHWHUPL QDGRTXHVHH[SUHVVDQRPXQGRHLQYDGHRFRUSR,UUHGXWtYHOTXH R FRUSR p DR PXQGR DPDOJDPDVH FRP HOH H QHVWH SDUDGR[R p DOJRPDLVTXHRVLPHVPRHPHQRVTXHRVHURXWUR $ SRVLomR GR HQWUH $ FRQGLomR GR FRUSR QR PXQGR p XPD FRQGLomRGHDWUDYHVVDPHQWRTXHUGL]HURVHXOXJDUpRGR HQWUH 7RGDV DV FRLVDV VH LQWHUSHQHWUDP GLOXLQGR RV VHXV FRQWRUQRV $V FRLVDVSHODVXDYLVLELOLGDGHLQYHVWHPVHXPDVQDVRXWUDVKDELWDP XPDVQDVRXWUDV0HUOHDX3RQW\GHVFUHYHRHIHLWRGRTXDGULFXODGR GRIXQGRGDSLVFLQDYLVWRDWUDYpVGDHVSHVVXUDGDiJXD2TXDGUL FXODGRYrVHDWUDYpVGH1HVVHOXJDULQWHUPpGLRGiVHDGLVWRUomRGR SUySULR TXDGULFXODGR 2 PRYLPHQWR GD iJXD GLVWRUFH R SUySULR TXDGULFXODGR TXH GDQoD DTXLOR TXH VH Yr QmR p D JHRPHWULD GR TXDGULFXODGRPDVVmRDVUHODo}HVGHHQWUHODoDPHQWRHQWUHDVFRL VDVTXHOKHVDWULEXHPDSUySULDUHDOLGDGH'HSRLVRVUHIOH[RVGRV UDLRVGHVROQDiJXDLQYHVWHPRVFLSUHVWHV$iJXDYLVLWDRVSUySULRV FLSUHVWHVKDELWDRVHWRUQDRVPDLVGRTXHVLPHVPRV FISSH $V FRLVDV QD VXD DQLPDomR LQWHUQD QR VHX HQWUHODoDPHQWR WRUQDPDYLVLELOLGDGHXPOXJDUGHUHODo}HVLQWHUQDVHQWUHDVFRLVDV
21
Nuno Silva
HQmRXPOXJDUGHUHODo}HVHQWUHSRVLo}HVGDVFRLVDV+iXPHOH PHQWRGHDEVRUomRHQWUHDVFRLVDVTXHDJHRPHWULDQmRFRQWHPSOD XPD LQYLVLELOLGDGH SUHVHQWH TXH DQLPD DV FRLVDV LQWHUQDPHQWH H HVWDEHOHFHXPULWPRGHUHODomRHQWUHHODV 1R TXDUWR FDStWXOR 0HUOHDX3RQW\ IDOD GD OLQKD FRPR R HOH PHQWR TXH QR GHVHQKR DWULEXL XP FRQWRUQR jV FRLVDV 7RGDYLD HVVHDWULEXWRGDOLQKDHPVHUFRQVLGHUDGDFRPR SURSULpWpGHO¶REMHW HQVRLpFRQWHVWDGRSHODSUySULDSLQWXUD$OLQKDWHQGHDVHUYLVWD FRPRXPDSURSULHGDGHGDVFRLVDVDTXLORTXHVHHQFRQWUDQROLPL WHGHODVHTXHDVVHSDUDGHWRGDVDVGHPDLVFRLVDV7UDWDVHGRFRQ WRUQRRXGROLPLWHFRPRVHHQFRQWUDQGRSUHVHQWHVQRPXQGRH SRULVVRWHQGHVHDDWULEXLUOKHXPDUHDOLGDGHHPVLPHVPD0DVD OLQKDpXPDUHDOLGDGHPHWDItVLFD ,OQ¶\DSDVGHOLJQHVYLVLEOHVHQVRLTXHQLOHFRQWRXUGHODSRPPH QLODOLPLWHGXFKDPSHWGHODSUDLULHQ¶HVWLFLRXOjTX¶LOVVRQWWRX MRXUVHQGHojRXDXGHOjGXSRLQWRO¶RQUHJDUGHWRXMRXUVHQWUHRX GHUULqUHFHTXHO¶RQIL[HLQGLTXpVLPSOLTXpVHWPrPHWUqVLPSpULHX VHPHQWH[LJpVSDUOHVFKRVHVPDLVQRQSDVFKRVHVHX[PrPHV
6H SRU XP ODGR D OLQKD VXUJH FRPR XPD QHFHVVLGDGH GH FLU FXQVFULomR QRPLQDO GDV HQWLGDGHV SRU RXWUR HOD QmR SRGH VHU FRQIXQGLGD FRPR XP OLPLWH UHDO GHVVDV PHVPDV HQWLGDGHV $V FRLVDV IRUPDPVH LQWHUQDPHQWH H LQYHVWHPVH XPDV QDV RXWUDV QXPDDEHUWXUDTXHOKHVpHVVHQFLDOTXHDVGHWHUPLQD4XHUGL]HU VHDOLQKDSURFXUDDJDUUDUXPDIRUPDHODQmRSRGHGHL[DUGHLQGL FDU XPD IRUPDomR LQWHUQD GDV FRLVDV TXH QmR VH GHL[D DSULVLRQDU SRUHOD3RULVVRDSUySULDOLQKDpXPDHQWLGDGHPHWDItVLFD DSH QDVWRUQDGDItVLFDSHORGHVHQKR $OLQKDDRVHUWUDoDGDLQWURGX] XPDIURQWHLUDXPDGHPDUFDomRTXHVHSDUDDVFRLVDV0DVTXDOpR OXJDUGDOLQKD"3HUWHQFHUiHODDRLQWHULRUGRVFRUSRVRXIDUiSDUWH GRH[WHULRU"$OLQKDQmRpLQWHULRUQHPH[WHULRUHODpPHWDItVLFD SUHFLVDPHQWHSRUTXHQmRWHPOXJDU RXPHOKRURVHXOXJDUpRGR HQWUH4XDQGRDOLQKDQRGHVHQKRVHLQVFUHYHQDIROKDDTXLORTXH p SURGX]LGR p XPD VHSDUDomR HQWUH XP LQWHULRU H XP H[WHULRU PDVDOLQKDHPVLQmRpYLVtYHORHOHPHQWRVHSDUDGRUQmRDSDUHFH DLQGD TXH VHMD ILVLFDPHQWH R UHVSRQViYHO SHOR DSDUHFLPHQWR GR
22
A indefinição dos contornos das coisas
TXHTXHUTXHVHMD4XHUGL]HUDOLQKDpDTXLORTXHQRVHXVXUJLUVH DQXODDVLPHVPDSDUDGDUDYHUXPDVHSDUDomRHQWUHDVFRLVDV 0DVHVWDFRQFHSomRGDOLQKDTXHGHPDUFDXPWHUULWyULRQmR H[FOXL D XWLOL]DomR GD PHVPD QR GHVHQKR RX QD SLQWXUD $TXLOR TXH R GHVHQKR GHYH SURGX]LU p XPD OLEHUWDomR GD SUySULD OLQKD TXHQmRGHYHVHUHOHPHQWRRSHUDWyULRSDUDGHOLPLWDURYLVtYHOPDV GHYHVHUHOHPHQWRRSHUDGRUWHFHQGRDVFRLVDVRVFRUSRVDRPXQ GRWRUQDQGRYLVtYHO(OHPHQWRJHQpWLFRIRUPDGRUHQmRUHSURGX WRUGHIRUPDDOLQKDQmRFRQVLVWHQDLPLWDomRGDVFRLVDVPDVGHYH DQWHVVHULQGLFDGRUDGRPRYLPHQWRTXHVHSDVVDHQWUHDVFRLVDV$ OLQKDQmRSRGHPDLVVHUGLYLVmRVHSDUDomRPDVDQWHVPRYLPHQWR LQWHUQR TXH SDVVD LQVHQVLYHOPHQWH HQWUH DV FRLVDV TXH KDELWD QR PHLR GHODV H TXH HVWDEHOHFH UHODo}HV WHQFLRQDLV HQWUH HODV 1HVWH VHQWLGRRSUySULRPRYLPHQWRTXHHODGHVFUHYHQmRpRPRYLPHQ WR GH XPD GHVORFDomR GH XPD FRLVD D RXWUD QmR p XP SHUFXUVR H[WHULRUPDVXPPRYLPHQWRLQWHUQRGHXQLmRQmRYLVtYHOHQWUHDV FRLVDV$VVLPDOLQKD HQWHQGDVHDOLQKDDSOLFDGDDRGHVHQKRRXj SLQWXUD WRUQDYLVtYHOQmRDTXLORTXHVHHVFRQGHPDVDTXLORFXMD SUHVHQoDIRUPDWLYDQmRpYLVtYHO$OLQKDFRQVWLWXLVHFRPRDOLEHU WDomRGRPRYLPHQWRLQWHUQRGHXQLmRGDVFRLVDVGDVVXDVOLJDo}HV VHFUHWDV $SRVLomRGRHQWUHpQRIXQGRDSRVLomRTXHLQGLIHUHQFLDR LQWHULRUGRH[WHULRUpDSRVLomRRFXSDGDSRUXPDVLWXDomRKXPDQD TXH VH UHFRQKHFH QXP H[FHVVR GH VL HP PRYLPHQWR FHQWUtIXJR SDUDRIRUDHVLPXOWDQHDPHQWHUHFHEHQGRQRGHQWURHPIRUPDGH LPSORVmRFHQWUtSHWDWRGRHVVHH[FHVVR$YLVmRpHQTXDQWRIRUPD GH SHUFHSomR GR ³WHU j GLVWkQFLD´ DTXLOR TXH QRV SHUPLWH UHFR QKHFHU R SURORQJDPHQWR GH QyV PHVPRV QHVVH IRUD PDV p WDP EpP DTXLOR TXH QRV SHUPLWH DVVLVWLU LQWHULRUPHQWH D XPD VHSDUD omR HPERUDQmROLPLWDGD GHPLPUHODWLYDPHQWHjVFRLVDV(QWHQ GDVH QR HQWDQWR TXH HVWD VHSDUDomR QmR p XP UHFRUWH GH PLP UHODWLYDPHQWHDRPXQGRPDVXPDVHQVDomRGHSHUWHQoDHVLPXOWD QHDPHQWH DIDVWDPHQWR GHOH TXH PH SHUPLWH HQTXDQWR SURMHFWR GHXPPHVPR6HU±RPXQGR SRGHUUHSUHVHQWiORLQWHUQDPHQWH DSDUWLUGHGHQWURHQmRFRPRHVWDQGRSHUDQWHHOH /DYLVLRQQ¶HVWSDVXQFHUWDLQPRGHGHODSHQVpHRXSUpVHQFHj VRL F¶HVWOHPR\HQTXLP¶HVWGRQQpG¶rWUHDEVHQWGHPRLPrPHG¶DVVLVWHU
23
Nuno Silva
GXGHGDQVjODILVVLRQGHO¶ÇWUHDXWHUPHGHODTXHOOHVHXOHPHQWMHPH IHUPHVXUPRL
$DOPDWHFHVHSHODYLVmRDRPXQGRHODGHPRUDVHQDVFRLVDV FRPXQJDFRPHODVDEDQGRQDVHQHVVHIRUD(DLQGDTXHVHHQFRQ WUH SUHVD DR FRUSR HVFDSDVH GHOH SDUD UHVSLUDU IRUD GHOH DOLPHQ WDQGRVHGRVVHUHVH[WHULRUHVPDVSHUFHEHQGRTXHWRGDHVVDH[WH ULRULGDGHVHHQFRQWUDVXSRUWDGDQDSUySULDVLPXOWDQHLGDGHTXHID] FRPTXHWXGRVHHQFRQWUHDRPHVPRWHPSRQXPDSUHVHQoD LPD QHQWH 1RWDV
0HUOHDX3RQW\ /¶¯LO HW O¶(VSULW )UDQFH 6DLQW$PDQG *DOOLPDUG &ROOHFWLRQIROLRHVVDLV S ,ELGSSH ,ELGS 0HUOHDX3RQW\ 3KpQRPpQRORJLH GH OD 3HUFHSWLRQ )UDQFH 6DLQW$PDQG *DOOLPDUG&ROOHFWLRQWHO S 0DOGLQH\ 5HJDUG 3DUROH (VSDFH /DXVDQQH qGLWLRQV O′DJH G′KRPPH &ROOHFWLRQ©$PHUVª S /¶¯LOHWO¶(VSULWSSH 1DWXUDOPHQWH QmR p ROKDQGR SDUD RV ROKRV TXH HX YRX YHU PDV p ROKDQGRFRPHOHVSRUHOHV $ULVWyWHOHV 'H O′ÆPH 3DULV )ODPPDULRQ WUDG 5LFKDUG %RGpV D 0HUOHDX3RQW\/¶¯LOHWO¶(VSULWS 2EYLDPHQWH D UHODomR DTXL HVWXGDGD HQWUH VXSHUItFLH H SURIXQGLGDGH GL] UHVSHLWR D XPD GLPHQVmR H[LVWHQFLDO Vy ID]HQGR VHQWLGR HP VHUHV YLYRVTXHSUHFLVDPHQWHSRULVVRWrPXPDIRUPDGHFRQVWLWXLomRLQWHUQD TXHVHGHVHQYROYH&RPSOHWDPHQWHGLIHUHQWHpXPDSHGUDTXHUHVXOWDGH XPDDJUHJDomRH[WHULRUGHSRHLUDVHTXHSRULVVRQmRWHPXPSULQFtSLR GHRUJDQL]DomRLQWHUQRTXHVHPDQLIHVWH1DSHGUDWXGRpH[WHULRU 0HUOHDX3RQW\/′2HLOHWO′(VSULWS ,QWHQVLYDSRUTXHDSURIXQGLGDGHQDGDWHPTXHYHUFRPXPDH[WHQVL YLGDGHPpWULFD 0HUOHDX3RQW\/′2HLOHWO′(VSULWS ,ELGS ,ELGS
24
2µODGRGHOi¶HP0DXULFH%ODQFKRW
$QWyQLR9LHLUD
$ REUD FUtWLFD LPHQVD GH 0DXULFH %ODQFKRW SURS}HQRV XPD GHVFLGD DRTXHKiGHDELVPDO QD FRQVWUXomR OLWHUiULD GRV DXWRUHV TXH SHUFRUUH 6XFHGHPVH RV JUDQGHV OLYURV ± /D SDUW GX IHX /¶HVSDFHOLWWpUDLUH/HOLYUHjYHQLU/¶DPLWLpHPXLWRUHFHQWHPHQWHDV &KURQLTXHV OLWWpUDLUHV GX ©-RXUQDO GHV GpEDWVª UHIHUHQWH DRV DQRV LQL FLDLVGH D QRFHQWURGDSURFXUDLQFHVVDQWHTXHRWUDQV SRUWDGH/DXWUpDPRQWD5LPEDXGGH.DINDD1LHW]VFKHGH+|O GHUOLQD3DXO&HODQGH%DXGHODLUHD0DOODUPpHSRUILPGHILQLWL YDPHQWH D 6DGH ©O¶DVWUH GX GpVDVWUHª VLWXDVH R SURSyVLWR GH GHPRQVWUDUFRPRDOLWHUDWXUDFRQVWUyLRVHXSRGHUDSDUWLUGHXP YD]LRHFRPRHVVHYD]LRVHDEUHGHVGHTXHDSDODYUDOLWHUiULDORJR QDVXDHQXQFLDomRDQXODDVFRLVDVGHQRPLQDGDV©'LJRXPDIORU 1RIXQGRGHVWDSDODYUDSHVDGDTXHVXUJHHODPHVPD FRPRFRLVD GHVFRQKHFLGDFRQYRFRDSDL[RQDGDPHQWHDREVFXULGDGHGHVVDIORU HVVHSHUIXPHTXHPHDWUDYHVVDHQmRUHVSLURHVVDSRHLUDTXHPH LPSUHJQDPDVQmRYHMRHVVDFRUTXHpYHVWtJLRHQmROX]ª /DSDUW GXIHXS $SDODYUDGL]XPREMHFWRVLQJXODUHGL]DRPHVPRWHPSRWRGD XPD FDWHJRULD GH REMHFWRV XPD LGHLD PDV DR ID]rOR DR YHUWHUD SUHVHQoDYLROHQWDGHXPVHUQRLQYyOXFURGHXPVRPHQDPRUIR ORJLDGHXPDSDODYUDHVFULWDHVYD]LDRVHUGHQRPLQDGRGDILUPH]D GDVXDSUHVHQoDHGDDXWHQWLFLGDGHGRTXHHUDQRPXQGRHLQGLFD RUDVWURGRREMHFWRSHUGLGRMiQDVXDSUySULDDXVrQFLDFRPRSRU IRUoDPiJLFD2UDHQTXDQWRGiDYHUFRPVXEWLOLGDGHHULJRU R QyRFXOWRTXHHPFDGDXPDGDVJUDQGHVREUDVOLWHUiULDVDPDUUDD QRYLGDGHGHXPDHVFULWDjQDWXUH]DPLVWHULRVDGDVFRLVDV%ODQFKRW SURS}HVH VHPSUH REVWLQDGDPHQWH GHOLQHDU H LOXVWUDU D VXD SUy SULDILORVRILD(VVDILORVRILDTXHVHGHVHQURODQDVRPEUDGRWH[WR LOXPLQD D HVFULWD GRV PDLRUHV GH HQWUH RV HVFULWRUHV Ki RV RXWURV HVFULWRUHV DTXHOHV FXMD HVFULWD QmR FRQWpP UHVtGXR H ROKDGD HP SURIXQGLGDGHVHUHGX]DQDGD PDVDRPHVPRWHPSRHVVDILORVR ILDGRFUtWLFRpLOXPLQDGDHOHJLWLPDGDSHODHVFULWDTXHSHUVFUXWD
25
António Vieira
$R LQYpV GR WUDEDOKR GH DUDQKD PLQXFLRVD H GHVWUD GRV IHQR PHQRORJLVWDV±SHQVRSRUH[HPSORQDWHQWDWLYDGHHOXFLGDomRGDV LGHLDV GH +XVVHUO GHFRUUHQWHV GD LGHLDFKDYH GD IHQRPHQRORJLD HPSUHHQGLGDSRU0HUOHDX3RQW\QRVHXOLYURLQDFDEDGR /HYLVLEOH HW O¶LQYLVLEOH VREUHWXGR QR FDStWXOR /¶HQWUHODF ± OH FKLDVPH ± TXH DQFRUDYDDHYLGrQFLDGR6HUHDSRVVLELOLGDGHGHXPVDEHUQDWUDYH VyOLGDGRFRJLWR%ODQFKRWHQFRQWUDRQDGDQRIXQGRGDREUDOLWH UiULD RQGH VH VXVFLWD D OLWHUDWXUD D PDLV SDVPRVD H GHYDVWDGRUD OLWHUDWXUDFRPRXPIXOJRUQROLPLWHGRSHUFXUVRGDUD]mRFRQYR FDQGRVHJXQGRDVVXDVSDODYUDV©DOLEHUGDGHVHOYDJHPGDHVVrQFLD QHJDWLYDª /DSDUWGXIHXS 1RSyORRSRVWRDOLWHUDWXUDVHP LPSRUWkQFLD H VHP HVSHVVXUD R OLYURREMHFWR R OLYURDEMHFWR D SUHVHQoD GR ,QFDUDFWHUtVWLFRDXWRU GR ,QFDUDFWHUtVWLFROHLWRU ©4XDQGpFULUHQHSDVpFULUHF¶HVWVDQVLPSRUWDQFHDORUVO¶pFULWXUH FKDQJH ± TX¶HOOH DLW OLHX RX QRQ F¶HVW O¶pFULWXUH GX GpVDVWUHª /¶pFULWXUHGXGpVDVWUHS (VWD SRWrQFLD ILFWtFLD H QHFHVViULD QR GXSOR VHQWLGR GDV SDOD YUDVILFomRIDFWLFLGDGH TXHVmRYDULDQWHVRSRVWDVSURYLQGDVGHXPD PHVPD UDL] p D SRWrQFLD SUySULD GD OLWHUDWXUD TXH UHLILFD XP PXQGR VREUH D DQXODomR GR PXQGR PDV DR PHVPR WHPSR GHVLJQDRTXHHVWiHPMRJRHPRVWUDDHVVrQFLDGRVREMHFWRVTXHR GHVHQFDGHDU GD QDUUDWLYD WRUQD LQDFWXDLV SHUGLGRV H FRPR DEDQ GRQDGRV DR VHX PLVWpULR QDWLYR H j VXD PDWpULD QXPHQDO 'Dt D SURGLJLRVDFRQYRFDomRGRFkQWLFRGH2UIHXHDLQGLFDomR±FRQWL GDQRIUDJPHQWRH[tJXRGHWH[WRTXHDQWHFHGH/¶HVSDFHOLWWpUDLUHGH TXHRQ~FOHRHFRPRRHSLFHQWURGROLYURFRQGX]DRHSLVyGLR /H UHJDUG G¶2USKpH 2XoDPRV GL]HU D LGHQWLGDGH GR ROKDU GH 2UIHX FRPRSURFHVVRGHTXDOTXHUOLWHUDWXUDYHUGDGHLUD HRSWRSRUQmR WUDGX]LU GHL[DQGR LQWDFWD D SDODYUD SRpWLFD TXH TXHU FDSWDU D HVVrQFLD~OWLPDGDSRHVLD ©4XDQG 2USKpH GHVFHQG YHUV (XU\GLFH O¶DUW HVW OD SXLVVDQFH SDUODTXHOOHV¶RXYUHODQXLW(XU\GLFHHVWSRXUOXLO¶H[WUrPHTXH O¶DUWSXLVVHDWWHLQGUHHOOHHVWVRXVXQQRPTXLODGLVVLPXOHHWVRXV XQYRLOHTXLODFRXYUHOHSRLQWSURIRQGpPHQWREVFXUYHUVOHTXHO O¶DUW OH GpVLU OD PRUW OD QXLW VHPEOHQW WHQGUH 2USKpH SHXW WRXWVDXIUHJDUGHUFHµSRLQW¶GHIDFHVDXIUHJDUGHUOHFHQWUHGHOD QXLW GDQV OD QXLW « 2USKpH HVW FRXSDEOH G¶LPSDWLHQFH 6RQ HUUHXUHVWGHYRXORLUpSXLVHUO¶LQILQL « 5HJDUGHU(XU\GLFH VDQV
26
O ‘lado de lá’, em Maurice Blanchot
VRXFL GX FKDQW GDQV O¶LPSDWLHQFH HW O¶LPSUXGHQFH GX GpVLU TXL RXEOLH OD ORL F¶HVWFHOD PrPH O¶LQVSLUDWLRQ « /¶RHXYUHHVWWRXW SRXU2USKpHjO¶H[FHSWLRQGHFHUHJDUGGpVLUpRHOOHVHSHUG « /H UHJDUG G¶2USKpH HVW DLQVL OH PRPHQW H[WUrPH GH OD OLEHUWp PRPHQW R LO VH UHQG OLEUH GH OXLPrPH « 7RXW VH MRXH GRQF GDQVODGpFLVLRQGXUHJDUGª /¶HVSDFHOLWWpUDLUHSS 2WH[WRGH%ODQFKRW±IDORGRWH[WRFUtWLFR±pXPFDXGDOWXUEL OKRQDQWH 4XDQGR QmR VH H[SULPH HP DIRULVPRV H IUDJPHQWRV FRPR HP /¶pFULWXUH GX GpVDVWUH IRUPD HQWmR FRPR HVSHVVDV FROX QDV GyULFDV GH SHUtRGRV UDURV H SDUiJUDIRV FRPSDFWRV FRQWHQGR XPD VLQWD[H GHQVD HPDUDQKDGD jV YH]HV HP TXH D FRQFOXVmR VH ID]HVSHUDUHRMRJRGRVDUJXPHQWRVFRQGX]ROHLWRUSRUXPLWLQH UiULR ]LJXH]DJXHDQWH UXPR D XPD FRQFOXVmR LQHVSHUDGD 1HVWD FRUUHQWH WRUUHQFLDO GHVHQURODPVH RV WXUELOK}HV RQGH R FUtWLFR VH GHWpP SDUD DSURIXQGDU XPD HVFULWD H XP HVFULWRU HVWHV YyUWLFHV GmR IRUPD DR ULR H R WUDEDOKR FUtWLFR HPSUHHQGLGR FRPSHOH R OHLWRUDXPWUDEDOKRULJRURVRHWHQVRGHGHFLIUDomRTXHSURS}HR IXQGDPHQWRGDIRUoDTXHPRYHRULRHGHVLJQDDWH[WXUDGDSUy SULDiJXDHPPRYLPHQWR 4XDLV VmR HVVHV WXUELOK}HV VROLFLWDQWHV FXMD IOHFKD FODULILFD R VHQWLGRPDVLQGLFDDHVFXULGmRGRIXQGR"6mRDVREUDVTXHUDVJD UDPDVDSDUrQFLDVDSHOtFXODQDVXSHUItFLHGRJUDQGHULRGDHVFULWD HDUUDVWDPSDUDRODGRGRFDRV6mRHVFULWDVOLWHUiULDVTXHPDQWrP HQWUH HODV QH[RV PLVWHULRVRV IRUPDP R JUDQGH FDXGDO GR TXH IRUDPVpFXORVVXFHVVLYRV±TXDVHXPPLOpQLRGHVGHD&KDQVRQGH 5RODQG ±GHOLWHUDWXUDIUDQFHVDDTXHGHYHUHPRVMXQWDUHVFULWRUHV GHOtQJXDDOHPmDSDUWLUGRSULPHLURURPDQWLVPR UDURVHVFULWRUHV HVWXGDGRVHVFDSDPDHVWHFDPSR (VVHpRHVSDoROLWHUiULRHVVHQ FLDOHPTXH%ODQFKRWVHPRYHHpHVVHRWUDEDOKRGHGHFLIUDomRHP TXHVHFRQFHQWUDPRVVHXVHVIRUoRV$DOJXQVGRVHVFULWRUHVYLVLWD GRVYROWRXGLYHUVDVYH]HVVHMDTXHDVQRYDVFUtWLFDVUHWRPDVVHPDV DQWLJDV SDUD DV OHYDUHP PDLV IXQGR VHMDTXH GHVHQOHDVVHP QRYDV YLVLELOLGDGHV FODULILFDQGR DV SUHFHGHQWHVH OHYDQGRDVPDLV ORQJH $VVLPUHJUHVVRXREVWLQDGDPHQWHDRVVHXVDXWRUHVFHQWUDLVHL[R H FHQWURGHVHXHVSDoROLWHUiULRDRVJUDQGHVDXWRUHVSHQVDQWHVTXH URQGDUDP D HVVrQFLD GD OLWHUDWXUD ± 3DVFDO /DXWUpDPRQW 6DGH %DXGHODLUH0DOODUPp9DOpU\3URXVW+|OGHUOLQ1LHW]VFKH.DIND
27
António Vieira
6mRRVVHXVDXWRUHVSUHGLOHFWRVRVTXHRFRQGX]HP HDROHLWRU D HVSDoRV LPSURYiYHLV D HVSDoRV QmR PDLV HXFOLGHDQRV PDV ULH PDQQLDQRV RQGH D OLWHUDWXUD LQIULQJH R SODQR VLPSOHV H VRIUH HQURODPHQWRV H YROXWDV TXH QRV S}HP SHUDQWH R LQHVSHUDGR 5HWRPD HQWmR DV VXDV OXWDV GH GHFLIUDomR FRPR VH GHEDL[R GD HVFULWDTXHWRGRVSRGHPOHUVHGLVVLPXODVVHDOJR±©DJRWDGHQDGD TXH IDOWDYD DR PDUªTXH ,JLWXU EHEHUDH UHPHWH SDUDR HVVHQFLDO &RPR R ID]" 3}HVH D URQGDU D REUD HVFROKLGD SDLUD VREUH HOD GHL[DQRV D IDQWDVLD GH TXH D OHX UDGLFDOPHQWH H GH OpVDOpV TXH OHXWXGRTXHOHXVHPSUH HSRXFRDSRXFRYDLVHDSUR[LPDQGRGR TXHpGHFLVLYR/HPEUDXPLQVHFWRDWUDtGRSHODFRURODGHXPDIORU SDLUDQGRHPVHXUHGRUHPYROWDVGHHVSLUDOHWRPDQGRRVHXFKHL UR DWp HQWUDU QHOD H OLEDU R VDERU ~QLFR GRV SyOHQV SDUWLQGR D UHYHOiORjFROPHLDjFRPXQLGDGHLQFRQIHVViYHOTXHROrHVHDOL PHQWD GD VXD SUySULD HVFULWD 3URFHGH DVVLP SRU FtUFXORV TXH R OHYDPSRXFRDSRXFRjRULJHPDRXPELJRGDREUDTXHVHOLJDDR IXQGDPHQWRSULPHLURGDOLWHUDWXUDjPDWUL]FRPXPGRIHQyPHQR OLWHUiULR HSDUWHHQWmRSDUDDGHPRQVWUDomR±PDVIiORDXPULW PRFUHVFHQWHTXHLPSULPHDRVVHXVHQVDLRVXPYHUGDGHLURGUDPD WLVPR FRPR VH SRXFR D SRXFR R OHLWRU ILFDVVH KLSQRWL]DGR SHOD FRLVD D GHVYHQGDU VRE D TXDO WUDQVSDUHFH R SUySULR SHQVDPHQWR GRFUtWLFRTXHROHYDDOpPGDFUtWLFDjIHQRPHQRORJLDPDLVtQWLPD GDSDODYUD 8PD YLGD LQWHLUD XPD YLGD VHFUHWD H TXDVH FHQWHQiULD TXDVH FODQGHVWLQDVHPHVSHFWiFXORVHPHQWUHYLVWDVQHPIRWRJUDILDVVHP XPDFDUUHLUDXQLYHUVLWiULDQHPRDVVHQWLPHQWRGHFHQiFXORVRXR DSRLRGHLQWHOHFWXDLVGHHVWDGR QDGDLQWHUSRVWRHQWUHHOHHDOLWH UDWXUD 8PD YLGD GH UHIOH[mR SRVWD LQWHJUDOPHQWH DR VHUYLoR GD OLWHUDWXUD HVVH GRPtQLR GD DFWLYLGDGH KXPDQD TXH ± HVFUHYHX ± ©H[FHGH R VtWLR H R PRPHQWR DFWXDLV SDUD VH VLWXDU jSHULIHULD GR PXQGR H FRPR QR ILQDO GRV WHPSRVª /D SDUW GX IHX S (PSUHHQGHX D FUtWLFD VLVWHPiWLFD GHVWD HQWLGDGH GHVWH HVSDoR OLWHUiULRVLWXDGRHQWUHD+LVWyULDHRLPDJLQiULRHQWUHDQDWXUH]D HRGHVHMRTXHLQGDJDHSHUFRUUHXPDDXPDWRGDVDVGLPHQV}HV GDVLWXDomRKXPDQD $VVLPWUDEDOKRXGXUDQWHPDLVGHPHLRVpFXORFRUUHQGRSHODV JUDQGHVREUDVOLWHUiULDVGHGXDVOtQJXDVRIUDQFrVHRDOHPmR/HL WXUD H[DOWDQWH VXEVWDQFLRVD H[DVSHUDQWH SDUD PXLWRV D TXHP RV
28
O ‘lado de lá’, em Maurice Blanchot
SDUiJUDIRV ORQJRV EDUURFRV DGLDQGR D VDWLVIDomR GR VHQWLGR GLV VXDGHP OHLWXUD HP TXH VH DFHQDP VXVSHQV}HV FRQWUDGLo}HV ELIXUFDo}HV DPELJXLGDGHV FRQVWDQWHV FRP D LQWHQomR GH GHVFR EULUUHFHVVRVGHVRPEUDHOXFLGiORVPDVTXHSHODIRUoDGRPHVPR PRYLPHQWRUXPRjGHFLIUDomRRVUHLQYHVWHGHHQLJPDHRVUHHQYLD jV VRPEUDV ± HVVD OHLWXUD DOLPHQWDQRV H GHL[DQRV DWyQLWRV SUR S}HPQRV XPD WDUHID VHP WHUPR ( RQGH HQWUHYtDPRV RV IDYRUHV GDILFomRRGHYDQHLRDSXUDIUXLomRGRLPDJLQiULRGHSDUDPRQRV FRPDVTXHVW}HVIXQGDPHQWDLVHJUDYHVRVHQWLGRGDYLGDRQmR VHQWLGR GDKLVWyULD R GHVWLQR GR KRPHP D PRUWHDLPSRVVLELOL GDGHGDPRUWH (VWDREUDLPHQVDHGLItFLOHLYDGDGHSHVVLPLVPRHVHPFRQFHV V}HV /HYLQDV ©/DSKLORVRSKLHF¶HVWODSHQVpHVDQVFRPSODLVDQFHVª OHYDQWDVH VREUH RV LPSDVVHV GR WHPSR SUHVHQWH VHQGR HVFULWD GR GHVDVWUH SRU H[FHOrQFLD 0XLWRV D DIORUDP KRMH PDV HOD SDUHFH FRQWHUXPDUHVHUYDLQHVJRWiYHOGHIRUoDVHPODWrQFLD)LOyVRIRVGD OLQJXDJHPKLVWRULDGRUHVGDOLWHUDWXUDHHQVDLVWDVQmRRXVDPFRQ YRFiODQDVXDWRWDOLGDGHHYHHPrQFLDQHPSRGHPFDOiODeXPD YR] TXH VXVFLWD LQGtFLRV DGYHUWrQFLDV H DPELJXLGDGHV XPD YR] REVWLQDGD TXH VH HOHYD VREUH R VHQWLGR H R GHVWLQR GR VpFXOR DFWXDOFRPRDGH1LHW]VFKHVHHUJXHUDSUHVVDJLDQGRRVHQWLGRHR GHVWLQRGRVpFXOR;;0DVHVWDYR]ELIXUFDVH SRUXPODGRFRUUH DR GHVYHQGDPHQWR GDV JUDQGHV HVFULWDV XPD D XPD PDV SRU RXWURODGRSURS}HVHQHVVHHVIRUoRFUtWLFRPRVWUDUDVXDSUySULD ILORVRILD'HUHVWRDRODGRGR%ODQFKRWTXHFRPHQWDHGHFLIUDDV YR]HVGRVRXWURVSDUDDILUPDURVHXSUySULRSHQVDPHQWRPDQLIHV WDVHXPRXWUR%ODQFKRWTXHpHOHPHVPRHVFULWRU 1DVXDILFomRQmRPHQRVSHUWXUEDGRUDQHPPDLVDFHVVtYHOGR TXHRJUDQGHFRUSRGDREUDFUtWLFDGHVHQFDGHLDPVHYR]HVQDUUDWL YDV REVWLQDGDV TXDVH LPSHUWLQHQWHV IDODV DQyQLPDV WUD]LGDV SHOD HVFULWDHGDGDVFRPROHLWXUDOLQJXDJHPGLWDHHVFULWDFRPRVHHOH DHVFXWDUDDHVFUHYHUDHDGHVVHDOHUDOJRTXHYHPGRVRPHYROWD DRVRPPDVILQDOPHQWHSHUWHQFHDRVLOrQFLR VmRYR]HVVDtGDVGR GHVFRQKHFLGRHFRQWXGRHPSHQKDGDVHPDOJRTXHQmRVHPRVWUD YR]HVTXHDUJXPHQWDPGL]HPUD]}HVYmVQXPFHQiULRLQGHILQLGR FRQYHUVDP HQWUH VL FUX]DPVH UHVSRQGHPVH LQWHUSHODPVH PXU PXUDP D LQDQLGDGH GDV VXDV SUHVHQoDV WpQXHV ± YR]HV HUUiWLFDV YDJXHDQGRFRPRIRJRVIiWXRVYR]HVLQFRUSyUHDVYRWDGDVjVROLGmR
29
António Vieira
SXUDV DOXFLQDo}HV TXH DVVHGLDP R OHLWRU IHLWDV RUD GH GHVHVSHUR RUD GH GHVDPSDUR SHUDQWH D H[LVWrQFLD RUD GH WpGLR H TXH SDUH FHP HFRV GH YR]HV UHDLV TXH HPERUD VHP SURMHFWR QmR VH H[WLQ JXHP 'RWH[WR/DIROLHGXMRXU S ©$VSDODYUDVIDODYDPVR]LQKDV 2VLOrQFLRHQWUDYDQHODVUHI~JLRH[FHOHQWHSRUTXHQLQJXpPSDUD DOpPGHPLPRDSHUFHELDª$UHFRPHQGDomRFRQWLGDHP/¶DWWHQWH O¶RXEOL S ©'HYHPRVVHPSUHIDFHDFDGDLQVWDQWHFRQGX]LUQRV FRPRVHHOHIRVVHHWHUQRHHVSHUDVVHGHQyVWRUQDUVHSDVVDJHLURª$ SURFXUD GD LGHQWLGDGH HP /H GHUQLHU KRPPH SS ©( TXHP IDOD"6HUiVWX"6HUHLHXHPWL"6HUiRUXPRUTXHVHPFHVVDUSDVVD HQWUHQyV H FXMRV HFRV GLIHUHQWHVQRV FKHJDP GH XPD H GH RXWUD PDUJHQV"ª)RXFDXOWQRVHXEHORHQVDLR/DSHQVpHGXGHKRUVHVFULWR HPHVWLORTXDVHEODQFKRWLDQR FRLVDFRPXPDRVOHLWRUHVFRQWXPD ]HVGRJUDQGHFUtWLFR DVVXPHTXHHVWHGHKRUVHVWHµODGRGHOi¶HP 0DXULFH %ODQFKRW p D DQXODomR TXH DWLQJH R DXWRU QR DFWR GD HVFULWD LOXVWUDGD SHODV YR]HV EUDQFDV DQyQLPDV LQGLIHUHQWHV H QHXWUDV GD ILFomR GDTXHOH ©%ODQFKRW ± HVFUHYH )RXFDXOW ± PDLV TXHHVFRQGLGRSHORVVHXVWH[WRVHVWiDXVHQWHGDVXDH[LVWrQFLDH DXVHQWH SHOD IRUPD PDUDYLOKRVD GD VXD H[LVWrQFLDª 2S FLW S (VWDVYR]HVHVWDVPXUPXUDo}HVVLWXDPVHGHIRUDGDYLGDHGH IRUD GD PRUWH H SRU YH]HV %ODQFKRW OHYDQWD XP YpUWLFH GR YpX VREUHDVXDLUUHDOLGDGHFRPRQRWH[WR/DOLWWpUDWXUHHWOHGURLWjOD PRUW ©eRTXHRXWUDVUHOLJL}HVFKDPDUDPDPDOGLomRGRVUHQDVFL PHQWRV PRUUHVH PDV PRUUHVH PDO SRUTXH VH YLYHX PDO pVH REULJDGR D UHYLYHU H UHYLYHVH DWp TXH WRUQDGR LQWHLUDPHQWH KRPHPHVVHKRPHPVHWRUQHDRPRUUHUXPKRPHPIHOL]YHUGD GHLUDPHQWH KRPHP .DIND SRU YLD GD &DEDOD H GDV WUDGLo}HV RULHQWDLVKHUGRXHVVHWHPD2KRPHPHQWUDQDQRLWHPDVDQRLWH FRQGX] DR GHVSHUWDU H HLOR YHUPH 2X HQWmR R KRPHP PRUUH PDVQDYHUGDGHYLYHYDLGHWHUUDHPWHUUDDUUDVWDGRSHORVULRV e XPD FRQGLomR HVWUDQKD HVTXHFHXVH GH PRUUHU 0DV RXWUR VXS}HYLYHUSRUTXHHVTXHFHXDPRUWHHRXWURVDEHQGRVHPRUWR OXWDHPYmRSRUPRUUHU DPRUWHpOiDRIXQGRRJUDQGHFDVWHOR LQDWLQJtYHOª /D SDUW GX IHX S $VVLP VH UHXQHP RV PLWRV SURGLJLRVRVG¶2&DVWHORHG¶2FDoDGRU*UDFFKXV2GHKRUVRµODGRGH IRUD¶DQXQFLDVHFRPRIDWDOLGDGHHDGYHUWrQFLD
30
O ‘lado de lá’, em Maurice Blanchot
(VWHGHKRUVpRTXHVHQGRLQDOFDQoiYHO±RFDVWHORDLPDJHPGH (XUtGLFHQDQRLWHDEVROXWDGH2UIHXDSDVVDJHPSDUDDPRUWHGR FDoDGRU*UDFFKXV±VHGX]LQFDQVDYHOPHQWHRVJUDQGHVHVFULWRUHVH RVOHYDDROLPLDUGHVVHSRQWRGHWUDQVJUHVVmRSHODYLVWDTXHVHULD VXILFLHQWHHP VL PDV TXH VHPSUH VHQHJD >9DOpU\ ©9RLU VXIILW HW VDYRLU TXH O¶RQ YRLWª 0RQ )DXVW S @ 0DV QmR WHPRV ROKRV SDUDSHQHWUDUDWpDRIXQGRGHVVHVHVSDoRVeDOJRFRPRDLQFLWDomR D SHUVFUXWDU D RSDFLGDGH GR PXQGR GRV YLYHQWHV GRV KXPDQRV GDPDWpULDGDPRUWHDOJRVHPVROXomR$FLrQFLDH[FOXLDYHQWXUDU VHSRUHVVDVWHUUDVtQYLDV DVUHOLJL}HVSHUGHPVHQHODV HDVPHWDItVL FDVGHVLJQDPQDVVHPDVSHUFRUUHUHPDWHQWDVDRYHUVRyUILFR ©+i XPPRPHQWRXPSRQWRDSDUWLUGRTXDOGHYHPFHVVDURVQRVVRV FkQWLFRVª6yDOLWHUDWXUDHQIUHQWDDSURYRFDomRH RHVFkQGDOR GR DELVPR TXH VH DEUH VH SUHVWDUPRV DWHQomR QXP PRPHQWR GH VLOrQFLRDRQRVVRODGRHQRLQVWDQWHTXHVHVHJXH(HVWDPRVQR SyORRSRVWRGRµPDUDYLOKRVRIDQWiVWLFR¶HGRVHXULGtFXORHVWDPRV QRPDLVtQWLPRGDUHDOLGDGH %DXGHODLUHQRSRHPD/HJRXIIUHFRPHQWDGRSRU%ODQFKRW ©(WPRQHVSULWWRXMRXUVGXYHUWLJHKDQWp -DORXVHGXQpDQWO¶LQVHQVLELOLWp ±$K1HMDPDLVVRUWLUGHV1RPEUHVHWGHVÇWUHVª (QRXWURGHVVHVSRHPDVHPGRGHFDVVtODERVGH%DXGHODLUHQmR ERpPLRHPTXHVHPSUHQRVSDUHFHRXYLU5DFLQHHVWHVYHUVRV ©&RPPHWXPHSODLUDLV{1XLW6DQVFHVpWRLOHV 'RQWODOXPLqUHSDUOHXQODQJDJHFRQQX &DUMHFKHUFKHOHYLGHHWOHQRLUHWOHQXª $FRQYRFDomRGR&DRVTXHQmRpSHUPLWLGDjILORVRILDQHPjV UHOLJL}HVQHPDRVVDEHUHVFLHQWtILFRV VHQmRVREDIRUPDPHWDIyUL FDGHXPFDRVDEVWUDFWR SHUPLWHjSRHVLD QDVXDGLPHQVmRODUJD GH SRLHVLV TXH p D OLWHUDWXUD PHUJXOKDU FRPR XP UHOkPSDJR QR GHKRUVQHVVDPDWpULDGRRXWURLQDWLQJtYHOLQDERUGiYHOHLOXPLQDU SRU XP LQVWDQWH R FHQiULR TXH QmR SRGH VHU ROKDGR 3DUD HVWH OLPLWHWHQGHRFDQWRGH2UIHX0DOODUPp ©$PDUDYLOKDGHWUDQV SRUXPIDFWRDQDWXUH]DQRVHXTXDVHGHVDSDUHFLPHQWRYLEUDWyULR
31
António Vieira
FRQIRUPHDRMRJRGDSDODYUDª(DFDUWDGH.DINDjVXDLUPm2WWOD ©(VFUHYRGLIHUHQWHGRTXHIDORIDORGLIHUHQWHGRTXHSHQVRSHQVR GLIHUHQWH GR TXH GHYHULD SHQVDU H DVVLP VXFHVVLYDPHQWH DWp DR PDLV SURIXQGR GD REVFXULGDGHª LQ /¶DPLWLp S 6mR HVWDV GHVFRQWLQXLGDGHV TXH H[SORUD 0DXULFH %ODQFKRW ± D OkPLQD ILQD GHFDRVTXHVHLQWHUS}HHQWUHDSDODYUDHDFRLVDGHQRPLQDGDHDV OkPLQDVFDyWLFDVTXHYrPHQWUHRSHQVDPHQWRHDSDODYUDHQWUHR SHQVDPHQWR H D HVFULWD HQWUH R SHQVDPHQWR SRVVtYHO H R SHQVD PHQWRGHVHMiYHOHQWUHDLGHLDHDUHSUHVHQWDomRHQWUHDILFomRHR TXH VH WRPD SRU UHDOLGDGH 3URFXUD R ROKDU HVWUDQJHLUR H LQFRP SRVVtYHOTXHWUDJDDFKDYHGDXQLGDGHGRPXQGRRXGDVXDILFomR $VVLP DR WUDGX]LU XP SRHPD GH 3DXO &HODQ QR OLYUR 8QH YRL[ YHQXHG¶DLOOHXUV S ©,O\DXUDjF{WpGXQ{WUH HQFRUHXQRHLO pWUDQJHU PXHW 6RXVODSDXSLqUHGHSLHUUHª 2 PXQGR ODPLQDGR TXH VH LQVLQXD HQWUH IDFWLFLGDGH H ILFomR WHQWDRDFDGDSiJLQDGDVVXDVDQiOLVHVOLWHUiULDV2Q~FOHR~OWLPR GDV FRLVDV TXH RV IXOJRUHV GD SRHVLD DIORUDP SRGH WDPEpP VHU SURFXUDGRQRDELVPRGDPHPyULDHJUDQGHHQLJPDPRVWUDGRDRV RXWURVFRPRDXPHVSHOKR HDOkPLQDGHVHSDUDomRODQoDGDHQWUH RVKXPDQRVSRGHVHUHQWmRLOXGLGDHWUDQVSRVWD2XoDPRV3URXVW ± QmR R DXWRU GR JUDQGH URPDQFH GD PRGHUQLGDGH GR URPDQFH SRU H[FHOrQFLD PDV R QDUUDGRU 0DUFHO JXLDGR HPERUD SHODV SUHRFXSDo}HVGRDXWRU0DUFHO3URXVWDRSHQVDUQRIXWXURGRVHX OLYUR H QRV VHXV OHLWRUHV IXWXURV ©3RUTXH QmR VHULDP TXDQWR D PLPPHXVOHLWRUHVPDVOHLWRUHVGHOHVPHVPRVQmRVHQGRRPHX OLYUR VHQmR XPD HVSpFLH GH OHQWH GH DXPHQWDU FRPR DV TXH R ySWLFRGH&RPEUD\PRVWUDYDDXPFOLHQWH RPHXOLYURJUDoDVDR TXDO OKHV SURSRUFLRQDYD R PHLR GH OHUHP QHOHV SUySULRV 'H WDO PRGR TXH QmR OKHV SHGLULD TXH PH ORXYDVVHP RX GHQHJULVVHP PDVWmRVyTXHPHGLVVHVVHPVHHUDDTXLORPHVPRVHDVSDODYUDV TXH OLDP GHQWUR GHOHV HUDP FRPR DV TXH HX WLQKD HVFULWRª /H WHPSVUHWURXYpSS (QRXWURSRQWR ©6HQWLDPHGLODWDGR
32
O ‘lado de lá’, em Maurice Blanchot
SRUHVVDREUDTXHWUDQVSRUWDYDHPPLP FRPRSRUDOJRGHSUHFLVR HIUiJLOTXHPHIRUDFRQILDGR ª ,ELGS 2WHPSRGLVVRFLDGRHPIDL[DVGHVFRQWtQXDVTXHVHFUX]DPVH VREUHS}HPLQWHUSHQHWUDPLQWHUFDODPHLQWHUIHUHPSHUPLWLQGRR WH[WRDQLPDQGRDLQWULJDHVHSDUDQGRDGHVVDPHGLGDGHWRGDVDV FRLVDV TXH p D SUySULD YLGD GR HVFULWRU GR OHLWRU GR FUtWLFR GR FUtWLFR GR FUtWLFR H DVVLP SRU GLDQWH ± HVVH WHPSR UHEHOGH H LPSUHYLVtYHO TXH D XP SULPHLUR ROKDU SDUHFH OLVR H XQtYRFR p FRLVDIUDJPHQWDGDeYHUGDGHLUDPHQWHDSURFXUDGRWHPSRSHUGL GRTXHFRQGX]WRGDHTXDOTXHUILFomR±XPWHPSRG~ELRGRHVFUL WRU H[WUDLQGR GD ODWrQFLDD QDUUDWLYD DR SURFXUDU QRV SRQWRV GH OX]HVRPEUDGDVXDFRQVFLrQFLD XPWHPSRPtWLFRGRTXHpFRQ WDGR H VH SHUGHX GD QDWXUH]D XP WHPSR PiJLFR GD OHLWXUD SRU RQGHVHUHLILFDXPDUHDOLGDGHQRYDHLQGL]tYHO TXHQmRHVWiFRQWL GDQDHVFULWDPDVUHVVXUJHDFDGDXPGRVOHLWRUHVHDFDGDXPDGDV OHLWXUDV DLQGD TXH GR PHVPR OHLWRU JXLDQGRVH SRU HVSDoRV H kQJXORVUHQRYDGRVTXHOKHGmRUHVVRQkQFLDHFRU 3RUTXHDUHOD omRGRKRPHPOLWHUiULRFRPRPXQGRpDGHXPSUROL[RVLVWHPD GHILQDVOHQWHVHVSHOKRVSULVPDVGLySWULFRVFULVWDLVTXHVHSDUDP QDUUDGRUHDXWRUDXWRUHWH[WRWH[WRHQDWXUH]DQDWXUH]DHPHPy ULDUHPHPRUDomRHPLWRWUD]HQGRVXFHVVLYDVGHIRUPDo}HVDRTXH HVWiHPMRJR3RUWXGRLVVRRHQWHQGLPHQWRGROXJDUGDOLWHUDWXUD HGRVHXVHQWLGRHQYROYHVHQXPGRPtQLRGHQpYRDVHSHQXPEUDV TXHDPDLVILQDIHQRPHQRORJLDDFXVWRGHFLIUD %ODQFKRWSURFXUDRPRPHQWRDSDUWLUGRTXDODHVFULWDVHWRUQD SRVVtYHOHPHVPRLQHYLWiYHO1RHQVDLRVREUH3URXVWFRQWLGRHP /H OLYUH j YHQLU HVFUHYH ©+i QD VXD REUD XPD LQWULFDomR WDOYH] HQJDQRVDPDVPDUDYLOKRVDGHWRGDVDVIRUPDVGRWHPSR-DPDLV VDEHUHPRV H HOH SUySULR 3URXVW QmR HVWi PDLV HP VLWXDomR GH VDEHU D TXH WHPSR SHUWHQFH WDO DFRQWHFLPHQWR TXH HYRFD VH VH SDVVD DSHQDV QR PXQGR GD QDUUDWLYD RX VH DFRQWHFH SDUD TXH FKHJXHRPRPHQWRGDQDUUDWLYDDSDUWLUGRTXDORTXHVHSDVVRXVH WRUQDUHDOLGDGHHYHUGDGHª 2SFLWS $VVLPHQWUH0DUFHOR QDUUDGRU H 3URXVW R DXWRU TXH HVWXGRX QR OLFHX &RQGRUFHW H YLYHXQRUXHGH&RXUFHOOHV LQVLQXDVHRWDOILQtVVLPRHFRQWX GRGHIRUPDQWHYLGURFDyWLFRTXHFRPRXPDOHQWHVHQVLYHOPHQWH GHIRUPDQWH WUDQVIRUPD D UHDOLGDGH TXH VH GLVVLSRX HP ILFomR GHVWLQDGD DR IXWXUR OHQWH TXH FRQVWLWXL D YHUGDGH GD OLWHUDWXUD
33
António Vieira
ILFFLRQDO(FRQWXGRDDILQLGDGHpWDOWmRHVWUHLWDDFXPSOLFLGDGH HQWUHRYLYLGRRUHPHPRUDGRRFRQWDGRHROLGRTXHRSUySULR HVFULWRU GXYLGDQGR GR GLVFHUQLPHQWR GR OHLWRU OKH H[SOLFD D SiJLQDV GH /HWHPSVUHWURXYpFRPRXP EUHYHHSLVyGLRPDUJL QDOTXHDFDEDGHFRQWDU VREUHDDFomRKHUyLFDGHXQVSDUHQWHVGH )UDQoRLVH p R ~QLFR HSLVyGLR UHDO R ~QLFR SRQWR GR LPHQVR URPDQFHHPTXHDILFomRDGHUHjUHDOLGDGHGRVIDFWRV±HTXHWXGR RUHVWRSHUWHQFHjHVVrQFLDGDOLWHUDWXUDLVWRpjµSDUWHGHIRUD¶ $OLWHUDWXUDSDUWLFLSDGDOLQJXDJHPHSDUDTXHVHMDOLWHUDWXUD KiGHUHMHLWDUDOLQJXDJHPFRPXPDOLQJXDJHPGDPiIp QRVHQ WLGRGH6DUWUH %ODQFKRWGLVWLQJXHHOHYDQRVDGLVWLQJXLUFRPHOH GXDVYHUWHQWHVQRIHQyPHQROLWHUiULR QDSULPHLUD TXHHPWHUPRV JHUDLVFRUUHVSRQGHjILFomR RPXQGRGHVLJQLILFDGRVTXHRHVFUL WRU HQIUHQWD H SURFXUD H[SULPLU p DQXODGR SHOD HPHUJrQFLD GD SDODYUD FXMD HVFULWD FRQGX] DR LPDJLQiULR RQGH R VHQWLGR GDV FRLVDV HQFRQWUD OHJLWLPDomR RX QDXIUDJD QR DEVXUGR QD VHJXQGD EDVLFDPHQWH D SRHVLD FRQTXDQWR RV OLPLWHV QmR VHMDP FODURV D SDODYUD SURFXUD DWLQJLU FRPR QXP IXOJRU R TXH Ki GH ODWHQWH HVFRQGLGR QRV REMHFWRV D HVVrQFLD GDV FRLVDV FLXPDGDSHOD PDWp ULD ©'H RQGH ± GL]QRV ± D ULTXH]D H D PLVpULD R RUJXOKR H D KXPLOGDGH D H[WUHPD GLYXOJDomR H D H[WUHPD VROLGmR GR QRVVR WUDEDOKROLWHUiULRª /HOLYUHjYHQLUS ,QWUXVDQHVWHVHVSDoRV LQWHUGLWRVQHVWHGHKRUVDOLWHUDWXUDRSHUDXPDPXWDomRSURGLJLRVD DSDODYUDDQLTXLODRVREMHFWRVTXHPHQFLRQDDUUHGDGHQyVDQDWX UH]DHWRPDRVHXOXJDU HTXDQGRWXGRSDUHFHDQLTXLODGRHPVHX QRPHHLVTXHFRPROLWHUDWXUDVHGHVHQFDGHLDPQRYRVXQLYHUVRV $VVLP ©D OLQJXDJHP p R TXH GHVWUyL R PXQGR SDUD R ID]HU UHQDVFHU HQTXDQWR VHQWLGR VRE D VXD IRUPD FULDWLYD D OLWHUDWXUD IL[DVHQR~QLFRDVSHFWRQHJDWLYRGRVHXWUDEDOKRHWRUQDVHSRGHU SXURGHFRQWHVWDomRHWUDQVILJXUDomRª /DSDUWGXIHXS HFXO PLQD©QRSURGtJLRGHWUD]HUXPYDORUFULDWLYRXPSRGHUGHWHP SHVWDGHDRQDGDDRYD]LRSXURGRTXDOVHDSUR[LPDª 2SFLWS ( ORJR DGLDQWH ©6H D OLQJXDJHP VH LVROD GR KRPHP FRPR LVRODRKRPHPGHWRGDVDVFRLVDV RIHUHFHRHVSHFWiFXORGHXPD SRWrQFLDVLQJXODUHPiJLFD ID]HQGRFUHUTXHHVVDUHDOLGDGHQRV DEUHQmRVDEHPRVEHPTXHYLDUXPRDRIXQGRREVFXURGDVFRLVDVª 2SFLWS (RTXHpGDGRHPVLQDOSHODSRHVLDWDPEpPRp SHODWUDQVILJXUDomROLWHUiULDGDPHPyULD$TXLDLQGDDSDODYUDGH
34
O ‘lado de lá’, em Maurice Blanchot
0DOODUPp HP ,JLWXU SHOD YR] GH (OEHKQRQ ©-H SURIqUH OD SDUROH SRXU OD UHSODFHU GDQV VRQ LQDQLWpª GLWR TXH SURORQJD R FpOHEUH YHUVRFRPTXHRSRHWDDOXGLDjIDWXLGDGHGHXPVHXSRHPD©DEROL ELEHORWG¶LQDQLWpVRQRUHª 3DUD %ODQFKRW D JUDQGH IUDFWXUD GiVH QD H[WHULRUL]DomR GD SDODYUD HVWD DGTXLUH HQWmRXPD WDOHVWUDQKH]DSDUD DTXHOHTXH D SURIHULX TXH HOH SUySULR VH DQXOD QHOD $ SDODYUD GLWD VLOHQFLRVD PHQWHFLUFXODQGRQDLQWLPLGDGHGRSHQVDPHQWRSHUPDQHFHVROL GiULDFRPDPHPyULDHFRPDXQLGDGHGRHX PDVDSDODYUDGLWD RXHVFULWDGHL[DQRVGHVQDWXUDVHHQTXDQWRFRLVDH[WHULRUHSRGH UHYHVWLUVHSDUDTXHPDSURIHUHGHXPHVWUDQKDPHQWRLQXVLWDGR (LVFRPRDSDODYUDGRIRURtQWLPRHDTXHFKHJDDRHVSDoRH[WH ULRUVHPDQLIHVWDPGLIHUHQWHVQDPDWpULDTXHDVLQIRUPDHGLYHUVDV QDHVVrQFLDHPERUDFDGDXPDVHDOLPHQWHGDRXWUDQXPDFLVXUD FULDWLYD TXH RUD VH FKDPD SHQVDPHQWR RUD IDOD RUD HVFULWD RUD OHLWXUD ©'L]HU TXH HQWHQGR WDLV SDODYUDV QmR VHULD H[SOLFDUPH D HVWUDQKH]DSHULJRVDGDPLQKDUHODomRFRPHODV-iQmRIDODP Mi QmRVmRLQWHULRUHVDQWHVVHPLQWLPLGDGHSRUHVWDUHPWRWDOPHQWH GR ODGR GH Oi H R TXH GHVLJQDP LPSOLFDPH QHVVH ODGR GH Oi GH WRGDV DV SDODYUDV DSDUHQWHPHQWH PDLV VHFUHWR PDV TXH VH HVYD]LRXHRQGHRVHJUHGRQmRWHPSURIXQGLGDGH ª &HOXLTXL QHP¶DFFRPSDJQDLWSDVSS 'HRQGHDIRUPXODomRLPSOt FLWDGDPRUWHGH'HXVQXQFDH[SUHVVDFODUDPHQWHSRU%ODQFKRW± PRUWH SRU HVYD]LDPHQWR GH VL PHVPR XPD YH] SURIHULGRV RX FRPR GL] R WH[WR KHEUDLFR GR *pQHVLV XPD YH] JULWDGRV RV QRPHV GH WRGDV DV FULDWXUDV 1R ILP GD &ULDomR H[DXVWR GH VL PHVPRSHORWUDEDOKRYHUEDOGHFULDomRGR6HUQmRUHVWDULDD'HXV TXDOTXHUFRQWH~GR &RQYpPDEULUDTXLXPDSDXVDSDUDDSHUJXQWD QXPSHUFXUVR PRYLGR SRU XPD WHQVmR H[WUHPD GH LGHDOLGDGH H GH LQVDWLVIDomR TXH R FRQGX]LX GR PRYLPHQWR QDFLRQDOLVWD -HXQH )UDQFH QD MXYHQWXGH DR DQDUTXLVPR HP 0DLR GH TXDO D LQIOXrQFLD GR MXGDtVPRQRV~OWLPRVDQRVFULDWLYRVGH%ODQFKRW±GHVGHDHVFULWD GH/¶pFULWXUHGXGpVDVWUH"3RUTXHHVVDOLQKDGHLQIOH[mRVHID]VHQWLU D TXHP R OHX H Or ± H VXUJLX WDOYH] VRE LQIOXrQFLD GR VHX PXLWR SUy[LPRH~OWLPRGRVDPLJRV(PPDQXHO/pYLQDVVHQmRWDPEpP GR JUDQGH SRHWD HJtSFLR GH OtQJXD IUDQFHVD (GPRQG -DEqV TXH %ODQFKRWUHYHORXHP)UDQoD7UDQVSDUHFHQRVVHXVOLYURVHQWmR
35
António Vieira
FRPRXPODPHQWRGHXPPXQGRGHTXH'HXVVHUHWLURXGHL[DQ GRRHQWUHJXHDXPGHVWLQRLQFHUWRGRPtQLRPDLVGR-RJRTXHGD YRQWDGHFULDWLYD2PRYLPHQWRGDSDODYUDTXHSURFXUDRLQGL]tYHO UHSHWHRROKDUGH2UIHX HFRPDPHVPDIRUoDVROLFLWDQWHOHYDGD SHUDQWH R 'HXV VHYHUR GH ,VUDHO TXH p WXGR VHP VHU QDGD TXH GHVHQFDGHRX D &RLVD H HQILP VH UHWLURX H VH QHJD WDO FRPR QD SURFXUDGH(XUtGLFHDUUDVWDRPHVPRGHVHMRYLROHQWRGRHQFRQWUR RQGHVHHVFRQGHRULVFRGDPRUWH
1RWDV %ODQFKRWHVFUHYHXVREUH6DGHHQVDLRVVXFHVVLYRVPRVWUDQGRFRPROHYRX DOLWHUDWXUDDROLPLWHGDQHJDWLYLGDGH ©&HTX·LODSRXUVXLYLF·HVWODVRXYH UDLQHWpjWUDYHUVO·HVSULWGHQpJDWLRQSRXVVpjVRQSRLQWH[WUrPHª /DUDLVRQ GH6DGHS (PDLVDGLDQWH RSFLWS ©3OXVGHSDL[SRXUO·KRPPH TXLV·HVWXQHIRLVpYHLOOpª ©,O\DXQHVRUWHGHOR\DXWpPpWKRGLTXHjGLUHYHUVTXHOSRLQWLOVHPEOH TXHOHOLYUHVHGLULJH LFLYHUVOHVSDJHVLQWLWXOpHV/HUHJDUGG·2USKpHª ¶6XU/D&KDQVRQGH5RODQG·LQ &KURQLTXHVOLWWpUDLUHVSS 6XUSUHHQGHQWH D DQDORJLD HQWUH D REUD GH %ODQFKRW H D GH 1LHW]VFKH VLWXDGRVDPERVQXPHVSDoRSUySULRGHH[WUHPDOLEHUGDGHHQWUHDOLWHUDWX UDHDILORVRILDDFWLYRVHRFXOWRVGRSHQVDPHQWRGRPLQDQWHHVFRQGLGRVH FRPRPDVFDUDGRVVXUJHPFRPRSURIHWDVGRVpFXORTXHDFDGDXPVHYDL VHJXLU (FRQWXGRSDUD%ODQFKRWPDLVGRTXHSDUDTXDOTXHURXWURDOLWHUDWXUDp RYHFWRUGRTXHGHHVVHQFLDOVHMRJD ( VHRp RQWRORJLFDPHQWH QmR Rp PHQRVKLVWRULFDPHQWHFRQVWLWXLQGRRJUDQGHPRWRUTXHFRQGX]LXjFRQ ILJXUDomRGRPXQGRPRGHUQR2JpQLROLWHUiULRGRVMXGHXVSULPHLURGH 6mR3DXORGHSRLVGH0DRPpSRUILPDIHLoRRXDtQGROHHGHVHQFDGHRXD H[SDQVmRGRVPRQRWHtVPRV RJpQLROLWHUiULRGH3ODWmRFULRXDV EDVHVGD FLrQFLDHGDVPHWDItVLFDVGRRFLGHQWH eVTXLOR6yIRFOHV(XUtSLGHVWURX[H UDPRPLWRj+LVWyULDjSVLFDQiOLVHHDRQRVVRTXRWLGLDQR HQTXDQWR.DI NDWLSLILFRXRGHVDPSDURDLQDQLGDGHGRKRPHPSHUDQWHIRUoDVLQYLVtYHLV ODWHQWHVQDVVRFLHGDGHVDFWXDLV$OLWHUDWXUDPHGLGDGHWRGDVDVFRLVDV 9HUDWUDGXomRTXHVHSUHWHQGHOLWHUDOGD%tEOLDSRU$QGUp &KRXUDTXL &KRXUDTXL
36
O ‘lado de lá’, em Maurice Blanchot
©&·HVWOjPRQVDOXWj(PPDQXHO/HYLQDVOHVHXODPL²DKDPLORLQWDLQ²
TXH MH WXWRLH HW TXL PH WXWRLH FHOD HVW DUULYp QRQ SDV SDUFH TXH QRXV pWLRQVMHXQHVPDLVSDUXQHGpFLVLRQGpOLEpUpHXQSDFWHDXTXHOM·HVSqUHQH MDPDLVPDQTXHUª 3RXUO·DPLWLpS &RPRpPDQLIHVWRQROLYUR/HSDVDXGHOjGH
2V WH[WRV TXH FRPS}HP R SUHVHQWH YROXPH IRUDP DSUHVHQWDGRV QR FRQWH[WR GR SURJUDPD GH ZRUNVKRSV ©)RUDª GD)LORVRILDRUJDQL]DGRSHOR&HQWURGH)LORVRILDGDV&LrQFLDV GD8QLYHUVLGDGHGH/LVERDGXUDQWHRVDQRVGHH
&RPRUDVJDURILUPDPHQWR" -RmR3HGUR&DFKRSR 1RWH[WRTXHVHUYHGHFRQFOXVmRDR4X¶HVWFHTXHODSKLORVRSKLH" FRPRWtWXOR©'XFKDRVDXFHUYHDXª'HOHX]HFDUDFWHUL]DDDPELYD OrQFLDGRFRPEDWHTXHDILORVRILDPRYHFRQWUDRFDRV(VWHFRPED WHH[HUFHVHQmRVHPXPDVXEWLODILQLGDGHSHORDGYHUViULRDILQLGD GHTXHFRQVLVWHQDRSRVLomRDXPLQLPLJRFRPXP±DRSLQLmR6H DRSLQLmRpRTXHVHPSUHMiQRVSURWHJHGRFDRV±SRLVQmRVHWUDWD GHVWD RX GDTXHOD RSLQLmR PDV GH XPD RSLQLmR RPQLSUHVHQWH XQLILFDGDHUHJXODGRUDHPVXPDWUDQVFHQGHQWDO±HODpWDPEpP RTXHQRVYHGDRFDPLQKRSDUD©IRUDª6RED³VRPEULQKD´GDRSL QLmR±TXHpWDPEpPXPILUPDPHQWRIXQGDGRUGDH[SHULrQFLD± HVWiVHVHJXURDRDEULJRGRVPRYLPHQWRVEUXVFRVGRSHQVDPHQWR HGDYLGDPDVVHPXPDEUHFKDTXHQRVXQDDR©IRUDªVHPPDU JHP SDUD GHYLU $ SURWHFomR JDUDQWLGD SHOD RSLQLmR UHYHODVH HQFODXVXUDPHQWR ©p GD RSLQLmR TXH YHP D LQIHOLFLGDGH GRV KRPHQVª$ILORVRILDDVVLPFRPRDDUWHHDFLrQFLDFRQYRFDPR FDRVDRFRPEDWrORWUDoDQGRQHOHSODQRVTXHVySRGHPFRQVWLWXLU VH VH URPSLGR IRU R ILUPDPHQWR VRE R TXDO TXHU R SHQVDPHQWR TXHUDYLGDVHDFKDPEORTXHDGRV5DVJDURILUPDPHQWRFRPEDWHU DRSLQLmRpXPDWDUHIDTXHDILORVRILDDDUWHHDFLrQFLDSDUWLOKDP $RGHVHQYROYHUHVWDUHIOH[mRQRTXHFRQFHUQHjDUWH'HOHX]HDOX GHDXPWH[WRGH/DZUHQFHTXHOKHVHUYHGHSHGUDGHWRTXHSDUDR GHVGREUDPHQWRFRQFHSWXDOTXHSURFXUDFRQFUHWL]DU 1XPWH[WRYLROHQWDPHQWHSRpWLFR/DZUHQFHGHVFUHYHRTXHID]D SRHVLD RVKRPHQVQmRFHVVDPGHIDEULFDUXPDVRPEULQKDTXHRV DEULJD QR DYHVVR GD TXDO WUDoDP XP ILUPDPHQWR H HVFUHYHP DV VXDVFRQYHQo}HVDVVXDVRSLQL}HV PDVRSRHWDRDUWLVWDID]XPD IHQGDQDVRPEULQKDUDVJDPHVPRRILUPDPHQWRSDUDGHL[DUSDV VDU XP SRXFR GH FDRV OLYUH H YHQWRVR H DMXVWDU QXPD OX] EUXVFD XPD YLVmR TXH DSDUHFH DWUDYpV GD IHQGD MXQTXLOKR GH :RUGV ZRUWKRXPDomGH&p]DQQHVLOKXHWDGH0DFEHWKRXGH$FKDE
39
João Pedro Cachopo
2 DUWLVWD UDVJD R ILUPDPHQWR Vy p SRVVtYHO FULDU ± WUDoDU XP SODQR±VREHVWDFRQGLomR VypSRVVtYHOYHQFHURFDRVPHUJXOKDQ GR QHOH 6RE D IRUPD GH FDRV R ©IRUDª FRUUHVSRQGH j SDL[mR GR SHQVDPHQWR FRPR j GD DUWH $ DUWH UDVJD R ILUPDPHQWR 0DV FRPR" 2TXHQRVLQWHUHVVDGHVHQYROYHUpRFRQFHLWRGHXPDDUWLFXOD omRQHFHVViULDHQWUHDDUWHHR©IRUDª3DUDWDOLPSRUWDQHFHVVDULD PHQWH HVFODUHFHU GH TXH PRGR R JHVWR DUWtVWLFR TXH QROR WRUQD DFHVVtYHO RX TXHQHOH QRV ODQoD VH UHYHOD R ©WHRU GH YHUGDGHª GDV REUDVGHDUWHQDPHGLGDHPTXHpGHOH±GR©IRUDª±TXHH[WUDHP D IRUoD FRP TXH VH QRV LPS}HP FRPR QHFHVViULDV 6H R ©IRUDª p XPFRQFHLWRTXHDWUDYHVVDWRGRRSHQVDPHQWRGHOHX]LDQRVXUJLQ GRFRPSDUWLFXODUGHVWDTXHQDREUDTXHFRQVDJURXD)RXFDXOWD QRomR GH ©WHRU GH YHUGDGHª :DKUKHLWVJHKDOW p SRU VHX WXUQR R FHQWUR GH UHFRUUHQWHV UHIOH[}HV QR SHQVDPHQWR HVWpWLFR GH $GRU QR HP TXH VXUJH GHVHQYROYLGD VRE P~OWLSODV SHUVSHFWLYDV $ QRomRIRUDMiHPSUHJXHSRU%HQMDPLQTXHDDUWLFXORXFRPR©WHRU PDWHULDOª HP YiULRV WH[WRV GHGLFDGRV D REUDV GH DUWH e FRP $GRUQRSRUpPTXHRFRQFHLWRJDQKDXPDSUHSRQGHUkQFLDLQGH OpYHOHPVHGHGHUHIOH[mRVREUHDUWHHPSDUWLFXODUTXDQGRVXUJH DVVRFLDGRDRFRQFHLWRGH©HQLJPDªTXHFRPRWHQWDUHPRVWRUQDU FODUR WUDQVIRUPD JOREDOPHQWH R VHX VHQWLGR 'H TXH IRUPD R ©HQLJPDª RX R ©FRQWH~GR GH YHUGDGHª WUDGX]HP XPD UHODomR QHFHVViULD HQWUH D DUWH H R ©IRUDª SHUPDQHFH SRU HVFODUHFHU %HP FRPRDTXLORGHTXHVHWUDWDTXDQGRVHIDODGH©IRUDªRXRTXHHVWi HP FDXVD DR FHUWR QXP ©HQLJPDª 9ROWDUHPRV D HVWDV TXHVW}HV FXMRVFRQWRUQRVWUDoDPRSHUILOGRQRVVRSUREOHPD 5DVJDU R ILUPDPHQWR 6H QHVWH JHVWR VH PDQLIHVWD R ©WHRU GH YHUGDGHªGDDUWHSHQViORH[LJHHPULJRURFRQIURQWRFRPDLPD QrQFLDGHREUDVGHDUWHFRQFUHWDV$©LUUXSomRª 'XUFKEUXFK FDS WDGDSRU$GRUQRQDP~VLFDGH0DKOHUSDUHFHFRUUHVSRQGHUDXP GHVVHV FDVRV HP TXH D DUWH UDVJD R ILUPDPHQWR 2 FRQFHLWR p LQWURGX]LGR ORJR QR LQtFLR GD PRQRJUDILD GH $GRUQR VREUH R FRPSRVLWRULQWLWXODGD0DKOHUXPDILVLRQRPLDPXVLFDO
40
Como rasgar o firmamento?
(QWmRQRSRQWRFXOPLQDQWHGRDQGDPHQWRVHLVFRPSDVVRVDQWHV GDUHHQWUDGDGDWyQLFDUpLUURPSHDIDQIDUUDQRVWURPSHWHVQDV WURPSDVHQDV PDGHLUDVDJXGDVIRUD GHWRGDD SURSRUomRFRPD DQWHULRU VRQRULGDGH RUTXHVWUDO RX PHVPR FRP R FUHVFHQGR TXH FRQGX]jIDQIDUUD(VWDDWLQJHPHQRVXPFOtPD[GRTXHDP~VLFD VHGLODWDQXPVRODYDQFRFRUSRUDO2JROSHYHPGRODGRGHOiSDUD DOpP GR SUySULR PRYLPHQWR GD P~VLFD ,QWHUYpPVH QHOD 1R HVSDoR GH GRLV VHJXQGRV D VLQIRQLD LPDJLQD TXH DFRQWHFH UHDO PHQWHRTXHFRPWULVWH]DHDQVHLRDRORQJRGHXPDYLGDRROKDU GD WHUUD HVSHURX TXH VXUJLVVH QR FpX $ LVWR SHUPDQHFHX ILHO D P~VLFDGH0DKOHU DWUDQVIRUPDomRGHVVDH[SHULrQFLDpDVXDKLV WyULD 'HVGH D VXD SULPHLUD QRWD WRGD D P~VLFD SURPHWH R TXH VHULDRXWURRUDVJDUGRYpXDVVLPDVVLQIRQLDVGH0DKOHUSUHWHQ GHP ILQDOPHQWH QmR PDLV UHFXViOR PDV S{OR OHWUD j OHWUD HP IUHQWHGRVROKRV
(VWDSDVVDJHPGHVFUHYHRPRPHQWRGHFLVLYRGRDQGDPHQWR GD6LQIRQLD1GH0DKOHU$QWHVGHYROWDUPRVDHODLPSRUWDTXH QRVGHWHQKDPRVEUHYHPHQWHVREUHRTXHHVWiHPMRJRQDREUDTXH $GRUQR FRQVDJURX DR FRPSRVLWRU 7UDWDVH GH FDSWDU R ©WRPª D VLQJXODULGDGHGRJHVWRFULDWLYRGH0DKOHU&RPHVWHILWRVHJXQGR R ILOyVRIR pVH QHFHVVDULDPHQWH OHYDGR D WUDQVJUHGLU RV FULWpULRV WUDGLFLRQDLV GD DQiOLVH PXVLFDO H D DEGLFDU GH QRo}HVHVWHUHRWLSD GDV FRPR DV GH ©P~VLFD SURJUDPiWLFDª GH ©P~VLFD SXUDª RX GH ©WLWDQHVFRªTXHDPL~GHVHDVVRFLDUDPjVVXDVVLQIRQLDV6yDVVLP VHOKHDILJXUDSRVVtYHODGHQWUDUVHQDREUDGH0DKOHU SHODLPHUVmR QRVGHWDOKHVSRUXPDDWHQomRPLQXFLRVDHWDFWHDQWHTXHOLEHUWDD HVFXWDSDUDDQRYLGDGHVRQRUDHQFREHUWDVRERVGHVSRMRVDXGtYHLV GR VLVWHPD WRQDO 7UDWDVH SDUD $GRUQR GH UHDOL]DU XPD DQiOLVH LPDQHQWHTXHQmRVHUHVWULQMDDXPDDQiOLVHSRVLWLYLVWDQHPVRoR EUHQXPDGHVFULomRLPSUHVVLRQLVWDGD6WLPPXQJPXVLFDO3DUDFDS WDUXPDWDOQRYLGDGHpQHFHVViULRGHOLQHDUQRYRVFRQFHLWRVHQWUH RVTXDLVVHFRQWDRGD©LUUXSomRª 'XUFKEUXFK 2 UHVXOWDGR PDLV VDOLHQWH GD VXD LQYHVWLJDomR UHVLGH QD WHVH VHJXQGRDTXDODPRGHUQLGDGHGH0DKOHUFRLQFLGHSDUDGR[DOPHQ WHFRPRDQDFURQLVPRGRVHXPDWHULDO6HRPDWHULDOPXVLFDOGH TXHVHVHUYHpDLQGDRGRWRQDOLVPRDFRPSRVLomRGHVVHPDWHULDO ± R PRGR FRPR RV GHWDOKHV YmR VHQGR DUWLFXODGRV H FRQVWLWXHP SURJUHVVLYDPHQWHRWHFLGRPXVLFDO±SDUHFHHVFDSDUVXEWLOPHQWHj
41
João Pedro Cachopo
WUDGLomR D TXH HVWH ~OWLPR SHUWHQFH e R ©WRPª GH 0DKOHU TXHR GLVWLQJXHQmRRPDWHULDOGHTXHID]XVR$VXDUHVSRVWDDRHVJR WDPHQWRGDOLQJXDJHPWRQDOIRLFHUWDPHQWHGLVWLQWDGDGH6FK|Q EHUJDQRVPDLVWDUGHHPFXMDVREUDVHVFDVVHLDPSURJUHVVLYDPHQWH RV LQWHUYDORV RV DFRUGHV H DV FDGrQFLDV TXH FDUDFWHUL]DP R WRQD OLVPR 3RUpP DV DSRULDV GRV FRPSRVLWRUHV QD WUDQVLomR HQWUH RV VpFV;,;H;;QmRVHOLPLWDPDRPDWHULDOPDVUHIOHFWHPVHDJX GDPHQWH QD FRQFHSomR GD IRUPD HOD PHVPD LQVHSDUiYHO GD SUR EOHPiWLFDGRPDWHULDO FRPRQmRGHL[RXGHPDQLIHVWDUVHQDREUD GH6FK|QEHUJDQWHVGRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGDWpFQLFDGRGHFDIyQLFD HPFRPSRVLo}HVFRPR(UZDUWXQJ RX3LHUURW/XQDLUH TXHUHFRUUHPDRWH[WRSDUDJDUDQWLUDFRHVmRIRUPDO 1RFDVRGH0DKOHUPXLWRHPERUDPDQWHQKDXPPDWHULDODQD FUyQLFRDFRQFHSomRGDIRUPDUHYHODVHPRGHUQD2VHXJHVWRGH DUWLFXODomRGRVPRWLYRVVHJXQGR$GRUQRUHDOL]DXPDIRUPDLUUH GXWtYHO DR SDUDGLJPD WRQDO 3DUD FDSWDU HVWD LUUHGXWLELOLGDGH $GRUQR UHFRUUH D QRYRV FRQFHLWRV D QRYDV FDWHJRULDV PDWHULDLV SRURSRVLomRjVFDWHJRULDVIRUPDLVGHSHQGHQWHV DSULRULGDWRQDOL GDGH VmRHODVD©LUUXSomRª 'XUFKEUXFK D©VXVSHQVmRª 6XVSHQVLRQ HD©SOHQLWXGHª (UIOOXQJ 1D ©LUUXSomRª ± TXH p GHVFULWD QD SDVVDJHP TXH FLWiPRV ± D IRUPDVRQDWDYrVHDWUDYHVVDGDSRUXPJHVWRTXHURPSHRHTXLOt EULR IRUPDO TXH D FDUDFWHUL]D DEULQGR R SODQR GH FRPSRVLomR D XPD QRYD IRUPD D XPD QRYD RUJDQL]DomR LPDQHQWH 2 DQGD PHQWR GD 6LQIRQLD 1 GH 0DKOHU± TXH HP WRGR RFDVR SRGH OHUVH j OX] GD IRUPD VRQDWD ± p R SDOFR GHVWD WUDQVILJXUDomR GR SODQRGHFRPSRVLomRGHVHQFDGHDGDSHOD©LUUXSomRª $LQGDTXHWRGRRPRYLPHQWRVHMDLPSOLFDGRRDFRQWHFLPHQWR TXH R WUDQVILJXUD GiVH QDTXHOH SUHFLVR PRPHQWR HP TXH XPD IDQIDUUDLUURPSHHPIIIGHVSURSRUFLRQDOGHVPHGLGDHHQLJPiWLFD SHORTXHFRPHODSDUHFHSUHVWHVDUHDOL]DUVH7UDWDVHQRHQWDQWR GH XPD PHUD IDQIDUUD DWULEXtGD DRV PHWDLV FRPR D TXH SRGHULD DQXQFLDU D FKHJDGDGH XPUHL RX R LQtFLR GH XPD EDWDOKD QXPD ySHUDTXH0DKOHUWLYHVVHFRPSRVWR&RQWXGRQRFRQWH[WRPXVL FDOGHVWHDQGDPHQWRHVWD©LUUXSomRªFRUUHVSRQGHDXPDUXSWX UD GR GLVFXUVR PXVLFDO TXH WUDQVIRUPD LUUHPHGLDYHOPHQWH D VXD IRUPD(ODpRVLJQRGHXPDGHVSURSRUomRVRQRUDTXHWRUQDLUUH FRQKHFtYHODVXDIRUPDH[SOtFLWD$IDQIDUUDTXHLUURPSHQmRSRGH
42
Como rasgar o firmamento?
MXVWLILFDUVH±DPHQRVTXHVHIDoDDEVWUDFomRGRTXHQHODDFRQWHFH ±QDHFRQRPLDGDIRUPDVRQDWD$EUHVHXPQRYRVHQWLGRSDUDR DQGDPHQWR 2 VHX PRYLPHQWR p HOHYDGR D XP QRYR SODQR FRQV WUXtGRDSDUWLUGDDUWLFXODomRLPDQHQWHGRVGHWDOKHV$©LUUXSomRª pQHVWHVHQWLGRWDQWRDDEHUWXUDDXP©IRUDªDXP©RXWURªFRPR DUHYLWDOL]DomRGDLPDQrQFLDGRSODQRPXVLFDO ©3RUPRUGDLUUXS omR GR RXWUR IRUWDOHFHVH D LPDQrQFLD GD IRUPD H p DWHQXDGD D DEVROXWDDQWtWHVHTXHD©LUUXSomRªHVWLSXODª &LQGLGR SHOD FHVXUD TXH D ©LUUXSomRª QHOH LQVFUHYH R PRYL PHQWR QmR VHUi GH QRYR R PHVPR DLQGD TXH QHOH VH SURMHFWHP VRPEUDV GD H[SRVLomR H VH UHWRUQH j WRQDOLGDGH GH RULJHP 5p 0DLRU 6HKiXPDUHH[SRVLomR FRPRSUHYLVWRQDIRUPDVRQDWD R TXHVHUHH[S}HDSDUHFHSRUpPLUUHGXWtYHODRTXHIRUDH[SRVWR Ki XPUHVWRGHGLIHUHQoDQRTXHVHUHSHWH2TXHUHWRUQDWHPGHVHU RQRYR ©$SyVDLUUXSomRSRUWDQWRQRLQtFLRGDUHH[SRVLomRQmR VHSRGHVLPSOHVPHQWHUHSHWLUHPFRQIRUPLGDGHFRPDVQRUPDV2 UHWRUQR TXHD LUUXSomRHYRFD GHYH VHU R UHVXOWDGR GHVWD VHU DOJR QRYRª$IDQIDUUDSDUHFHDQXQFLDURLPSHQViYHOWDOYH]QmRDFKH JDGDGHXPPRQDUFDPDVDGRSOHEHXVREUHKXPDQRQXPDySHUD LPDJLQDGD SHOR DXWRU GH 'LIIpUHQFH HW UpSpWLWLRQ e FRPR VH QHOD JULWDVVHXPSRYRSRUYLU ©(VLVWJHOXQJHQª ©&RQVHJXLPRVª 1D YHUGDGH HVWH JULWR FKHJDQRV GD SUySULD P~VLFD FRPSRVWD SRU 0DKOHU±GDVXD6LQIRQLD1EDVHDGDQR)DXVWR±FXMRHQWXVLDV PR$GRUQRDVVRFLDQXPRXWURSDVVRGR 0DKOHUjLQWHQomRDILU PDWLYDTXHFDUDFWHUL]DD©LUUXSomRª&RPHIHLWRpDDEHUWXUDDILU PDWLYDTXHFDUDFWHUL]DIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHHVVHJHVWR ©$LQWHQomR DILUPDWLYD GD 2LWDYD p DLQGD HP 0DKOHU D DQWLJD LQWHQomR GD LUUXSomRHQmRVHDGDSWDWRWDOPHQWHDRRILFLDO2FRURGHFULDQoDV FDQWDQDP~VLFDGR)DXVWR ©([XOWHPRVEHPDOWRFRQVHJXLPRVª DVVLP SRU XP VHJXQGR ID]VH HVWUHPHFHU R RXYLQWH FRPR VH VH WLYHVVHUHDOPHQWHFRQVHJXLGRª 6H HVVD ySHUD p SXUD LPDJLQDomR WDO QmR VLJQLILFD TXH VHMD PHUDPHQWH PHWDIyULFD D GHVFULomR DGRUQLDQD GD ©LUUXSomRª $ DQiOLVH DGRUQLDQD FRUUHVSRQGH OLWHUDOPHQWH DR IHFKDPHQWR GR SODQR PXVLFDO TXH ILQDOPHQWH VH OLEHUWD QR PRPHQWR HP TXH LUURPSHDIDQIDUUD1DYHUGDGHQmRID]VHQWLGRGLVWLQJXLUDGHVFUL omR WpFQLFD GRV JHVWRV GH FRPSRVLomR GH 0DKOHU GR UHODWR OLWHUDO GRTXHHPYLUWXGHGHOHVVHWRUQDDXGtYHORX±VRFRUUHQGRQRVGH
43
João Pedro Cachopo
XP FRQFHLWR GH 'HOHX]H ± GR ©DIHFWRª TXH FRP D FRPSRVLomR VH DFWXDOL]D $TXLOR SDUD TXH LPSRUWD FKDPDU D DWHQomR DR UHSRU WDUPRQRVDHVWDGHVFULomRpRFRQMXQWRGHIRUoDVLPDQHQWHVTXH DUUDVWDQGRVHDXGLYHOPHQWHFRPRTXHSUHVDVVHOLEHUWDPYLROHQ WDPHQWHQRPRPHQWRGD©LUUXSomRª$RRXYLUHVWDSDVVDJHPVHQ WHVHQRFRUSRDQHFHVVLGDGHGDLUUXSomRGR©RXWURªGR©IRUDªTXH D IDQIDUUD SHOD VXD GHVSURSRUomR VRQRUD WRUQD VHQVtYHO QXP ©FRPSRVWRGHVHQVDo}HVª 1RQRYRSODQRGHFRPSRVLomRFRQFHELGRSRU0DKOHUGL]QRV $GRUQRR©IRUDªLUURPSHFRPRRTXHpSUySULRGDIRUPDPXVLFDO 2©XQRªpVXEVWLWXtGRSHOR©RXWURª$UXSWXUDpHOHYDGDDSULQFt SLRIRUPDOGRGHYLUPXVLFDO (P YH] GH VLPSOHVPHQWH GHYLU DOJR Vy p QD PHGLGD HP TXH GHYHLR 2 SULQFtSLR HFRQyPLFR GD P~VLFD WUDGLFLRQDO SRUpP R VHX WLSR GH GHWHUPLQDomR HVJRWDVH HP VXEVWLWXLU R RXWUR SHOR XQRQDGDUHVWDQGRGRSULPHLUR(ODDEUHVHDQWHVTXHRRXWURVH OKH DEUD 2 QRYR TXH HOD QmR p FDSD] GH GRPLQDU WRWDOPHQWH DVVXVWDD 6RE HVWH DVSHFWR WDPEpP D JUDQGH P~VLFD DWp 0DKOHU IRLWDXWROyJLFD(VVDHUDDVXDFRHVmR±DGRVLVWHPDQmRFRQWUDGL WyULR7DOpUHMHLWDGRSRU0DKOHU DUXSWXUDWRUQDVHOHLGDIRUPD ©2TXHpRXWURDSUHQGDVHWDPEpPDJRUDª
$UXSWXUDGHFRUUHGDFROLVmRGHGXDVIRUoDV DTXHSUHQGHHD TXHIRUoDDVDtGD6mRGRLVDIHFWRVQXPFRPEDWHFRUSRDFRUSR6H D VLQIRQLD GH 0DKOHU p XP EORFR GH VHQVDo}HV XPD VHQVDomR FRPSRVWD GH ©SHUFHSWRVª H ©DIHFWRVª H D ©LUUXSomRª GR DQGD PHQWR R VHX DFRQWHFLPHQWR FHQWUDO HQWmR R TXH VH SDVVD DWp j ©LUUXSomRª FRQVWLWXL XP HVWUHLWDPHQWR GD GLVWkQFLD HQWUH DV GXDV IRUoDVQRFRPEDWHHQWUHRTXHTXHUIHFKDUHRTXHTXHUURPSHU±RV GRLVDIHFWRVTXHQHOHLQWHUYrP±TXHDWLQJHXPPRPHQWRFUtWLFR FXOPLQDQGRQDUXSWXUDGHXPDLUUXSomRTXHUDVJDRILUPDPHQWR GDIRUPDPXVLFDO$©LUUXSomRªpHODPHVPDXPFRPSRVWRGHVHQ VDo}HVXP©HQWUHªV~ELWRHPTXHDVHQVDomRGHHQFODXVXUDPHQWR GHYpPDVHQVDomRGDOLEHUWDomRLUUXSWLYD 9DOHQGRQRVGRVFRQFHLWRGH'HOHX]HSDUDFDSWDURHQLJPDGD ©LUUXSomRª ± SRLV p GH XP HQLJPD TXH VH WUDWD SHOR TXH QHOD VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH UHMHLWD H DWUDL ± SRGH GL]HUVH TXH R FDUiFWHU HQLJPiWLFRGD©LUUXSomRªGHFRUUHGRIDFWRGHXPWDOFRPSRVWRGH
44
Como rasgar o firmamento?
GRLV DIHFWRV FRQWUDGLWyULRV VHU LUUHGXWtYHO WDQWR D XPD DIHFomR FRPR D XPD SHUFHSomR 1D YHUGDGH QmR VH WUDWD QHP GH XPD H[SHULrQFLDYLYLGDWRUQDGDDXGtYHOQHPGHXPDSDLVDJHPDSHUFH ELGDUHSUHVHQWDGDHPP~VLFD1mREDVWDDVVLPUHFXVDURFOLFKpGD P~VLFD ©SURJUDPiWLFDª FRPR VH D P~VLFD GH 0DKOHU IRVVH XPD SHUFHSomR REMHFWLYDGD D UHSUHVHQWDomR GH XP REMHFWR QDWXUDO RX LGHDO LPSRUWD WDPEpP LQVLVWLU IRUWHPHQWH QD FUtWLFD j LGHLD GD P~VLFD FRPR PDWHULDOL]DomR GH XP HVWDGR GH HVStULWR FRPR VH HVWLYpVVHPRV SHUDQWH XPD DIHFomR REMHFWLYDGD XPD GLVSRVLomR YHUWLGDHPP~VLFD $©LUUXSomRªVHULDSHORFRQWUiULRRUHVXOWDGR H[SORVLYRGRFRPEDWHSURYRFDGRSHODDSUR[LPDomRJUDGXDOGHGRLV ©DIHFWRVªFRQWUDGLWyULRV$LPSRVVLELOLGDGHGHUHGX]LUD©LUUXSomRª jSHUFHSomRHjDIHFomR±HPVXPDDRVFOLFKpVGDRSLQLmR±pR VHOR GR VHX FDUiFWHU HQLJPiWLFR )DFH j ©LUUXSomRª QmR VH FRP SUHHQGHRTXHDOLDFRQWHFHUHFRUUHQGRDRTXHpVXSRVWRVHQWLUVH RXOHJtWLPRHVSHUDUVHGDDXGLomRGHXPDVLQIRQLDURPkQWLFD3RU LVVRVHWUDWDGHXPHQLJPD 7HPRVSRUWDQWRTXHD©LUUXSomRªpXPHQLJPDQDPHGLGDHP TXHURPSH R HTXLOtEULR IRUPDO GR DQGDPHQWR FRP DHPHUJrQFLD GHXPFDRVTXHSHUWXUEDRHVSHFWDGRU(OHYrVHLQFDSD]GHFRP SUHHQGHU R TXH DFRQWHFH QmR VH WUDWD QHP GH XPD SHUFHSomR QHPGHXPDDIHFomR VHQmRGHL[DQGRVHDEVRUYHUSHORPRYLPHQWR LQDXGLWRTXHD©LUUXSomRªLQDXJXUD(ODUHVLVWHDRHVSHFWDGRUUHMHL WDR2XVyRDWUDLPDQLIHVWDQGRDVXDSRWrQFLDFHQWUtSHWDTXDQ GR HVWH VH HQFRQWUD VXILFLHQWHPHQWH SUy[LPR DR SRQWR GH VH WUDQVIRUPDU QXP HVSHFWDGRU WDFWHDQWH TXH SHUFRUUH D LPDQrQFLD PXVLFDOGDTXHOHDQGDPHQWRWUDQVJUHGLQGRRKRUL]RQWHGHH[SHF WDWLYDTXHRULHQWDDSULRULXPHVSHFWDGRUSUHWHQVDPHQWHFODULYLGHQWH $ODUJDQGRDDQiOLVHDRTXHVHHQWHQGHHPJHUDOSRUHQLJPD LPSRUWDUHIHULUTXHHP$GRUQRRFRQIURQWRFRPRHQLJPDUHVWL WXLDHVSHFLILFLGDGHGDH[SHULrQFLDHVWpWLFD HODFRQVLVWHHPSHUGHU VH2©HQLJPDªpDVVLPRTXHQDVREUDVGHDUWHH[LJHTXHQRVSHU FDPRVDRHVEDWHUDVUHIHUrQFLDVGHTXHGLVS~QKDPRVjSDUWLGD$R PHVPRWHPSRRHQLJPDpRUHVXOWDGRGDFRQGHQVDomRQDREUDGH DUWHGRTXHQmRpUHGXWtYHOjUDFLRQDOLGDGHHDRVXMHLWR(OHFRORFD QRV SHUDQWH DOJR ©RXWURª DOJR TXH YHP GH IRUD HP PRYLPHQWRV FDyWLFRV H FXMD FRQGHQVDomR QD REUD GH DUWH D WRUQDHQLJPiWLFD ©$DUWHWRUQDVHHQLJPDSRUTXHDSDUHFHFRPRVHWLYHVVHUHVROYLGR
45
João Pedro Cachopo
R TXH QD H[LVWrQFLD p HQLJPD DR SDVVR TXH QR PHUR HQWH R HQLJPDIRLHVTXHFLGRDWUDYpVGRVHXSUySULRHQGXUHFLPHQWRHVPD JDGRU 4XDQWR PDLV FHUUDGDPHQWH RV KRPHQV UHYHVWLUDP FRP D UHGH GH FDWHJRULDV R RXWUR GR HVStULWR VXEMHFWLYR PDLV SURIXQGD PHQWHVHGHVDELWXDUDPGRHVSDQWRIDFHDXPWDORXWURHVHHQJDQD UDPFRPFUHVFHQWHIDPLOLDULGDGHTXDQWRDRHVWUDQKR$DUWHSUR FXUD UHSDUiOR HPERUD IUDFD H FRPR TXH JHVWLFXODQGR UiSLGD H FDQVDWLYDPHQWH $SULRULHODFRQGX]RVKRPHQVDRHVSDQWRFRPR RXWURUD 3ODWmR H[LJLD GD ILORVRILD D TXDO VH GHFLGLX SHOR FRQWUi ULRª 4XH D REUD GH DUWH UHFXSHUH R HVSDQWR GH XPD UHDOLGDGH HQWUHWDQWR SHWULILFDGD H WRUQDGD j IRUoD IDPLOLDU SHUPLWHQRV DFHQWXDU D DSDUrQFLD VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH DVVXVWDGRUD H DWUDHQWH GR HQLJPD 2 TXH FDXVD HVSDQWR QDV REUDV GH DUWHV QmR p PHQRV HVSDQWRVRQRPXQGR±pGLVWRTXHLPSRUWDDSHUFHEHUVH DDEHUWX UDGD©LUUXSomRªpHPDPERVRVSODQRVSHUWXUEDGRUD1DYHUGDGH DSUHWHQVDGXDOLGDGHHQWUHQDVREUDVGHDUWHHQRPXQGRpXPSUR EOHPDDTXHWHUHPRVGHYROWDUPDLVjIUHQWHDLQGDDSURSyVLWRGD ©LUUXSomRªSDUDTXHHVWDHHPJHUDOWXGRRTXHVHSDVVDQDVREUDV GHDUWHQmRSRVVDVHUUHGX]LGRDXPDPHUDPHWiIRUDGRTXH QmR DFRQWHFHQRPXQGR (QWUHWDQWRREWLYHPRVXPFRQMXQWRGHGHWHUPLQDo}HVVREUHR FDUiFWHU HQLJPiWLFR GDDUWH 2 HQLJPDp R TXH QDV REUDV GHDUWH UHMHLWDDTXHOHTXHGHODVVHDFHUFDWHQWDQGRDEDUFiODVSHODLQWHUSUH WDomR DR PHVPR WHPSR TXH DWUDL DTXHOH TXH QHODV VH GHWpP DR SRQWRGHVHUSRUHODVWUDQVSRUWDGRQXPPRYLPHQWRGHVPHGLGR DWpXPDGLVWkQFLDLQDSUR[LPiYHO2HQLJPDpDTXHOH³LQFRPHQVX UiYHO´ QDV REUDV GH DUWH TXH VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH DVVXVWD H IDVFLQD 3RULVVRRHQLJPDUHMHLWDHDWUDL UHMHLWDSHORTXHQHOHDVVXVWDDWUDL SHORTXHQHOHIDVFLQD2HQLJPDpDFHQWHOKDGHFDRVQDVREUDVGHDUWH 6HRILUPDPHQWRpRTXHQRVSURWHJHHHQFODXVXUDRHQLJPDpR TXH QD DUWH UDVJDQGR R ILUPDPHQWR QRV H[S}H DR SHULJR H QRV OLEHUWD 1mRHUDSRUpPSRVVtYHOFKHJDUDHVWDGHILQLomRGRHQLJPDVHP SHUFRUUHU D ©DQiOLVH LPDQHQWHª GH XPD REUD FRQFUHWD HP TXH R HQLJPDSUHYDOHFHFRPRDTXLORTXHQDREUDYHUGDGHLUDPHQWHDFRQ WHFHQHPHVWDGHILQLomRSHUPDQHFHUiLQFyOXPHDRTXHQRYDVDQi OLVHVSRGHUmRID]HUYHUVREUHRHQLJPD(VWHpRSULQFtSLRGHTXH QmRSRGHDEVWUDLUVHXPSHQVDPHQWRVREUHDDUWHTXHFRPRRGH
46
Como rasgar o firmamento?
$GRUQRRXRGH'HOHX]HUHQXQFLDjDEVWUDFomRHDRDSULRULVPRGH XPDHVWpWLFDSDUDFXMDHFRQRPLDFDGDREUDQmRpVHQmRDRFDVLmR GHXPH[HPSOR )L]HPROR QD HVWHLUD GH $GRUQR HP UHODomR j ©LUUXSomRª TXH FRQVWLWXLROHLWPRWLYGRQRVVRWH[WR$VH[SHFWDWLYDVGDRSLQLmRDR HVFXWiODVDLUmRQHFHVVDULDPHQWHJRUDGDV HPYmRVHHVSHUDUiXPD SHUFHSomR XPD DIHFomR RX SDUD R RXYLGR FXOWR R GHVHQURODU SUHYLVtYHOGHXPDIRUPDVRQDWD 9LPRVFRPRDLUUHGXWLELOLGDGHj RSLQLmR H[SUHVVD R TXH UHMHLWD QD ©LUUXSomRª 0DV HOD HQTXDQWR FRQVWLWXLXPHQLJPDDWUDLDOpPGHUHMHLWDU$©LUUXSomRªSHUWXUED RDXGLWRUQmRDSHQDVHQTXDQWRHVWHVHREVWLQDHPRXYLURTXHHOH SUySULR HVSHUD GD P~VLFD VHMD Oi R TXH LVVR IRU 3RU RXWUDV SDOD YUDVD©LUUXSomRªpSHUWXUEDGRUDQmRDSHQDVQDPHGLGDHPTXH FRQWUDGL] DV H[SHFWDWLYDV GR DXGLWRU PDV VREUHWXGR HQTXDQWR QHOD D ©SDL[mR GR IRUDª VH DSRGHUD GH QyV (OD p SHUWXUEDGRUD H UHMHLWD SDUDGR[DOPHQWH QD MXVWD PHGLGD HP TXH DWUDL 2 ©IRUDª DSDUHFHQDLQWHUFHSomRGHVWHVGRLVDVSHFWRV2TXHQD©LUUXSomRª UHMHLWDHDWUDLHPVLPXOWkQHRpDFHQWHOKDGHFDRVTXHFRPHODVH WRUQDVHQVtYHO±D©SDL[mRGRIRUDªTXHHODFRQYRFD6HpYHUGDGH FRPR SURS}H 'HOHX]HTXH QD DUWH ©WUDWDVH VHPSUH GH OLEHUWDU D YLGDRQGHHODHVWiSULVLRQHLUDRXGHRWHQWDUQXPFRPEDWHLQFHU WRªHQWmRDLUUXSomRUHYHORXVHRSDOFRGHXPWDOFRPEDWH $RDILUPDUPRVTXHD©SDL[mRGRIRUDªpFRQYRFDGDSHORHQLJ PDGD©LUUXSomRªVRPRVOHYDGRVDXPDFRPSUHHQVmRGR©IRUDªTXH SRVWXODDQHFHVVLGDGHtQWLPDGRTXHFRPHOHVHDEUH(VWiHPFDX VDXPDSDL[mReVHDIHFWDGRSHOR©IRUDªWDQWRFRPRSRUHOHVHp DWUDtGR(OHLPS}HVHQRVFRPRQHFHVViULR0DVQmRVHWUDWDGHXP ©IRUDªDTXHVHFKHJDVVHPHGLDQWHXPVDOWRPHWDItVLFR2©IRUDªp WmR QHFHVViULR FRPR LPDQHQWH H D FODUD GLVWLQomR HQWUH R ©IRUDª DEHUWRSHORHQLJPDHXPDTXDOTXHUWUDQVFHQGrQFLDGHYHVHUVXEOL QKDGD(PWRGRRFDVRpSDUDXPDOLJDomRQHFHVViULDHQWUHDDUWH HDDEHUWXUDGR©IRUDªTXHVRPRVDGYHUWLGRV©1XPJUDQGHILOPH FRPRHPWRGDDREUDGHDUWHKiVHPSUHDOJRGHDEHUWRª $DEHU WXUDDXP©IRUDªLPDQHQWHHQHFHVViULRLQHUHjDUWH RFRPSRUWD PHQWR TXH D FDUDFWHUL]D p R DFWR GH UDVJDU R ILUPDPHQWR p PHGLDQWHR©HQLJPDªTXHHOD±DUWH±FRQFUHWL]DHVVHJHVWR$QWHV
47
João Pedro Cachopo
GHYROWDUPRVjKLSyWHVHDQWHULRUPHQWHDYHQWDGDVHJXQGRDTXDOp PHGLDQWH R HQLJPD TXH VH FRPSUHHQGH R WHRU GH YHUGDGH :DK UKHLWVJHKDOW GDVREUDVGHDUWHLPSRUWDFRQVLGHUDUPDLVGHWLGDPHQ WHRFRQFHLWRGH©IRUDªGHVHQYROYLGRSRU'HOHX]H e QD REUD TXH FRQVDJURX DR SHQVDPHQWR GH )RXFDXOW TXH R GHVGREUDPHQWRGRFRQFHLWRGH©IRUDªRFXSDXPOXJDUGHGHVWDTXH 1R FRQWH[WR GH XPD FRPSUHHQVmR GD UHODomR HQWUH R VDEHU H R SRGHURFRQFHLWRGH©IRUDªUHPHWHQXPSULPHLURPRPHQWRSDUD RGLDJUDPDGHIRUoDV SRGHU TXHFDGDIRUPDomRKLVWyULFDHVWUDWLIL FDGDSUHVVXS}H7UDWDVHGHXP©IRUDªDSULRULKLVWyULFRHPSHU PDQHQWH GHYLU PLFUROyJLFR H LPSHUFHSWtYHO TXH GH FDGD YH] VH DFWXDOL]DQDVGXDVIRUPDVGRVDEHU RYLVtYHOHRHQXQFLiYHO6HSRU XP ODGR R SRGHU QmR DGTXLUH DFWXDOLGDGH VHQmR FRQVWLWXLQGRVH HQTXDQWR VDEHU DWUDYpV GH IDFWRUHV LQWHJUDQWHV FRPR R HVWDGR D IDPtOLDDUHOLJLmRRPHUFDGRDPRUDOHQWUHRXWURV RVDEHUSRU VHXWXUQRQDGDpHQTXDQWRQmRDFWXDOL]DHVVDVUHODo}HVGHIRUoDV TXH HP FHUWR VHQWLGR SRVVXHP SULPD]LD 2V HVWUDWRV GR VDEHU H[SUHVVDP RV GLDJUDPDV GR SRGHU RXWRUJDPOKHV HVWDELOLGDGH JDUDQWLQGRDVXDDFWXDOL]DomRHPHQXQFLDGRVHYLVLELOLGDGHVeQD PHGLGDHPTXHRVGLDJUDPDVVmRRIRUDGRVHVWUDWRVGRVDEHUTXH VHFRPSUHHQGHFRPRR©IRUDªQmRpPHUDPHQWHH[WHULRU ©$VUHOD o}HVGHIRUoDVPyYHLVHIpPHUDVGLIXVDVQmRHVWmRIRUDGRVHVWUD WRVPDVVmRRIRUDGHOHV$TXLORHPYLUWXGHGRTXDORVDSULRULGD KLVWyULDVmRHOHVSUySULRVKLVWyULFRVª7UDWDVHGRUHYHUVRGHWRGR R VDEHU GR LPSOtFLWR GH FDGD IRUPDomR KLVWyULFD GR D SULRUL GDV YLVLELOLGDGHVHGRVHQXQFLDGRV1mRKiFRPRFRQIXQGLUR©IRUDªH D H[WHULRULGDGH 6H HVWD ~OWLPD GL] UHVSHLWR D YHU H IDODU R ©IRUDª LQIRUPDOpDTXLORDTXHYHUGDGHLUDPHQWHRSHQVDPHQWRVHGLULJH TXDQGRVHWUDWDGHSHQVDUGHRXWURPRGR SHQVHUDXWUHPHQW VXE YHUWHUDRSLQLmRUDVJDURILUPDPHQWR 1RHQWDQWRHQTXDQWRFDPSRGHIRUoDVHPSHUPDQHQWHGHYLU R ©IRUDª QmR HTXLYDOHHP DEVROXWR DR GLDJUDPD D XPD HVWUDWpJLD GHSRGHU DQWHVFRQVWLWXLDSRVVLELOLGDGHVHPSUHLPLQHQWHGRVHX FRODSVR ©2 GLDJUDPD YHP GR IRUD PDV R IRUD QmR VH FRQIXQGH FRP QHQKXP GLDJUDPD QmR SDUDQGR GH ³WLUDU´ GHOH QRYRV GLD JUDPDVeDVVLPTXHRIRUDpVHPSUHDEHUWXUDGHXPIXWXURFRPR TXDOQDGDDFDEDSRLVQDGDFRPHoRXPDVWXGRVHPHWDPRUIRVHLD $IRUoDQHVWHVHQWLGRGLVS}HGHXPSRWHQFLDOHPUHODomRDRGLD
48
Como rasgar o firmamento?
JUDPDQRTXDOpUHWLGDRXGHXPWHUFHLURSRGHUTXHVHDSUHVHQWD FRPRFDSDFLGDGHGHUHVLVWrQFLDª3HODLQFRQVWkQFLDGDVUHODo}HV GHIRUoDVR©IRUDªUHYHODVHLUUHGXWtYHODFDGDXPGRVVHXVSRVVtYHLV GLDJUDPDVTXH QmR p VHQmR XP HTXLOtEULR SUHFiULR +i VHPSUH DOJR TXH HVFDSD XPD VLQJXODULGDGH VHOYDJHP LUUHGXWtYHO DR GLD JUDPDQDOLQKDGR©IRUDª2SUySULR©IRUDªpLUUHGXWtYHOjVIRUPDV GR VDEHU QmR DSHQDV QR VHQWLGR HP TXH HVSHUD VHU DFWXDOL]DGR PDV HQTXDQWR UHVLVWH D HVWD DFWXDOL]DomR FRPR j HVWUDWpJLD GH SRGHU TXH WRGD D DFWXDOL]DomR SUHVVXS}H 2 ©IRUDª H[WUDYDVD R FDPSRRQGHVHMRJDPRVGLDJUDPDVeSRULVVRTXHDSULPD]LDGD UHVLVWrQFLD DR GLDJUDPD QR VHX SUySULR VHLR VH UHYHOD D ~OWLPD SDODYUDGRSRGHU ©D~OWLPDSDODYUDGRSRGHUpTXHDUHVLVWrQFLDp SULPHLUDQDPHGLGDHPTXHDVUHODo}HVGHSRGHUUHVLGHPLQWHLUD PHQWHQRGLDJUDPDDRSDVVRTXHDVUHVLVWrQFLDVHVWmRQHFHVVDULD PHQWH QXPD UHODomR GLUHFWD FRP R IRUD GH RQGH YrP RV GLDJUD PDVª 7UDWDVH QXP VHJXQGR PRPHQWR GH XP ©IRUD PDLV ORQ JtQTXRTXHWRGRRPXQGRH[WHULRUHPHVPRTXHWRGDDIRUPDGH H[WHULRULGDGH GHVGH ORJR LQILQLWDPHQWH PDLV SUy[LPRª e HQTXDQWR UHVLVWrQFLD TXH R ©IRUDª VH SRGH FRPSUHHQGHU FRPR LQWLPDPHQWHQHFHVViULR(OHpQRVSUy[LPRSUHFLVDPHQWHSHORTXH QHOH UHPHWH SDUD XPD ORQMXUD 1mR VH WUDWD GH UHDFomR PDV GH XPDIRUoDSOHQDPHQWHDILUPDWLYDTXHUHVLVWHQDVXDVLQJXODULGDGH HDQVHLDSRUXPSRXFRGHDEHUWXUD $UHODomRDRIRUDSRVVXLQDYHUGDGHXPDLPSRUWkQFLDIXOFUDO QDFRQVWLWXLomRGHXP©GHQWURª$VVLPQRODDSUHVHQWD'HOHX]HD SDUWLU GH )RXFDXOW H GD VXD FUtWLFD j QRomR GH ©LQWHULRULGDGHª ©4XHULVVRGL]HUTXHQmRKiGHQWUR")RXFDXOWQmRFHVVDGHVXEPH WHU D LQWHULRULGDGH D XPD FUtWLFD UDGLFDO 0DV XP GHQWUR TXH VHULD PDLVSURIXQGRTXHWRGRRPXQGRLQWHULRUGRPHVPRPRGRTXHRIRUD p PDLV ORQJtQTXR TXH WRGR R PXQGR H[WHULRU" 2 IRUD QmR p XP OLPLWHIL[DGRPDVXPDPDWpULDPRYHGLoDDQLPDGDGHPRYLPHQWRV SHULVWiOWLFRV GH GREUDV H SUHJDV TXH FRQVWLWXHP XP GHQWUR QmR RXWUDFRLVDTXHQmRRIRUDPDVH[DFWDPHQWHRGHQWURGRIRUDª2 SURFHVVRGHVXEMHFWLYDomRID]VHDWUDYpVGHGREUDVeFRPRVJUHJRV TXH XP WDO VXMHLWR VXUJH SHOD SULPHLUD YH] 2V JUHJRV GREUDUDP SHODSULPHLUDYH]DIRUoD2JRYHUQRGHRXWUHPWLQKDFRPRFRQGL omRRJRYHUQRGHVLSUySULR2VJUHJRVQmRGHVFREULUDPRVHUPDV H[HUFLWDUDPVHQDGREUDJHPGDIRUoDVREUHVLSUySULDFRPRSULQ
49
João Pedro Cachopo
FtSLRGHUHJXODomRGHVLSUySULR6yDRKRPHPOLYUHFDSD]GHVH GRPLQDUpOtFLWRDVSLUDUDRJRYHUQRGHRXWUHP $ UHODomR GD GREUD DR ©IRUDª p SDUWLFXODUPHQWH VDOLHQWH QD TXDUWDGREUDUHIHULGDSRU'HOHX]H ©$TXDUWDpDGREUDGRSUySULR IRUDD~OWLPD pHODTXHFRQVWLWXLRTXH%ODQFKRWFKDPDYDXPD ³LQWHULRULGDGHGDHVSHUD´pGHODTXHRVXMHLWRHVSHUDGHGLYHUVRV PRGRV D LPRUWDOLGDGH RX HQWmR D HWHUQLGDGH D VDOYDomR RX D OLEHUGDGH RX D PRUWH R GHVSUHQGLPHQWR«ª e PHGLDQWH HVWD TXDUWDGREUDTXHRKRPHPVHWRUQRX³SURIXQGR´0DVHVWDSUR IXQGLGDGHGHXPD©LQWHULRULGDGHGDHVSHUDªFRQIXQGHVHFRPXPD UHVLVWrQFLDDRVSURFHVVRVGHVXEMHFWLYDomRYLJHQWHV DTXLORSDUDTXH WHQGHHVWDSURIXQGLGDGHpPHQRVXPGHQWURPDLVIXQGRTXHXP IRUDDTXHLQWLPDPHQWHVHDVSLUDHTXHWHPRIXWXURFRPRILJXUD WHPSRUDO 2 IRUD PDLV ORQJtQTXR TXH WRGD D H[WHULRULGDGH H R GHQWURPDLVtQWLPRTXHWRGDDIRUPDGHLQWHULRULGDGHFRQIXQGHP VH &RPHVWHSpULSORHPWRUQRGDQRomRGH©IRUDªFRPSUHHQGHVH FODUDPHQWH FRPR R IRUD QmR VH FRQIXQGH FRP DOJXQV FRQFHLWRV TXHSRUYH]HVVHOKHDVVRFLDP2©IRUDªQmRpDH[WHULRULGDGHQR FRQWH[WRGHXPDILORVRILDGDUHSUHVHQWDomR1HPD©FRLVDHPVLª LVWRpDLQFyJQLWDLUUHGXWtYHOTXHVHPSUHMiVHQRVDSUHVHQWDFRPR IHQyPHQR QR TXDGUR GD ILORVRILD WUDQVFHQGHQWDO NDQWLDQD 3RU PDLRULDGHUD]mRQmRpD©YRQWDGHHPVLª 6FKRSHQKDXHU QHPR ©XQRSULPRUGLDOª 1LHW]VFKH 1DVFLPHQWR GD WUDJpGLD VH FRP HVWDV QRo}HV VH SRVWXOD XPD KLSyWHVH PHWDItVLFD 7mRSRXFR FRPR GHFRUUH GH WXGR R TXH VH GLVVH R ©IRUDª WHP DOJRTXHYHU FRP D WUDQVFHQGrQFLD2©IRUDªpSHORFRQWUiULRLPDQHQWHHQHFHVViULR 3RU PDLV TXH QHOH VH FUHLD p DLQGD GR PXQGR TXH VH WUDWD RX GHVVHODoRtQWLPRTXHXQHRVKRPHQVDRPXQGR ©2IDFWRPRGHU QRpTXHMiQmRFUHPRVQHVWHPXQGR-iQHPPHVPRFUHPRVQRV DFRQWHFLPHQWRTXHVHSDVVDPFRQQRVFRRDPRUDPRUWHFRPRVH QmR QRV FRQFHUQLVVHP VHQmR SHOD PHWDGH « e HVWH ODoR GR KRPHPHGRPXQGRTXHVHHQFRQWUDURPSLGR'HVGHORJRpHVWH ODoRTXHGHYHWRUQDUVHREMHFWRGHFUHQoD HOHpR LPSRVVtYHOTXH QmRVHSRGHUHDYHUVHQmRQXPDIp$FUHQoDMiQmRVHGLULJHDXP RXWURPXQGRRXWUDQVIRUPDGR « 6yDFUHQoDQRPXQGRSRGH UHOLJDURKRPHPDRTXHHOHYrHRXYHª3RURXWURODGRSRUPDLV TXH R ©IRUDª VHMD FRQWLQJHQWH FRPR R IXWXUR QmRLGrQWLFR TXH
50
Como rasgar o firmamento?
MDPDLV VH SRGH SUHYHU HOH p QHFHVViULR LQWLPDPHQWH QHFHVViULR SDUDDTXHOHTXHQHOHFUr1HFHVViULRFRPRRGHYLUHPTXHVHDEUH 1HFHVViULRVREUHWXGRSDUDRVXMHLWRWDFWHDQWHTXHSURFXUDOLYUDU VHGDVXDSUySULDUHLILFDomR FRPRGDVXMHLomRDXPDLQGLYLGXD omR FRQIRUPH jV H[LJrQFLDV GR SRGHU RX GHWHUPLQDGD SRU XPD LGHQWLGDGHGHWHUPLQDGDDSULRUL e QD PHGLGD HPTXH R ©IRUDª p LPDQHQWHH QHFHVViULR TXH R HQLJPD±DRGHVSHUWDUD©SDL[mRGRIRUDª FRPRpRFDVRQD©LUUXS omRª ±VHUHYHODRWHRUGHYHUGDGHGDVREUDVGHDUWH2FRQFHLWRGH ©YHUGDGHª QmR REVWDQWH D FUtWLFD GHILQLWLYD j FRQFHSomR KDELWXDO GHXPWDOFRQFHLWRHVWiPHQRVDXVHQWHGRSHQVDPHQWRGHOHX]LDQR GRTXHSRGHULDSHQVDUVH6HDVVLPQmRpFLWHPRV 6HRSRGHUpFRQVWLWXWLYRGHYHUGDGHFRPRFRQFHEHUXP³SRGHU GDYHUGDGH´TXHMiQmRVHULDXPDYHUGDGHGHSRGHUXPDYHUGDGH TXHGHFRUUHULDGDVOLQKDVWUDQVYHUVDLVGHUHVLVWrQFLDHMiQmRGDV OLQKDVLQWHJUDLVGHSRGHU"&RPR³WUDQVSRUDOLQKD´"
&RP R FRQFHLWR GH ©WHRU GH YHUGDGHª $GRUQR WHP DOJR GH PXLWRVHPHOKDQWHHPYLVWD6HDDUWHGHWpPXPSRGHUHOHWHPTXH YHU FRP DV ©OLQKDV WUDQVYHUVDLV GH UHVLVWrQFLDª TXH VH IXUWDP jV HVWUDWpJLDV GH XPD UDFLRQDOLGDGH GRPLQDQWH FRJQLWLYD H LQVWUX PHQWDO FXMD LUUDFLRQDOLGDGH SHVD VREUH D YLGD GRV KRPHQV $ DXWRQRPLDQmRDEVROXWDGDDUWHH[SUHVVDQHVVHVHQWLGRXPPRGR GHYLUDUDVFRVWDVjVRFLHGDGHTXHQmRGHL[DGHVHUVRFLDO7UDWDVH GHUHVLVWLUjVHVWUDWpJLDVGHXPSRGHUTXHVHLPLVFXLXQRVSUySULRV SURFHVVRV GH VXEMHFWLYDomR DR SRQWR GH R VXMHLWR VH WRUQDU XPD FDWHJRULDG~ELD2VXMHLWRUHOHYDWDQWRGDUHVLVWrQFLDFRPRGDTXLOR DTXHVHUHVLVWH$DXWRQRPLDGDDUWHWDOFRPR$GRUQRDHQWHQGH QmRVLJQLILFDDVVLPDDSRORJLDGRSULQFtSLRGHO¶DUWSRXUO¶DUWPDVD LQVLVWrQFLD QD LGHLD VHJXQGR D TXDO D UHVLVWrQFLD p SULPHLUD QD HVIHUD GR SRGHU (VWD UHVLVWrQFLD VXUJH QD DUWH GHVGREUDGD ©1D DUWHDGHQ~QFLDHDDQWHFLSDomRVXUJHPVLQFRSDGDVª2TXHUHV VDOWDQXPDSULPHLUDDSUR[LPDomRDRFRQFHLWRGH©WHRUGHYHUGDGHª pTXHVHDGHQ~QFLDFRQGHQVDRPRPHQWRQHJDWLYRGDDUWHRVHX FDUiFWHUDILUPDWLYRpDEVRUYLGRTXDVHLQWHJUDOPHQWHSHODQRomRGH
51
João Pedro Cachopo
DQWHFLSDomR TXH SRVWXOD D QRomR GH XWRSLD D DUWH GHQXQFLDQR PXQGRDLUUDFLRQDOLGDGHGDUD]mRTXHDHOHSUHVLGH±FRQWUDRWHP SRSUHVHQWH±DRPHVPRWHPSRTXHDQWHFLSDXPHVWiGLRUHFRQFLOLD GRGHVVHPXQGR±DIDYRUGHXPWHPSRSRUYLU2YDORULQWHPSHVWLYR GDDUWH±TXHpSHQVDGRSRU$GRUQRDWUDYpVGRFRQFHLWRGH©QHJD omRGHWHUPLQDGDª±pDVVLPFRQFHSWXDOPHQWHLQWHJUDGRQDQRomR GH ©XWRSLDª DUUDVWDQGR R FRQFHLWR GH ©WHRU GH YHUGDGHª SDUD DV DSRULDV GD DSDUrQFLD HVWpWLFD $ DUWH FRQFUHWL]DULD DVVLP R VHX FDUiFWHULQWHPSHVWLYRHQTXDQWRSURPHVVHGHERQKHXUSURPHVVDTXH QRHQWDQWRHGDGDDSUySULDQDWXUH]DGDDUWHDDUWHQmRHVWiHP FRQGLo}HVGHFXPSULU$IHOLFLGDGHSURPHWLGDWUDQVIRUPDVHLQHYL WDYHOPHQWH HP WULVWH]D TXDQGR R ©VHQWLGRª GDV REUDVGH DUWHQmR SRGHSUHVFLQGLUGD©DSDUrQFLDª ©4XHDDSDUrQFLDSHUPDQHoDOLJD GD DR VHQWLGR VHPSUH TXH HVWH VH PDQLIHVWD QD REUD GH DUWH HPSUHVWD D WRGD D DUWH D VXD WULVWH]D HOD GyL WDQWR PDLV TXDQWR PDLVSHUIHLWDPHQWHDUHODomREHPVXFHGLGDVXJHUHVHQWLGR RSHVDU pDXPHQWDGRSHOR2KIRVVHPHVPRDVVLPª $DQWLQRPLDGDDSDUrQFLDFRQVLVWHQRIDFWRGHDDUWHQmRSRGHU DILUPDUDVXDDXWRQRPLD HSRUFRQVHJXLQWHUHDOL]DUVHFRPRYHU GDGHQDUHVLVWrQFLDFUtWLFDjUDFLRQDOLGDGHGRPLQDQWH VHQmRWRU QDQGRVHDSDUHQWH DRPHVPRWHPSRTXHSDUWLFLSDQGRGDDSDUrQ FLDWHQGHDSDFWXDUFRPRHVWDGRGHFRLVDVVHDDSDUrQFLDDVVXPLU D IRUPD GH XPD XWRSLD TXH SURJUHVVLYDPHQWH VH WUDQVIRUPD HP FRQVRODomR 'HJUDGDGD DR HVWDWXWR GH XPD FRQVRODomR D XWRSLD WRUQDVH LQRSHUDQWH H p LQWHJUDGD SHOR VLVWHPD 3DUD R HYLWDU p QHFHVViULR DFHQWXDU D GLPHQVmR QHJDWLYD GHVVD XWRSLD ©6HP D PLVWXUDGRYHQHQRDQHJDomRYLUWXDOGRYLYHQWHRSURWHVWRGDDUWH FRQWUD D UHSUHVVmR FLYLOL]DFLRQDO VHULD XPD FRQVRODomR LPSRWHQ WHª+iXPDUHYROWDOHJtWLPDFRQWUDDDSDUrQFLDTXHWRUQDQGRVH FRQVRODGRUD VH WRUQD F~PSOLFH GR HVWDGR GH FRLVDV PDV WDO QmR FRLQFLGHSDUD$GRUQRFRPRUHFRQKHFLPHQWRGDOHJLWLPLGDGHGH XPDWRWDOUHMHLomRGD©DSDUrQFLDª$VROXomRGDDQWLQRPLDVySRGH VHU REWLGD SHOD GLVWLQomR GH GXDV IRUPDV GH FRPSUHHQGHU D DSD UrQFLD KiXPDDSDUrQFLDQHFHVViULDTXHIXQGDRSUySULRWHRUGH YHUGDGH HQTXDQWRJDUDQWHDDXWRQRPLDGDDUWH PDVHVWDDSDUrQ FLD QHFHVViULD GLVWLQJXHVH IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH GD LOXVmR VXVFLWDGD SRUXPDXWRSLDFRQVRODGRUD2GHVGREUDPHQWRGHVWDVROXomRGDUi OXJDUDXPD©UHFXSHUDomRGDDSDUrQFLDª =XU5HWWXQJGHV6FKHLQV
52
Como rasgar o firmamento?
eSDUDHYLWDUDGHJUDGDomRGDXWRSLDDRSRQWRGHVHUHGX]LUD XPDPHUDFRQVRODomRTXH$GRUQRDFHQWXDRFDUiFWHUQHJDWLYRGD DUWH±pHVVHRYHQHQRTXHIXQFLRQDFRPRDQWtGRWRFRQWUDDFRQ VRODomR$R pFRPRVHGDXWRSLD$GRUQRDFUHVFHQWDGHLPHGLDWR TXHDLQGDQmRpUHDORTXHDXWRSLDSURPHWH(VWDFpOHUHUHVVDOYD HYLWDTXHDDUWHVHWRUQHXPDFRQVRODomRPDVYHGDOKHHPVLPXO WDQHDPHQWH SHOR PHQRV p R TXH SDUHFH QHVWD DSUHVHQWDomR GR ©WHRUGHYHUGDGHª RDFHVVRDXPDDOHJULDSOHQD2©WHRUGHYHUGD GHªUHYHODVHDVVLPDLPDJHPGHVVHDLQGDQmR XWRSLD TXHVXUJHQD DUWHFRPRVHMiIRVVH DSDUrQFLD ±DLPDJHPGHVWHDLQGDQmRpREWL GDSHODIRUoDGHXPD©QHJDomRGHWHUPLQDGDª$WUDYpVGDQHJDWLYL GDGH$GRUQRSRGHHVTXLYDUVHDRTXHMXOJDVHUHPRVHIHLWRVSHU QLFLRVRV GD DSDUrQFLD VHP FRQWXGR DEGLFDU GHOD (OH UHYHODVH SHORFRQWUiULRXPDFRQGLomRGHSRVVLELOLGDGHGR©WHRUGHYHUGD GHª ©2 HVStULWR HQTXDQWR QmR p DSHQDV DSDUrQFLD PDV WDPEpP YHUGDGHpQmRVyRHPEXVWHGHXPHQWHHPVLPDVLJXDOPHQWHD QHJDomRGHWRGRRIDOVRVHUHPVL « 3RUHVVDUD]mRRFDUiFWHUGH DSDUrQFLDGDDUWHpVLPXOWDQHDPHQWHDVXDSDUWLFLSDomRQDYHUGD GHª $ HVWH FRQMXQWR GH DVVHUo}HV FRUUHVSRQGH D FRPSUHHQVmR FRPXP GR FRQFHLWR GH ©WHRU GH YHUGDGHª j TXDO SRU VLQDO ± H LPSRUWD UHVVDOYiOR ± DXWRUL]D XPD OHLWXUD FRPSHWHQWH GD OHWUD DGRUQLDQD 0DV VH HVWD FRQFHSomR DSROtQHD GD YHUGDGH QD DUWH ± DSROtQHD QR VHQWLGR HP TXH DFHQWXD D LPDJHP WUDQVILJXUDGD GR PXQGRTXHDDUWHSURGX]DQWHFLSDQGRXWRSLFDPHQWHXPPXQGR UHFRQFLOLDGR±VHHVWDFRQFHSomRDSROtQHDGDQRomRGH©YHUGDGHª GL]LDpOHJtWLPDSHUWLQHQWHHFRPSDWtYHOFRPRSHQVDPHQWRJHUDO GH$GRUQR HODQmRHVJRWDWRGDYLDDVSHUVSHFWLYDVGHVHQYROYLGDV SHORILOyVRIRVREUHDDUWHQHPWmRSRXFRSHUPDQHFHLQFyOXPHDR TXH UHVVDOWD YLROHQWDPHQWH DRV ROKRV GDTXHOH TXH HQYHUHGH SHODV DQiOLVHVDGRUQLDQDVHPWRUQRGRFDUiFWHUHQLJPiWLFRGDVREUDVGH DUWH&RPHVWDVDQiOLVHV±GHTXHD©LUUXSomRªQR0DKOHUFRQVWLWXL XPD DSUHVHQWDomR SULYLOHJLDGD ± p XPD FRQFHSomR GLRQLVtDFD GD YHUGDGHQDDUWHTXHJDQKDDGLDQWHLUD±GLRQLVtDFDSRUTXHFRPR HQLJPD D REUD GH DUWH FRQFUHWL]D YHUGDGHLUDPHQWH D VXD FUtWLFD UDGLFDO GD UDFLRQDOLGDGH PHUJXOKDQGRD QXPD FULVH R SURFHVVR GHVHQFDGHDGR SHOR LPSDFWR GR HQLJPD QmR p VHQmR R SDOFR GH XPD WDO FULVH GH FRPSUHHQVmR GLRQLVtDFD SRUTXH FRP XPD WDO
53
João Pedro Cachopo
YHUGDGH QDGD VH SHUGH GD FUtWLFD GD UHVLVWrQFLD DR SUHVHQWH HP VXPDGRLQWHPSHVWLYRGDDUWHVHPTXHQRHQWDQWRVHVXFXPEDDR RSWLPLVPRGHXPDXWRSLDFRQVRODGRUDFXMRSHULJRPi[LPRFRQ VLVWHHPUHVLJQDUVHFRPDDSDUrQFLD GLRQLVtDFDHPVXPDSRUTXH FRPHODR©HQLJPDªpHOHYDGRDSULQFtSLRGHVUHJXODGRUGDUDFLRQD OLGDGH HQLJPDTXH GHILQLPRV DFLPD FRPR ³FHQWHOKD GH FDRVQDV REUDVGHDUWH´2HQLJPDHQTXDQWRFHQWHOKDGHFDRVQDVREUDVGHDUWH FRQVWLWXLDVVLPRSULQFtSLRGHVUHJXODGRUGDUDFLRQDOLGDGHPHGLDQWHRTXDO DDUWHVHHOHYDDXPFRQFHLWRGLRQLVtDFRGHYHUGDGH $SURJUHVVLYDFHQWUDOLGDGHGRHQLJPDWUDQVIRUPDRVFRQWRUQRV GD UHIOH[mR VREUH D DUWH QR SHQVDPHQWR HVWpWLFR GH $GRUQR 2 HQLJPD±DLUUHGXWLELOLGDGHGDVREUDVGHDUWHjRSLQLmRjFRPXQL FDomRjUDFLRQDOLGDGHGRPLQDQWHHPVXPDDVXDLQLQWHOLJLELOLGD GH ± WUDQVIRUPDVH QR TXH Ki D FRPSUHHQGHU QDV REUDV GH DUWH QDTXLORGHTXHp³QHFHVViULR´TXHKDMDXPDH[SHULrQFLD 1RPXQGRDGPLQLVWUDGRDIRUPDDGHTXDGDHPTXHDVREUDVGH DUWHVmRUHFHELGDVpDGDFRPXQLFDomRGRLQFRPXQLFiYHODUXS WXUDGDFRQVFLrQFLDUHLILFDGD$VREUDVQDVTXDLVDIRUPDHVWpWLFD VHWUDQVFHQGHVREDSUHVVmRGRWHRUGHYHUGDGHRFXSDPROXJDU YLVDGRRXWURUDSHORFRQFHLWRGHVXEOLPH
$ WDUHID GH XPD ILORVRILD GD DUWH QmR p WDQWR D GH UHMHLWDU R PRPHQWRGRLQLQWHOLJtYHOFRPRDHVSHFXODomRTXDVHVHPH[FHS omRWHQWRXID]HUTXDQWRDGHFRPSUHHQGHUDSUySULDLQLQWHOLJLEL OLGDGH « 2OXJDUGDKLHUDUTXLDGDFRPSUHHQVmRpRFXSDGRSHOD UHIOH[mRVREUHRFDUiFWHUHQLJPiWLFRGDDUWH
e GHVVH UHYHUVR QR SHQVDPHQWR DGRUQLDQR TXH SUHWHQGHPRV GDUFRQWDGHVHQYROYHQGRDVVXDVSULQFLSDLVLQWXLo}HVQXPDGLUHF omRSRUYH]HVLQpGLWD6HRHQLJPDVHUHYHODRFRUDomRGDREUDGH DUWH D UHFXSHUDomR GD DSDUrQFLD TXDVH VHPSUH FRQVLGHUDGD XP PRPHQWRFHQWUDOQDVXDHVWpWLFD FHGHDVVLPROXJDUjLQYHVWLJDomR GRFDUiFWHUHQLJPiWLFRGDVREUDVGHDUWH 5HWRPDQGRRILRGRTXHQRVWURX[HjDQiOLVHGR©WHRUGHYHU GDGHª GDV REUDV GH DUWH WHPRV TXH D OLJDomR QHFHVViULD HQWUH R ©IRUDªHDDUWHTXHDGPLWLPRVjSDUWLGDFRPRSUREOHPDLQLFLDOTXH
54
Como rasgar o firmamento?
QRV FRQGX]LULD DRQR SHQVDPHQWR VH UHYHOD IXQGDPHQWDO SDUD D FRPSUHHQVmR GR FRQFHLWR GLRQLVtDFR GH ©WHRU GH YHUGDGHª TXH WHQWDPRVGHVHQYROYHUDSDUWLUGDYDORUL]DomRGR©FDUiFWHUHQLJPi WLFRªGDVREUDVGHDUWH9HMDPRVFRPR R©WHRUGHYHUGDGHªFRPR DTXLORTXHQDVREUDVGHDUWHFRQVWLWXLXPDFUtWLFDUDGLFDOGDUDFLR QDOLGDGH GRPLQDQWH FRLQFLGH VLPEROLFDPHQWH FRP R JHVWR GH UDVJDURILUPDPHQWR2SULQFtSLRGHXPWDOJHVWRpRHQLJPDe QR SURFHVVR GHVHQFDGHDGR SHOR HQLJPD TXH XPD WDO FUtWLFD WHP OXJDU(QFRQWUDPRQRVSRUWDQWRMiQDOLQKDGHXPFRQFHLWRGLR QLVtDFR GH YHUGDGH 1R HQWDQWR R DFWR GH UDVJDU R ILUPDPHQWR SRGHULDFRPSUHHQGHUVHFRPRSXUDQHJDWLYLGDGHVHPDSHUVSHFWL YD GH XPD ©SDL[mR GR IRUDª QD TXDO FRLQFLGH GHVHMDU R IRUD H VHU DIHFWDGR SRU HOH 6H R HQLJPD p WDPEpP D ©SDL[mR GR IRUDª ± R IXOJRUTXHQHOHDWUDLDOpPGHUHMHLWDU±DYHUGDGHGHXPDFUtWLFD GDUDFLRQDOLGDGHRSHUDGDSHORHQLJPDQmRpGHWHUPLQiYHODSHQDV FRPRQHJDWLYD7UDWDVHQmRVyGHQHJDUXPDH[LVWrQFLDVHP©IRUDª PDVGHDILUPDUHVVHPHVPR©IRUDªSRUFXMDSDL[mRVHIRLFRQWDJLD GR 9LPRVFRPDDQiOLVHGHXPHQLJPDHPSDUWLFXODU±D©LUUXS omRª ± TXH R HQLJPD FRQFUHWL]D HVVH UDVJR DEULQGR D XP IRUD H[DOWDQGRHPQyVD©SDL[mRGRIRUDª7UDWDVHGHXP©IRUDªTXHVH QRVLPS}H±QHFHVViULRHLPDQHQWH±TXDQGRSRUHOHVHpDIHFWDGR HQmRPHUDPHQWHGHXP©IRUDªTXHQmRIRVVHVHQmRDSURMHFomRGH XPSDUDOi3RUWDQWRQHPR©IRUDªVHUHGX]j©QHJDomRGHWHUPLQD GDªGDILQLWXGHQHPRWHRUGHYHUGDGHFRPRFUtWLFDUDGLFDOGD UDFLRQDOLGDGHGRPLQDQWH±HLPSRUWDLQVLVWLUQHVWHSRQWR±FRQV WLWXL XPD SXUD QHJDWLYLGDGH 4XH R HQLJPD VH DSUHVHQWH FRPR FUtWLFDUDGLFDOGRPXQGRQmRVLJQLILFDTXHHOHUHMHLWHHPDEVROXWR R PXQGR TXDQGR PXLWR HOH UHMHLWD DVJUHOKDV GHVVH PXQGR SDUD OLEHUWDURTXHVREHODVDQVHLDSRUOLEHUWDUVH R©IRUDªLPDQHQWHGR PXQGR ± R ©QmRLGrQWLFRª DR FRQFHLWR ©$ YHUGDGH GDV REUDV GH DUWH GHSHQGH GH HVWDV FRQVHJXLUHP DEVRUYHU QD VXD QHFHVVLGDGH LPDQHQWH R QmR LGrQWLFR DR FRQFHLWR R DFLGHQWDO QD VXD PHGL GDª 4XH D DUWH VHMD IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH DEHUWXUD D XP ©IRUDª D TXH VH FKHJD DWUDYpV GR PRYLPHQWR GHVPHGLGR LQVWDXUDGR SHOR HQLJPDTXHOLEHUWDR©QmRLGrQWLFRªFRQVWLWXLSRUWDQWRRVHX©WHRU GHYHUGDGHª$DUWHUHYHODVHDVVLPLQGLVVRFLiYHOGR©IRUDª
55
João Pedro Cachopo
1RHQWDQWRXPDVSHFWRQDGDLUUHOHYDQWHILFRXDLQGDSRUHVFOD UHFHU TXDQWR DR ©IRUDª GD ©LUUXSomRª $ QRomR GH ©IRUDª SDUHFH YXOQHUiYHO D XPD DPELJXLGDGH 7UDWDVH GR ©IRUDª LPDQHQWH H QHFHVViULR GR PXQGR RX GR ©IRUDª GH XPD IRUPD PXVLFDO" 'H IDFWR SDUHFH OHJtWLPR SHQVDUVH D ©LUUXSomRª FRPR XP DFRQWHFL PHQWRPHUDPHQWHIRUPDOeGHQRYRFRPRSUREOHPDGDDSDUrQ FLD TXH QRV GHEDWHPRV 7XGR VH UHVXPLULD j LPDQrQFLD GH XPD IRUPDPXVLFDO FRPD©LUUXSomRªVHULDVRPHQWHQRSODQRGHFRP SRVLomR DUWtVWLFR TXH VH FRQFUHWL]DULD D XWRSLD GD DEHUWXUD DR ©IRUDª SHUPDQHFHQGR R PXQGR UHDO WmR WULVWH H IHFKDGR FRPR DQWHV$©LUUXSomRªVHULDDSHQDVXPDEHODPHWiIRUDGRTXH QmR VH SDVVD QR PXQGR 8PD SURPHVVD 8PD XWRSLD 8PD DSDUrQFLD 0DV VH D ©LUUXSomRª p YHUGDGHLUDPHQWH XP HQLJPD ± H QmR XPD PHUDDSDUrQFLD±LVWRpXPDFHQWHOKDGHFDRVTXHUDVJDRILUPD PHQWRHDVVLPVHGHWHUPLQDFRPR YHUGDGHHQWmRLPSRUWDVXEOL QKDUTXHQmRHVWiHPFDXVDXPDPHUDPHWiIRUD$©LUUXSomRªQmR pDDEHUWXUDDR©IRUDªUHDOL]DGDQDREUDTXHVyPHWDIRULFDPHQWHVH SRGHULD UHODFLRQDU FRP D DEHUWXUD DR ©IRUDª VHPSUH DGLDGD QR PXQGR8PDWDO©DSDULomRª±SHUWXUEDGRUDHHQLJPiWLFDPDVWDP EpPQHFHVViULDHOLEHUWDGRUD±GRFRPEDWHTXHD©LUUXSomRªFRQVWL WXLQmRpXPDVLPSOHVLPDJHPXWySLFDGRTXHVHHVSHUDTXHDFRQ WHoDQRPXQGR&RPRUDVJRTXHVHLQIOLJHQRSODQRGHFRPSRVL omR PXVLFDO GR DQGDPHQWR GH 0DKOHU QmR ILFD LQFyORPH R ILU PDPHQWRVRERTXDOVHDFKDPDTXHOHVTXHIL]HUDPDH[SHULrQFLD GHXPDWDO©LUUXSomRª±pVHSHUWXUEDGRSRUHODHRSURFHVVRGHVVD SHUWXUEDomR FRQVWLWXL R SUySULR WHRU GH YHUGDGH GD ©LUUXSomRª HQTXDQWR FUtWLFD UDGLFDO GD UDFLRQDOLGDGH GRPLQDQWH 7RUQDU GH WDO PRGR SUy[LPD H VHQVtYHO D ©LUUXSomRª OLEHUWDGRUD HP TXH D kQVLDGHDEHUWXUDVHVDFLDpMiFRQFUHWL]iODSRLVQmRSRGHGHL[DU GH DIHFWDU R PXQGR R TXH DVVLP LQFHQGHLD HP QyV D ©SDL[mR GR IRUDª 1RWDV
$VVRFLDU D RSLQLmR D XP ILUPDPHQWR IXQGDGRU GD H[SHULrQFLD UHPHWH SDUDDWHVHGHOHX]LDQDGHVHQYROYLGDHP'LIIpUHQFHHWUpSpWLWLRQH/RJLTXHGX VHQVVHJXQGRDTXDOpWRGRRPXQGRGDUHSUHVHQWDomRTXHVHDFKDVXE
56
Como rasgar o firmamento?
PHWLGR DR ©VHQVRFRPXPª H DR ©ERPVHQVRª DV GXDV YHUWHQWHV FRPSOH PHQWDUHVGDGR[D &IDHVWHUHVSHLWR*LOOHV'(/(8=('LIIpUHQFHHWUpSpWL WLRQ GRUDYDQWH') 3DULV38) SS HDLQGD*LOOHV '(/(8=(/RJLTXHGXVHQV GRUDYDQWH/6 3DULV0LQXLW SS *LOOHV '(/(8=( 4X¶HVWFH TXH OD SKLORVRSKLH " GRUDYDQWH 43K 3DULV 0LQXLW S ©F¶HVWGHO¶RSLQLRQTXHYLHQWOHPDOKHXUGHV KRPPHVª 7RGDV DV WUDGXo}HV LQFOXtGDV QHVWH DUWLJR TXHU GR IUDQFrV TXHUGRDOHPmRVmRGDH[FOXVLYDUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHGRDXWRU ,ELG S ©'DQV XQ WH[WH YLROHPPHQW SRpWLTXH /DZUHQFH GpFULW FH TXHIDLWODSRpVLH OHVKRPPHVQHFHVVHQWSDVGHIDEULTXHUXQHRPEUHOOH TXLOHVDEULWHVXUOHGHVVRXVGHODTXHOOHLOVWUDFHQWXQILUPDPHQWHWpFUL YHQW OHXUV FRQYHQWLRQV OHXUV RSLQLRQV PDLV OH SRqWH O¶DUWLVWH SUDWLTXH XQH IHQWH GDQV O¶RPEUHOOH LO GpFKLUH PrPH OH ILUPDPHQW SRXU IDLUH SDVVHUXQSHXGXFKDRVOLEUHHWYHQWHX[HWFDGUHUGDQVXQHEUXVTXHOX PLqUHXQHYLVLRQTXLDSSDUDvWjWUDYHUVODIHQWHMRQTXLOOHGH:RUGVZRUWK RXSRPPHGH&p]DQQHVLOKRXHWWHGH0DFEHWKRXG¶$FKDEª 7KHRGRU:$'25120DKOHU(LQHPXVLNDOLVFKH3K\VLRJQRPLN GRUDYDQWH 0DKOHU LQ*HVDPPHOWH6FKULIWHQ)UDQNIXUWDP0DLQ6XKUNDPS SSV ©$XIGHU+|KHGHV6DW]HVGDQQVHFKV7DNWHYRU:LHGHUHLQWULWW GHU7RQLNDGEULFKWGLH)DQIDUHLQGHQ7URPSHWHQGHQ+|UQHUQGHQ KRKHQ +RO]EOlVHUQ GXUFK DXȕHU DOOHU 3URSRUWLRQ ]XP 2UFKHVWHUNODQJ ]XYRU DXFK ]X GHU 6WHLJHUXQJ GLH ]X LKU JHOHLWHW 'LHVH HUUHLFKW QLFKW VRZRKO GLH .OLPD[ DOV GDȕ GLH 0XVLN PLW N|USHUOLFKHP 5XFN VLFK GHKQWH'HU5LȕHUIROJWYRQGUEHQMHQVHLWVGHUHLJHQHQ%HZHJXQJGHU 0XVLN,QVLHZLUGHLQJHJULIIHQ)UHLQSDDU6HNXQGHQZlKQWGLH6\P SKRQLH HV VHL ZLUNOLFK JHZRUGHQ ZDV lQJVWOLFK XQG YHUODQJHQG HLQ /H EHQODQJGHU%OLFNYRQGHU(UGHDP+LPPHOHUKRIIWH'HPKDW0DKOHUV 0XVLN GLH 7UHXH JHKDOWHQ GLH 9HUZDQGOXQJ MHQHU (UIDKUXQJ LVW LKUH *HVFKLFKWH9HUKHLȕWDOOH0XVLNPLWLKUHPHUVWHQ7RQZDVDQGHUVZlUH GDV =HUUHLȕHQ GHV 6FKOHLHUV VR P|FKWHQ VHLQH 6\PSKRQLHQ HQGOLFK HV QLFKWPHKUYHUVDJHQHVEXFKVWlEOLFKYRU$XJHQVWHOOHQ « ª &ILELGSRX4XDVLXQDIDQWDVLDLQ*HVDPPHOWH6FKULIWHQ)UDQN IXUW DP 0DLQ 6XKUNDPS S ©$OpP GLVVR SRUpP 0DKOHU GHYH WHU VRDGR GH DFRUGR FRP R FULWpULR GR TXH HQWmR YDOLD FRPR PRGHUQRFRPRVHWLYHVVHILFDGRSDUDWUiV « 2PRPHQWRDQDFUyQLFR QRHQWDQWRQmRVHQGRWUD]LGRQDWRWDOLGDGHWRUQRXVHQHOHDIRUoDTXHR LPSXOVLRQRX SDUDOi GDVXDpSRFDª ©6RQVWDEHUPXȕHU>0DKOHU@QDFK GHP6WDQGDUWGHVVHQZDVGDPDOVIUPRGHUQJDOWJHNOXQJHQKDEHQDOV ZlUH HU GDKLQWHU ]XUFNJHEOLHEHQ JHZHVHQ « 'DV DQDFKURQLVWLVFKH
57
João Pedro Cachopo
0RPHQWLQGHVVHQGDVQLFKWJDQ]0LWJHNRPPHQVHLQZXUGHEHLLKP]XU .UDIWGLHEHUGLH(SRFKHKLQDXVVWULHEª 1RWHVHTXHDIRUPDVRQDWDpSDUDGLJPiWLFDGRVLVWHPDWRQDO7UDWDVH GHXPD IRUPDWULSDUWLGDFXMDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV WUDGX]HPD KLHUDUTXLDGDV IXQo}HVWRQDLVRGXDOLVPRHQWUHFRQVRQkQFLDHGLVVRQkQFLDEHPFRPRD UHJXODULGDGHGRHVTXHPD WyQLFDVXEGRPLQDQWHGRPLQDQWHWyQLFD 5HIHULQGRQRVjIRUPDVRQDWD PXLWRVXFLQWDPHQWHLPSRUWD LQGLFDUTXH LQWHJUDXPDH[SRVLomR HPTXHXPJUXSRWHPiWLFRQDWyQLFDGiOXJDUD XP RXWUR JUXSR WHPiWLFD QD GRPLQDQWH DWUDYpV GH XPD SRQWH XP GHVHQYROYLPHQWR RQGHRPDWHULDOpUHHODERUDGRRVWHPDVIUDJPHQWDGRV HP PRWLYRV DV VXDV UHODo}HV H[SORUDGDV DR Pi[LPR H HYHQWXDOPHQWH UHDJUXSDGRV HP IXQomR GH XP FOtPD[ H XPD UHH[SRVLomR HP TXH VH UHWRPDRSULPHLURFRQMXQWRWHPiWLFRHPHGLDQWHXPDPXWDomRGDSRQ WHVHUHSHWHRVHJXQGRJUXSRTXHGHVWDYH]VHHQFRQWUDQDWRQDOLGDGH GDWyQLFDIHFKDQGRRFtUFXORGDFRPSRVLomR 2XWURVFDVRVGD©LUUXSomRªWrPOXJDUQRVFKHU]RGD6LQIRQLD1HQR DQGDPHQWRGD6LQIRQLD1 FI0DKOHUS $GRUQRLQVLVWHQDLPSRVVLELOLGDGHGHSHQVDUDIRUPDRXDXQLGDGHQD FRPSRVLomR VHP XPD DWHQomR PLFUROyJLFD DRV GHWDOKHV 2 ©WRPª GD FRPSRVLomRGH$GRUQRFRUUHVSRQGHDHVVHJHVWR DFRPSRVLomRFRQFUHWL ]DXPPRYLPHQWRDVFHQGHQWHGRVGHWDOKHVDWpDRWUDoDGRJOREDOGDIRU PD&ILELGS ©$WRWDOLGDGHVDWLVID]0DKOHUVRPHQWHDtRQGHUHVXOWD GDV SURSULHGDGHV QmR VXEVWLWXtYHLV GRV GHWDOKHV PXVLFDLVª ©,KQ EHIULHGLJWGLH7RWDOHOHGLJOLFKGRUWZRVLHDXVGHQQLFKWVXEVWLWXLHUEDUHQ (LJHQVFKDIWHQGHUPXVLNDOLVFKHQ'HWDLOVUHVXOWLHUWª ,ELG S ©8PGHV'XUFKEUXFKVGHV$QGHUHQZLOOHQYHUVWlUNWVLFK GLH)RUPLPPDQHQ]XQGGLHDEVROXWH$QWLWKHVHZLUGHQWVFKlUIWZHOFKH GHU'XUFKEUXFKVWLSXOLHUWª ,ELG S ©1DFK GHP 'XUFKEUXFK EHLP (LQWULWW GHU 5HSULVH DOVR NDQQQLFKWHLQIDFKIRUPJHUHFKWZLHGHUKROWZHUGHQ'LH5FNNXQIWGLH GHU'XUFKEUXFKHYR]LHUWPXȕGHVVHQ5HVXOWDW HLQ1HXHVVHLQª $ ILJXUDGRSOHEHX VREUHKXPDQRVXUJHHP 'LIIpUHQFH HWUpSpWLWLRQQR FRQWH[WRGDH[SRVLomRGDVtQWHVHGRWHPSR$DOXVmRDXPDWDOILJXUD QmRpPHUDPHQWHFLUFXQVWDQFLDOPDVIXQGDVHQDDILQLGDGHGD©LUUXSomRª FRP D FHVXUD HP TXH VH MRJD D VtQWHVH GR WHPSR R DEVROXWDPHQWH QRYRpWRUQDGRSRVVtYHOSHODFHVXUDTXHHQFDUQDQXPDDFomRIRUPLGiYHO HP TXH D WRWDOLGDGH GR WHPSR p UHYROYLGD © « WLUDU R WHPSR GRV VHXV HL[RVID]HUH[SORGLURVROSUHFLSLWDUVHQRYXOFmRPDWDU'HXVRXRSDL (VWDLPDJHPVLPEyOLFDFRQVWLWXLRFRQMXQWRGRWHPSRQDPHGLGDHPTXH UH~QH D FHVXUD R DQWHV H R GHSRLVª © « VRUWLU OH WHPSV GH VHV JRQGV
58
Como rasgar o firmamento?
IDLUHpFODWHUOHVROHLOVHSUpFLSLWHUGDQVOHYROFDQ WXHU'LHXRXOHSqUH &HWWH LPDJH V\PEROLTXH FRQVWLWXH O¶HQVHPEOH GX WHPSV SRXU DXWDQW TX¶HOOHUDVVHPEOHODFpVXUHO¶DYDQWHWO¶DSUqVª 2PHVPRSRGHULDGL]HUVH GD©LUUXSomRª±RXGRDFWRGHUDVJDURILUPDPHQWR&I'5SS 4XDQWR j UHIHUrQFLD DR SOHEHX VREUHKXPDQR YHMDVH S TXDQWR j SDVVDJHPFLWDGDFRQILUDVHS ,ELG S ©'LH DIILUPDWLYH ,QWHQWLRQ GHU $FKWHQ LVW DXFK 0DKOHUV DOWHGHV'XUFKEUXFKVXQGVLHJOLHGHUWQLFKWJlQ]OLFKGHP2IL]LHOOHQVLFK HLQ 6LQJW LQ GHU )DXVWPXVLN GHU .QDEHQFKRU ©-DXFK]HW ODXW HV LVW JHOXQJHQªVRGXUFKVFKDXHUWHVGHQ+|UHQGHQIUHLQH6HNXQGHDOVRE HVZLUNOLFKJHOXQJHQZlUHª (VWD³RSUHVVmR´REWpPQD0DKOHU±FRPRVHWRUQDH[SOtFLWRQXPUHOD WR SODXVtYHO GH 1DWDOLH %DXHU/HFKQHU FLWDGR SRU $GRUQR ± DWUDYpV GD FRPSRVLomRGHSDVVDJHQVGHGLItFLOH[HFXomRTXHREULJDPRLQVWUXPHQWLV WDD PRYLPHQWRV GHVFRQIRUWiYHLVHDXPHVIRUoRQDH[HFXomRTXH LQGX ]HPXPDVRQRULGDGHLJXDOPHQWHSHQRVD&ILELGS ,ELGSSV ©1XUDOV*HZRUGHQHVLVWHWZDVDQVWDWWEORȕ]XZHUGHQ 'DV |NRQRPLVFKH 3ULQ]LS GHU WUDGLWLRQHOOHQ 0XVLN MHGRFK LKUH $UW 'HWHUPLQDWLRQ HUVFK|SIW VLFK LP 7DXVFKHQ GHV (LQHQ XP GDV $QGHUH YRQ GHP QLFKWV EOHLEW 6LH JHKW DXI HKHU DOV GDȕ HV LKU DXIJLQJH 'DV 1HXHGDVVLHQLFKWYROOHQGV]XEHKHUUVFKHQYHUP|FKWHVFKHXWVLH8QWHU GLHVHP $VSHNW ZDU ELV ]X 0DKOHU DXFK JURȕH 0XVLN WDXWRORJLVFK 'DV ZDU LKUH 6WLPPLJNHLW GLH GHV ZLGHUVSUXFKVORVHQ 6\VWHPV 9RQ 0DKOHU ZLUGHVJHNQGLJWGHU%UXFKZLUG]XP)RUPJHVHW]©:DVDQGHUVLVWGDV OHUQHQXQDXFKª 'HOHX]HRS}HGHPRGRFODURDSHUFHSomRHDDIHFomRDR©SHUFHSWRªHDR ©DIHFWRª ©$ DUWH GHVID] D RUJDQL]DomR WULSOD GH SHUFHSo}HV DIHFo}HV H RSLQL}HV SDUD VXEVWLWXLOD SRU XP PRQXPHQWR FRPSRVWR GH SHUFHSWRV GH DIHFWRV H GH EORFRV GH VHQVDo}HV TXH VH DVVXPHP FRPR OLQJXDJHPª ©/¶DUW GpIDLW OD WULSOH RUJDQLVDWLRQ GHV SHUFHSWLRQV DIIHFWLRQV HW RSL QLRQVSRXU\VXEVWLWXHUXQPRQXPHQWFRPSRVpGHSHUFHSWVG¶DIIHFWVHW GHEORFVGHVHQVDWLRQVTXLWLHQQHQWOLHXGHODQJDJHª43KS $OpP GLVVRDSURSyVLWRGH&p]DQQH'HOHX]HUHIHUHVHH[SUHVVDPHQWHDRFDUiF WHUHQLJPiWLFRGHXPDWDOLUUHGXWLELOLGDGHGR©SHUFHSWRªjSHUFHSomRHGR ©DIHFWRªjDIHFomR ©(FRPRSRGHULDDFLGDGHH[LVWLUVHPKRPHPRXDQWHV GHOH R HVSHOKR VHP D YHOKD TXH QHOH VH UHIOHFWH PHVPR VH QmR VH ROKD QHOH" e R HQLJPD PXLWDV YH]HV FRPHQWDGR GH &p]DQQH ³R KRPHP DXVHQWH PDV LQWHLUDPHQWH QD SDLVDJHP´ª ©(W FRPPHQW OD YLOOH SRXU UDLWHOOHrWUHVDQVKRPPHRXDYDQWOXLOHPLURLUVDQVODYLHLOOHIHPPHTXL V¶\UHIOqWHPrPHVLHOOHQHV¶\UHJDUGHSDV"&¶HVW O¶pQLJPH VRXYHQWFRP
59
João Pedro Cachopo
PHQWpH GH &p]DQQH ³O¶KRPPH DEVHQW PDLV WRXW HQWLHU GDQV OH SD\ VDJH´ª43KS 7KHRGRU : $'2512 bVWKHWLVFKH 7KHRULH GRUDYDQWH b7 LQ *HVDP PHOWH 6FKULIWHQ )UDQNIXUW DP 0DLQ 6XKUNDPS S ©.XQVW ZLUG ]XP 5lWVHO ZHLO VLH HUVFKHLQW DOV KlWWH VLH JHO|VW ZDV DP 'DVHLQ5lWVHOLVWZlKUHQGDPEORȕ6HLHQGHQGDV5lWVHOYHUJHVVHQZDUG GXUFK VHLQH HLJHQH EHUZlOWLJHQGH 9HUKlUWXQJ -H GLFKWHU GLH 0HQV FKHQZDVDQGHUVLVWDOVGHUVXEMHNWLYH*HLVWPLWGHPNDWHJRULDOHQ1HW] EHUVSRQQHQKDEHQGHVWRJUQGOLFKHUKDEHQVLHGDV6WDXQHQEHUMHQHV $QGHUH VLFK DEJHZ|KQW PLW VWHLJHQGHU 9HUWUDXWKHLW XPV )UHPGH VLFK EHWURJHQ.XQVWVXFKWVFKZDFKZLHPLWUDVFKHUPGHQGHU*HElUGHGDV ZLHGHUJXW]XPDFKHQ $ SULRUL EULQJW VLH GLH 0HQVFKHQ ]XP 6WDXQHQ VR ZLHYRU=HLWHQ3ODWRQYRQGHU3KLORVRSKLHHVYHUODQJWHGLHIXUV*HJHQWHLO VLFKHQWVFKLHGª 2HQLJPDQRSODQRGDDUWHGHVHPSHQKDULDDVVLPXPSDSHODQiORJR DRGRSDUDGR[R±FRPEDWHQGRDRSLQLmRPHGLDQWHDVXEYHUVmRGRVHQVR FRPXPHGRERPVHQVR±QRFDPSRGDILORVRILD&IDFHUFDGRSDUDGR [R*LOOHV'(/(8=(/6S 43K S ©LO V¶DJLW WRXMRXUV GH OLEpUHU OD YLH Oj R HOOH HVW SULVRQ QLqUHRXGHOHWHQWHUGDQVXQFRPEDWLQFHUWDLQª *LOOHV'(/(8=(3RXUSDUOHUV3DULV0LQXLW SSV ©'DQV XQ JUDQG ILOP FRPPH GDQV WRXWH RHXYUH G¶DUW LO \ D WRXMRXUV TXHOTXH FKRVHG¶RXYHUWª &I*LOOHV'(/(8=()RXFDXOW GRUDYDQWH) 3DULV0LQXLW S © « F¶HVW FKDTXH IRUPDWLRQ KLVWRULTXH VWUDWLILpH TXL UHQYRLH j XQ GLDJUDPPHGHIRUFHVFRPPHjVRQGHKRUVª ,ELG S ©/HV UDSSRUWV GH IRUFHV PRELOHV pYDQRXLVVDQWV GLIIXV QH VRQWSDVHQGHKRUVGHVVWUDWHVPDLVLOVHQVRQWOHGHKRUV&HSRXUTXRLOHV DSULRULGHO¶KLVWRLUHVRQWHX[PrPHVKLVWRULTXHVª ,ELG S ©/H GLDJUDPPH HVW LVVX GX GHKRUV PDLV OH GHKRUV QH VH FRQIRQG DYHF DXFXQ GLDJUDPPH QH FHVVDQW G¶HQ ©WLUHUª GH QRXYHDX[ &¶HVWDLQVLTXHOHGHKRUVHVWWRXMRXUVRXYHUWXUHG¶XQDYHQLUDYHFOHTXHO ULHQ QH ILQLW SXLVTXH ULHQ Q¶D FRPPHQFp PDLV WRXW VH PpWDPRUSKRVH /D IRUFH HQ FH VHQV GLVSRVH G¶XQ SRWHQWLHO SDU UDSSRUW DX GLDJUDPPH GDQV OHTXHO HOOH HVW SULVH RX G¶XQ WURLVLqPH SRXYRLU TXL VH SUpVHQWH FRPPHFDSDFLWpGHUpVLVWDQFHª &ILELGS ©0DVRIRUDGL]UHVSHLWRjIRUoD VHDIRUoDpVHPSUHHP UHODomRFRPRXWUDVIRUoDVDVIRUoDVUHHQYLDPQHFHVVDULDPHQWHDXPIRUD LUUHGXWtYHOTXHMiQmRWHPPHVPRIRUPDIHLWRGHGLVWkQFLDVLQGHFRPSR QtYHLV SHODV TXDLV XPD IRUoD DJH VREUH XPD RXWUD RX p DJLGD SRU XPD
60
Como rasgar o firmamento?
RXWUDª ©0DLV OH GHKRUV FRQFHUQH OD IRUFH VL OD IRUFH HVW WRXMRXUV HQ UDSSRUW DYHF G¶DXWUHV IRUFHV OHV IRUFHV UHQYRLHQW QpFHVVDLUHPHQW j XQ GHKRUVLUUpGXFWLEOHTXLQ¶DPrPHSOXVGHIRUPHIDLWGHGLVWDQFHVLQGp FRPSRVDEOHV SDU OHVTXHOOHV XQH IRUFH DJLW VXU XQH DXWUH RX HVW DJLH SDU XQHDXWUHª ,ELG SS V ©OH GHUQLHU PRW GX SRXYRLU F¶HVW TXH OD UpVLVWDQFH HVW SUHPLqUHGDQVODPHVXUHROHVUDSSRUWVGHSRXYRLUWLHQQHQWWRXWHQWLHUV GDQV OH GLDJUDPPH WDQGLV TXH OHV UpVLVWDQFHV VRQW QpFHVVDLUHPHQW GDQV XQ UDSSRUW GLUHFW DYHF OH GHKRUV GRQW OHV GLDJUDPPHV VRQW LVVXVª &I WDPEpPTXDQWRjUHVLVWrQFLDGHVLQJXODULGDGHVLELGS ,ELG S ©GHKRUV SOXV ORLQWDLQ TXH WRXW PRQGH H[WpULHXU HW PrPH TXHWRXWHIRUPHG¶H[WpULRULWpGqVORUVLQILQLPHQWSOXVSURFKHª ,ELGSSV ©(VWFHGLUHTX¶LOQ¶\DSDVGHGHGDQV")RXFDXOWQHFHVVH GHVRXPHWWUHO¶LQWpULRULWpjXQHFULWLTXHUDGLFDOH0DLVXQGHGDQVTXLVHUDLW SOXVSURIRQGTXHWRXWPRQGHLQWpULHXUGHPrPHTXHOHGHKRUVHVWSOXVORLQ WDLQTXHWRXWPRQGHH[WpULHXU"/HGHKRUVQ¶HVWSDVXQHOLPLWHILJpHPDLV XQHPDWLqUHPRXYDQWH DQLPpHGHPRXYHPHQWVSpULVWDOWLTXHVGH SOLVHW SOLVVHPHQWV TXL FRQVWLWXHQW XQ GHGDQV QRQ SDV DXWUH FKRVH TXH OH GH KRUVPDLVH[DFWHPHQWOHGHGDQVGXGHKRUVª ,ELGS ©/HTXDWULqPHHVWOHSOLGXGHKRUVOXLPrPHO¶XOWLPH F¶HVW OXL TXL FRQVWLWXH FH TXH %ODQFKRW DSSHODLW XQH ©LQWHULRULWp G¶DWWHQWHª F¶HVW GH OXL TXH OH VXMHW DWWHQG VXU GHV PRGHV GLYHUV O¶LPPRUWDOLWp RX ELHQO¶pWHUQLWpRXOHVDOXWRXODOLEHUWpRXODPRUWOHGpWDFKHPHQW«ª *LOOHV 'HOHX]H /¶LPDJHWHPSV 3DULV 0LQXLW S ©/H IDLW PRGHUQH F¶HVWTXHQRXVQHFUR\RQVSOXVHQFHPRQGH1RXVQHFUR\RQVPrPHSDV DX[pYpQHPHQWVTXLQRXVDUULYHQWO¶DPRXUODPRUWFRPPHV¶LOVQHQRXV FRQFHUQDLHQWTX¶jPRLWLp « &¶HVWOHOLHQGHO¶KRPPHHWGXPRQGHTXL VH WURXYH URPSX 'qV ORUV F¶HVW FH OLHQ TXL GRLW GHYHQLU REMHW GH FUR\DQFH LOHVWO¶LPSRVVLEOHTXLQHSHXWrWUHUHGRQQpTXHGDQVXQHIRL /D FUR\DQFH QH V¶DGUHVVHQW SOXV j XQ PRQGH DXWUH RX WUDQVIRUPp « 6HXOH OD FUR\DQFH DX PRQGH SHXW UHOLHU O¶KRPPH j FH TX¶LO YRLW HW HQ WHQGª /HLDVHHPSDUDOHORRVHJXLQWHSDVVRGDbVWKHWLVFKH7KHRULH b7S 2VXMHLWRWDFWHDQGRDWUiVGDVXDUHLILFDomROLPLWDDDWUDYpVGRUXGLPHQWRPLPp WLFR SURWHFWRU GD YLGD QmRFRUURPSLGD QR PHLR GD FRUUXSomR D TXDO DGDSWD R VXMHLWR j LGHRORJLD ©'DV 6XEMHNW KLQWHU VHLQHU 9HUGLQJOLFKXQJ KHUWDS SHQG VFKUlQNW GLHVH GXUFK GDV PLPHWLVFKH 5XGLPHQW HLQ 6WDWWKDOWHU XQEHVFKlGLJWHQ/HEHQVPLWWHQLPEHVFKlGLJWHQZHOFKHVGDV6XEMHNW]XU ,GHRORJLHKHUULFKWHWHª &I)S
61
João Pedro Cachopo
8P SRQWR GH YLVWD VLPLODU TXDQWR j SUHVHQoD VXEWLO GR FRQFHLWR GH ©YHUGDGHª QR SHQVDPHQWR GHOHX]LDQR p H[SUHVVR SRU )UDQoRLV =RXUD ELFKYLOL ©$ LGHLD GH YHUGDGH QmR HVWi DXVHQWH GD VXD REUD HPERUD 'HOHX]HUHMHLWHRVHXFRQFHLWRWUDGLFLRQDOTXHDDVVRFLDDXPD UHDOLGDGH H[WHULRUREMHFWLYD « ª ©/¶LGpHGHYpULWpQ¶HVWSDVDEVHQWHGHVRQRHXYUH PDLVLOHQUHMHWWHOHFRQFHSWWUDGLWLRQQHOTXLO¶DVVRFLHjXQHUpDOLWpH[Wp ULHXUH REMHFWLYH « ª )UDQoRLV =285$%,&+9,/, ©'HOHX]H 8QH SKLORVR SKLH GH O¶pYpQHPHQWª LQ /D SKLORVRSKLH GH 'HOHX]H 3DULV 38) S )S ©6LOHSRXYRLUHVW FRQVWLWXWLI GHYpULWpFRPPHQWFRQFHYRLU XQ©SRXYRLUGHODYpULWpªTXLQHVHUDLWSOXVYpULWpGHSRXYRLUXQHYpULWp TXL GpFRXOHUDLW GHV OLJQHV WUDQVYHUVDOHV GH UpVLVWDQFH HW QRQ SOXV GHV OLJQHVLQWpJUDOHVGHSRXYRLU"&RPPHQW©IUDQFKLUODOLJQHª"ª &Ib7S ©$REUDGHDUWHpHPVLPHVPDXPWLSRGHFRPSRUWD PHQWRTXHPHVPRYLUDQGROKHDVFRVWDVQmRGHL[DGHUHDJLUDHVVDREMHF WLYLGDGHª ©'DV.XQVWZHUNLVWLQVLFKVHOEVWHLQH9HUKDOWHQVZHLVHGLHDXI MHQH2EMHNWLYLWlWQRFKLQGHU$ENHKUUHDJLHUWª ,ELGS ©'HQXQ]LDWLRQXQG$QWH]LSDWLRQVLQGLQLKUV\QNRSLHUWª ,ELG S ©'Dȕ GLHVHP ZDQQ LPPHU HU LP .XQVWZHUN VLFK PDQLIHVWLHUW 6FKHLQ JHVHOOW EOHLEW YHUOHLKW DOOHU .XQVW LKUH 7UDXHU VLH VFKPHU]W GHVWR PHKU MH YROONRPPHQHU GHU JHJOFNWH =XVDPPHQKDQJ 6LQQVXJJHULHUW JHVWlUNWLVWGLH7UDXHUYRP2ZlUHVGRFKª ,ELG S ©2KQH %HLPLVFKXQJ GHV *LIWVWRIIV YLUWXHOO GLH 1HJDWLRQ GHV/HEHQGLJHQZlUHGHU(LQVSUXFKGHU.XQVWJHJHQGLH]LYLOLVDWRULVFKH 8QWHUGUFNXQJWU|VWOLFKKLOIORVª &I LELG S ©2 OHJtWLPR QD UHYROWD FRQWUD D DSDUrQFLD HQTXDQWR LOXVmR H R LOXVyULR QD HVSHUDQoD GH TXH D DSDUrQFLD SRVVD VDLU GD ODPD SHORVSUySULRVSpVFRQIXQGHPVHSRUpPXPFRPRRXWURª ©'DV/HJL WLPHQDGHU5HEHOOLRQJHJHQGHQ6FKHLQDOV,OOXVLRQXQGGDV,OOXVLRQlUH DQLKUGLH+RIIQXQJGHUlVWKHWLVFKH6FKHLQN|QQHDPHLJHQHQ=RSIVLFK DXVGHP6XPSI]LHKHQLVWDEHUPLWHLQDQGHUYHUTXLFNWª &ILELGSS ,ELG SV ©*HLVW LQGHVVHQ LVW QLFKW QXU 6FKHLQ VRQGHUQ DXFK :DKUKHLW HU LVW QLFKW QXU GHU 7UXJ HLQHV $QVLFKVHLHQGHQ VRQGHUQ HEHQVR GLH 1HJDWLRQ DOOHV IDOVFKHQ $QVLFKVHLQV « 'HVKDOE LVW GHU 6FKHLQFKDUDNWHUGHU.XQVW]XJOHLFKLKUH0HWKH[LVDQGHU:DKUKHLWª ,ELG S ©,QGHUYHUZDOWHWHQ:HOWLVWGLHDGHTXDWH*HVWDOWLQGHU .XQVWZHUNH DXIJHQRPPHQ ZHUGHQ GLH GHU .RPPXQLNDWLRQ GHV 8QNRPPXQL]LHUEDUHQ GLH 'XUFKEUHFKXQJ GHV YHUGLQJOLFKHQ %HZXȕWVHLQV:HUNHLQGHQHQGLHlVWKHWLVFKH*HVWDOWXQWHUP'UXFNGHV
62
Como rasgar o firmamento?
:DKUKHLWVJHKDOWVVLFKWUDQV]HQGLHUWEHVHW]HQGLH6WHOOHZHOFKHHLQVWGHU %HJULIIGHV(UKDEHQHQPHLQWHª ,ELG S ©$XIJDEH HLQHU 3KLORVRSKLH GHU .XQVW LVW QLFKW VRZRKO GDV 0RPHQW GHV 8QYHUVWlQGOLFKHQ ZLH HV XQZHLJHUOLFK IDVW GLH 6SHNXODWLRQYHUVXFKWKDWZHJ]XHUNOlUHQVRQGHUQGLH8QYHUVWlQGOLFKNHLW VHOEHU]XYHUVWHKHQ « ,KUHQ>GHU9HUVWHKHQVKLHUDUFKLH@3ODW]RNNXSLHUW GLH5HIOH[LRQGHV5lWVHOFKDUDNWHUVGHU.XQVWª 1RWHVH TXH XP WDO ILUPDPHQWR SDUD 'HOHX]H QmR p VHQmR R IXQGD PHQWR UHLILFDGR GH XPD H[SHULrQFLD VXMHLWD j RSLQLmR SRU RXWUDV SDOD YUDV R GHFDOTXH GR WUDQVFHQGHQWDO VREUH R HPStULFR GH FXMD UHLILFDomR XQLYHUVDODKLVWyULDpRUHODWR(PVXPDRILUPDPHQWRHPTXHVHDFKDP HVFULWDVDVRSLQL}HVFRQVWLWXLRSODQRGDVFRQGLo}HVGDH[SHULrQFLDTXHD DUWHDWUDYpVGRHQLJPDUDVJDDEULQGRDH[SHULrQFLDDXPIRUDLPDQHQWH TXHSRGHVHUDSUySULDYLGDDQVLDQGRSRUVHOLEHUWDU6REUHDDVVRFLDomR GR©IRUDªjYLGDFI)RXFDXOWSS VV 2SWDPRV SRU QmR IDODU GH ©GHQWURª SUHWHULQGR R WHUPR HP IDYRU GD QRomRGH©ILQLWXGHªQDPHGLGDHPTXHRHPSUHJRGRFRQFHLWRGH©GHQ WURªSRGHULDJHUDUFRQIXVmRSRUVXUJLUDVVRFLDGRQRFRQWH[WRGRSHQVD PHQWRGH'HOHX]HjGREUDGHXP©IRUDªTXHQXQFDVHFRQIXQGHFRPR FRQWUiULRGHVWHDQWHVFRQVWLWXLQGRRVHXUHYHUVR b7S ©'LH:DKUKHLWGHU.XQVWZHUNHKDIWHWGDUDQREHVLKQHQ JHOLQJWGDVPLWGHP%HJULIIQLFKW,GHQWLVFKHQDFKGHVVHQ0Dȕ=XIlOOLJH LQLKUHULPPDQHQWHQ1RWZHQGLJNHLW]XDEVRUELHUHQª
63
2V WH[WRV TXH FRPS}HP R SUHVHQWH YROXPH IRUDP DSUHVHQWDGRV QR FRQWH[WR GR SURJUDPD GH ZRUNVKRSV ©)RUDª GD)LORVRILDRUJDQL]DGRSHOR&HQWURGH)LORVRILDGDV&LrQFLDV GD8QLYHUVLGDGHGH/LVERDGXUDQWHRVDQRVGHH
,PDJHQVGR©)RUDªHP'HOHX]H &DWDULQD3RPER1DEDLV 6HSHQVDUPRVQROXJDUTXHKDELWXDOPHQWHVHDWULEXLD'HOHX]H QDKLVWyULDGDILORVRILDFRQWHPSRUkQHDHQTXDQWRSURORQJDPHQWR GHXPDOLQKDJHPjTXDOSHUWHQFHP1LHW]VFKH6DUWUH%ODQFKRWRX )RXFDXOW WHPRV LPHGLDWDPHQWH TXH FRQFOXLU TXH R FRQFHLWR GH ©)RUDª VHULD XPD SUHVHQoD UHJXODU QD VXD REUD ( GH IDFWR RV WHPDVGHXPVXMHLWRHVWUDQKRDVLSUySULRGHXPSHQVDPHQWRTXH VySHQVDTXDQGRYLROHQWDGRRXGHXPGHVHMRVHPSUHHPH[FHVVR LQVFUHYHP'HOHX]HQHVVHSHQVDPHQWRGRH[WHULRUHGRH[FrQWULFR 2 PHVPR DFRQWHFH FRP RV FRQFHLWRV GH ©GHVWHUULWRULDOL]DomRª RX GH ©OLQKD GH IXJDª RX FRP R HORJLR UHFRUUHQWH GRV LQWHUVHFWRUHV H[WHUQRV TXH YLQGRV GD OLWHUDWXUD GD SLQWXUD RX GR FLQHPD DEUHP R SHQVDPHQWR DR LPSHQVDGR 0HVPR DTXLOR TXH SRGHUtDPRV FKDPDU R VHX ©HVWLORª ILORVyILFR VH FDUDFWHUL]D SUHFLVDPHQWH SHOR IDFWR GH 'HOHX]H QXQFD FRORFDU DV TXHVW}HV FOiVVLFDVGD)LORVRILDDSDUWLUGDVVXDVIRUPXODo}HVGHHVVrQFLDPDV VHPSUHWUDQVYHUVDOPHQWH©DRODGRªQDVPDUJHQVGRSHQViYHO 2FDVRGDHVWpWLFDpSDUDGLJPiWLFR'HOHX]HID]VHPSUHOHLWXUDV WUDQVYHUVDLV GR REMHFWR DUWtVWLFR FRPR PRGR GH R H[SHULPHQWDU HQTXDQWRODERUDWyULRGHXP)RUDTXHRH[FHGHHTXHQRHQWDQWR QmR VH GHL[D SHQVDU VHQmRQR LQWHULRUGHOH(P YH] GH VHFRORFDU QRSRQWRGHYLVWDGHXPVDEHURXWHRULDHVWpWLFD'HOHX]HGHVORFD HVVHVDEHUHIiORJUDYLWDUHPWRUQRGHRXWUDFRLVD(VVDRXWUDFRLVD QmR Vy QmR VH GHL[D YHU VHQmR GD REUD GH DUWH PDV WDPEpP VH UHYHODFRPRXPDQRYDFRQGLomRGHDFHVVRDRVHXVHQWLGRHDRVHX PRGRGHQRVDIHFWDU(VVDRXWUDFRLVDpDTXLORTXH'HOHX]HJRVWD GHGHILQLUFRPRXPDQRYDLPDJHPGRSHQVDPHQWR$DUWHLQWHUHV VDD)LORVRILDQDPHGLGDHPTXHDDUWHS}HHPFULVHDH[SHULrQFLD SDUDTXHSRUVXDYH]RPRGRGHSHQHWUDUDVREUDVGHDUWHFRPR XP)RUDGRSHQVDPHQWRIDoDYLROrQFLDVREUHRSHQVDPHQWR2 )RUD HVWi SRUWDQWR VHPSUH GHQWUR GD REUD GH 'HOHX]H R )RUD p GLVSRVLWLYRGHFULDomRLPSXOVRGDH[SUHVVmRJHUPLQDomRGHWRGR RSHQVDPHQWRHGHWRGDDREUDGHDUWH
65
Catarina Pombo Nabais
3RUTXH HOH p XP FRQFHLWR SHUPDQHQWH H GHFLVLYR QD REUD GH 'HOHX]HRIRUDpSHQVDGRVHJXQGRXPDSOXUDOLGDGHGHILJXUDV1R HQWDQWR HVWDV ILJXUDV QmR Vy QmR VmR FRQVLVWHQWHV HQWUH VL FRPR HVWmR LQVFULWDV HP GRPtQLRV PXLWR GLIHUHQWHV GR SHQVDPHQWR $VVLPHQFRQWUDPRVRFRQFHLWRGH³IRUD´ ORJRHP(PSLULVPRH 6XEMHFWLYLGDGHFRPRRFDPSRWUDQVFHQGHQWDOGDVtQWHVHSDVVLYDGR KiELWR TXH LQVWDXUD D LPDJLQDomRH D UD]mR PDV TXHSHUPDQHFH VHPSUH H[WHULRU DR VXMHLWR GR FRQKHFLPHQWR FRPR R HWHUQR UHWRUQR GD GLIHUHQoD TXH H[SXOVD QD UHSHWLomR R VXMHLWR GH VL PHVPR HP 1LHW]VFKH H D )LORVRILD FRPR R 2XWUR HQTXDQWR PXQGR LPSRVVtYHO HP 3URXVW H RV 6LJQRV FRPR D PRUWH LPSHV VRDOIRUPDSXUDGRWHPSRTXHFRQVWLWXLDFRQGLomRGHSRVVLELOL GDGH~OWLPDGDVVtQWHVHVSDVVLYDVGRSUHVHQWHYLYRGDLPDJLQDomRH GDPHPyULDHP'LIHUHQoDH5HSHWLomR FRPRIDQWDVPDILFFLRQDGR RX SUHFXUVRU VRPEUD TXH ID] GH WRGD D H[SHULrQFLD HUyWLFD XPD UHPLQLVFrQFLDSODWyQLFDHP$SUHVHQWDomRGH6DFKHU0DVRFK FRPR SURFHGLPHQWRV PDTXtQLFRV GR GHVHMR HP 2 $QWLeGLSR FRPR HVSDoRHPDEHUWRGRVDJHQFLDPHQWRVFROHFWLYRVGHHQXQFLDomRGH XPDFRPXQLGDGHPHQRUHP.DIND±3DUDXPD/LWHUDWXUD0HQRU FRPR SURFHVVR GH FHQWULIXJDomR GH SHUVRQDJHQV TXH HPDQD GR JHVWR GH DPSXWDomR GRV PDUFDGRUHV GH SRGHU HP DOJXQV WH[WRV GUDPDW~UJLFRV FOiVVLFRV HP 6REUHSRVLo}HV FRPR D 7HUUD HP 0LO 3ODW{VSDUDRQGHGLYHUJHPWRGDVDVGHVWHUULWRULDOL]Do}HVHOLQKDVGH IXJD FRPR R DSODW QDV WHODV GH )UDQFLV %DFRQ HP /yJLFD GD 6HQVDomR FRPRHFUmHQTXDQWROXJDUGRFpUHEURQDH[SHULrQFLD GRFLQHPD FRPRRQmRGLVFXUVLYRGRVGLVSRVLWLYRVRXGLDJUD PDV HQTXDQWR H[SRVLomR PDWHULDO GDV UHODo}HV GH IRUoD QR OLYUR VREUH)RXFDXOWRQGHRHQXQFLDGRUHHQYLDVHPSUHQmRDVXMHLWRV GHHQXQFLDomRRXUHIHUHQWHVREMHFWLYRVPDVDLQVWLWXLo}HVHSUiWL FDVHFRQyPLFDV FRPRDSUySULDGREUDGRH[WHULRUQRLQWHULRU HP$'REUD FRPRRFDRVTXHpUHFRUWDGRSHORSODQRGHUHIH UrQFLD FLrQFLD SHORSODQRGHFRPSRVLomR DUWH HSHORSODQR GH LPDQrQFLD ILORVRILD HP2TXHpD)LORVRILD" FRPRRSDUDDOpP GRSRVVtYHOQRSHUVRQDJHPHVJRWDGRGH%HFNHWW FRPRDYLGD QDLPDQrQFLDGDFULDomRHP&UtWLFDH&OtQLFD e LPSRVVtYHO HVJRWDU HP XP ~QLFR HVWXGR HVWD PXOWLSOLFLGDGH GH ILJXUDV (ODV UHHQYLDP D FDGD XP GRV PRPHQWRV GD REUD GH
66
Imagens do «Fora» em Deleuze
'HOHX]H jV VXDV UXSWXUDV LQWHUQDV jV VXDV KHVLWDo}HV WHyULFDV jV GHULYDVGRVVHXVFRQFHLWRVHGRVVHXVSUREOHPDV6RPRVIRUoDGRVD HVFROKHU DSHQDV XP ILR FRQGXWRU QHVWH HQRUPH UL]RPD GR IRUD 3DUDSHUFHEHUHVWDVP~OWLSODVLPDJHQVGR)RUDHP'HOHX]HWRPD UHPRVRH[HPSORPDLVSDUDGLJPiWLFR DOLWHUDWXUD$VVLPLUHPRV WUDEDOKDUXQLFDPHQWHDVILJXUDVGR)RUDTXHDSDUHFHPQRVWH[WRV TXH'HOHX]HGHGLFRXDDXWRUHVOLWHUiULRV7RPDUHPRVDVUHVWDQWHV REUDVFRPRIXQGRVWHyULFRVSDUDRVTXDLVDTXHODVUHPHWHPFRPR VXDH[SOLFDomRPHWDItVLFD&RQVLGHUDPRVTXHHVWDGHFLVmRSHUPLWH FDSWDUGHIRUPDPDLVFODUDDVGLYHUVDVPRGXODo}HVGRFRQFHLWRGH )RUD $Wp SRUTXH FRPR 'HOHX]H VHPSUH GHIHQGHX D )LORVRILD p VREUHWXGR XP PRYLPHQWR GD QmR ILORVRILD HP HVSHFLDO XP PRYLPHQWR GD OLWHUDWXUD e SRU HVVH )RUD KDELWDGR SRU 3URXVW 0DVRFK9LUJLQLD:RROI'+/DZUHQFH%RUJHVRX.DINDTXH DTXLOR TXH p SHQVDGR QD )LORVRILD VH GHL[D VH GHL[D FDSWXUDU QR FRQFHLWR $QRVVDKLSyWHVHpTXHDVPRGXODo}HVGRFRQFHLWRGH)RUDHP 'HOHX]H FRUUHVSRQGHP D WUrV JUDQGHV ©SHUtRGRVª 8P SULPHLUR TXHSRGHPRVGHVLJQDUGH©SVLFDQDOtWLFRª(VWiPDUFDGRSRU/DFDQ H)UHXGQDFRQVWUXomRGRVFRQFHLWRVGH©ILFomRªHGH©VXVSHQVmRª TXHDWUDYHVVDPRROKDUGH'HOHX]HVREUHDOLWHUDWXUDQHVWDpSRFD $TXL HQFRQWUDPRV RV OLYURV GHGLFDGRV D 3URXVW H D0DVRFK 8P VHJXQGR SHUtRGR ©DQWLSVLFDQDOLVWD H SROtWLFRª 2 $QWLeGLSR H 0LO 3ODW{V TXHWHPQRVOLYURVGHGLFDGRVD.DINDHD%HQHDVXDH[SUHV VmRPDLVIRUWH(VWHSHUtRGRHVWiPDUFDGRSRUXPDFRPSUHHQVmR PDTXtQLFDGDOLWHUDWXUDQRVFRQFHLWRVGH©DJHQFLDPHQWRFROHFWLYR GHHQXQFLDomRªHGH©FRPXQLGDGHPHQRUª3RU~OWLPRXPSHUtR GR ©pWLFRª LQLFLDGR FRP )RXFDXOW $ OLWHUDWXUD WRUQDVH HQWmR VREUHWXGRROHYDUjV~OWLPDVFRQVHTXrQFLDVXPDIyUPXODDJUDPD WLFDO RX XPD FRPELQDWyULD GH YR]HV HP HVJRWDPHQWR &UtWLFD H &OtQLFDH2(VJRWDGR 3HQVDPRVSRUWDQWRTXHR)RUDpXPFRQFHLWRDWUrVWHPSRV R LPSHQVDGRQRSHQVDPHQWRDPLFURItVLFDGR3RGHUHRLPSRVVtYHO FRPRFUHQoD 7HQWDUHPRV PRVWUDU DLQGD TXH D FDGD XP GHVWHV WUrV SHUtGRV FRUUHVSRQGHP GRLV PRPHQWRV LQWHUQRV 1R SULPHLUR SHUtRGR HQFRQWUDPRV 3URXVW H 0DVRFK 1XP VHJXQGR .DIND H %HQH )LQDOPHQWHQRWHUFHLUR%DUWOHE\H%HFNHWW
67
Catarina Pombo Nabais
&RPHFHPRVHQWmRSHORSULQFtSLR $SULPHLUDHGLomRGH3URXVWHRV6LJQRVpGH 1HOD'HOHX]H UHIHUHVH D XP ©IRUD KRUV GR VXMHLWRª PDV QXPD SHUVSHFWLYD GHVHQFDQWDGDHWULVWHSRLVHVWH)RUDUHYHODVHXPDLPSRVVLELOLGDGH XPD IDOVLGDGH XP PDO HQWHQGLGR ©3URXVW p /HLEQL]LDQR DV HVVrQFLDV VmR YHUGDGHLUDV PyQDGDV FDGD XPD GHILQLQGRVH SHOR SRQWR GH YLVWD TXH H[SULPH R PXQGR FDGD SRQWR GH YLVWD UHHQ YLDQGRHOHPHVPRDXPDTXDOLGDGH~OWLPDQRIXQGRGDPyQDGD &RPRGL]/HLEQL]HODVQmRWrPSRUWDVQHPMDQHODV VHQGRRSRQ WRGHYLVWDDSUySULDGLIHUHQoDSRQWRVGHYLVWDVREUHXPPXQGR VXSRVWDPHQWHRPHVPRVmRWmRGLIHUHQWHVTXDQWRRVPXQGRVPDLV GLVWDQWHVeSRULVVRTXHDDPL]DGHVyHVWDEHOHFHIDOVDVFRPXQLFD o}HVIXQGDGDVHPPDOHQWHQGLGRVHVyDEUHIDOVDVMDQHODVeSRU LVVR TXH R DPRU PDLV O~FLGR UHQXQFLD SRU SULQFtSLR D WRGD D FRPXQLFDomR$VQRVVDV~QLFDVMDQHODVDVQRVVDV~QLFDVSRUWDVVmR WRGDVHVSLULWXDLV VyKiLQWHUVXEMHFWLYLGDGHDUWtVWLFDª $SULPHLUD LPDJHP GR )RUD TXH 'HOHX]H QRV DSUHVHQWD p D GH HVVrQFLD ( R TXHKiGHRULJLQDOQRFRQFHLWRGHHVVrQFLDHP3URXVWHRV6LJQRVp TXHHOHpDSUHVHQWDGRDSDUWLUGRFRQFHLWRGH)RUD$PERVHVWmR HPUHODomRGHUHFLSURFLGDGH3RUXPODGRDHVVrQFLDpXPDWUDFWRU GD PXOWLSOLFLGDGH GH VLJQRV TXH VH UHYHODP QD DUWH 3RU RXWUR R )RUD p D HVIHUD LQDFHVVtYHO TXH FRQGHQVD D HVVrQFLD GR 2XWUR 2 ©)RUDª ©KRUVª pHQWmRXPDIDOVDMDQHODSDUDXPPXQGRIDOVDPHQ WHH[WHULRURXXPSRQWRGHYLVWDVREUHXPPXQGRLUUHPHGLDYHO PHQWH LQWHULRU $PL]DGH H DPRU QmR VmR VHQmR LOXV}HV SRUTXH WRGDDFRPXQLFDomRFRPXPVXSRVWRPXQGRH[WHULRUGRRXWURp GHVGHVHPSUHXPDLPSRVVLELOLGDGH2RXWURpXPPXQGRLPSRV VtYHOFXMDHVVrQFLDVyDDUWHFRQVHJXHDSUHHQGHU (VWHHVStULWRGHGHFHSomRFRPDSRVVLELOLGDGHRXDYHUGDGHGH XP©)RUDªGRVXMHLWRYDLPHVPRSDUDOiGDHVIHUDGDOLQJXDJHP HOH XOWUDSDVVD R VLPSOHV ©PXQGR H[SUHVVRª SDUD FRQWDPLQDU WDP EpPDHVIHUDGRVXMHLWRHQTXDQWRH[LVWHQWH(YHPRVHQWmRDFRP SUHHQVmRDPDUJXUDGDGHXPPXQGRTXHVyVHGLVWLQJXHGRVXMHLWR SHOD PHVPD UHODomR GLIHUHQFLDO HQWUH HVVrQFLD H H[LVWrQFLD 6HJXLQGR/HLEQL]'HOHX]HUHGX]DVVLPRPXQGRH[SUHVVRDXPD HVVrQFLD j HVVrQFLD GR 6HU FRPR R PDLV SURIXQGR GR VXMHLWR R TXH VLJQLILFD XPD GXSOD UHGXomR D XPD LQWHULRULGDGH QmR Vy R H[SUHVVRpLQWHUQRDRVXMHLWRPDVRPXQGRHOHPHVPRpDSHQDVD
68
Imagens do «Fora» em Deleuze
HVVrQFLD HQTXDQWR ©TXDOLGDGH ~OWLPD QR LQWHULRU GH XP VXMHLWRª /LQJXDJHP H PXQGR QmR IRUPDP VHQmR IDOVDV MDQHODV GH XPD PyQDGDVXMHLWR$SULPHLUDLPDJHPGR)RUDHP'HOHX]HpSRUWDQ WR H[SUHVVmR GH XP VROLSVLVPR XQLYHUVDO e DVVLP TXH 'HOHX]H SRGHDILUPDUTXH©RYHUGDGHLURWHPDGHXPDREUDQmRpSRUWDQWR R VXMHLWR WUDWDGR VXMHLWR FRQVFLHQWH H GHVHMDGR TXH VH FRQIXQGH FRP R TXH DV SDODYUDV GHVLJQDP PDV RV WHPDV LQFRQVFLHQWHV RV DUTXpWLSRVLQYROXQWiULRVRQGHDVSDODYUDVPDVWDPEpPDVFRUHVH RV VRQV YmR EXVFDU R VHX VHQWLGR H D VXD YLGDª 2 VROLSVLVPR p XQLYHUVDODRSRQWRTXHPHVPRRDUWLVWDVyWUDEDOKDDILQDOFRP RV DUTXpWLSRV LQFRQVFLHQWHV TXH R KDELWDP 1D PyQDGDVXMHLWR H[LVWHXPPXQGRGRLQFRQVFLHQWHXQLYHUVDOTXHVyDDUWHUHYHOD( PHVPRDH[SUHVVmRGD1DWXUH]DRVVRQVHDVFRUHVQmRSDVVDPGH SXUDH[SUHVVmRGHVVHLQFRQVFLHQWHHDUTXpWLSR3RGHUtDPRVSHQVDU TXHHVWHLQFRQVFLHQWHVHULDXPDIRUPDGHOLEHUWDomRGRVROLSVLVPR GDPyQDGD0DVRDUTXpWLSRLQFRQVFLHQWHpDPDLVSRWHQWHYHUVmR GR SUySULR VROLSVLVPR HOH IXQFLRQD FRPR D LPDJHP GR PXQGR LQWHLURQXPVXMHLWRPyQDGD2DUTXpWLSRpHVVDIDOVDMDQHODVREUH RPXQGRTXHDQWHFLSDRVXMHLWRSRUTXHWRGRRDUTXpWLSRLQFRQV FLHQWHQmRH[LVWHVHQmRQDPyQDGDpDSHQDVDHVVrQFLDTXHHQYRO YHDH[LVWrQFLDGRVXMHLWR(HVWHLQFRQVFLHQWHHDUTXpWLSRWrPGH VHU LQWHUSUHWDGRV 'Dt WRGD D WHRULD GD LQWHUSUHWDomR GRV VLJQRV ~QLFRV PHLRV GH FRPXQLFDomR FRP R RXWUR HQTXDQWR )RUD 2 FRQFHLWR GH HVVrQFLD p SRUWDQWR QD YHUVmR GH R SULPHLUR OXJDUGHHYLGrQFLDGRFRQMXQWRGH3URXVWHRV6LJQRV$HVVrQFLDp VLPXOWDQHDPHQWHRTXHVHGiDYHUHRTXHFRQVWLWXLHVVDGRDomR 'HOHX]HSRGHGL]HUTXH©DUHYHODomRGDHVVrQFLD SDUDOiGRREMHF WRHGRVXMHLWR VySHUWHQFHDRGRPtQLRGDREUDGHDUWHª $DUWHp HVVH PXQGR RQGH H[LVWH XPD LGHQWLGDGH SHUIHLWD HQWUH VLJQR H VHQWLGR HQTXDQWR SUHVHQoD GD HVVrQFLD QR HVWLOR $ DUWH UHYHOD SRUWDQWRDHVVrQFLDPDVFLUFXODUPHQWHSRUTXHHODpDHVVrQFLDQD VXDUHDOL]DomRDEVROXWD 9HPRV TXH 'HOHX]H WHYH TXH FRQVWUXLU XP FRPSOH[R VLVWHPD GHVLJQRVSDUDSHQVDUDSOXUDOLGDGHGHIRUPDVGDHVVrQFLDLVWRp GR )RUD 7RGD D WHRULD GD LQWHUSUHWDomR H GD DSUHQGL]DJHP GRV VLJQRVFRPRH[SUHVVmRGR)RUD FRPRHVVrQFLD QDSULPHLUDHGLomR GH 3URXVW H RV 6LJQRV HVWi WDPEpP SUHVHQWH QR VHX OLYUR VREUH 6DFKHU0DVRFKHVFULWRHP $GLIHUHQoDpTXHDTXLR)RUD
69
Catarina Pombo Nabais
VXUJHFRPRRPXQGRRXREMHFWRYLUWXDOILFFLRQDGRTXHWHPGHVHU UHSULPLGRGHPRGRDSURGX]LUSUD]HU (P3URXVWHRV6LJQRVDTXHVWmROLWHUiULDpVHPSUHSHQVDGDDSDU WLU GD ILJXUD GR 1DUUDGRU2 SUREOHPD GRV VLJQRV IRUPXODVH HP WRUQRGDVH[SHULrQFLDVGR1DUUDGRUHVHPSUHDSURSyVLWRGDFRQV WUXomRGRVHXSUySULRPXQGRILFFLRQDO(P$SUHVHQWDomRGH6DFKHU 0DVRFK'HOHX]HPXGDGHSHUVSHFWLYDHRSUREOHPDGDVLQWRPDWR ORJLDGRVVLJQRVUHVSRQGHDJRUDjHILFiFLDOLWHUiULDLVWRpjHILFiFLD GD OLWHUDWXUD QXPD GLPHQVmR FOtQLFD 2V WHPDV UHSHWHPVH PDV FRP XPD IRUPXODomR GLIHUHQWH 2 WHPD GD DSUHQGL]DJHP p XP ySWLPRH[HPSOR(P3URXVWHRV6LJQRVWUDWDVHGHXPURPDQFHGH IRUPDomR RQGH R TXH p GHVFULWR p R SURFHVVR PDVRTXLVWD GH DSUHQGL]DJHP GR 1DUUDGRU IDFH j LPSRVVLELOLGDGH GH SHQHWUDomR QRPXQGRGRVVLJQRVHSRUWDQWRGRRXWUR$SUHVHQWDomRGH6DFKHU 0DVRFKMiQmRFRQWDRSHUFXUVRGHXP1DUUDGRUPDVDQWHVRSUR FHVVR GH WUDQVIRUPDomR QD ILJXUD GH FDUUDVFR GD PXOKHU DPDGD SHOR1DUUDGRU'HVLPSOHVDSUHQGL]GRVVLJQRVHP3URXVWR1DU UDGRU WRUQDVH FRP 0DVRFK QD ILJXUD GR GRPDGRU GD PXOKHU DPDGD'HOHX]HFRQGX]DVVLPRVHXSRQWRGHYLVWDGHXPURPDQFH GHIRUPDomRSDUDXPURPDQFHGHDGHVWUDPHQWR $ HILFiFLD OLWHUiULD HQTXDQWR SUREOHPD FUtWLFR UHIHUHVH SRU WDQWRDRSUREOHPDFOtQLFRGHGREUDJHPGRPXQGRSHORIDQWDVPD (HVWHSURFHVVRILFFLRQDOGRHVFULWRUPDVRTXLVWDUHHQYLDDXPSUR EOHPDFOtQLFRPDLVDPSORRGDDQWURSRORJLDFRPRFOtQLFDGDFLYL OL]DomR5HFXSHUDQGRDVWHVHVGH1LHW]VFKH'HOHX]HDQWHFLSDDTXL &UtWLFDH&OtQLFDHDVXDGHILQLomRGHOLWHUDWXUDFRPRXPDTXHVWmR GH VD~GH $SUHVHQWDomR GH 6DFKHU0DVRFK p R SULPHLUR OLYUR RQGH 'HOHX]HXVDXPHVFULWRUSDUDSHQVDURSUREOHPDGDFOtQLFDFRPR HVVHQFLDO D WRGR R DUWLVWD H LVVR QmR Vy DR QtYHO GH XPD FUtWLFD OLWHUiULD PDV GH XP DVVXQWR GDV PLQRULDV 6HJXQGR 'HOHX]H 6DGH H 0DVRFK FULDUDP SHOD OLWHUDWXUD QRYDV IRUPDV GH YLGD QRYDVIRUPDVGHSHQVDUHGHVHQWLU1RVVHXVWH[WRVDOLQJXDJHP WHPXPVHQWLGRDFWLYROLWHUDODJLQGRGLUHFWDPHQWHVREUHRVVHQWL GRV('HOHX]HH[SOLFDRDFWRSHORTXDODOLQJXDJHPVHXOWUDSDVVDD VL PHVPD UHIOHFWLQGR XP FRUSR GH GHVHMR SDUD IRUPDU FRP DV SDODYUDV XP RXWUR FRUSR XP FRUSR UHSOHWR GH QRYRV SUD]HUHV 7UDWDVH GD WUDQVJUHVVmR GD OLQJXDJHP SHOD SUySULD OLQJXDJHP 6HJXQGR'HOHX]HQDOLWHUDWXUDRGLVSRVLWLYRSHUYHUVRFRQIXQGHVH
70
Imagens do «Fora» em Deleuze
FRP R SUySULR PRYLPHQWR GD SURGXomR ILFFLRQDO $ SHUYHUVmR IXQFLRQDFRPRXPDILFomRGRGXSORGDUHLWHUDomRGRVIDFWRVPDV FRPRRVHXDUTXLYRLPSRVVtYHO(VWDILFomRDJHGLUHFWDPHQWHVREUH DVHQVXDOLGDGHQDPHGLGDHPTXHSURFXUD©HVSLULWXDOL]iODªWRUQi ODXPSXURHIHLWRGDOLQJXDJHP6DGHHW0DVRFKILFFLRQDPPXQ GRVFRPRWRGDOLWHUDWXUD0DVQmRVmRPXQGRVSRVVtYHLVPXQGRV PDLVVRPEULRVRXPDLVJORULRVRV6mRGHVFULo}HVGHWDOKDGDVGHVWH PXQGR PDV FRPR R VHX GXSOR H[FHVVLYR ©&RP 6DGH H FRP 0DVRFK D OLWHUDWXUD VHUYH SDUD QRPHDU QmR R PXQGR XPD YH] TXHMiHVWiIHLWRPDVXPDHVSpFLHGHGXSORGRPXQGRFDSD]GH UHFROKHUGHOHDYLROrQFLDHRH[FHVVR « (DVSDODYUDVGHVWDOLWHUD WXUDSRUVXDYH]IRUPDPQDOLQJXDJHPXPDHVSpFLHGHGXSORGD OLQJXDJHPDSWRDID]rODDJLUGLUHFWDPHQWHVREUHRVVHQWLGRVª $HVWUXWXUDIXQGDPHQWDOGHVWDILFomRGHXPRXWURPXQGRTXH UHFROKHDYLROrQFLDGRSULPHLURHTXHRID]DJLUVREUHRVVHQWLGRV HQFRQWUDVHQRGLVSRVLWLYRGHGREUDJHPQRSURFHVVRGHSURGXomR GHXPGXSORSHUYHUVRGRPXQGR(VWHGXSORpRTXH'HOHX]HGH DFRUGR FRP D WUDGLomR SVLFDQDOtWLFD FKDPD ©IDQWDVPDª 'HOHX]H GLVWLQJXHGXDVIRUPDVGHSURGXomRGHVVHIDQWDVPD QRVDGLVPRR IDQWDVPD REWpPVH SHOR SURFHVVR GH QHJDomR GDV OHLV QR PDVRTXLVPRpRSURFHVVRGDGHQHJDomRGRREMHFWRGRSUD]HUHGD VXVSHQVmR GR GHVHMR TXH FRQGX] DR GHVORFDPHQWR HP GLUHFomRD HVVH VHU HVWUDQKR DR PHVPR WHPSR REMHFWR LPSRVVtYHO H DEVROXWDPHQWH UHDO ( DTXL UHVLGH XPD VHJXQGD JUDQGH GLIHUHQoD IDFHD3URXVWHRV6LJQRV DGHILQLomRHPFLUFXLWRIHFKDGRGRVLJQRH GD HVVrQFLD RX GD DUWH H GD HVVrQFLD H[SOLFD R IDFWR GH D DSUHQGL]DJHPHVVHJUDQGHWHPDGH¬3URFXUDGR7HPSR3HUGLGRVHU XP PHFDQLVPR PDVRTXLVWD &RPR 'HOHX]H JRVWD GH VXEOLQKDU WRGD D REUD p R ORQJR SHUFXUVR SDUD FKHJDU j SHQHWUDomR GR PXQGR GDV HVVrQFLDV $SUHQGHU p H[WUDLU QR VLJQR R VHX VHQWLGR FRPR HVVrQFLD 0DV p QHFHVViULD XPD GRORURVD H[SHULrQFLD GR PXQGRFL~PHVHVpULHVGHDPRUHVSHUGLGRVeQHFHVViULRTXHRV VLJQRV VH UHYHOHP GHFHSFLRQDQWHV TXH R REMHFWR DR TXDO HOH UHHQYLDQmRQRVGrRVHJUHGRTXHHVSHUiYDPRVSDUDSURFXUDUPRV RXWUD FRLVD SDUD Oi GR VLJQR ( SHUDQWH HVWH VLVWHPD GR VXMHLWR PyQDGD HVVD RXWUD FRLVD QmR SRGH VHU VHQmR XP LQYHVWLPHQWR VXEMHFWLYR QR VHQWLGR GRV VLJQRV XP H[FHVVR GH VLJQLILFDomR DWULEXtGD SHOD PHPyULD H LPDJLQDomR RX VHMD SRU GLPHQV}HV
71
Catarina Pombo Nabais
LQWHUQDVDRVXMHLWR&KHJDPRVSRUWDQWRjHVVrQFLDSRUXPGXSOR PRYLPHQWR D GHFHSomR H D FRPSHQVDomR QD PHPyULD H QD LPDJLQDomR 6H HP 3URXVW H RV 6LJQRV R REMHFWLYR GH WRGR R SURFHVVRGHDSUHQGL]DJHPpDWLQJLUDHVVrQFLDHP$SUHVHQWDomRGH 6DFKHU0DVRFKSHORFRQWUiULR'HOHX]HPRVWUDTXHDH[FLWDomRHR SUD]HU VmR REWLGRV SUHFLVDPHQWH SHOD H[SHFWDWLYD SHOD HVSHUD VXVSHQGHQGR TXDOTXHU FRLVD VHPSUH SURPHWLGD PDV QXQFD UHDOL]DGD &RPSUHHQGHUDOHLWXUDTXH'HOHX]HID]GH0DVRFKDSDUWLUGR SRQWR GH YLVWD GD FUtWLFD p SRUWDQWR FRPSUHHQGHU FRPR 0DVRFK XVD R IDQWDVPD FRPR XP YHUGDGHLUR GXSOR GR PXQGR H FRPR D OLWHUDWXUDDSDUHFHDtFRPRDVXDUHDOL]DomRLGHDO2)RUDDSDUHFH HQWmR FRPR XP SURFHVVR OLWHUiULR GH GREUDJHP GR PXQGR FRPRHVVHGXSORGRPXQGRTXHRHVFULWRUILFFLRQDVHMDSHODVXV SHQVmR QR PDVRTXLVPR VHMD SHOD QHJDomR QR VDGLVPR GR DFWXDO 3HUFHEHPRV DJRUD TXH SDUD FKHJDU DR FRQFHLWR GH ©)RUDª HQTXDQWRH[SUHVVmRGHXPPXQGRHIHFWLYRHDFWXDOLQGHSHQGHQWH GRVXMHLWRXP)RUDLPSHVVRDO'HOHX]HWHUiGHXOWUDSDVVDURVFRQ FHLWRVGHHVVrQFLDHGHIDQWDVPDDVVLPFRPRUHFXVDURVSRVWXODGRV GHWRGDDWHRULDGHLQWHUSUHWDomRGRVVLJQRVGR2XWUR3DUDWDOHOH WHUi TXH HVFUHYHU 2 $QWLeGLSR WHUi GH VH FRQIURQWDU FRP R LQFRQVFLHQWH H FRP WRGRV RV RXWURV ©PXQGRV LQWHULRUHVª TXH VREUHYRDP H DVVRPEUDP R VXMHLWR 6y DVVLP HOH HQFRQWUDUi D H[SUHVVmRFODUDHOLYUHGRVXMHLWRFRPR©PiTXLQDGHVHMDQWHª©OLJDGD GLUHFWDPHQWHDRUHDOª$OLiVQmRpSRUDFDVRTXH'HOHX]HSDVVDUiD GDU PDLV LPSRUWkQFLD DR UHDO DR GHYLU j H[SHULPHQWDomR FRPR HVVH PXQGR TXH H[LVWH HIHFWLYDPHQWH IRUD GR VXMHLWR H TXH QmR H[LVWHSDUDVHUGHQHJDGRRXLQWHUSUHWDGRPDVH[SHULPHQWDGRVRE D IRUPD GH XP GHOtULR GH LQWHUSUHWDomR e SRU LVVR LQWHUHVVDQWH SHUFHEHU TXH D GHILQLomR GH ©)RUDª TXH 'HOHX]H FRQVWUyL SDUD URPSHUFRPRLQFRQVFLHQWHGRVIDQWDVPDVHGRVDUTXpWLSRVVHMD DGHXP)RUDFRPRORXFXUD(P2$QWLeGLSR'HOHX]HH*XDWWDUL H[SOLFDPTXHDHVTXL]RIUHQLDpDSUySULDUHDOLGDGHGRGHVHMRHTXH RGHVHMRpSURGXomR2GHVHMRpHPSULPHLUROXJDUPiTXLQDSUR GXomR GH GHVHMR QmR FRPR IDOWD PDV FRPR VREUHDEXQGkQFLD GH GHVHMR$DUWHpDJRUDSHQVDGDFRPRPiTXLQDGHVHMDQWHHWRGDD DQiOLVHGDHVWpWLFDVHGLULJHDRIXQFLRQDOLVPRGDREUDPiTXLQD
72
Imagens do «Fora» em Deleuze
eHQWmRTXH'HOHX]HVHYrIRUoDGRDUHJUHVVDUSRUGXDVYH]HVD 3URXVW H RV 6LJQRV ¬ SULPHLUD HGLomR GH HOH DFUHVFHQWD HP DVHJXQGDSDUWH©$0iTXLQD/LWHUiULDªHHP DFRQ FOXVmR ©3UHVHQoD H )XQomR GD /RXFXUD D $UDQKDª D TXDO WLQKD VLGR DQWHV SXEOLFDGD VHSDUDGDPHQWH QXP YROXPH FROHFWLYR HP ,WiOLD (VWH SURFHVVR GH UHHVFULWD GH 3URXVW H RV 6LJQRV HUD TXDVH LQHYLWiYHO7UDWDVHGRVHXSULPHLUROLYURVREUHOLWHUDWXUDHDFDGD GHVORFDPHQWRQRVRXWURVWHUULWyULRVGRSHQVDPHQWR'HOHX]HYrVH REULJDGR D XPD UHIRUPXODomR GD VXD DSUR[LPDomR SULPLWLYD GH 3URXVW3URXVWHRV6LJQRVFRQVWLWXLDVVLPXPODERUDWyULR~QLFRSDUD DFRPSDQKDUDVPHWDPRUIRVHVGRSHQVDPHQWRGHOHX]LDQR 1D VHJXQGD HGLomR QmR Vy HOH WHQWD VROXFLRQDU R SUREOHPD WUDEDOKDGRVHLVDQRVDQWHVGHXPDLPSRVVtYHOFRPXQLFDomRHQWUH DVPyQDGDVFRPRDELVPRPHWDItVLFRHQWUHRGHQWURHRIRUDPDV HVVD VROXomR SDVVD SUHFLVDPHQWH SRU XP DIDVWDPHQWR IDFH D /HLE QL]&RPRHOHHVFUHYH©)LORVRILFDPHQWHp/HLEQL] TXHPS}HSUL PHLUR R SUREOHPD GH XPD FRPXQLFDomR UHVXOWDQWH GH SDUWHV IHFKDGDVRXGDTXLORTXHQmRFRPXQLFD FRPRFRQFHEHUDFRPX QLFDomRGDVµPyQDGDV¶TXHQmRWrPSRUWDVQHPMDQHODV"$UHVSRV WDHQJHQKRVDGH/HLEQL]pTXHDVPyQDGDVIHFKDGDV VmR SRQ WRV GH YLVWD GLIHUHQWHV VREUH R PHVPR PXQGR TXH 'HXV OKHV IH] HQYROYHU$UHVSRVWDGH/HLEQL]UHVWDXUDDVVLPXPDXQLGDGHHXPD WRWDOLGDGHSUpHVWDEHOHFLGDVVREDIRUPDGHXP'HXV TXHIXQ GHHQWUHDVVXDVVROLG}HVXPDµFRUUHVSRQGrQFLD¶HVSRQWkQHD1mR SRGH VHU DVVLP SDUD 3URXVW SDUD TXHP FDGD PXQGR UHVSRQGH D XPSRQWRGHYLVWDVREUHRPXQGRHSDUDTXHPXQLGDGHWRWDOLGD GHFRPXQLFDomRVySRGHPUHVXOWDUGHPiTXLQDVHQmRFRQVWLWXLU XP VWRFN SUpHVWDEHOHFLGRª 1mR SRGHPRV GHL[DU GH ILFDU DGPL UDGRV SHOR IDFWR GH 'HOHX]H TXH WLQKD QD SULPHLUD HGLomR DSUH VHQWDGRXPDOLJDomRHQWUH3URXVWH/HLEQL]FRPRVHGHXP~QLFR SRQWRGHYLVWDSUpHVWDEHOHFLGRVHWUDWDVVHQRVGL]HUTXHDILQDOHOHV HVWmRVHSDUDGRVFRPRGRLVPXQGRVQmRFRPXQLFDQWHV(WDPEpP QmR SRGHPRV ILFDU LQGLIHUHQWHV DR IDFWR GH TXH R FRQFHLWR GH ©PiTXLQDª FRQFHLWR GHFLVLYR QD DILUPDomR GH XP UHDO LPDQHQWH VHP WUDQVFHQGrQFLD QmR Vy WHU VLGR LQDXJXUDGR QHVWH SHUtRGR H GDUWtWXORjVHJXQGDHGLomRPDVWDPEpPVHUSUHFLVDPHQWHDVROX omRSDUDHVWHLPSDVVH
73
Catarina Pombo Nabais
&RP 2 $QWLeGLSR R FRQFHLWR GH )RUD SDVVD D VHU SHQVDGR D SDUWLUGRWHPDGDORXFXUD3RULVVR'HOHX]HHVFUHYH ©)LQDOPHQWH XP SRXFR GH UHODomR FRP R IRUD 7RGR XP DOIDEHWR WRGD XPD D[LRPiWLFD FRP IRWRV GH ORXFRVª ©%ODQFKRW XQQRXYHDX W\SH GH UDSSRUW DYHF OH GHKRUV RU HW F HVW OH GUDPH OD SV\FKDQDO\VH WHQGjVXSSULPHUWRXWUDSSRUWG HOOHPrPHHWGXVXMHWTXLYLHQWVH IDLUH DQDO\VHU DYHF OH GHKRUVª 'HOHX]H FRXUV LQ ZZZZHEGHOHX]HFRPSKSWH[WHSKS"FOH JURXSH $QWL2HG LSHHW0LOOH3ODWHDX[ ODQJXH eDVVLPTXHQRVHX~OWLPRUHWRUQRD3URXVWHRV6LJQRV'HOHX]H XVDRFRQFHLWRGH)RUDSDUDSHQVDUXPQRYRSUREOHPDRGDSUH VHQoD GD ORXFXUD QR 1DUUDGRU 2 )RUD WRUQDVH R FRQFHLWR TXH H[SOLFD R GHOtULR GH VLJQRV H R 1DUUDGRU DSDUHFH FRPR R ORXFR XQLYHUVDO TXH GRPLQD WRGRV RV GLVFXUVRV GHOLUDQWHV GRV SHUVRQD JHQV2)RUDWRUQRXVHWUDQVYHUVDO HQTXDQWRH[SUHVVmRGDORXFX UDHOHH[LVWHQmRVyQRVSHUVRQDJHQVHQR1DUUDGRUPDVWDPEpP QDSUySULD1DWXUH]DQRVVRQVHFRUHVTXHQDVRXWUDVHGLo}HVHVWD YDPUHGX]LGDVDVLJQRVGHXPLQFRQVFLHQWHHGHXPDUTXpWLSRGH XP VXMHLWR HQTXDQWR PyQDGDLQWHULRU 1R OXJDU GR 'HXV OHLEQL ]LDQR'HOHX]HLQVFUHYHR1DUUDGRUFRPRD$UDQKDPyQDGDORXFD HGHOLUDQWH 3HUFHEHPRVHQWmRTXHQDWHUFHLUDHGLomRGH3URXVWHRV6LJQRV 'HOHX]HQmRIDOHVHQmRVREUHDHVTXL]RIUHQLDHTXHDSDUWLUGHOD GLVWLQJD GRLVUHJLPHVGRSHQVDPHQWR RVGLVFXUVLYRVHOyJLFRVH RVQmRGLVFXUVLYRVHSDWROyJLFRV GRLVQtYHLVGDUHDOLGDGH DVXSHU ItFLHGDQRUPDOLGDGHRQGHRGLVFXUVRpSRVVtYHOHDSURIXQGLGDGH GDORXFXUDRQGHVyKiQmROLQJXDJHP HGRLVUHJLPHVGHVLJQRV VLJQRVGLVFXUVLYRVHRVVLJQRVQmRGLVFXUVLYRV $SUySULDFRPXQL FDomR WRUQDVH ©DEHUUDQWHª H R TXH R GLVFXUVR GHL[D YHU p D VXD GHIRUPDomR H FRUUXSomR SHODV IRUoDV TXH R DWUDYHVVDP YLQGDV GR )RUD6HJXQGR'HOHX]HDH[SUHVVLYLGDGHSDVVRXDVHUGRGRPtQLR GD QmRGLVFXUVLYLGDGH GD HVIHUD GD YLVLELOLGDGH GDV WHQV}HV TXH WUDEDOKDP R SHQVDPHQWR ( DVVLP EUXVFDPHQWH ¬ 3URFXUD GR 7HPSR 3HUGLGR p DSUHVHQWDGR FRPR R PRQXPHQWR GHXP REMHFWR OLWHUiULR HVTXL]yLGH XPD PiTXLQD OLWHUiULD ( D TXHVWmR IXQGD PHQWDOSDVVDDVHUDTXH'HOHX]HH*XDWWDULGHVLJQDPFRPRVHQGR ©DYHUGDGHLUDTXHVWmRGDHVTXL]RDQiOLVH RTXHVmRDVWXDVPiTXL QDVGHVHMDQWHVSXOVLRQDLV"HTXHIXQFLRQDPHQWRHPTXHVtQWHVHV
74
Imagens do «Fora» em Deleuze
pTXHHODVHQWUDPHRSHUDP"TXHXVRID]HVWXGHODV "ª(VTXL ]RDQiOLVH IXQFLRQDOLVPR ORXFXUD VLJQRV 2 VHQWLGR R VLJQR H D LQWHUSUHWDomRVmRDJRUDPHQRVLPSRUWDQWHVGRTXHRVHXXVRIXQ omRHGLVWULEXLomR e SUHFLVDPHQWH FRPR PiTXLQD TXH R FRQFHLWR GH )RUD YDL DGTXLULU XPD WHUFHLUD GLPHQVmR D GH PiTXLQD VRFLDO 6HQGR D OLWHUDWXUDGDRUGHPGDSURGXomRRHVFULWRUpUHHQYLDGRDXPSOD QR LQWHLUDPHQWH DVXEMHFWLYR e XP VXMHLWR FROHFWLYR XP VXMHLWR PiTXLQD GHH[SUHVVmR GH XPD FRPXQLGDGH 'HOHX]H LQYHQWD XP UHDOLVPRQmRSVLFROyJLFRGDILFomRTXHpXPDSROtWLFDGRVGHYLUHV H GDV OLQKDV GH SURGXomR GH XP SRYR SRU YLU 7UDWDVH GH XPD WHRULD GD HVFULWD FRPR DFWLYLGDGH H[SHULPHQWDO GH VD~GH GH XP HVFULWRU TXH KDELWD D VXD OtQJXD FRPR XP HVWUDQJHLUR FRPR XP H[FOXtGRPHPEURGHXPDFRPXQLGDGHPHQRU7XGRLVWRVHWRUQD FODURQRFDVRGH.DIND$GHVFULomRGRVSURFHGLPHQWRVGHGHVWHU ULWRULDOL]DomR GD OtQJXD HP .DIND LQDXJXUD DTXLOR TXH 'HOHX]H GHILQH FRPR XPD SUDJPiWLFD GRV DJHQFLDPHQWRV FROHFWLYRV GH HQXQFLDomR D TXDO WRPD FDGD HQXQFLDGR FRPR XPD SDODYUD GH RUGHP$VFDWHJRULDVFOiVVLFDVGHLQWHULRULGDGHHSURIXQGLGDGHGH XPDREUDVmRDVVLPUHFRQGX]LGDVjVXSHUItFLHGRVDJHQFLDPHQWRV TXH XPD PLQRULD UHDOL]D FRPR OLQKD GH IXJD GRV GLVSRVLWLYRV GH FRGLILFDomR H GH WHUULWRULDOL]DomR GRV GHVHMRV 2 TXH LQWHUHVVD 'HOHX]H p D UHODomR GH WRGR R HQXQFLDGR FRP DV VXDV FRQGLo}HV VRFLDLVFRPDFWRVGHSDODYUDVFRPRPDUFDGRUHVGH3RGHU .DIND±3DUDXPD/LWHUDWXUD0HQRUpXPOLYURFRQVWUXtGRVRED IRUPDGHXPSURJUDPD ©1mRDFUHGLWDPRVVHQmRQXPDSROtWLFDGH .DINDTXHQmRpQHPLPDJLQiULDQHPVLPEyOLFD1mRDFUHGLWDPRV VHQmR HP PiTXLQDV GH .DIND TXH QmR VmR QHP HVWUXWXUD QHP IDQWDVPD 1mR DFUHGLWDPRV VHQmR QXPD H[SHULPHQWDomR GH .DIND VHP LQWHUSUHWDomR QHP VLJQLILFDomR PDV Vy SURWRFRORV GH H[SH ULrQFLDª6HJXQGRDOLQKDGRSROtWLFRWUDWDVHGHUHIXWDURVFRQ FHLWRV GH LPDJLQiULR H GH VLPEyOLFR $ OLWHUDWXUD DSDUHFH FRPR XPD TXHVWmR GH SURGXomR GR UHDO SRU XPD FRPXQLGDGH PHQRU TXH ID] D H[SHULrQFLD GH HVWUDQJHLULVPR QD VXD SUySULD OtQJXD $ OLQKDPDTXtQLFDRS}HVHDRVFRQFHLWRVGHHVWUXWXUDHGHIDQWDVPD 2 WUDEDOKR GH HVFULWD QmR p UHODomR HP HVSHOKR HQWUH R VHQWLGR FRPRIRUPDHRVHQWLGRFRPRFRQWH~GR$PiTXLQDOLWHUiULDpXP VLVWHPDGHFRUWHIOX[RTXHVHUHJLVWDVREUHRFRUSRVHPyUJmRVGR
75
Catarina Pombo Nabais
HVFULWRUDRPHVPRWHPSRTXHVREUHRUHDOVRFLDOHKLVWyULFRTXHR DJHQFLD H GHILQHVH SHOR VHX WUDEDOKR VREUH D PDWHULDOLGDGH GD OtQJXD VREUH RV VHXV ULWPRV RV VHXV HVSDoRV R VHX JDJXHMDU )LQDOPHQWH D OLQKD GH H[SHULPHQWDomR p R ILP GD SUiWLFD GD LQWHUSUHWDomR H GD VLJQLILFDomR 1DGD Ki SDUD GHFLIUDU RX SDUD WRUQDU PDQLIHVWR QRV WH[WRV GH .DIND SRLV HVWHV QmR VmR VHQmR ©SURWRFRORVGHH[SHULrQFLDª $WHRULDGRDJHQFLDPHQWRYHPUHIRUPXODURHVWDWXWRGH©.ªR ©KHUyLªGRVVHXVWUrVURPDQFHVPDLVFRQKHFLGRV2DJHQFLDPHQWR pRWUDEDOKRGHSURGXomRGRGHVHMRHGDVXDH[SUHVVmR(OHpVHP SUH XPD UHDOLGDGH GXSOD GHVHMR H HQXQFLDomR 1mR H[LVWH HQXQ FLDGR TXH QmR VHMD XP WUDEDOKR GR GHVHMR H GHVHMR TXH QmR VH H[SULPD QXP HQXQFLDGR &RPR GL]HP 'HOHX]H H *XDWWDUL ©XP DJHQFLDPHQWRREMHFWRSRUH[FHOrQFLDGRURPDQFHWHPGXDVIDFHV p DJHQFLDPHQWR FROHFWLYR GH HQXQFLDomR p DJHQFLDPHQWR PDTXt QLFRGHGHVHMRª(VWDFRQYHUVmRUHFtSURFDpVHPSUHXPHIHLWRGH XPD WpFQLFD GH XP VLVWHPD EXURFUiWLFR GH XPD DGPLQLVWUDomR RXVHMDpVHPSUHXPDTXHVWmRVRFLDO2GHVHMRpVRFLDOHDHQXQ FLDomRVyH[LVWHFRPRXPSURGXWRGHXPDFRPXQLGDGHFRPRXP SURGXWRFROHFWLYR3RUTXHVRFLDORGHVHMRpLPSHVVRDOeHOHTXH ID] SDVVDU D PiTXLQD QR HQXQFLDGR QXP PRYLPHQWRTXH YDL GD DFWLYLGDGHPDTXtQLFDDRGHVHMRHGRGHVHMRjHQXQFLDomR2FRQ FHLWR GH DJHQFLDPHQWR H[SULPH SUHFLVDPHQWH HVWD GXSOD DUWLFXOD omRGR©VHª ©RQª RLPSHVVRDOFRPRPiTXLQDRLPSHVVRDOFRPR DVVXQWRGHXPDFRPXQLGDGH$VLQJXODULGDGHGRWUDEDOKROLWHUiULR GH.DINDFRQVLVWHVHJXQGR'HOHX]HQRWRUQDUHYLGHQWHDSUySULD QDWXUH]DGRDJHQFLDPHQWR$VXDREUDIXQFLRQDFRPRDGHVPRQ WDJHP GHVWH DJHQFLDPHQWRFRPSOH[R H GD VXDH[SUHVVmR 2 DJHQ FLDPHQWR ©.ª p R REMHFWR GR URPDQFH p R VHX OXJDU GH HQXQFLD omR.SURGX]GHVHMRHHQTXDQWRPiTXLQDGHHVFULWD.ID]WDP EpP SDUWH GDV PiTXLQDV VRFLDLV MXUtGLFDV EXURFUiWLFDV ©1mR Vy .DINDpRSULPHLURDGHVPRQWDUDVVXDVGXDVIDFHVPDVDFRPEL QDomRTXHHOHOKHGipFRPRXPDDVVLQDWXUDQDTXDORVOHLWRUHVR UHFRQKHFHPQHFHVVDULDPHQWHª 9DOHDSHQDVXEOLQKDUTXH)RXFDXOWSXEOLFD9LJLDUH3XQLUQHVVH PHVPRDQR LVWRpTXDVHHPVLPXOWkQHRFRPDSXEOLFDomR GH .DIND ± 3DUD XPD /LWHUDWXUD 0HQRU 2 HIHLWR TXHHVWH OLYUR GH )RXFDXOWSURGX]LXVREUHRFRQFHLWRGH3RGHUTXHRUJDQL]DDOHLWX
76
Imagens do «Fora» em Deleuze
UD TXH 'HOHX]H H *XDWWDUL ID]HP GH .DIND GHYHVH D XP DFHVVR DQWHFLSDGRDRFRQWH~GRIXQGDPHQWDOGH 9LJLDUH3XQLU(VWDPRV FRQYHQFLGRV GH TXH WDQWRR FRQFHLWR GH ©HQXQFLDGRª FRPR R GH ©3RGHUª p LQVSLUDo}HV TXH YrP GH )RXFDXOW RIHUHFHQGR DVVLP D SRVVLELOLGDGH GH SHQVDU R FDUiFWHU FROHFWLYR GD HQXQFLDomR QR LQWHULRU GH XPD WHRULD GR 3RGHU $ WHRULD GR 3RGHU GR OLYUR GH )RXFDXOWGH FRPWRGRVRVQRYRVFRQFHLWRVFRPRRVGH©GLV SRVLWLYRª ©GLDJUDPDª LQVWLWXFLRQDO HQTXDQWR H[SRVLomR PDWHULDO GDV UHODo}HV GH IRUoD RX GH ©FDXVD LPDQHQWHª RIHUHFHP XP GRV IXQGRVPDLVWUDQVSDUHQWHVSDUDDFRPSDQKDUDDQiOLVHTXH'HOHX]H H *XDWWDUL SURS}HP GDV REUDV GH .DIND 2 SUySULR FRQFHLWR GH ©DJHQFLDPHQWR FROHFWLYR GH HQXQFLDomRª D SDUWLU GR TXDO XPD FRPXQLGDGH PHQRU UHVLVWH jV PiTXLQDV GLDEyOLFDV GR 3RGHU p D H[SUHVVmROLWHUiULDGHVVHVGLDJUDPDVGH3RGHUGH 9LJLDUH3XQLUGH )RXFDXOW3RGHPRVSRUWDQWRGL]HUTXHDDSURSULDomRTXH'HOHX]H ID]GDSUDJPiWLFDGRVHQXQFLDGRVGH)RXFDXOWHGDVXDPLFURItVLFD GR 3RGHU GLVFLSOLQDU QmR Vy HVWi QD FRQVWUXomR GR OLYUR VREUH .DINDPDVWDPEpPFRQVWLWXLWDOYH]RVDVSHFWRVPDLVVLQJXODUHVGR ROKDUGH'HOHX]HVREUHDOLWHUDWXUDGXUDQWHRVDQRV 1D H[SRVLomR VREUH R PRGR GH H[LVWrQFLD GR HQXQFLDGR H GH XPSRVLWLYLVPRGRGLWRHP)RXFDXOW'HOHX]HGLVWLQJXHWUrVHVSD oRVRQGHRHQXQFLDGRVHFRQVHUYDHPVLPHVPR XP©HVSDoRFROD WHUDOª IRUPDGR SRU RXWURV HQXQFLDGRV XP ©HVSDoR FRUUHODWLYRª UHODomRGRHQXQFLDGRQmRFRPRXWURVHQXQFLDGRV©PDVFRPRV VHXV WHPDV REMHFWRV H FRQFHLWRVª H XP ©HVSDoR FRPSOHPHQWDUª IRUPDo}HV QmR GLVFXUVLYDV FRPR LQVWLWXLo}HV DFRQWHFLPHQWRV SROtWLFRVRXSUiWLFDVHFRQyPLFDV eDSURSyVLWRGHVWH~OWLPRHVSD oR TXH S}H R HQXQFLDGR HP UHODomR FRP R QmR GLVFXUVLYR TXH 'HOHX]HDILUPD ©pVREUHHVWHSRQWRTXH)RXFDXOWLQDXJXUDDFRQ FHSomR GH XPD ILORVRILD SROtWLFDª $ TXHVWmR GR 3RGHU DSDUHFH SHODSULPHLUDYH]QRLQWHULRUGDWHRULDGRHQXQFLDGRSDUDSHQVDUD UHODomRFRPR)RUD©'HKRUVªDUHODomRGRGLVFXUVLYRFRPRQmR GLVFXUVLYR &DGD HVSDoR UHHQYLD VHPSUH R HQXQFLDGR D XP )RUD HVSDoRFRODWHUDOUHHQYLDDR)RUDGRVRXWURVHQXQFLDGRV RHVSDoR FRUUHODWLYRDR)RUDGRVWHPDVHGRVREMHFWRVGRSUySULRHQXQFLD GR HRHVSDoRFRPSOHPHQWDUDR)RUDGDVLQVWLWXLo}HVHGDVSUiWL FDVHFRQyPLFDV0DVHVWH)RUDpVHPSUHLQWUtQVHFRDRHQXQFLDGR SRUTXHp XP )RUD GLVFXUVLYR 1XP HQXQFLDGR QmRKi UHIHUrQFLD
77
Catarina Pombo Nabais
RXLQWHQFLRQDOLGDGH2VWHPDVRXREMHFWRVGRHQXQFLDGRQmRVmR DVVXDVUHIHUrQFLDV6yXPDSURSRVLomRWHPXPUHIHUHQWHSRUTXHD SURSRVLomRWHPFRPRFRQVWDQWHLQWUtQVHFDRUHHQYLRDXPHVWDGR GHFRLVDVTXHYHP RXQmR SUHHQFKHUDLQWHQFLRQDOLGDGHGRVHQ WLGR 3RUWDQWR Vy R ©HVSDoR FRPSOHPHQWDUª GR HQXQFLDGR p R ~QLFR YHUGDGHLUDPHQWH H[WUtQVHFR SRUTXH UHHQYLD D IRUPDo}HV QmR GLVFXUVLYDV D SUiWLFDV LQVWLWXFLRQDLV FRQWUDWRV UHJLVWRV e QHVWH VHQWLGR TXH 'HOHX]H GHIHQGH TXH HVWD GLPHQVmR H[WUtQVHFD GR HVSDoRGR HQXQFLDGR YHP URPSHUFRP D WHRULD GR VDEHU SRU TXH LQDXJXUD XPD ILORVRILD SROtWLFD HP)RXFDXOW 2 3RGHU p HVVD GLPHQVmR GR HVSDoR GR HQXQFLDGR TXH R DEUH SDUD DV IXQo}HV H[WUtQVHFDVSDUDRGRPtQLRGDVLQVWLWXLo}HV2HQXQFLDGRWRUQDVH GLVFLSOLQDUHDHQXQFLDomRWRUQDVHSDODYUDGHRUGHPTXHDFWXDQRV FRUSRVHTXHWHPQHOHVRVHXUHIHUHQWH23RGHUpSRUWDQWRDUHOD omRFRPR)RUDQmRGLVFXUVLYReHVWDWHVHTXHIRUQHFHRPRGHOR SDUDSHQVDUDHQXQFLDomRFROHFWLYDRX©RDJHQFLDPHQWRFROHFWLYR GHHQXQFLDomRªTXHFRPS}HVHJXQGR'HOHX]HRIXQGDPHQWDOGR WUDEDOKR URPDQHVFR GH .DIND &RP .DIND 'HOHX]H IRUPXOD SHOD SULPHLUD YH] XPD FRQFHSomR SROtWLFD GR )RUD 3HUDQWH XP 3RGHU UHSUHVVRUDOLWHUDWXUDPHQRUVXUJHFRPRXPHVSDoRGHFULDomRGH IXJDGR)RUDFRPRHVIHUDGHUHVLVWrQFLD 3RXFR WHPSR GHSRLV HP 'HOHX]H SXEOLFD 6REUHSRVLo}HV 1DDQiOLVHTXH'HOHX]HID]GRWUDEDOKRGH&DUPHOR%HQHpYLVtYHO XPD FRQWLQXLGDGH TXDVH SHUIHLWD FRP R ©GLVSRVLWLYR .DINDª $PERVID]HPDTXLORDTXH'HOHX]HFKDPDXPD©OLWHUDWXUDPHQRUª XPDOLWHUDWXUDGHXPUHDODVIL[LDGRGHXPUHDOFRPRDFWRSROtWLFR GH UHVLVWrQFLD XPD OLWHUDWXUD TXH WRUQD HOD PHVPD PHQRU FRPR UHVXOWDGRGHXPDGHFLVmRSROtWLFDGHPLQRUDomRGR3RGHU$JUDQ GH GLIHUHQoD HQFRQWUDVH QR SURFHGLPHQWR GH FDGD XP 3DUD 'HOHX]H.DINDpRDXWRUGHOLQKDVGHIXJD(HVVDVOLQKDVVmRWmR DFWXDLVTXDQWRDVLQVWLWXLo}HVRXVHMDTXDQWRDVIRUPDVGR3RGHU %HQHSRUVHXODGRpRDXWRUGHYDULDo}HVFRQWtQXDVHHVVDVYDULD o}HV VmR PRGRV GH ID]HU VXUJLU QRYDV SRWHQFLDOLGDGHV 2 TXH 'HOHX]HVXEOLQKDQRWUDWDPHQWRTXH%HQHID]GHWH[WRVFDQyQLFRV GH6KDNHVSHDUHpMXVWDPHQWHDLGHLDVHJXQGRDTXDOpQHFHVViULR HOLPLQDU RV PDUFDGRUHV GH3RGHU SDUD OLEHUWDU DV SRWHQFLDOLGDGHV TXHHVWDYDPRSULPLGDVQRLQWHULRUGRVWH[WRV
78
Imagens do «Fora» em Deleuze
6HJXQGR 'HOHX]H D IXQomR IXQGDPHQWDO GR WHDWUR GH %HQH UHVXPHVH QR HQXQFLDGR ©HOLPLQDU WXGR R TXH ©ID]ª 3RGHU R SRGHUGRTXHRWHDWURUHSUHVHQWD R5HLRV3UtQFLSHVRV0HVWUHV R 6LVWHPD PDV WDPEpP R SRGHU GR SUySULR WHDWUR R 7H[WR R 'LiORJRR$FWRUR(QFHQDGRUD(VWUXWXUD ª%HQHSURGX]HQWmR XP YHUGDGHLUR WHDWUR GD QmRUHSUHVHQWDomR 0DLV GR TXH R SUR EOHPD GD FRQVWLWXLomR GH XP SHUVRQDJHP RX GHVWUXLomR GH XP WH[WRMiHVWDEHOHFLGRFRPRFDQyQLFRRTXHVREUHWXGR%HQHUHYR OXFLRQRXVHJXQGR'HOHX]HIRLDSUySULDFRQGLomRGDUHSUHVHQWD omR $ GLPHQVmR SROtWLFD GD DUWH DGTXLUH DTXL XP QRYR VHQWLGR 3DUD DOpP GD VXEWUDFomR GRV HOHPHQWRV GR 3RGHU HP FHQD H GD UHFXVDGDUHSUHVHQWDomRGHFRQIOLWRVHGHLQVWLWXLo}HV%HQHLQWUR GX]XPGHYLUUHYROXFLRQiULRGRSUySULRS~EOLFR2WHDWURGDQmR UHSUHVHQWDomRpWDPEpPXPSURMHFWRGHFRQVWLWXLomRRXFRQVWUX WLYLVPRGHXPDFRPXQLGDGHGHSHUFHSomR $DUWHpVHPSUHFULD omRGRLQHVSHUDGRGHYDVWDGRUHGHVFRQFHUWDQWH0DVRLQHVSHUDGR QmRpHPVLPHVPRUHYROXFLRQiULR3DUDVHUXPHIHLWRSROtWLFRR QRYRWHPGHVHUPDLVGRTXHFRUWHFRPDRUGHPHVWDEHOHFLGDGDV FRLVDV WHP GH VHU D DFWXDOL]DomR GH XP YLUWXDO D FRQYRFDomR GH XPYLUWXDOTXHQmRWHQKDQHQKXPFRQWUDSRQWRDFWXDOLVWRpWHP GH VHU XP YLUWXDO SRU YLU 'HOHX]H LQWURGX] HQWmR R FRQFHLWR GH ©SRYRTXHIDOWDªSDUDGHVLJQDUHVVHGRPtQLRGLIHUHQWHGRYLUWXDO $ SDUWLU GR WUDEDOKR GH &DUPHOR %HQH 'HOHX]H DSUHVHQWD HQWmR XPD TXDUWD GLPHQVmR OLWHUiULD GR )RUD FRPR D SRWHQFLDOL GDGHTXHVHOLEHUWDGHXPSURFHVVRGHDPSXWDomRGRVHOHPHQWRV GH3RGHUGHXPWH[WRFDQyQLFR (pLQWHUHVVDQWHTXHSUHFLVDPHQWHQRVHXPRPHQWRPDLVSROt WLFR TXH VH IRUPXOD VHPSUH FRQWUD DV OHLWXUDV SVLFDQDOLVWDV GR GHVHMR FRPR IDOWD 'HOHX]H SURSRQKD XP YLUWXDO TXH IDOWD TXH IDOWDFRPRDTXLORTXHIDOWDDRDFWXDO &RP4X¶HVWFHTXHOD3KLORVR SKLH"RIRUDSDVVDDWHUXPD~OWLPDGHILQLomR YLUWXDO2IRUDFRPR YLUWXDO DSDUHFH DJRUD FRPR R HIHFWLYR GLVSRVLWLYR GH WRGD D FULD omR RYLUWXDOFRPRSRYRSRUYLU1mRVyH[LVWHXPIRUDXPH[WH ULRU PDV WDPEpP HVVH H[WHULRU HVWi HP FRQVWUXomR p XP YLUWXDO TXH HVSHUD VHU DFWXDOL]DGR H[SHULPHQWDGR 2 DUWLVWD SRGH HIHFWL YDPHQWH©ID]HURIRUDªSRGHFULDUDFWXDOL]DURIRUD(SRGHID]rOR
79
Catarina Pombo Nabais
QmR FRP DUTXpWLSRV RX LQFRQVFLHQWHV QHP FRP PiTXLQDV GH JXHUUDPDVFRPXPDSUiWLFDXPID]HUXPDH[SHULPHQWDomRpWLFD TXH R ID] LQFRUSRUDU WRGD XPD FRPXQLGDGH WmR H[WHULRU D HOH TXDQWRYLUWXDOHSRUWDQWRDVHUDFWXDOL]DGDSRUHOH$H[SHULPHQ WDomR SDVVRX D VHU R GLVSRVLWLYR GH DFWXDOL]DomR GR YLUWXDO H p R DUWLVWD TXHP LQGLYLGXDOL]D TXHP DFWXDOL]D TXHP H[LVWHQFLDOL]D D HVVrQFLDGHVVHYLUWXDO (VWHGRPtQLRGRYLUWXDOSRUYLUFRPRDEHUWXUDDXPSRVVtYHO ©SRU YLUª FRORFD XP ~OWLPR SUREOHPD FRPR FRPSUHHQGHU TXH 'HOHX]HUHWRPH/HLEQL]GHSRLVGHRWHUHVTXHFLGRFRPRSUREOHPD GHXP)RUDSROtWLFRFRPR3RGHUHGHWHUUHVROYLGRRLPSDVVHGD QmRFRPXQLFDomR GDV PyQDGDV SHOR FRQFHLWR GH PiTXLQD H SHOD OyJLFDGHXPGHVHMRLPDQHQWH"6HUiTXHRFRQFHLWRGHGREUDFRPR H[SUHVVmRGRHQYROYLGRGRFRPSOLFDGRHGR)RUDLPSOLFDGRH[L JHHP XPUHWRUQRGRVROLSVLVPRXQLYHUVDOGDVIDOVDVMDQHODV VREUHRIDOVRPXQGRH[WHULRUSUpHVWDEHOHFLGR"2XQmRVHUiTXHR UHWRUQRD/HLEQL]GHL[DH[SULPLUXPD~OWLPDPXGDQoD" (VWDPRV FRQYHQFLGRV TXH DTXHOH DIDVWDPHQWR UiSLGR GH /HLE QL] QD VHJXQGD HGLomR GH 3URXVW HW OHV 6LJQRV H R HQYROYLPHQWR DEUXSWRHHXIyULFRFRPRQRYROp[LFRGHPiTXLQDVHGHGHVHMRIH] FRPTXH'HOHX]HDQRVPDLVWDUGHSHUFHEHVVHTXHVHPRFRQFHLWR GHGREUDRFRQFHLWRGHLPDQrQFLDQmRSRGLDIXQFLRQDU $ LPDQrQFLD p R TXH SHUPLWH DILUPDU TXH R SHQVDPHQWR QmR UHVXOWD GH XPD YRQWDGH GH VDEHU PDV GH XPD YLROrQFLD GH XP DFRQWHFLPHQWRTXHRREULJDDIXQFLRQDU2UDpDTXLTXHUHVLGHR QHUYRGDTXHVWmR VHRSHQVDPHQWRIXQFLRQDSRUTXHIRLREULJDGR YLROHQWDGRHVWLPXODGRHQWmRKiDOJRGHH[WHULRUDRSHQVDPHQWR TXHRIRUoD$TXHGDQDLGHLDGHWUDQVFHQGrQFLDSHORPHQRVQD LGHLDGR©RXWURªFRPRFDXVDGHXPSHQVDPHQWRSDUHFHLQHYLWiYHO 'HOHX]HWLQKDUHVROYLGRHVWHLPSDVVHSUHFLVDPHQWHFRPRFRQFHLWR GHIRUDQXPDSHUVSHFWLYDOHLEQL]LDQDGHGREUD RIRUDTXHYLROHQWD RSHQVDPHQWRpXPIRUDLPDQHQWHeXPDGREUDH[WHULRUGHXP LQWHULRU VHP IXQGR 1R HQWDQWR HVWH XQLYHUVR XQR VHP SRUWDV QHP MDQHODV GD PyQDGD DFDED SRU VHU LQFRPSDWtYHO FRP WRGD D DEHUWXUD TXH D ILORVRILD GD1DWXUH]D GH /¶$QWL2HGLSH H 0LO 3ODW{V LPSOLFDSRUH[HPSORQRVFRQFHLWRVGHPiTXLQDGHVWHUULWRULDOL]D omR RX DJHQFLDPHQWR FROHFWLYR GH HQXQFLDomR FRPR GLPHQV}HV ItVLFDV GH PiTXLQDV VRFLDLV GHVHMDQWHV e R HVSOHQGRU GH .DIND
80
Imagens do «Fora» em Deleuze
0DV UDSLGDPHQWH SHUFHEHX TXH HVVD DXWRQRPLD PDTXtQLFD HVVD LPDQrQFLDWRGDHODVHFRQVWUXtDQDLGHLDGHGREUDGDHQYROYrQFLD P~WXD H LQWUtQVHFD GDV SHoDV DGMDFHQWHV H GD PiTXLQD FRPR XP WRGRGRVFRUUHGRUHVFRQWtJXRVHGRFDVWHORLQFRJQRVFtYHOGRGHQ WURHGRIRUD'XUDQWHRTXHGHVLJQDPRVSRU©SHUtRGRSROtWLFRªGH 'HOHX]H VREUHWXGR HP 0LO 3ODW{V D DQWLJD FRQFHSomR GD PyQDGD H GR VHX XQLYHUVR FRPR FRQGLomR GH IHFKDPHQWR WLQKD SDVVDGR D HVWUDWpJLD GH FDSWXUD SUHFLVDPHQWH GDV IRUoDV GR H[WH ULRUGR)RUD2FRVPRVWLQKDVHWRUQDGRFDRVPRVHRSULQFtSLRGD KDUPRQLD SUpHVWDEHOHFLGD SDVVRX D FKDPDUVH SULQFtSLR FRQWLQ JHQWH GH FRQH[mR LVWR p UL]RPD 1R HQWDQWR TXDQGR 'HOHX]H SURFODPD QRV VHXV OLYURV VREUH R FLQHPD H TXH R )RUDVHPRVWUDGHFHSFLRQDQWHVHPQDGDDFDSWXUDUXPDYH]PDLV HVWDYLVmRUHYHODVHXPLPSDVVH 'H IDFWR D DQiOLVH GHOHX]LDQD GR FLQHPD YHP DILUPDU TXH D QmRFRPXQLFDomRHQWUHRKRPHPHRPXQGRVHWRUQRXXPDHYL GrQFLD'HOHX]HGLORFRQVWDQWHPHQWHHPDPERVRVOLYURV DVOLJD o}HV VHQVRULPRWRUDV HVWmR FRUWDGDV D OLJDomR DR PXQGR WHUPL QRX2TXHVREUDpDFUHQoDDFUHQoDQRPXQGR©eDOLJDomRGR KRPHPDRPXQGRTXHVHHQFRQWUDFRUWDGDeHVWDOLJDomRTXHVH GHYHWRUQDUREMHFWRGHFUHQoD HODpRLPSRVVtYHOTXHQmRSRGH WRUQDUVH D GDU VHQmR QXPD Ip $ FUHQoD Mi QmR VH GLULJH D XP RXWURPXQGRRXDXPPXQGRWUDQVIRUPDGR2KRPHPHVWiQR PXQGR FRPR QXPD VLWXDomR ySWLFD H VRQRUD SXUD $ UHDFomR GH TXHRKRPHPHVWiGHVSRVVXtGRVySRGHVHUVXEVWLWXtGDSHODFUHQ oD6yDFUHQoDQRPXQGRSRGHUHOLJDURKRPHPjTXLORTXHHOHYr H RXYH e QHFHVViULR TXH R FLQHPD ILOPH QmR R PXQGR PDV D FUHQoD QHVWH PXQGR D QRVVD ~QLFD OLJDomRª 2V OLYURV VREUH R FLQHPD DEUHP DVVLP DV SRUWDV H DV MDQHODV SDUD XPD ~OWLPD YLUD JHPQDILORVRILDGH'HOHX]H GHXPD3ROtWLFDGR)RUDFRPR3RGHU SROtWLFRGRPLQDGRUFRQWUDRTXDORDUWLVWDWHPTXHVHGHIHQGHUH UHVLVWLUDXPDeWLFDGR)RUDFRPRRPXQGRFRPRYHVWtJLRGHSRLV GH WRGDV DV OLJDo}HV WHUHP VLGR FRUWDGDV HVJRWDGDV H R DUWLVWD FRPR R ~QLFR VREUHYLYHQWH GHVVH FRUWH DELVVDO GR TXDO Vy UHVWD XPDFUHQoDQXPPXQGRYLUWXDODLQGDSRUID]HU$VSRUWDVHMDQH ODVGDPyQDGDSDVVDUDPDVVLPDVHUREMHFWRGHFUHQoDHGHHVSH UDQoDGRDUWLVWDHVSpFLHGHUHGHQWRUGRPXQGR
81
Catarina Pombo Nabais
3RGHU H UHVLVWrQFLD HQFRQWUDYDPVH DPERV IDFH DR PHVPR LPSDVVH PXUR RX GHYHUHPRV DQWHV GL]HU SRUWDH MDQHOD" &RPR UHVLVWLU DR 3RGHU VH R PXQGR HVWi DILQDO SHUGLGR" e HQWmR TXH 'HOHX]HLQWURGX]XPQRYRFRQFHLWR RLPSRVVtYHO2)RUDUHYHODVH FRPR LPSRVVtYHO $ TXHVWmR TXH VH LPS}H DJRUD p &RPR YLYHU FRP R LPSRVVtYHO R LQWROHUiYHO" 8PD YH] PDLV 'HOHX]H WHP TXH HQFRQWUDU XPD VROXomR GH XP SHQVDPHQWR SROtWLFR EDVHDGR QR FRQFHLWRGH3RGHU'HOHX]HSDVVDDXPSHQVDPHQWRpWLFREDVHDGR QXPDLGHLDGHGREUDFRPRGREUDVREUHVL(PDLVVXUSUHHQGHQWH DLQGDpTXHHVWHSHQVDPHQWRpWLFRSDVVDSRUXPDWHRULDGRSRVVt YHO H GR LPSRVVtYHO 6DEHPRV TXHHVWH FRQFHLWR GH SRVVtYHO WLQKD VLGRUHMHLWDGRHP'LIHUHQoDH5HSHWLomRHPQRPHGR©YLUWXDOªFRPR IDQWDVPD3RUWDQWRQmRGHL[DGHVHUHVSDQWRVRRUHWRUQRGR©SRV VtYHOªFRP$'REUDHRIDFWRGHVHWRUQDUQRVWH[WRVGRVDQRV QRJUDQGHWHPDRQWROyJLFRQRFHQWURGHUHIOH[mRVREUHDVIRUPDV GRQmRDFWXDO (QFRQWUDPRVRFRQFHLWRGHLPSRVVtYHOTXH'HOHX]HIRUPXODD SDUWLUGH/HLEQL]VREUHWXGRQROLYURVREUH%HFNHWW2(VJRWDGRH QRWH[WRGH&UtWLFDH&OtQLFDVREUHRSHUVRQDJHP%DUWOHE\GH+HU PDQ 0HOYLOOH 2 LPSRVVtYHO DSDUHFH FRPR VLWXDomR OLPLWH VHP TXDOTXHUVDtGDSXUDSRVLomR~OWLPDHGHUUDGHLUDSRVLomR%DUWOHE\ H%HFNHWWVmRRVGRLVFULDGRUHVGRLPSRVVtYHO$PERVH[LVWHPQR HVWDGRRULJLQiULRGRQDGD$VIyUPXODV©UHQXQFLHLDQWHVGHQDVFHUª GH%HFNHWWH©SUHIHULDQmRªGH%DUWOHE\H[SULPHPXPDRXWUDOyJLFD SDUDOiGHWRGRRSRVVtYHO8PDOyJLFDHQTXDQWRUHQ~QFLDDWRGDD SUHIHUrQFLDHDWRGDDSRVVLELOLGDGH1RHVWDGRRULJLQiULRGHQmR SUHIHUrQFLDRSRVVtYHOHVWiVHPSUHMiHVJRWDGRQmRWHQGRSRUWDQ WR QHQKXPD UHDOL]DomR SRVVtYHO 6H %DUWOHE\ UHQXQFLD D REHGHFHU jVRUGHQVTXHOKHVmRGDGDVQmRRID]SRULQpUFLDRXSDVVLYLGDGH PDVDQWHVSRUXPDDFWLYLGDGHGRQmRID]HUSRUXPDDFomRHVJRWD GDGHQDGD$VXDDFWLYLGDGHH[SULPHVHSRUDTXHODTXHHQFRQWUD PRVHP2(VJRWDGR ©DFWLYDPRQRVPDVDQDGDª%DUWOHE\pSRU WDQWRRLQYHUVRVLPpWULFRGH3URXVW HVWHHVWiFRQIURQWDGRFRP D LPSRVVLELOLGDGH GH VHUHVFULWRU H D VXD REUD p DQDUUDWLYD LQILQLWD GHVVD LPSRVVLELOLGDGH GH VHU HVFULWRU %DUWOHE\ SHOR FRQWUiULR DEVRUYHQDVXDLPSRVVLELOLGDGHGHHVFUHYHUDVXDREUDDTXDOHVFUH YHULD HVVD PHVPD LPSRVVLELOLGDGH 'DTXL UHVXOWD QR FDVR GH 3URXVWTXHRSHUVRQDJHPVHPLVWXUDFRPRQDUUDGRUHVmRDPERV
82
Imagens do «Fora» em Deleuze
D SUySULD REUD QR FDVR GH %DUWOHE\ TXH HOH QmR SRGH VHQmR VHU XPSHUVRQDJHPTXHVHVHWRUQDVVHXPQDUUDGRUSURXVWLDQRDQX ODULDDVXDSUySULDREUDSHODVXDGHFLVmRGHQmRHVFUHYHU eQRPRPHQWRGHDQDOLVDUDIyUPXOD©3UHIHULDQmRª TXH%DU WOHE\QmRSiUDGHUHSHWLUTXH'HOHX]HGHVHQKDR~OWLPRKRUL]RQWH GDVXDPHWDItVLFDGR)RUD±DTXDOVHWRUQDUiDJRUDQXPDPHWDItVL FDGRLPSRVVtYHORXPHOKRUGRLQFRPSRVVtYHO(PFLQFRSDODYUDV ©,ZRXOGSUHIHUQRWWRªDIyUPXODGH%DUWOHE\SDUHFHVHUDLOXVWUD omR OLWHUiULD GR XQLYHUVR WHyULFR TXH 'HOHX]H WLQKD DSUHVHQWDGR XPDQRDQWHVHP/H3OL(PYH]GHSHUPDQHFHUQDLQFRPSRVVLELOL GDGH FRPR GRLV PXQGRV SRVVtYHLV LQFRPXQLFDQWHV R PXQGR RQGH%DUWOHE\FRSLDHRPXQGRRQGHHOHQmRFRSLD 'HOHX]HGHV FREUH R LPSRVVtYHO FRPR XP IDFWR QXP ~QLFR H PHVPR PXQGR DFWXDO %DUWOHE\ VHUi R SHUVRQDJHP QHREDUURFR SRU H[FHOrQFLD VXUJLQGR FRPR R KHUyL GDV ELIXUFDo}HV GDV GLYHUJrQFLDV GDV LQFRPSRVVLELOLGDGHV ©2HVVHQFLDOpRHIHLWRVREUH%DUWOHE\ DSDUWLUGRPRPHQWRHP TXHHOHGL]-(35e)Ê5(123$6 FROODWLRQQHU HOHMiQmRSRGH PDLVFRSLDU1RHQWDQWRHOHQXQFDGL]TXHSUHIHUHQmR FRSLDU VLPSOHVPHQWHHOHXOWUDSDVVRXHVVHHVWDGR JLYHXS ª%DUWOHE\S}H DLPSRVVLELOLGDGHGRDFWRGHFRSLDUSRUTXHHOHS}HDQWHVGHWXGRD SUySULD LPSRVVLELOLGDGH GD SUHIHUrQFLD GH FRSLDU (OH UHFXVDVH FRSLDUQmRSRUTXHDILUPDXPDRXWUDSUHIHUrQFLDPDVSRUTXHHOH WRUQDLPSRVVtYHOWRGDDSUHIHUrQFLDHOHHVJRWDWRGDDSUHIHUrQFLDH WRGDDIDFXOGDGHGDYRQWDGH 'HYDVWDGRUDHGHVFRQFHUWDQWHWDQWRDRQtYHOGDDFomRFRPRDR QtYHOGHWRGDDSUHIHUrQFLDDIyUPXODWRUQDOLWHUDOPHQWHLPSRVVt YHO WDQWR R DFWR GH FRSLDU FRPR D IDFXOGDGH GH SUHIHULU (OD p OLWHUDOQRVHIHLWRVTXHSURGX]VREUHTXHPDSURQXQFLD$IyUPXOD QmRGHL[DVXEVLVWLUQHQKXPDRXWUDSRVVLELOLGDGHQHQKXPDRXWUD SUHIHUrQFLD©(OOHDEROLWOHWHUPHVREUHOHTXHOHOOHSRUWHHWTX¶HOOH UpFXVH PDV WDPEpP O¶RXWUR WHUPH TX¶HOOH VHPEODLW SUpVHUYHU HW TXH WRUQDVH LPSRVVtYHO (Q IDLW HOOH OHV UHQGV LQGLVWLQFWV HOOH FUHXVH XPD ]RQH G¶LQGLVFHUQDELOLWp G¶LQGpWHUPLQDWLRQ TXH QmR SiUD GH FUHVFHU HQWUH DFWLYLWpV QmRSUpIpULGDV H XPD DFWLYLGDGH SUpIpUtYHO7RGDDSDUWLFXODULWpWRGDDUpIpUHQFHIRLDEROLHª 0DV FRPR FRPSUHHQGHU HVWH HIHLWR GHYDVWDGRU GD IyUPXOD" 3RUTXH H TXH HOD DQXOD QmR Vy D JUDPiWLFD PDV WDPEpP DV
83
Catarina Pombo Nabais
UHJUDVGRVDFWRVGHIDOD"$JUDQGHWHVHGH'HOHX]HpTXHDIyUPX ODSRUVLVySURGX]XPUHDOSDUDGR[DO DUHDOLGDGHGRLPSRVVtYHO 8PD YH] SURQXQFLDGD QmR Vy HOH QmR SHUPLWH PDLV %DUWOHE\ FRSLDUPDVWDPEpPWRUQDWRGDDFySLDLPSRVVtYHO2TXHID]%DU WOHE\FRPDVXDIyUPXODVHJXQGR'HOHX]HpS{UDSUySULDLPSRV VLELOLGDGHGHWRGDDSUHIHUrQFLD$OLWHUDOLGDGHVLJQLILFDXPD LPD QrQFLDSUDJPiWLFDGRVHQWLGR DIyUPXODQmRVLJQLILFDQHPPDQL IHVWDDOJRPDVpVLPSOHVPHQWHDSHUIRUPDQFHGHXPHVWDGRPHWD ItVLFRGDLPSRVVLELOLGDGHRXGRLPSRVVtYHO 0DVDIyUPXODpWDPEpPXPDFRQVWDWDomRHODpXPD©HYLGrQ FLDª1RPRPHQWRHPTXH%DUWOHE\VHDSHUFHEHGRFRQWH~GRGD IyUPXODHOHGHVFREUHDUHDOLGDGHGDLPSRVVLELOLGDGHGHFRQWLQXDU DFRSLDU(OHGHVFREUHFRPRIXQGR~OWLPRDSUySULDQDWXUH]DGR LPSRVVtYHOXPDYH]TXHDIyUPXODpDH[LVWrQFLDHPVLPHVPDGR LPSRVVtYHOTXHVHPDQLIHVWD 2UD HVWD SRVLomR GR LPSRVVtYHO TXH 'HOHX]H GHVFREUH QD IyU PXODGH%DUWOHE\pRLQYHUVRGHXPDFWRGHFUHQoDFRPRDFWRGH SRVLomR GH XP SRVVtYHO $ OyJLFD GDV SUHIHUrQFLDV H GD YRQWDGH VXS}HXPPXQGRGDVSRVVLELOLGDGHVHODHVWiIXQGDGDQXPDFUHQ oD HP RXWURV DFRQWHFLPHQWRV HP RXWURV PXQGRV HP PXQGRV TXH GLIHUHP GR QRVVR SRUTXH VmR QmR HIHFWLYRV PDV SRVVtYHLV 3URGX]LURFRODSVRGHVWDOyJLFDLPSOLFDQmRDDEROLomRGDFUHQoD PDVDLQYHQomRGHXPDFUHQoDQHVWHPXQGR(XPDWDOFUHQoDQmR pDFUHQoDQHVWHPXQGRFRPRHIHFWLYRRXQHFHVViULRPDVDFUHQoD QHVWH PXQGR FRPR LPSRVVtYHO 3RUTXH D OLJDomR GR KRPHP DR PXQGRVHURPSHXSHODGHUURFDGDGDVIRUPDVGHIpDQWLJDVSHODV HVSHUDQoDV QRXWURV PXQGRV HP PXQGRV SRVVtYHLV WRUQRXVH XUJHQWH LQYHQWDU XPD QRYD OLJDomR SHOD FUHQoD QHVWH PXQGR HQTXDQWRLPSRVVtYHO 'HOHX]HWLQKDMiGHVFREHUWRHVWDQRYDH[SHULrQFLDGDFUHQoDQR VHXOLYURVREUHRFLQHPD$tHVWDFUHQoDQRLPSRVVtYHOFKDPDVH SDUD DOpP GH FUHQoD ©Ipª 1R WH[WR VREUH %DUWOHE\ D SDODYUD ©Ipª HVWiVXEVWLWXtGDSHODGH©FRQILDQoDª ©QmRFUHQoDQXPRXWURPXQ GR PDV FRQILDQoD QHVWH PXQGRª ( p HVWD FRQILDQoD TXH GHYH IXQGDUDVUHODo}HVQmRVyHQWUH%DUWOHE\HRPXQGRPDVWDPEpP HQWUH RV FHOLEDWiULRV ©p SUHFLVR XPD FRPXQLGDGH QRYD FXMRV PHPEURV VHMDP FDSD]HV GH µFRQILDQoD¶ LVWR p GHVVD FUHQoD QHOHV PHVPRVQRPXQGRHQRGHYLUª $FRQILDQoDUHFXVDDVSUHIHUrQ
84
Imagens do «Fora» em Deleuze
FLDVFRPRRFRUUHODWRGHFUHQoDVFRPRRFRUUHODWRGHSRVLo}HVGH SRVVLELOLGDGHV$IyUPXODGH%DUWOHE\HUDSUHFLVDPHQWHRPpWRGR GH GHVPRURQDPHQWR GDV FUHQoDV HP SRVVtYHLV GH GLVVROXomR GRV SUHVVXSRVWRVSDUDDEULUXPRXWURPRGRGHSRVLomR±RGDFUHQoD HQTXDQWR FRQILDQoD $ FRQILDQoD p FUHQoD QHVWH PXQGR PDV QHVWHPXQGRHQTXDQWRLPSRVVtYHOSRVLomRGHVWHPXQGRHQTXDQ WR LPSRVVtYHO PDV WDPEpP FUHQoD HP VL PHVPR H FUHQoD QRV RXWURVQXPDUHODomRGHIUDWHUQLGDGH 1R HQWDQWR VXUJH XPD QRYD TXHVWmR R TXH p XP PXQGR LPSRVVtYHOQRTXDOSRGHPRVDFUHGLWDUQRTXDOSRGHPRVWHUFRQ ILDQoD" -i QR VHX OLYUR VREUH .DIND HP 'HOHX]H XWLOL]D R LPSRVVtYHOSDUDSHQVDURSURFHVVRGHFULDomRGRQRYR3RUpPHVWH LPSRVVtYHO DLQGD QmR HUD H[SUHVVmR GH PXQGRV LQFRPSRVVtYHLV PDV OLPLWH GH SRVVtYHLV ©e QHFHVViULR IDODU GD FULDomR FRPR WUD oDQGR R VHX FDPLQKR HQWUH LPSRVVLELOLGDGHV (UD .DIND TXH H[SOLFDYD D LPSRVVLELOLGDGH SDUD XP HVFULWRU MXGHX GH IDODU DOH PmR D LPSRVVLELOLGDGH GH IDODU FKHFR D LPSRVVLELOLGDGH GH QmR IDODU $FULDomRVyVHID]QRVXIRFR$FULDomRID]VHQRVDSHUWRV GH HVWUDQJXODPHQWR 0HVPR QXPD OtQJXD GDGD PHVPR HP IUDQ FrV SRU H[HPSOR XPD QRYD VLQWD[H p XPD OtQJXD HVWUDQJHLUD QD OtQJXD 6H XP FULDGRU QmR IRU HVWUDQJXODGR SRU XP FRQMXQWR GH LPSRVVLELOLGDGHVQmRpXPFULDGRU8PFULDGRUpDOJXpPTXHFULD DVVXDVSUySULDVLPSRVVLELOLGDGHVHTXHFULDRSRVVtYHODRPHVPR WHPSRª1ROLYURVREUH.DINDDFULDomRQmRVypRHIHLWRGHXP FRQMXQWR GH LPSRVVLELOLGDGHV PDV WDPEpP D SUySULD SURGXWRUD GH LPSRVVLELOLGDGHV e Vy TXDQGR RV OLPLWHV ID]HP GD YLGD TXDO TXHUFRLVDGHLPSRVVtYHOTXHSRUWUDQVJUHVVmRRDUWLVWDLQYHQWDR QRYR2LPSRVVtYHOpDTXLSHQVDGRFRPROLPLWHFRQGLomRUHVWUL omR $V FRQGLo}HV VmR VHPSUH FRQGLo}HV GH SRVVLELOLGDGH H R LPSRVVtYHOpDTXLORTXHURPSHFRPDVVXDVSUySULDVFRQGLo}HVHVH WRUQD SRU LVVR LQFRQGLFLRQDGR 1R OLYUR VREUH .DIND R FRQFHLWR GHLPSRVVtYHOUHHQYLDSRUWDQWRDXPDSROtWLFDGDVFRQGLo}HV 6HRLPSRVVtYHOHP.DINDpXPFRQFHLWRSDUDSHQVDUDFULDomR QRWH[WRVREUH%DUWOHE\RLPSRVVtYHOpRTXHGLVVROYHWRGRRDFWR GHFULDomR0HOYLOOHQXQFDpDSUHVHQWDGRFRPRH[SUHVVmRGHXPD OLWHUDWXUD PHQRU 3HOR FRQWUiULR HOH p R HVFULWRU GH XPD QRYD QDomRGHXPDQDomRGRVHPLJUDGRVGHOtQJXDVP~OWLSODVGHXPD QDomR GD IUDWHUQLGDGH XQLYHUVDO 2 LPSRVVtYHO GH TXH p TXHVWmR
85
Catarina Pombo Nabais
HP%DUWOHE\pSRUWDQWRXPFRQFHLWRGHXPRXWURGRPtQLR-iQmR pH[SUHVVmRGHOLPLWHVTXHLPSHGHPQRYDVSRVVLELOLGDGHV-iQmRp SRUWDQWRXPFRQFHLWRSROtWLFR(OHSHUWHQFHDQWHVDXPDSUDJPi WLFD GR GL]HU H UHVSHLWD R TXH 'HOHX]H FKDPD ©IDEXODomRª ( D IDEXODomR SHUWHQFH D XP RXWUR SUREOHPD HVWpWLFR R GD UHODomR QmRDRSRGHUPDVjYHUGDGH'HOHX]HMiWLQKDLQWURGX]LGRRFRQ FHLWR GH IDEXODomR QR VHX OLYUR /H %HUJVRQLVPH 1R HQWDQWR HVWH DLQGDQmRHUDXPFRQFHLWRDOWHUQDWLYRDRGH©ILFomRªFRPRVHUiD SDUWLU GRV OLYURV VREUH R FLQHPD 7RGD D VXD OHLWXUD GH .DIND R HVTXHFH$LGHLDGHOLWHUDWXUDPHQRUWUDEDOKDXQLFDPHQWHDTXHV WmR GD ILFomR QXQFD D GD IDEXODomR 7HPRV TXH UHJUHVVDU D /¶,PDJHWHPSV SDUD WRFDU HVVD SULPHLUD IRUPXODomR GH XPD FUtWLFD GRFRQFHLWRGH©ILFomRªHSDUDDFRPSDQKDURPRYLPHQWRGHSHQ VDPHQWRTXHFRQGX]LUi'HOHX]HjWHRULDGDIDEXODomR $ ILFomR H[LVWH VHPSUH QR LQWHULRU GR LPSpULR GR YHUGDGHLUR (OD FRUUHVSRQGH D HVVH SHTXHQR GHVORFDPHQWR GR YHURVtPLO TXH SDUDVLWDRVSRVVtYHLVTXHURGHLDPRYHUGDGHLUR$FULDomRUHHQYLD DVVLPjILFomRDXPLPSRVVtYHOFRPROLPLWHGRVSRVVtYHLV$IDEX ODomRSHORFRQWUiULRS}HXPXQLYHUVRRQGHPXQGRVLQFRPSRVVt YHLV PXQGRV GLYHUJHQWHV HVWmR SUHVHQWHV QXP PHVPR DFRQWHFL PHQWRDFWXDO6HDILFomRVXS}HHPQHJDWLYRRYHUGDGHLURDIDEX ODomR SHOR FRQWUiULR H[SULPH D ©SRWrQFLD GR IDOVRª 2 YHURVtPLO KDELWD R SRVVtYHO PDV R IDOVR FRQVWUyLVH VREUH R LPSRVVtYHO RX PHOKRUVREUHRLQFRPSRVVtYHO2IDOVRpDSRVLomRGHXPPXQGR RQGH Ki XPD VLPXOWDQHLGDGH GH SUHVHQWHV LQFRPSRVVtYHLV $ SRWrQFLD GR IDOVR GD IDEXODomR GHSHQGH DVVLP GHVWD FRUUHODomR HQWUHXPDPHWDItVLFDGRLQFRPSRVVtYHOHXPDHVWpWLFDGRIDOVR $ PDLV FODUD DSUHVHQWDomR GHVWD FRUUHODomR HQWUH R IDOVRH R LQFRPSRVVtYHO VXUJH QR FDStWXOR ©/HV SXLVVDQFHV GR IDX[ª GH /¶,PDJHWHPSV1HVWHOLYURGH WUrV DQRVDQWHVGRJUDQGHWUD WDGRVREUH/HLEQL]DPHWDItVLFDGRVPXQGRVLQFRPSRVVtYHLVVHUiR DUJXPHQWR IXQGDPHQWDO SDUD XP QRYR FRQFHLWR GH IDEXODomR 6HJXQGR 'HOHX]H D ILFomR PRGHUQD DXWRQRPL]D RV GLIHUHQWHV PXQGRV LQFRPSRVVtYHLV H IiORV FRPXQLFDU HP FDGD SDVVDGR HP FDGDSUHVHQWHeRFDVRGDVILFo}HVGH-RUJH/XtV%RUJHV(ODVDILU PDPTXHWRGRVRVSDVVDGRVVmRUHYRJiYHLVHQmRSDUDPGHVHUHSH WLU0DVGHXPRXWURODGRHODVSHQVDPRVLQFRPSRVVtYHLVFRPR SRVVtYHLV GH VHU DFWXDOL]DGRV VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH ©e D UHVSRVWD GH
86
Imagens do «Fora» em Deleuze
%RUJHVD/HLEQL] DOLQKDGLUHLWDFRPRIRUoDGRWHPSRFRPRODEL ULQWRGRWHPSRpWDPEpPDOLQKDTXHELIXUFDHQmRSiUDGHELIXU FDU SDVVDQGR SRU SUHVHQWHV LQFRPSRVVtYHLV UHJUHVVDQGR VREUH SDVVD GRVQmRQHFHVVDULDPHQWHYHUGDGHLURVª3DUDOiGRYHURVtPLOHGRSRV VtYHO %RUJHV LQDXJXUD XP XQLYHUVR IDOVR GH PXQGRV LQFRPSRVVt YHLV 'HOHX]H SRGH HQWmR PRVWUDU TXH DTXLOR TXH ID] R UHJLPH FULVWDOLQRGDQDUUDWLYDQmRpVHQmRDLOXVWUDomRGRJHVWRGH-RUJH /XtV %RUJHV 3URGX]VH D H[SHULrQFLD TXH RV LQFRPSRVVtYHLV SHU WHQFHP DR PHVPR PXQGR H TXH RV PXQGRV LQFRPSRVVtYHLV SHU WHQFHPDRPHVPRXQLYHUVR )DEXODomR H LQFRPSRVVLELOLGDGH H[SOLFDPVH SRUWDQWR UHFLSURFD PHQWHeQHFHVViULRS{URLQFRPSRVVtYHOSDUDDILUPDUDSRWrQFLD GRIDOVRHSDUDHQWUDUQDIDEXODomR&RPSUHHQGHVHHQWmRSRUTXH UD]mR %DUWOHE\ p R SHUVRQDJHP GD IDEXODomR SRU H[FHOrQFLD (OH QmRH[LVWHVHQmRSHODIyUPXODTXHS}HRLQFRPSRVVtYHO1HVVHDFWR GHS{UQRPHVPRSUHVHQWHXPPXQGRRQGH%DUWOHE\FRSLDHXP RXWURPXQGRRQGHHOHQmRFRSLD0HOYLOOHDQWHFLSDVHPRVDEHUD JUDQGHLQYHQomRGDVLPDJHQVWHPSRGRFLQHPDFULVWDOLQRDQDUUD WLYD QmR YHUtGLFD PDV IDOVLILFDGRUD %DUWOHE\ HQTXDQWR SHUVRQD JHPTXHSHUGHXDVVXDVFRQH[}HVVHQVRULPRWRUDVLQFDUQDQDUUDWL YDV IDOVLILFDQWHV QDUUDWLYDV TXH S}HP PXQGRV LQFRPSRVVtYHLV QR PHVPR SUHVHQWH (OH p SRUWDQWR XP SHUVRQDJHP GD SRWrQFLD GR IDOVR(OHpXPSHUVRQDJHPIDEXODGRUQDPHGLGDHPTXHVHWRUQD XPSXURYLGHQWH YR\DQW TXHVyH[LVWHHQTXDQWRYrRTXHKiQD VXD VLWXDomR OLPLWH QD VXD QmRSUHIHUrQFLD (OH SUySULR Mi QmR SRGHUHDJLUMiQmRSRGHHVFROKHU(RTXHHOHYrVyH[LVWHHPUHOD omRFRPDVVLWXDo}HVTXHHOHKDELWDQRFRQWR(HOHYrXPSRYR XPSRYRTXHHVWiHPIDOWD0HOYLOOHGHVFUHYHRHPIODJUDQWHDFWR GH OHJHQGDU HP IODJUDQWH DFWR GH YHU XP SRYR SRU YLU 0DV QyV QmR SRGHPRV YHU RTXHHOH Yr 2 REMHFWR GD VXD YLGrQFLDp LPD QHQWHDRVHXGHYLUFRPRSHUVRQDJHPGHYLUTXHpDFRQVHTXrQFLD GHXPDIyUPXODTXHS}HDLQFRPSRVVLELOLGDGHDFWXDODLQFRPSRV VLELOLGDGHSUHVHQWHHQWUHYiULRVPXQGRVGLYHUJHQWHV 1HVWHFRQFHLWRGH©YLVmRªRXGH©YLGrQFLDª YR\DQFH 'HOHX]H FRPSOHWDRVHXSURMHFWRGHDXWRQRPLDGDPDWpULDOLWHUiULD$IDEX ODomR D SRWrQFLD GR IDOVR WUDQVIRUPDGD HP YLVmR ID]VH QmR QR WUDEDOKR GR HVFULWRU PDV QR LQWHULRU GH FHUWRV SHUVRQDJHQV $ IDEXODomRpRFRQMXQWRGDVLPDJHQVTXHHVVHVSHUVRQDJHQVSURGX
87
Catarina Pombo Nabais
]HP HP IODJUDQWH DFWR GH IDEXODU 6mR RV SHUVRQDJHQV TXH WrP YLV}HVHDXGLo}HV©2TXHLPSRUWDpVXUSUHHQGHUDOJXpPD³FRQV WUXLU OHQGDV´ >OpJHQGHU@ HP µIODJUDQWH GHOLWR GH OpJHQGHU¶ (QWmR IRUPDVHDGRLVRXDYiULRVXPGLVFXUVRGHPLQRULD(QFRQWUDPRV DTXLDIXQomRGHIDEXODomREHUJVRQLDQD«6XUSUHHQGHUDVSHVVRDV HPIODJUDQWHGHOLWRGHOpJHQGHUpVDLVLURPRYLPHQWRGHFRQVWLWXL omR GH XP SRYR 2V SRYRV QmR SUHH[LVWHPª ( %DUWOHE\ p SDUD 'HOHX]HRFDVRPDLVH[WUHPRGHXPGHVVHVSHUVRQDJHQV(OHWHP TXHS{UDLQFRPSRVVLELOLGDGHGHGRLVPXQGRVDFRDOHVFrQFLDGR PXQGRRQGHHOHFRSLDHGDTXHOHRQGHHOHQmRFRSLDSDUDTXHD IDEXODomRDSDUHoD 'HOHX]H GHVFREUH D PHVPD IXQomR OLWHUDO GD IyUPXOD GH %DU WOHE\ QR WUDEDOKR GH %HFNHWW $ SDUWLU GD ILJXUD GR HVJRWDGR 'HOHX]H Gi D YHU DV SHoDV GH %HFNHWW FRPR R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR SURJUHVVLYR D VHTXrQFLD LPSDUiYHO GR SURFHVVR GH HVJRWDPHQWR GDV SDODYUDV GDV YR]HV GR HVSDoR H GD LPDJHP 2 HVJRWDGR ©HVJRWDDTXLORTXHQmRVHUHDOL]DQRSRVVtYHO(OHDFDEDFRPRSRV VtYHO SDUD Oi GH WRGR R FDQVDoRª 2 HVJRWDGR HVJRWD D SUySULD UHDOLGDGHGRSRVVtYHOLVWRpRHVJRWDGRpDTXHOHTXHMiQmRSRGH PDLVSRVVLELOLWDU VHMDRTXHIRU (VWDQmRSRVVLELOL]DomRQmRpXPD SDVVLYLGDGH PDV XPD DFomR XPD DFWLYLGDGH SDUD QDGD VHP ILQV VHP LQWHQo}HV 2 HVJRWDGR DJH QmR SDUD UHDOL]DU PDV SDUD FXP SULURSRVVtYHORXVHMDSDUDID]HUGHOHXPSXURMRJRGHFRPELQD WyULDVYD]LDV©&RPELQDPRVRFRQMXQWRGDVYDULiYHLVGHXPDVLWXD omRQDFRQGLomRGHUHQXQFLDUDWRGDDRUGHPGHSUHIHUrQFLDHD WRGDDRUJDQL]DomRGHILPDWRGDDVLJQLILFDomR « -iQmRUHDOL ]DPRVPDLVVHEHPTXHRHVWHMDPRVDFXPSULUª&XPSULURSRV VtYHO p ID]rOR YLU D FHQD GH XP PRGR QHXWUR VHP SUHIHUrQFLDV VHP VLJQLILFDomR $ H[LVWrQFLD WRUQDVH DVVLP QXP SDOFR QXPD FHQDGHXPDQmRUHDOL]DomRVLPSOHVUHSHWLomRGHXPDSHoDYD]LD SXUDFRPELQDWyULDGHSRVVtYHLVHVJRWDGRV$DUWHGDFRPELQDWyULD p XP SURJUDPD GHVSURYLGR GH VHQWLGR RX GH LQWHQomR p XPD SUDJPiWLFDVHPVLJQLILFDomRHPTXHRTXHLQWHUHVVDpRSXURMRJR GDFRPELQDWyULD VDEHUVHJXQGRTXHRUGHPVHID]QmRLPSRUWDR TXrHTXDLVDVFRPELQDo}HVSDUDID]HUGXDVFRLVDVDRPHVPRWHP SR 6HJXQGR'HOHX]H%HFNHWWDWRUGRDDGLYLVmRHQWUHRYLVtYHOHR LQYLVtYHOHPFHQD3HODVGLIHUHQWHVFDPDGDVGHYLVLELOLGDGHGDFHQD
88
Imagens do «Fora» em Deleuze
HSHODVGLIHUHQWHVOLQJXDVTXHHOHLQYHQWRXSDUDDVHVJRWDUXPDD XPD HOH SURFXUD GH IDFWR LPDJHQV (P FHQDQR SDOFR H[LVWHP LPDJHQVILVLFDVGRVDFWRUHVREMHWVOX]PXVLFD0DLVFHVLPDJHV VmR Oj SDUD QRXV GRQQHU j YRLU HQ IODJUDQW GpOLW GHV SHUVRQQDJHV TXL VH SUpSDUHQW j IDLUH G¶DXWUHV LPDJHV (W FHOOHVOj HOOHV Q¶DSSDUWLHQQHQWSOXVDXGRPDLQHGXYLVLEOH(OOHVVmRGHVLPDJHV TXL FRQFHQWUHQWQRQ GHV FKRVHV RX GHV UpFLWV PDLV GH O¶pQHUJLH &HVGHUQLqUHVLPDJHVTXH%HFNHWWYHXWGRQQHUjYRLUQHVmRSDVQL GH O¶RUGUH GH OD UHSUHVHQWDomR QL GH O¶RUGUH GH O¶LQYLVLEOH 3DUFH TXHFHVLPDJHVQ¶H[LVWHQWTX¶DXPRPHQWGHOHXUGLVVLSDWLRQHOOHV VmRGHVLPDJHVSXUHVVDQVFRQWHQXVDQVVLJQLILFDWLRQ(OOHVQHVmR SDV j YRLU QL j LPDJLQHU QL j FRQWHPSOHU GDQV XP H[HUFLFH GH V\PEROLVDWLRQ (OOHV GHYLHQQHQW GHV H[LVWHQFHV SXUHPHQW IRUPHO OHVHQWDQWTXHWHQVLRQLQWHUQHGHIRUFHV7UDWDVHGHXPPpWKRGH G¶pSXLVHPHQW GHV WRXWHV OHV YLVLELOLWpV SDUD OHV DEVRUEHU SDUD OHV HPPDJDVLQHU GDQV O¶LPDJH SXUH ( D LPDJH SXUH VH VLWXH GDQV OH PRQGHPHQWDOQmRHQTXDQWRUHSUHVHQWDomRGRPXQGRItVLFRSDUD XPD FRQVFLHQFH PDV HQTXDQWR pYpQHPHQW TXL VH SURGXLW QR OH PRQGH GX SRVVtYHO (OOH Q¶D DXFXQ UDSSRUW GH UHSUHVHQWDomR RX G¶pYRFDWLRQ GHV PpPRLUHV (OOH HVW SUpVHQFH j VRL GH VRLPHVPD GDQV OH PRQGH PHQWDO 3DUD ELHQ VRXOLJQHU FHWWH DXWRQRPLH GH O¶LPDJH SXUH YLVjYLV GX PRQGH SK\VLTXH YLVjYLV GX PRQGH GHV FRUSV 'HOHX]H SUpVHQWH O¶LPDJH FRPPH XPD UpDOLWp GX GRPDLQH GHO¶HVSULW&RPPHLOOHGLW©F¶HVWFHODSUpFLVpPHQWO¶LPDJH QRQ SDV XPD UHSUHVHQWDomR G¶REMHW PDLV XP PRXYHPHQW GDQV OH PRQGHGHO¶HVSULW/¶LPDJHHVWODYLHVSLULWXHOOHª $OyJLFDGDQmRSUHIHUrQFLDGH%DUWOHE\RXGRHVJRWDPHQWRGH %HFNHWWSHQVDPRQDGDFRPRLPSRVVLELOLGDGHRXHVJRWDPHQWRGH UHDOL]DomR FRPR DFWLYDomR D QDGD $QWHV GH WRGD D UHDOL]DomR DQWHVGHWRGRRSRVVtYHOQmRKiVHQmRHVJRWDPHQWR$H[SUHVVmR ©UHQXQFLHLDQWHVGHQDVFHUªGRWH[WRGH%HFNHWW3RXUHQILQLUHQFRUH WRUQDVH DVVLP FRPR GL] 'HOHX]H ©D IyUPXOD EHFNHWWLDQD GH %DU WOHE\ª 'H 3URXVW D %HFNHWW WRGD XPD PHWDItVLFD GR )RUD FRPR D HVVrQFLDGR2XWURRIDQWDVPDILFFLRQDGRRDFWXDOFRPRUHVLVWrQ FLD D SRWHQFLDOLGDGH TXH VH VROWD QD DPSXWDomR GRV FkQRQHV R
89
Catarina Pombo Nabais
LPSRVVtYHOFRPRSRVLomRHRSRVVtYHOHVJRWDGRpDQXQFLDGDFRPR PRYLPHQWRGHIXQGRGRSHQVDPHQWRHVHPSUHGHPRGRDOHYDU DWp DR OLPLWH D YLROrQFLD TXH WRGD D REUD GH DUWH SURGX] VREUH R SHQVDPHQWR ( QHVWDV LPDJHQV GR )RUD 'HOHX]H FRQIURQWDVH D FDGD PRPHQWR FRP D OLWHUDWXUD FXPSULQGR DVVLP DTXLOR TXH VHPSUHSURFODPRX TXHDILORVRILDVHID]QR)RUDQRVHXSUySULR OLPLWHHTXHXPOLYURGHILORVRILDpDQWHVGHPDLVXPURPDQFHGH ILFomRFLHQWtILFD 1RWDV
&RPRGL]3KLOLSSH0HQJXHRFRQFHLWRGH)RUDpXP©WHUPRTXHYHP GH 0DXULFH %ODQFKRW H TXH HOH 'HOHX]H KHUGD MXQWDPHQWH FRP )RX FDXOWª 0HQJXH3KLOLSSH©/LJQHVGHIXLWHHWGHYHQLUVGDQVODFRQFHSWLRQGHOHX ]LHQQHGHODOLWWpUDWXUHªLQ&RQFHSWVSWUDGXomRQRVVD 'HOHX]HYLVLWDVHPSUHDVREUDVGHDUWHFRPRSRQWRVFUtWLFRVSDUDRSHQ VDPHQWR3RUH[HPSORHOHQXQFDVHFRORFDSHUDQWHDTXHVWmRGDQDWXUH]D GD REUD GH DUWH OLWHUiULD ± TXHVWmR TXH GHSRLV GH 0DOODUPp VH WRUQRX FRQVWLWXWLYD GR SUySULR WUDEDOKR GD HVFULWD (P 3URXVW 'HOHX]H QmR SURFXUDVHQmRXPDWHRULDGRVVLJQRVQDVXDUHODomRFRPDWiEXDNDQWLDQD GDVIDFXOGDGHVHGHVWHPRGRRWHPDFOiVVLFRGDXQLGDGHGH¬3URFXUDGR 7HPSR SHUGLGR DSDUHFH FRPR XP QRYR SODQR WUDQVFHQGHQWDO GR SHQVD PHQWR0DVpDVVLPTXHRVVHXVWH[WRVVREUHDOLWHUDWXUDSHUWXUEDUDPD QRVVDLGHLD PHVPDGHOLWHUDWXUDQDVXDUHODomR FRP R SHQVDPHQWRJUD YDQGR SDUD VHPSUH FRQFHLWRV FRPR ©FRQWUDWR SHUYHUVRª ©PiTXLQD DEV WUDFWDª ©DJHQFLDPHQWR FROHFWLYRGH HQXQFLDomRª 7DPEpP QD DQiOLVH GD FUXHOGDGH H GD IULH]D GRV URPDQFHV GH 6DFKHU0DVRFK R TXH 'HOHX]H H[WUDLpRWHPDGDQDWXUH]DGRWHPSRDGLDGRHGRVHXHIHLWRHUyWLFRVREUH DPiTXLQDDEVWUDFWDGDHVFULWDHRDFWRSHORTXDODOLQJXDJHPIRUPDXP FRUSRGHSUD]HUSDUDSXURVHVStULWRVeWDPEpPSRUTXH'HOHX]HSURS}H FRPRSUREOHPDJHUDOGDSLQWXUDQmRDUHSUHVHQWDomRQHPDFRQFHSWXD OL]DomR PDV D FDSWDomR GH IRUoDV TXH HOH SRGH VXEOLQKDU QD REUD GH )UDQFLV %DFRQ DV IRUPDV GH XP SHQVDPHQWR QmRILJXUDWLYR LVWR p QHP LOXVWUDWLYRQHPQDUUDWLYR(VWHSHQVDPHQWRHPYH]GHVHUUHSUHVHQWDomR GRKRUURUGRPXQGRpSUHVHQoDGRJULWRFRPRH[SUHVVmRGHIRUoDVHGH IOX[RVTXHWUDEDOKDPSRUGHWUiVGHVVHPHVPRPXQGR/yJLFDGD6HQVDomR HVWXGD D TXHVWmR FOiVVLFD GR HVWDWXWR GDV ILJXUDV KXPDQDV QDV WHODV GH )UDQFLV%DFRQ0DVpSRUTXHHVWHOLYURVXEVWLWXLDILJXUDomRSHORILJXUDO
90
Imagens do «Fora» em Deleuze
TXHVHWRUQRXQXPOXJDUREULJDWyULRGDQRVVDFRPSUHHQVmRGRTXHVHMDR SHQVDPHQWRQDSLQWXUD(RPHVPRFRPRFLQHPD$VVXDVDQiOLVHVGDV LPDJHQVPRYLPHQWR H GDV LPDJHQVWHPSR DEULUDP XP QRYR SODQR GH H[SHULrQFLDQDQRVVDSHUFHSomRFLQHPDWRJUiILFDPHVPRVH'HOHX]HQXQ FD VH WHQKD FRQIURQWDGR HP QHQKXP PRPHQWR FRP R HIHLWR HVWpWLFR GHVVDVLPDJHQV2TXHOKHLQWHUHVVDpDUHODomRGRFLQHPDFRPRSHQVD PHQWR H FRP R FpUHEUR $ LPDJHP WRUQDVH SUHVHQWLILFDomR GLUHFWD GR WHPSRHUHODomR GRSHQVDPHQWRFRPRLPSHQVDGR GHL[DQGRPRVWUDUD UHODomRGHLPDQrQFLDGRFpUHEURHGRFRVPRV ©1mR p SRUWDQWR VXUSUHHQGHQWH TXH 'HOHX]H QXQFD GLVFXWD RV WH[WRV OLWHUiULRV D SDUWLU GD SHUVSHFWLYD GH XP OLQJXLVWD 2 TXH OKH LQWHUHVVD QXPWH[WRVmRRVSURFHVVRVDVHVWUDWpJLDVGHUHVLVWrQFLDTXHRVHVFULWRUHV LQYHQWDPSDUDGHVPLVWLILFDUDSUySULDOLQJXDJHPSDUDH[SHULPHQWDUFRP SDUDµFRPSOLFDU¶RVVLJQRVSDUDFRQIURQWDUR)RUD 'HKRUV RXDSUySULD 9LGD SDUD VREUHYLYHU D HVVH FRQIURQWR H SDUD FULDU D SUySULD REUD RV SUySULRVDFRQWHFLPHQWRVDSDUWLUGHOHV « 'HVWHSRQWRGHYLVWDDILORVR ILDHDOLWHUDWXUDVmRLQVHSDUiYHLVª &RORPEDW$QGUp3LHUUH©'HOHX]HDQG WKH 6FLHQFHª LQ 'HOHX]H DQG /LWWHUDWXUH HG SDU ,DQ %XFKDQDQ HW -RQ 0DUNVS WUDGXomRQRVVD 36SS &RPR HOH FRQFOXL ©VHP G~YLGD R PXQGR H[SUHVVR QmR H[LVWH ©IRUDª ©KRUVª GR VXMHLWR TXH R H[SULPH DTXLOR TXH GHVLJQDPRV PXQGR H[WH ULRUpVyDSURMHFomRGHFHSFLRQDQWHXPOLPLWHXQLIRUPL]DQWHGHWRGRVRV PXQGRVH[SUHVVRV ª 36S &RPR VXEOLQKD 'HOHX]H ©2 PXQGR H[SUHVVR QmR VH FRQIXQGH QR HQWDQWRFRPRVXMHLWR HOHGLVWLQJXHVHSUHFLVDPHQWHFRPRDHVVrQFLDVH GLVWLQJXH GD H[LVWrQFLD LQFOXLQGR GD VXD SUySULD H[LVWrQFLD (OH QmR H[LVWHIRUD KRUV GRVXMHLWRTXHRH[SULPHPDVHOHHVWiH[SUHVVRFRPRD HVVrQFLDQmRGRSUySULRVXMHLWRPDVGR6HURXGDUHJLmRGR6HUTXHVH UHYHODQRVXMHLWReSRULVVRTXHFDGDHVVrQFLDpXPDSiWULDXPSDtV « $HVVrQFLDQmRpVyLQGLYLGXDOHODpLQGLYLGXDQWHª 36SS 36S ©/¶(VVHQFHHVWHQILQOHWURLVLqPHWHUPHTXHGRPLQHOHVGRLVDXWUHVTXH SUpVLGHjOHXUPRXYHPHQW O¶HVVHQFHFRPSOLTXHOHVLJQHHWOHVHQVHOOH OHVWLHQWFRPSOLTXpVHOOHPHW O¶XQGDQVO¶DXWUH « $XGHOj GXVLJQHHW GXVHQVLO\DO¶(VVHQFHFRPPHODUDLVRQVXIILVDQWHGHVGHX[DXWUHVWHU PHVHWGHOHXUUDSSRUWª 36SS 36S
91
Catarina Pombo Nabais
©7RGD D VXD REUD HVWi LQIOXHQFLDGD SHOR SUREOHPD GDV PLQRULDV GDV QDFLRQDOLGDGHV H GRV PRYLPHQWRV UHYROXFLRQiULRV QR LPSpULR FRQWRV JiOLFRV FRQWRV MXGHXV FRQWRV K~QJDURV FRQWRV SUXVVLDQRVª 360 ©$YDQW3URSRVªS 360S ©&DGD OLQKD GH DSUHQGL]DJHP SDVVD SRU HVWHV GRLV PRPHQWRV D GHFHSomRIRUQHFLGDSRUXPDWHQWDWLYDGHLQWHUSUHWDomRREMHFWLYDGHSRLV DWHQWDWLYDGHUHPHGLDUHVVDGHFHSomRSRUXPDLQWHUSUHWDomRVXEMHFWLYD RQGHUHFRQVWUXtPRVFRQMXQWRVDVVRFLDWLYRVª 36S $OLJDomRHQWUHFUtWLFDHFOtQLFDHP$SUHVHQWDomRGH6DFKHU0DVRFKpWmR tQWLPDHVWUHLWD TXH VH WRUQD GLItFLO GH GLVFHUQLU RV DVSHFWRV SXUDPHQWH OLWHUiULRVRXPHOKRUWRUQDVHFODURTXHSDUD'HOHX]HDOLWHUDWXUDpXPD YHUGDGHLUD TXHVWmR GH YLGD H SRUWDQWR GH FOtQLFD &RPR H[SOLFD $QQH 6DXYDJQDUJXHV©DVLQWRPDWRORJLDLPSOLFDHVVDSUR[LPLGDGHGDDUWHFRP DYLGD RREMHFWLYRGDDUWHpRGHH[SORUDUDVDOOXUHVYLWDLVVHPVHUDLGLU QXPD DWLWXGH PRUDOL]DQWH PDV SHOR FRQWUiULR FDSWDQGR H WRUQDQGR VHQVtYHO RV FRPSOH[RV DQRPDLV GR YLWDO e QHVWH VHQWLGR TXH D HVFULWD URoDIU{OHRERUGRODERUGXUHGDQRUPDOLGDGHVRFLDOHSVtTXLFD'HOHX]H LQWHUHVVDVHSHODVILJXUDVPDUJLQDLVSRUTXHFRQIHUHXPDIXQomRFOtQLFDj FULDomR DUWtVWLFDª 6DXYDJQDUJXHV $ 'HOHX]H HW O¶$UW S WUDGXomR QRVVD 6DJLH5LFHUFKHGL/LWWHUDWXUD)UDQFHVH;,,%XO]RQLHG 3HQVDPRVHYLGHQWHPHQWHWDPEpPHP&UtWLFDH&OtQLFDFRPRVHQGRXP RXWURH[HPSORGHXPOLYURVREUHDOLWHUDWXUDTXHGHL[DYHUHVWDVPXGDQ oDV 1R HQWDQWR &UtWLFD H &OtQLFD p XP FRQMXQWR GH WH[WRV GH DVVXQWRV PXLWRGLIHUHQWHVTXHHVWmRUHXQLGRVDSyVXPD SULPHLUDSXEOLFDomRHP UHYLVWDVSUHIiFLRVHWFHQTXDQWRTXH 3URXVWHRV6LJQRVpXPDREUDTXH SHQVDVHPSUHRPHVPRREMHFWR ¬3URFXUDGR7HPSR3HUGLGR 36S $2S &I36S eRSUySULR'HOHX]HMiHP QR 2$QWLeGLSR TXHQRVUHYHODR OHLPRWLY GH WRGD HVWD HQRUPH PXGDQoD WHyULFD TXH SRGHPRV GHVFREULU HP FRPDWHUFHLUDSDUWHGH 3URXVWHWRV6LJQRV ©HVWDPRVQDpSRFD GRV REMHFWRV SDUFLDLV GRV WLMRORV H GRV UHVWRV ( p VXUSUHHQGHQ WHIUDSSDQW QD PiTXLQD OLWHUiULD GD ¬ 3URFXUD GR 7HPSR SHUGLGR D TXH SRQWR WRGDV DV SDUWHV VmR SURGX]LGDV FRPR ODGRV GLVVLPpWULFRV FRPR GLUHFo}HVFRUWDGDVFDL[DVIHFKDGDVYDVRVQmRFRPXQLFDQWHVIHFKDPHQ
92
Imagens do «Fora» em Deleuze
WRVRQGHPHVPRFRQWLJXLGDGHVVmRGLVWkQFLDV eDREUDHVTXL]RLGH SRUH[FHOrQFLDª $2SS $2S .SS .S ,ELG 2QRYR FRQFHLWR GH3RGHU GH)RXFDXOWp PHQFLRQDGR GXDVYH]HVHP .DIND ± 3DUD XDP /LWHUDWXUD 0HQRU QD QRWD S H VREUHWXGR QD QRWDSRQGHSRGHPRVOHU©0LFKHO)RXFDXOW ID]XPDDQiOLVHGR SRGHUTXHUHQRYDKRMHWRGRVRVSUREOHPDVHFRQyPLFRVHSROtWLFRV&RP RXWURV PHLRV HVVD DQiOLVH QmR GHL[D GH WHU XPD UHVVRQkQFLD NDINLDQD )RXFDXOWLQVLVWHVREUHDVHJPHQWDULGDGHGRSRGHUDVXDFRQWLJXLGDGHD VXDLPDQrQFLDQRFDPSRVRFLDO RTXHQmRTXHUGL]HULQWHULRULGDGHQXPD DOPDRXQXPVXMHLWRjPDQHLUDGHXPVXUPRL (OHPRVWUDTXHRSRGHU QmRSURFHGHGHPRGRDOJXPGDDOWHUQDWLYDFOiVVLFDYLROrQFLDRXLGHROR JLDSHUVXDVmRRXFRQWUDLQWH&I9LJLDUH3XQLU RFDPSRGHLPDQrQFLDH GH PXOWLSOLFLGDGH GR SRGHU QDV VRFLHGDGHV µGLVFLSOLQDUHV¶ª WUDGXomR QRVVD )S )S (QTXDQWRWDORHVWDGRGHFRLVDVpDYDULiYHOH[WUtQVHFDGDSURSRVLomR ©0DV QmR VH SDVVD R PHVPR SDUD R HQXQFLDGR HVWH WHP XP µREMHFWR GLVFXUVLYR¶TXHQmRFRQVLVWHGHPRGRDOJXPQXPHVWDGRGHFRLVDVYLVD GRPDVGHULYD DRFRQWUiULR GRSUySULRHQXQFLDGRª ) SWUDGXomR QRVVD 6S ©1mR SRGHPRV PDLVGL]HUTXHDDUWHWHPXPSRGHUTXHDLQGDpGR 3RGHUPHVPRTXDQGRFULWLFDR3RGHU3RUTXHDRGHVHQKDUDIRUPDGH XPDFRQVFLrQFLD PLQRULWiULD DDUWH GLULJHVHD SRWrQFLDVHPGHYLUTXH VmRGHXPRXWURGRPtQLRTXHRGR3RGHUHGDUHSUHVHQWDomRpWDORQª 6 SWUDGXomRQRVVD 3OLS ,7S ,7S&RPRHVFUHYH3DROD0DUUDWLOHQGRHVWDPHVPDSDVVDJHP GH'HOHX]H©2REMHFWRGDIpQmRHVWiQXPSDUDOiWHPSRUDODDOFDQoDU DFUHQoDMiQmRFRPEOHPDLVDHVSHUDG¶HVSRLUWRUQDQGRDDVVLPDFHLWiYHO $QRYDIpLQYHVWHRPXQGRWDOFRPRpQmRSDUDMXVWLILFDURLQWROHUiYHO PDVSDUDQRVID]HUFUHUTXHVHDIRUPDRUJkQLFDGDOLJDomRTXHQRVOLJDYD DR PXQGR HVWi FRUWDGD D SUySULD OLJDomR QmR HVWi H RXWUDV IRUPDV VH
93
Catarina Pombo Nabais
SRGHPLQYHQWDUª0DUUDWL3DROD©'HOHX]H&LQpPDHW3KLORVRSKLHªLQ /D 3KLORVRSKLH GH 'HOHX]H HG SDU )UDQoRLV =RXUDELFKYLOL $QQH 6DXYDJ QDUJXHVHW3DROD0DUUDWL3DULV38)SS 'HIDFWRDVDQiOLVHVGH%HFNHWWHP2(VJRWDGRH&UtWLFDH&OtQLFDHVWmR DWUDYHVVDGDVSRUHVWHFRQFHLWRHHP2TXHpD)LORVRILD"'HOHX]HGHILQHR SODQRGHLPDQrQFLDQDVXDUHODomRFRPDDSDULomRGHXP$XWUXLHQTXDQ WRPXQGRSRVVtYHO (S &&S ©$IyUPXODTXHUHFXVDVXFHVVLYDPHQWHWRGRRDFWRMiDEVRUYHXRDFWR GHFRSLDURTXDOQmRSUHFLVDGHUHFXVDU$IyUPXODpUDYDJHXVHSRUTXH HOLPLQD LJXDOPHQWH LPSLHGRVDPHQWH R SUHIHUtYHO H R QmR LPSRUWD TXH QmRSUHIHULGRª &&S &&S &&S©'HOHX]H¶VORJLFLVWKXVQRWDORJLFRIµMXVWLILHGEHOLHI¶RU µZDUDQWHG DVVHUWDELOLW\¶ ,W LV PRUH DV ZLWK -DPHV D PDWWHU RI SXVKLQJ WKHTXHVWmRRIEHOLHIEH\RQGDVVXUHQFHRINQRZOHGJHRURIIDLWKWRZKDW 'HOHX]HFDOOVDµEHOLHILQWKHZRUOG¶ª 5DMFKPDQ-RKQ7KH'HOHX]H&RQ QHFWLRQV&DPEULGJH0DVVDFKXVHWWV 0,73UHVVS &&SS ©(%DUWOHE\RTXHpTXHSHGLDVHQmRXPSRXFRGHFRQILDQoD « "ª &&SQRVVDWUDGXomR 33S ,7S $QDUUDWLYDFULVWDOLQDQmRpQHPYHUGDGHLUDQHPYHUtGLFD(ODpXPD ©QDUUDWLYD IDOVLILFDQWHª 'HOHX]H GHVLJQDD WDPEpP SRU ©SRWrQFLD GR IDOVRª ©e XPD SRWrQFLD GR IDOVR TXH VXEVWLWXL H GHVWURQD D IRUPD GR YHUGDGHLUR SRUTXH HOD S}H D VLPXOWDQHLGDGH GH SUHVHQWHV LQFRPSRVVt YHLV RX D FRH[LVWrQFLD GH SDVVDGRV QmRQHFHVVDULDPHQWH YHUGDGHLURV $ GHVFULomRFULVWDOLQDDOFDQoDYDMiDLQGLVFHUQDELOLGDGHGRUHDOHGRLPDJL QiULR PDV D QDUUDWLYD IDOVLILFDQWH TXH OKH FRUUHVSRQGH ID] XP SDVVR D PDLVHS}HQRSUHVHQWHGLIHUHQoDVLQH[SOLFiYHLVQRSDVVDGRDOWHUQDWLYDV LQGpFLGDEOHV HQWUH R YHUGDGHLUR H R IDOVR « $V LPDJHQV GHYHP VHU SURGX]LGDVGHWDOPDQHLUDTXHRSDVVDGRQmRVHMDQHFHVVDULDPHQWHYHU GDGHLURRXTXHGRSRVVtYHOSURFHGDRLPSRVVtYHOª ,7SS 33S (SS (S
94
Imagens do «Fora» em Deleuze
©$FRPELQDWyULDpDDUWHRXDFLrQFLDGHHVJRWDURSRVVtYHOSRUGLVMXQ o}HVLQFOXVDV0DVVyRHVJRWDGRSRGHHVJRWDURSRVVtYHOSRUTXHUHQXQ FLRXDWRGDVDVQHFHVVLGDGHVSUHIHUrQFLDVREMHFWLYRVRXVLJQLILFDomR6y RHVJRWDGRpVXILFLHQWHPHQWHGHVLQWHUHVVDGRVXILFLHQWHPHQWHHVFUXSXOR VRª (SQRVVDWUDGXomR (S (S
95
2V WH[WRV TXH FRPS}HP R SUHVHQWH YROXPH IRUDP DSUHVHQWDGRV QR FRQWH[WR GR SURJUDPD GH ZRUNVKRSV ©)RUDª GD)LORVRILDRUJDQL]DGRSHOR&HQWURGH)LORVRILDGDV&LrQFLDV GD8QLYHUVLGDGHGH/LVERDGXUDQWHRVDQRVGHH
2WH[WRIRUDGRVHL[RV 2©IRUDªHP-DFTXHV'HUULGD *RQoDOR=DJDOR $ SULPHLUD FRLVD TXH GHYHPRV WHU HP FRQWD TXDQWR j SUREOH PiWLFDGR³IRUD´HP'HUULGDpTXHDRFRUUrQFLDGRSUySULRWHUPR ³GHKRUV´ R³IRUD´ DRORQJRGDVXDREUDpUHODWLYDPHQWHHVFDVVDH SRXFR WHPDWL]DGD 3RGHUVHiSHUJXQWDUHQWmRTXDO DSHUWLQrQFLD GHVWD LQWHUYHQomR RX TXH FRQWULEXLomR SRGH DILQDO GDU R SHQVD PHQWR GH 'HUULGD SDUD HVWH GHEDWH $GLDQWDPRV GHVGH Mi TXH ³GHKRUV´ IXQFLRQD SRQWXDOPHQWH QD VXD REUD FRPR XP PRWLYR DVVRFLDGR D XPD FHUWD QRomR GH H[WHULRULGDGH RX GH DOWHULGDGH DEVROXWDVXPH[FHVVRTXHQDGDpRXTXHSHORPHQRVQDGDpWH[ WXDOPHQWHIDODQGRVHUHFRUGDUPRVHVVHWmRIDPLJHUDGRVORJDQGHU ULGLDQR ©LO Q¶\ D SDV GH KRUVWH[WHª ©QmR Ki XP IRUDGRWH[WRª XP H[FHVVR TXH p XPD SUHVHQoD FRQVWDQWH VRED PRGDOLGDGH GD QmR SUHVHQoDTXHDVVRPEUDGLUVHLDWDPEpPMiRWH[WRGH'HUULGD 3URFHGHQGRDXPOHYDQWDPHQWRGHSDUDPRQRVFRPXPDREUD GH'HUULGDHPTXHDQRomRGR³IRUD´pGHIDFWRDERUGDGDDLQGD TXHGHIRUPDREOtTXDFRPRVHDDERUGDJHPGLUHFWDIRVVHLPSRVVt YHO (VVD REUD p /D GLVVpPLQDWLRQ GH /RJR QR WH[WR TXH OKH VHUYH GH SUHIiFLR SUHFLVDPHQWH LQWLWXODGR ³+RUV /LYUH´ 'HUULGD ODQoDRVGDGRVUHWRPDQGRRVHXIDPRVRPRWLYRGDGLIIpUDQFH ³'LIIpUDQFH´GHVLJQDULDWDPEpP>@HVWDHFRQRPLD±GHJXHUUD±TXH S}HHPOLJDomRDDOWHULGDGHUDGLFDORXDH[WHULRULGDGHDEVROXWDGRIRUD >GHKRUV@FRPRFDPSRIHFKDGRDJRQtVWLFRHKLHUDUTXL]DQWHGDVRSRVL o}HVILORVyILFDVGRV³GLIHUHQWHV´RXGD³GLIHUHQoD´
'HUULGDFRQFHEHDGLIIpUDQFHFRPRXPDHVSpFLHGHVtQWHVHGLV MXQWLYD RX GH PRYLPHQWR SURGXWLYR D GXDV GLPHQV}HV HVSDoD PHQWR H WHPSRUDOL]DomR 3RU XP ODGR D GLIIpUDQFH OLGD FRPR SyOHPRV RX HVSDoDPHQWR GHVLJQD QmR Vy D QmRLGHQWLGDGH RX D GLVVHPHOKDQoD GR ³GLIHUHQWH´ PDV SULQFLSDOPHQWH D LPSRVVLELOL GDGH GH XPD SUHVHQoD VLPSOHV RX VHMD D LPSRVVLELOLGDGH GR
97
Gonçalo Zagalo
SUHHQFKLPHQWR SOHQR GH XPD LQWXLomR H SRU FRQVHJXLQWH D LPSRVVLELOLGDGH GD DXWRDIHFomR SXUD TXH SUHVLGH j QRomR GH DXWRLGHQWLGDGH SUHPLVVD QHFHVViULD j GLVVHPHOKDQoD SHQVDGD VHJXQGR D SUHVHQoD GR SUHVHQWH $TXL PDUFDVH FODUDPHQWH D DEHUWXUDSDUDXPDDOWHULGDGHHPJHUDO3RURXWURODGRDGLIIpUDQ FH OLGD FRPR GLIHULPHQWR RX WHPSRUDOL]DomR GHVLJQD QmR Vy D GLODomRWHPSRUDOGRVSUHVHQWHVPDVSULQFLSDOPHQWHDLPSRVVLELOL GDGHGHXPDRULJHPVLPSOHVRXVHMDDLGHLDGHTXHDUHSURGXomR pRULJLQiULDHFRQVWLWXLDSUySULDVtQWHVHWHPSRUDO(DTXLPDUFDVH DDEHUWXUDGHXPSDVVDGRHGHXPSRUYLUDEVROXWRVHLUUHGXWtYHLVj SUHVHQoDGRSUHVHQWH(VWH³GLIHUHQGRGLIHUHQWHHGLIHUHQFLDGRU´p RTXHID]DFRQWHFHUDVGLIHUHQoDVVLQJXODUHVHIHFWLYDVHSUySULDV ©DV GLIHUHQoDVVmRSRUWDQWR³SURGX]LGDV´±GLIHULGDV±SHODGLIIpUDQFHª 2PRWLYRGDGLIIpUDQFHUHPHWHSDUDXPHVWUDQKRHQFRQWURHQWUH DIHQRPHQRORJLDKXVVHUOLDQDHDOLQJXtVWLFDHVWUXWXUDOLVWDGH6DXV VXUHTXHWHPOXJDUQDVSULPHLUDVREUDVGH'HUULGD3RUXPODGRD OHLWXUDGRSUREOHPDGRORJRVH[SUHVVLYRHP+XVVHUOOHYDGDDFDER HP/DYRL[HWOHSKpQRPqQH SHUPLWHD'HUULGDSRVWXODUTXH QD PHGLGD HP TXH D LGHDOLGDGH GR PXQGR Vy DFRQWHFH QD VXD UHSHWLomR FRPR VLJQR LQVFULWR QD FRQVFLrQFLD GH FDGD DFWR LQWHQ FLRQDORXVHMDFRPRXPDWHFHODJHPGRVHQWLGRHGDVXDSUySULD LQVWkQFLD DFRQVFLrQFLD HQWmRRHPStULFRQRVHXHQWUHODoDPHQWR FRP D LGHDOLGDGHTXH OKH Gi VHQWLGR WHUi HQWmR QHFHVVDULDPHQWH XPD HVWUXWXUD WH[WXDO 3RU RXWUR ODGR D UDGLFDOL]DomR GD WHVH VDXVVXULDQDGDDUELWUDULHGDGHHLPRWLYDomRGRVLJQRSURSRVWDHP'H OD JUDPPDWRORJLH GHVHPERFD QD WHVH GD DXVrQFLD GH XPD LQVWkQFLD H[WUDOLQJXtVWLFD EDVHDGD QR DUJXPHQWR GH TXH XPD RULJHPVLPSOHVTXHVHUHSURGX]LVVHUHIOH[LYDPHQWHpLQFRPSDWtYHO FRPDLGHLDGHXPDFDGHLDVLJQLILFDQWHTXHHVWiMiVHPSUHHPPDU FKDGHPRGRDUELWUiULRHLPRWLYDGR$VVLPVHQGRHVH©DSUySULD FRLVDpXPVLJQRªHQWmR©QmRKiXPIRUDGRWH[WR KRUVWH[WH ªRX VHMDQmRKiXPVLJQLILFDGRWUDQVFHQGHQWDORXTXDOTXHULQVWkQFLD VLJQLILFDQWHTXHHVFDSHjFDGHLDWH[WXDORTXHVLJQLILFDDLQGDTXH R VLJQR QmR UHSUHVHQWD QHP UHSURGX] XPD SUHVHQoD TXH OKH SUpH[LVWDXPDYH]TXHpQHOHTXHVHHQJHQGUDPHFDQLFDPHQWHD SUySULDSUHVHQoDDSUHVHQoDGRSUHVHQWH(VWDHVWUXWXUDFRQILJX
98
O texto fora-dos-eixos
UDVH QXP FHUWR MRJR TXH SUHVVXS}H SDUDGR[DOPHQWH R QmR IHFKDPHQWRGRFDPSRGHVLJQLILFDomR 6HHQWmRDWRWDOL]DomRMiQmRWHPVHQWLGRQmRpSRUTXHDLQILQLGDGH GHXPFDPSRQmRSRVVDVHUFREHUWDSRUXPROKDURXSRUXPGLVFXUVR ILQLWRPDVSRUTXHDQDWXUH]DGRFDPSR±DVDEHUDOLQJXDJHPHXPD OLQJXDJHPILQLWD±H[FOXLDWRWDOL]DomR HVWHFDPSRpHIHFWLYDPHQWHR GH XP MRJR LVWR p GH VXEVWLWXLo}HV LQILQLWDV QR IHFKDPHQWR GH XP FRQMXQWR ILQLWR (VWH FDPSR Vy SHUPLWH HVWDV VXEVWLWXLo}HV LQILQLWDV SRUTXHpILQLWRLVWRpSRUTXHHPOXJDUGHVHUXPFDPSRLQHVJRWiYHO FRPR QD KLSyWHVH FOiVVLFD HP OXJDU GH VHU GHPDVLDGR JUDQGH IDOWH OKHDOJXPDFRLVDDVDEHUXPFHQWURTXHWHUPLQHHIXQGHRMRJRGDV VXEVWLWXLo}HVª
$SUHVHQoDILQLWDSUHVVXS}HHQWmRDDEHUWXUDSDUDXPDH[WHULR ULGDGHTXHQmR SRGH DSDUHFHU FRPR WDO LVWRp QD PRGDOLGDGH GD SUHVHQoD GR SUHVHQWH &RQWXGR D LPSRVVLELOLGDGH GD DSUHVHQWD omR RX GD LQWXLomR GHVWH ³IRUD´ QmR VH GHYH D TXH HVWH FRQVWLWXD XPDIDOWDFRPRQHJDWLYLGDGHVXEVWDQFLDO QmRKiXP³H[FHVVRHP VL PHVPR´ PDV XQLFDPHQWH IRUPDV VLQJXODUHV H VXSOHPHQWiULDV SRVWR TXH QmR Ki QDGD IRUD GR WH[WR RX GD FRQWDPLQDomR PHWR QtPLFD0DVRWH[WR RXRPXQGRRXRVHU QmRVHFRQVWLWXLFRPR XPD WRWDOLGDGH ILQLWD XPD YH] TXH HVWi SHUPDQHQWHPHQWH LQWHU URPSLGRRXIHQGLGRSHODVXDLQFRPSOHWXGHHVWUXWXUDO(VWDLQWHU UXSomRUHVLVWHVHPSUHjIRUPDOL]DomRHjVXEVWLWXLomRHSRUFRQVH JXLQWH UHVLVWH j FDGHLD GH VLJQLILFDomR H D TXDOTXHU KRUL]RQWH GH LQWXLomRSRVVtYHO'HUULGDFKDPD³MRJRGRPXQGR´DHVWHMRJRGH FRQWDPLQDomRGLIHUDQFLDOVHPGLDOpFWLFDHVHPILQDOLGDGHGHLQV FULomRWH[WXDO GHXPIRUDGRWH[WR KRUVWH[WH TXHQXQFDSUpH[LVWLX FRPR WDO $ WUDQVFHQGrQFLD VH D Ki DQXQFLDVH VHPSUH GHVGH GHQWUR FRPR LPDQHQWH DR SODQR GH VLJQLILFDomR GR WUDEDOKR GR VHQWLGR HDRVHXMRJRGHVXEVWLWXLo}HVLQILQLWDV(VWH³FRPR´QmRp XP GLVVLPXODomR PHWDIyULFD PDV WmR Vy D LPSRVVLELOLGDGH GH IHFKDPHQWRRXGDWRWDOL]DomRGRSODQRGHVLJQLILFDomRRXVHMDD VXDILQLWXGH 2 VHU Vy p SDVVtYHO GH VHU GLWR DWUDYpV GH PHWiIRUDV {QWLFDV LVWR p DWUDYpVGD FDGHLD GH VLJQLILFDomR RQGHWXGR ©p Mi IHQyPH QRª $ PHWiIRUD HP JHUDO p WUDGLFLRQDOPHQWH GHILQLGD FRPR D ©SDVVDJHP GH XP HQWH D RXWUR RX GH XP VLJQLILFDGR D RXWURª
99
Gonçalo Zagalo
HVWUDQKDGHILQLomRHPTXHDGLVMXQomRPDUFDDLGHQWLGDGHHQWUHR HQWHHRVLJQLILFDGR2HQWHpVLJQLILFDGRMiRSRGHPRVDILUPDU SRUTXHDQWHV GH PDLVp VLJQLILFDQWH LVWR p LQVFULomRQR WH[WR GR PXQGR QD WRWDOLGDGH GRPXQGR RQGH R VHQWLGRTXH Gi VHQWLGR HPSLULFDPHQWH DFRQWHFH FRPR XPD ³PDLVYDOLD´ TXH QmR SRGH VHUVLPSOHVPHQWHLQVFULWDGHQWURGRSUySULRFDPSRILQLWRQHPWmR SRXFRVHUSRVWXODGDIRUDGHVVHPHVPRFDPSRFRPRXPDGLIHUHQ oDSXUDHWUDQVFHQGHQWH(PVXPDRMRJRLQILQLWRGDGLIIpUDQFHVy DFRQWHFHSRUTXHRFDPSRGHVLJQLILFDomRpMXVWDPHQWHILQLWRPDV WDPEpPSRUTXHDSUySULDILQLWXGHpLQFRPSDWtYHOFRPXPDDFWXD OL]DomRDEVROXWDGHWRGDDSUHVHQoDSRVVtYHOHGHWRGRVRVSUHVHQWHV HIHFWLYiYHLV (VWD DEHUWXUD RULJLQiULD SDUD XPD H[WHULRULGDGH DEVROXWD DQXQFLDGD SHOD GHVFRQVWUXomR IXQFLRQD DVVLP FRPR R FRUUHODWRGD GHVFRQVWUXomRGD IHQRPHQRORJLD D SDUWLUGD UXSWXUD GRKRUL]RQWHGHFRQVWLWXLomR SURJUDPDDQXQFLDGRGHVGHDWHVHGH 0HVWUDGR/HSUREOqPHGHODJHQqVHGDQVODSKLORVRSKLHGH+XVVHUOGH HGDGHVFRQVWUXomRGRHVWUXWXUDOLVPRDSDUWLUGDQRomRGH XP H[FHVVR VXSOHPHQWiULR TXH LQGX] D GLVVHPLQDomR GR VHQWLGR SURJUDPDDQXQFLDGRGHVGHRHQVDLR³)RUFHHWVLJQLILFDWLRQ´GH HGDFRQIHUrQFLD³/DVWUXFWXUHOHVLJQHHWOHMHXGDQVOHGLV FRXUVGHVVFLHQFHVKXPDLQHV´GH $FRQVHTXrQFLDGRTXHIRLDQWHULRUPHQWHH[SRVWRpDILJXUDGR UDVWUR WUDFH LPRWLYDGRSURSRVWDSRU'HUULGD DLPRWLYDomRGRVLJQR SUHVVXS}HD LQVFULomR VHPSUH GLIHULGD GDV SUySULDV GLIHUHQoDV VLJ QLILFDQWHV RFDPSRWH[WXDOpILQLWRPDVDVFRPELQDWyULDVVmRLQIL QLWDV RX VHMD GH XP H[FHVVR QmRWH[WXDO TXH Vy DSDUHFH LQVFUH YHQGRVHQRSUySULRWH[WRSRUDSDJDPHQWR2UDVWURQmRpPDLV GRTXHRSUySULRDSDJDPHQWRGHVLGHXPDQmRSUHVHQoDQDDFWXD OL]DomR GH FDGD SUHVHQWH (VWD HVWUXWXUD WHP XP GXSOR DOFDQFH SRUXPODGRUHIHUHTXHXPDFHUWD³DXVrQFLD´VXEMD]HGHVHQFDL[D VHPSUHTXDOTXHU DVVHUomR GH SUHVHQoD H SRU RXWUR ODGR GHVLJQD WDPEpPXPDFRQWLQXLGDGHLQVLVWHQWHTXHKDELWDDSUySULDPRUWH RXDXVrQFLD(VWHGXSORPRYLPHQWRUHIOHFWHVHXPDYH]PDLVQR GXSOR PRYLPHQWR GH HVSDoDPHQWR H WHPSRUDOL]DomR GD GLIIpUDQFH UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH FRPR ©D DEHUWXUD GD SULPHLUD H[WHULRULGDGH HP JHUDODHQLJPiWLFDUHODomRGRYLYRDRVHXRXWURHGHXPGHQWURD XPIRUDªHFRPR©DQmRSUHVHQoDGRRXWURLQVFULWDQRVHQWLGRGR SUHVHQWH >@ D UHODomR FRP D PRUWH FRPR HVWUXWXUD FRQFUHWD GR
100
O texto fora-dos-eixos
SUHVHQWHYLYRª(VWDFRQILJXUDomRVHUiUHWRPDGDPDLVWDUGHQRV PRWLYRVGRIDQWDVPDRXGDHVSHFWUDOLGDGH 2UDVWURpSRUFRQVHJXLQWHDOJRTXHHVFDSDjDOWHUQDWLYDHQWUH SUHVHQoD H DXVrQFLD RX VH VH SUHIHULU HQWUH GHQWUR H IRUD 2 TXH FRQWD DTXL p R HQWUH TXH UHODFLRQD RV FRQWUiULRV VHP RV XQLU RX VXSHUDU XPD HVSpFLH GH QmRVHQWLGR UDGLFDO TXH ID] DFRQWHFHU H FRPXQLFDUDSOXUDOLGDGHGRVVHQWLGRVVHPKRUL]RQWHLQWHUSUHWDWLYR HVHPUHJUDGHILQLGDGHDQWHPmReLVWRTXHSHUPLWHRSRURFRQ FHLWRGHGLVVHPLQDomRLQILQLWDGRVVLJQLILFDQWHVDRFRQFHLWRKHUPH QrXWLFR GH SROLVVHPLD FDGD HOHPHQWR GR WHFLGR WH[WXDO UHPHWH SDUD WRGRV RV RXWURV HOHPHQWRV TXH HOH SUySULR QmR p RX VHMD FRQVWLWXLVHLQVFUHYHQGRRH[WHULRUQRVHXLQWHULRU PDVHVWHSULQ FtSLR GH GLIHUHQFLDomR Vy p SRVVtYHO QD PHGLGD HP TXH QHQKXP HOHPHQWR H[LVWH DQWHV GRV RXWURV RX JDUDQWH D VXD VREUHYLYrQFLD HP UHODomR D HVWHV $ SUHVHQoD GHULYD DVVLP GH XPD DXVrQFLD H WHPMiLQVFULWDHPVLDVXDSUySULDPRUWH2LQWHUYDOR TXHDH[WH ULRULGDGHHQ[HUWDQRLQWHULRUGRSUySULRHTXHRVHSDUDGHVLSUy SULRHDVXEYHUVmRGDVPRGDOLGDGHVGRSUHVHQWHSHODLQVFULomRGH XPWHPSRTXHQXQFDIRLRXVHUiSUHVHQWHHTXHVHIXUWDjSURGX omRVREDIRUPDGDSUHVHQoDWRUQDPLPSRVVtYHODSURSULHGDGHH DSUHVHQoDSXUDVPDVSRVVLELOLWDPSDUDGR[DOPHQWHDVXDIHQRPH QDOL]DomR $ LQGHFLGLELOLGDGH HQWUH R SUHVHQWH H R QmRSUHVHQWH HQWUH R GHVHMRHDFRQVXPDomRHQWUHRIRUDHRGHQWURpRTXH'HUULGDOr QR JUDIHPD ³KtPHQ´ GH 0DOODUPp HQR SDUHUJRQ NDQWLDQR 2 KtPHQpDIURQWHLUDSRURVDHQWUHRLQWHULRUHRH[WHULRUGDYDJLQD TXHGHOLPLWDRVHXFDPSRSUySULRPDVDEULQGRRjSRVVLELOLGDGH GD SHQHWUDomR $ IURQWHLUD SRU GHILQLomR p VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH D GHPDUFDomR TXH SURWHJH H D SRVVLELOLGDGH GD SDVVDJHP 7RGR R OLPLWHWRGRRH[WUHPRWRGRRWHUPRDSHODDXP³IRUD´eHVWDD SOXULYRFLGDGHRXDSUREOHPDWLFLGDGHGDIURQWHLUD WDQWRRHVWDUDt GLDQWHFRPRFRLVDDWHUHPFRQWDHFRPDTXDOpSUHFLVRQHJRFLDU FRPRWDPEpPRVHXFDUiFWHUGLVVLPXODGRULVWRpFRQVWLWXWLYRGH XPDLQWLPLGDGHTXHVHGLVVLPXODDSDUWLUGRPRPHQWRHPTXHp FLUFXQVFULWD $ RSHUDomR GHVFULWD SHOR VLQWDJPD LQYDJLQDomR UHPHWH SDUD D QRomR GH XPD GREUD SROLPyUILFD TXHLQWHULRUL]D R IRUD GHQWUR GR FRUSR VHP R DVVLPLODU WDO FRPR D GLIIpUDQFH p R PRYLPHQWRRXDWHQVmRGLQkPLFDHEHOLJHUDQWHHQWUHRFDPSRGH
101
Gonçalo Zagalo
VLJQLILFDomRHDTXLORTXHVHIXUWDjFDWHJRUL]DomR-iRSDUHUJRQp SDUD .DQW QD &UtWLFD GD )DFXOGDGH GH -XOJDU PDV WDPEpP QXPD QRWD j VHJXQGD HGLomR GH $ 5HOLJLmR QRV OLPLWHV GD VLPSOHV UD]mR DTXLOR TXH YHP DVVRFLDGR j REUD HUJRQ QHP GHQWUR QHP IRUD FRPRXPRUQDPHQWRPDVWDPEpPFRPRXPFRPSOHPHQWRGHVWD ©FRPR XP DFHVVyULR TXH VH p REULJDGR D DFROKHU D ERUGRª 2 SDUHUJRQ p SRU LVVR WDPEpP R ERUGR ERUG RX R FRQWRUQR TXH GHOLPLWD R FDPSR GD LQWXLomR FRPR D PROGXUD GH XP TXDGUR ©XP IRUD >GHKRUV@ TXH p FRQYRFDGR GH GHQWUR GR LQWHULRU >GHGDQV@ SDUDRFRQVWLWXLULQWHULRUPHQWH>HQGHGDQV@ª2TXHRFRQWRUQR RXRSDUHUJRQGHOLPLWDPQmRpDLQIRUPLGDGHSUHVHQWHGRFDPSR PDV D VXD LQDGHTXDomR HVWUXWXUDO SDUD VH DFWXDOL]DU RX SRVWXODU FRPRWDO DLQGHFLGLELOLGDGHHDSRURVLGDGHGRSDUHUJRQVmRDPDU FD DSDJDGD GD LQWHUUXSomR RULJLQiULD GD SUHVHQoD RX GD KHWHUR JHQHLGDGH LUUHGXWtYHO GD QmRSUHVHQoD TXH OKH VXEMD] H TXH D PHWDItVLFD WUDGLFLRQDO QRPHLD FRPR ³IDOWD´ RX DXVrQFLD VXEVWDQ FLDO 1D ~OWLPD VHFomR GH ³3DUHUJRQ´ 'HUULGD SDVVD SDUD D VHFomR GHGLFDGDj³$QDOtWLFDGR6XEOLPH´GD&UtWLFDGD)DFXOGDGHGH-XOJDU NDQWLDQDDSURSyVLWRGRPRWLYRGR FRORVVDOFRPRDTXLORTXHQD VXD GHVPHVXUD QmR SRGH VHQmR GDUVH LQDGHTXDGDPHQWH 3RGH HQFRQWUDUVH DTXL XPD SRQWH SDUD D QRomR GHUULGLDQD GH HYHQWR pYpQHPHQW LPSRVVtYHOHQWHQGLGRFRPRDTXLORTXHQmRVHSRGHGDU jSUHVHQoDGDLQWXLomRRXTXHQmRSRGHDFRQWHFHUFRPRWDO6HR HYHQWR p SDUD 'HUULGD R DFRQWHFHU RX D YLQGD GH DOJR DEVROXWD PHQWHRXWUR WRXWDXWUH RXGHXPDH[WHULRULGDGHSXUDHQWmRHOH QmR SRGH VHU VHQmR LPSRVVtYHO LUUHGXWtYHO SRUWDQWR jV VXDV FRQGL o}HVGHSRVVLELOLGDGH(VWDTXHVWmRGDVFRQGLo}HVGHSRVVLELOLGDGH UHPHWH SDUD .DQW SDUD TXHP QR HQWDQWR HVWH p HVVHQFLDOPHQWH XP SUREOHPD HSLVWHPROyJLFR H QmR RQWROyJLFR XPD YH] TXH VH WUDWDGHDYHULJXDUDVFRQGLo}HVGDLQWXLomRGRVREMHFWRVHQmRGD VXDH[LVWrQFLDFRPRWDO$SDVVDJHPGDH[SHULrQFLDjH[LVWrQFLD LVWRpGRFRQKHFLPHQWRIHQRPpQLFRjUHIOH[mRVREUHDFRLVDHPVL pXPSUREOHPDGRXVRKLSRWpWLFRGDUD]mRQDPHGLGDHPTXHR DSDUDWRFRJQLWLYRGDVIDFXOGDGHVIRUPDVSXUDVHFDWHJRULDVDSHODD XP SULQFtSLR TXH DVVHJXUH D XQLGDGH WRWDO GH WRGR R VLVWHPD H TXH WRPHD IRUPD GH XPDLGHLD UHJXODGRUDTXH SHUPLWD WRPDU D
102
O texto fora-dos-eixos
RUGHPGRPXQGR FRPRVH DOVRE GDRUGHPGDH[SHULrQFLDVHWUD WDVVH LVWR p SRU DQDORJLD ILFFLRQDO $ JpQHVH GHVWH SULQFtSLR Vy SRGHQRHQWDQWRVHUFRPSUHHQGLGDDSDUWLUGD&UtWLFDGD)DFXOGD GHGH-XOJDUHGHGXDVIRUPDVGLVWLQWDV QRMXt]RGHJRVWRHPTXHR EHORpLQWXtGRFRPRVHDEHOH]DIRVVHXPDSURSULHGDGHGRREMHFWRH FRPRVHRMXt]RIRVVHOyJLFR HQDLQWXLomRGRVXEOLPHRQGHRLQIL QLWR VH DSUHVHQWD LQDGHTXDGDPHQWH QD ILQLWXGH GHOLPLWDQGRD YLROHQWDPHQWH 1R SULPHLUR FDVR R WUDEDOKR ILFFLRQDO GD LPDJL QDomRSHUPLWHRMRJROLYUHHKDUPyQLFRHQWUHDVHQVLELOLGDGHHR HQWHQGLPHQWR QRVHJXQGRFDVRDUD]mRH[LJHTXHDVIDFXOGDGHVVH PROGHPDRREMHFWRGDGRSHUPLWLQGRTXHHVWHIRUMH YLROHQWDPHQ WH DVSUySULDVFRQGLo}HVGDVXDGRDomR 1D HVWUXWXUD GR HYHQWR LPSRVVtYHO GHUULGLDQR SDUD TXH DOJR DFRQWHoDpSUHFLVRTXHSDUDGR[DOPHQWHDLPSRVVLELOLGDGHVHWRUQH SRVVtYHO(VWDOyJLFDUHPHWHSDUDRPRWLYRGDLQYHQomRWDOFRPRp DSUHVHQWDGR QR WH[WR ³,QYHQWLRQV GH O¶DXWUH´ D LQYHQomR GHYHVHUKHWHURJpQHDDWRGRRFiOFXORRXSUHYLVmRSRVVtYHLV,VWR VLJQLILFDTXHDLQYHQomRGHYHVHULQYHQomRGRRXWURQRVHXGXSOR JHQLWLYR SRUXPODGRHODGHYHVHUFDSD]GHLQYHQWDUDOJRDEVROX WDPHQWH RXWUR HP UHODomR j HFRQRPLD GR PHVPR H SRU RXWUR ODGR HOD QmR SRGH WHU RULJHP HP QHQKXPD HVSRQWDQHLGDGH RX FDSDFLGDGH SUHVHQWH 8PD LQYHQomR SDUD SRGHU FRQVWLWXLU XP HYHQWR GHYH SRU FRQVHJXLQWH FRQVLVWLU QR LQYHQWDU VH GDV SUy SULDVFRQGLo}HVGHSRVVLELOLGDGH6HUiRSUySULRHYHQWRLPSRVVtYHO TXHIXQGDDVFRQGLo}HVGDVXDYLQGDHGRVHXDFRQWHFHUWRUQDQGR VHSRVVtYHO PDVHVWDIXQGDomRQmRSRGHVHUXPDUHYHODomRRXXPD SURJUDPDomRSRUTXHDVXDUHJUDWHPGHSHUPDQHFHULPSRVVtYHOGH VHU UH FULDGDHQTXDQWRWDOeLVWRTXHSHUPLWHD'HUULGDFRQFHEHU TXHD³FRQGLomRGHSRVVLELOLGDGH´GHXPHYHQWRVHMDXPD³FRQGL omRGHLPSRVVLELOLGDGH´ SDUDTXHDOJRDFRQWHoDRXSDUDTXHDOJR GHDEVROXWDPHQWHRXWURYHQKDpSUHFLVRTXHHVVHDFRQWHFHURXHVVD YLQGDQmRHVWHMDPGHPRGRDOJXPLQFOXtGRVHPTXDOTXHUSRVVLEL OLGDGHSUHVHQWHRXLGHDOPHQWHSUHVHQWLILFiYHO(VWHID]HUVH³SRVVt YHO´GRLPSRVVtYHOpRTXH'HUULGDFKDPDLPSRVVtYHO DH[SHULrQFLD RX D SRVVLELOLGDGH GR LPSRVVtYHO RQGH R KtIHQ PDUFD R FDUiFWHU H[FHVVLYR H H[FHSFLRQDO RX VHMD D KHWHURJHQHLGDGH VHP RSRVLomR FRPDHFRQRPLDRXDGLQkPLFDGRVSRVVtYHLV1RIXQGRWUDWDVH
103
Gonçalo Zagalo
GHSHQVDUTXHRSRVVtYHOQmRVHHVJRWDQDGLQkPLFDGHXPDRQWR ORJLDGDVPRGDOLGDGHVGRVHUHTXHVXSRUWDHPVLRH[FHVVRLPSHU FHSWtYHOGDVXDLPSRVVLELOLGDGHPDLVUDGLFDO $V FRQGLo}HV GH SRVVLELOLGDGH GR HYHQWR VmR LPSRVVtYHLV SRU TXHHVWmR³IRUD´GRFDPSRGHSRVVLELOLGDGHVSUHVHQWHVRXSUHVHQWL ILFiYHLVDOJRTXHVySRGHVHUFRPSUHHQGLGRDSDUWLUGDHVWUXWXUD GRUDVWURWDOFRPRIRLDQWHULRUPHQWHDQXQFLDGD RHYHQWRDFRQWH FH SRUDSDJDPHQWR LVWR pSHUPDQHFHQGR H[FHVVLYRHP UHODomRD TXDOTXHUIRUPDOL]DomRHSRUFRQVHJXLQWHIUDFWXUDQGRRKRUL]RQWH LQWXLWLYRGDVXDSRVVLELOLGDGHGHFRQFUHomReHVWHGHVHQFDL[HGR SODQR GH VLJQLILFDomR TXH SHUPLWH FRPSUHHQGHU TXH D QRomR GH HYHQWRGHUULGLDQDQmRpDVVLPLOiYHOjDQDORJLDILFFLRQDOGRFRPRVH NDQWLDQRTXHWHPVHPSUHSRUEDVHRKRUL]RQWHLGHDOPHQWHUHSUH VHQWiYHO GR FRQMXQWR WRWDO GDV FRQGLo}HV GH SRVVLELOLGDGH 'LIH UHQWHPHQWHRTXH³GHILQHRLPSRVVtYHOVmRDVVXDV³LQFRQGLo}HVGH SRVVLELOLGDGH´ RHYHQWRpLQFRQGLFLRQDOLVWRpVHPFRQGLo}HVQD PHGLGDHPTXHRVHXDFRQWHFHUQmRHVWiFRQWLGRQHPGHSHQGHGH TXDLVTXHU SRVVLELOLGDGHV RIHUHFLGDV GH DQWHPmR SRU LVVR D UHJUD GR VHX DFRQWHFHUpHP VLPHVPD LQFRQGLFLRQDOH LQFRQGLFLRQDGD VHP UHJUD e D HYHQWXDOLGDGH GR HYHQWR TXH VH ID] ³SRVVtYHO´ LQYHQWDQGR D SDUWLU GD LQFRQGLFLRQDOLGDGH TXH R FDUDFWHUL]D DV VXDV LQ FRQGLo}HV GH SRVVLELOLGDGH 2 HYHQWR LPSRVVtYHO FRPR UXSWXUDLQVWDQWkQHDGRSODQRGHVLJQLILFDomRMRJDVHSRUWDQWR QD KHWHURQRPLD UDGLFDO GR ³FRPR´ FRPR p IHLWR D LQVFULomR GH XP H[FHVVRDEVROXWDPHQWHRXWURTXHQXQFDVHLQVFUHYHFRPRWDOHTXH pLUUHGXWtYHOjHFRQRPLDGRVSRVVtYHLV $ LQDGHTXDomR HVWUXWXUDO GR HYHQWR LPSRVVtYHO HP UHODomR j VXD DSUHVHQWDomR SRVVtYHO ID] UHFRUGDU R VHQWLPHQWR GR FRORVVDO NDQWLDQR FRPR D H[SHULrQFLD ©GH XPD LQDGHTXDomR GR DSUHVHQ WDQGRHPUHODomRDRDSUHVHQWDGRGDDSUHVHQWDomRª1HOHFRPR QR HYHQWR LPSRVVtYHO DV FRQGLo}HV GH SRVVLELOLGDGH RX GH DSUH VHQWDomRVmRIRUMDGDVQRSUySULRLQVWDQWHGDDSUHVHQWDomRHQHOHVH HVJRWDP3DUDDFRQVHFXomRGHXPHTXLOtEULRHQWUH DFRPSUHHQ VmRHDDSUHHQVmRpQHFHVViULRTXHDH[SHULrQFLDGRFRORVVDODFRQ WHoDDXPDGLVWkQFLDGHWHUPLQDGD©HQWUHXPGHPDVLDGRSUy[LPRH XPGHPDVLDGRORQJHª2IRUDQmRSRGHVHUSXUDPHQWHH[WHULRU QHP SRGH VHU VLPSOHVPHQWH LQVFULWR GHQWUR GR FDPSR GH VLJQLIL FDomRQXPHTXLOtEULRLPSRVVtYHOHQWUHDHVWUDQKH]DHDSUR[LPL
104
O texto fora-dos-eixos
GDGHTXHUHPHWHSDUDD8QKHLPOLFK ³HVWUDQKDIDPLOLDULHGDGH´RX ³IDPLOLDU HVWUDQKH]D´ IUHXGLDQD H SULQFLSDOPHQWH SDUD D VXD IHOL]WUDGXomRFRPRKDQWRORJLHSURSRVWDSRU'HUULGD (P6SHFWUHVGH0DU[ GH 'HUULGDSDUWHGHXPDOHLWXUDGD VHQWHQoDIDQWDVPDJyULFDGR+DPOHWGH6KDNHVSHDUH©WKHWLPHLVRXW RI MRLQWª ©R WHPSR HVWi IRUD GRV HL[RVª DWULEXLQGROKH D PHVPD VLJQLILFDomRGR©DXVGHU)XJHVHLQªKHLGHJJHULDQRSDUDWHQWDUPRV WUDUTXHXPFHUWRGHVHQFDL[HpDFRQGLomRLQGHIHFWtYHOGDFXUVLYL GDGHGRWHPSR&RQWXGRQHVVHPHVPRJHVWRGHDSUR[LPDomRD +HLGHJJHU'HUULGDPDUFDDVXDGLIHUHQoDID]HQGRQRWDUTXHSDUD R SHQVDGRU DOHPmR HVVHGHVHQFDL[H Vy SRGH VHU OLGR FRPR FRQGL omRGDUHVWLWXLomRKDUPRQL]DQWH TXHUHPHWHSDUDD'LNrGH$QD [LPDQGUR SRU VHU SHQVDGR QR PRGR GH VHU GR SUHVHQWH LVWR p FRPRXPRXWURWHPSRSUHVHQWH3DUD+HLGHJJHUDFXUVLYLGDGHGR WHPSR UHPHWHULD VHPSUH SDUD XPD DXVrQFLD LQVFULWD QR SUHVHQWH PDV XPD DXVrQFLD FXMD UHSUHVHQWDomR FRQVWLWXLULD D FRQGLomR GD UHXQLILFDomR GR SUySULR WHPSR PHVPR TXH D 'LNr QmR VHMD OLGD HPVHQWLGRSURSULDPHQWHFRUUHFWLYR RXVHMDGDVXDLGHQWLILFDomR FRPRKRUL]RQWHGDWRWDOLGDGHGRVSUHVHQWHVSRVVtYHLV6yDUHSUH VHQWDomRSRGHULD³UHGLPLU´RWHPSRHUHQGHU OKH MXVWLoD2UDp SDUD HVFDSDU D HVWD HVFDWRORJLD TXH 'HUULGD SHQVD DTXL D DUTXL RULJLQDULHGDGH GR UDVWUR FRPR XPD DVVRPEUDomR KDQWLVH IDQWDV PDJyULFD FRPR R PRWLYR GD KDQWRORJLH FRQMXJDomR GH KDQWLVH DVVRPEUDomR H GH RQWRORJLH RQWRORJLD $ KDQWRORJLH VHULD XPD HVSpFLHGH³RQWRORJLDHVSHFWUDORXIDQWDVPiWLFD´ 1D VXD FDUDFWHUL]DomR GR IDQWDVPD 'HUULGD HQXQFLD HP SUL PHLUR OXJDU TXH HVWH QmR GHYH VHU SHQVDGR FRPR R HIHLWR RX R WHVWHPXQKR GH XPD SDVVDJHP GH XP RXWUR WHPSRSUHVHQWH Mi SDVVDGR RWHUPRDOHPmR³HVVSXNW´UHFXSHUDGRSRU'HUULGDQDVXD OHLWXUD GH 0DU[ SHUPLWH SHQVDU MXVWDPHQWH HVVD DVVRPEUDomR QHXWUD H HVSHFWUDO TXH QmR UHPHWH SDUD QHQKXPD UHPLQLVFrQFLD SDVVDGD 2VIDQWDVPDVVHUmRMXVWDPHQWHDTXHOHVTXHQXQFDDSD UHFHPQDPRGDOLGDGHGDSUHVHQoDTXHQXQFDVHLQVFUHYHPRXVH FRQVWLWXHPHPQHQKXPDLQVWkQFLDVHQmRFRPRRVHXUDVWUR2UD FRPRQXQFDDSDUHFHPRVIDQWDVPDVHVWmRDLQGDHVHPSUHSRUYLU RX H p R PHVPR Mi YLHUDP PDV QXP LQVWDQWH TXHHVWi IRUDGD HVFDODFURQROyJLFDHDRTXDOSRUFRQVHJXLQWHQmRKiDFHVVRSRVVt
105
Gonçalo Zagalo
YHO(PVHJXQGROXJDURIDQWDVPDpDILJXUDTXHDLOXVWUDRHIHLWR GHLWHUDELOLGDGHRVXUJLPHQWRGDGLIHUHQoDHGDDOWHULGDGHQDUHSH WLomR XPD YH] TXH HOH YHP VHPSUH GH QRYR VHPSUH RXWUR QD UHLWHUDomR GD VXD YLQGD FRPHoDQGR PHVPR SRU UHYLU 1R TXH DRV HVSHFWURV H IDQWDVPDV GL] UHVSHLWR QmR Ki SULPHLUD YH] H p VHPSUHDSULPHLUDYH] DYLQGDpVHPSUHDEVROXWDPHQWHVLQJXODUH LQDXJXUDOPDVUHPHWHVHPSUHSDUDXPWHPSRDQWHULRUTXHVLPXO WDQHDPHQWHDEUHRSRUYLU)LQDOPHQWHRIDQWDVPDpDTXHOHTXHYr VHP VH GHL[DU YHU R HVSHFWUR $ HVSHFLILFLGDGH GR WHUPR ODWLQR VSHFWUXUHVLGHQRIDFWRGHRFRUUHUQRUPDOPHQWHQRSOXUDO KiVHP SUHPDLVGRTXHXPHVSHFWUR HGHUHIHULUXPHYHQWRLQFRUSyUHRD VDEHURGR³VLPXODFURHPLWLGR´2UDRVLPXODFURpMXVWDPHQWHR TXHSHUWXUEDDOyJLFDGDLGHQWLGDGHPDUFDQGRDLQGHFLGLELOLGDGH HQWUHRULJLQDOHFySLDUHIHUHQWHHLPDJHPSRUHYDVmRjDSUHVHQWDomR FRPRWDO 6HJXQGDDHVWUXWXUDGDKDQWRORJLHDHVSHFWUDOLGDGHpDFRQGLomR LQFRQGLFLRQDO GD HIHFWLYLGDGH $ LQDGHTXDomR RX D GLVMXQomR FRPR 8Q)XJH TXH +HLGHJJHU Or QR SRHPD GH $QD[LPDQGUR p DVVLPSDUDGR[DOPHQWHDFRQGLomRGHWRGRRDFRQWHFHUHGHWRGRR SRUYLUHQWHQGLGRFRPRQmRIHFKDPHQWRGRFDPSRILQLWRGDVLJQL ILFDomRVHQGR+DPOHWDILJXUDGHVWDKHUDQoDSDUDGR[DOTXHPR IDQWDVPDGRSDLRRXWURHVSHFWUDODQXQFLDRTXHHOHQmRHQWHQGH ©WKH WLPH LV RXW RI MRLQWª DWULEXLQGROKH D PLVVmR GH UHVWLWXLU R WHPSRDRVVHXVHL[RV(VWDWDUHIDpMXVWDPHQWHDGDHVFULWDRXDGR DFROKLPHQWRGHIDQWDVPDV RGHVHMRGHGL]HU HVFUHYHU RTXHQmR SRGHVHUGLWR©HVHTXHUHUGL]HUTXHQmRpGHVGHORJRRDQWDJRQLV WDGRVLOrQFLRPDVVLPDVXDFRQGLomRpDSURIXQGLGDGHRULJLQiULD GH WRGR R TXHUHU HP JHUDOª 1mR VH WUDWD GH IRUPD DOJXPD GH UHSHWLU D HVWUXWXUD SODWyQLFD GR )HGUR GH 3ODWmR RQGH D HVFULWD p DSUHVHQWDGD VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH FRPR UHPpGLR SKiUPDNRQ SDUD R HVTXHFLPHQWRHYHQHQR SKiUPDNRQ SDUDDYHUGDGHLUDUHPHPRUD omR RTXH'HUULGDUHMHLWDpMXVWDPHQWHDKLSyWHVHGHXPD³YHUGD GHLUD´ UHPHPRUDomR QD PHGLGD HP TXH R IDQWDVPD R H[FHVVR DVLJQLILFDQWHRUDVWURGRLQILQLWR QmRpQDGDTXHVHSRVVDUHPH PRUDU7XGRRTXHKi HTXHpDRPHVPRWHPSRREMHFWRHUHJLVWR GDJXDUGD pRVXSOHPHQWRGHVVDDPQpVLDRUHJLVWRHVFULWRGHXPD IDOWD UDGLFDO GH SUHVHQoD H GH SHUFHSomR 2X DLQGD D LQVFULomR LQWHULRU GH XP ³IRUD´ DEVROXWR TXH QmR H[LVWH HP VL PHVPR H
106
O texto fora-dos-eixos
FRPRWDO$HVSHFWUDOLGDGHpSURGXWLYDQDPHGLGDHPTXHSURGX] DLQVFULomRGRGHVHMRGDVXDLQVFULomRHGDVXDJXDUGDQRWH[WRGR PXQGR8PDLQVFULomRTXHQmRDFRQWHFHSRUDQDORJLDFRPDTXLOR TXH HOD QmR p FRP R RXWURGHVL PDV VLP SHOD DEHUWXUD LQFRQGL FLRQDO H RULJLQiULD DR H[FHVVR TXH VXEMD] j JUDILD GD SUySULD GLV MXQomRFRQFHSWXDO2³IRUD´pSDUD'HUULGDHVWDDXVrQFLDUDGL FDO GH FHQWUR H SRU FRQVHJXLQWH D LPSRVVLEOLGDGH GH TXDOTXHU DSURSULDomRWRWDOL]DQWHGRVHQWLGR 'HVGHRVVHXVSULPHLURVWH[WRV 'HODJUDPPDWRORJLHH/¶pFULWXUH HWODGLIIpUHQFH 'HUULGDGHPRQVWUDRVHXIDVFtQLRSHORVHIHLWRVQmR WH[WXDLVTXHSURGX]HPDVSUySULDVGLIHUHQoDVOLQJXtVWLFDVHVLJQLIL FDQWHV2TXHHVFDSDHQWmRjVLJQLILFDomR XPD³YR]YLYDVLOHQFLR VD´SDVVRRSDUDGR[R VHUiDOJRDEVROXWDPHQWHRXWUR WRXWDXWUH TXH PDLVWDUGH'HUULGDHQFRQWUDUiWDPEpPQDDOWHULGDGHWDOFRPRD SHQVD (PPDQXHO /pYLQDV H VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH FRPR R HYHQWR VLQJXODU VXUSUHHQGHQWH H[FHSFLRQDO H[FHVVLYR H LQDSURSULiYHO GR TXH FKHJD RX DFRQWHFH 2 ³IRUD´ Vy DFRQWHFH ³GHQWUR´ PDV DEULQGRDVEUHFKDVTXHYLYLILFDPRLQWHULRU6HPRRXWURpVHPSUHR PHVPR H³VHPSUHRPHVPR´VLJQLILFDDSDUDOLVLDHDPRUWH 1RWDV
©³'LIIpUDQFH´GpVLJQDLWDXVVL>@FHWWHpFRQRPLH±GHJXHUUH±TXLPHW HQ UDSSRUW O¶DOWpULWp UDGLFDOH RX O¶H[WpULRULWp DEVROXH GX GHKRUV DYHF OH FKDPSFORVDJRQLVWLTXHHWKLpUDUFKLVDQWGHVRSSRVLWLRQVSKLORVRSKLTXHV GHV ³GLIIpUHQWV´ RX GH OD ³GLIIpUHQFH´ª ' (55,'$ - ³+RUV /LYUH´/D 'LVVpPLQDWLRQ3DULV6HXLO S 2WHUPRGLIIpUDQFH FRPXPD pIRUMDGRGDOtQJXDIUDQFHVDSRU'HUULGD FRP XP REMHFWLYR HVSHFtILFR ©D SDODYUD GLIIpUHQFH FRP XP H QmR S{GH QXQFD UHPHWHU QHP SDUD R GLIHULU FRPR WHPSRUL]DomR QHP SDUD R GLIH UHQGR FRPR SyOHPRV e HVVD SHUGD GH VHQWLGR TXH D SDODYUD GLIIpUDQFH FRP XP D GHYHULD ± HFRQRPLFDPHQWH ± FRPSHQVDUª ³/D GLIIpUDQFH´ 0 S WUDGXomR GH -RDTXLP 7RUUHV &RVWD H $QWyQLR 0 0DJDOKmHV 0DUJHQVGDILORVRILD3RUWR5pVS 2DTXHGLVWLQJXHDGLIIpUDQFHGD GLIIpUHQFH GLIHUHQoD p LQDXGtYHO R TXH SHUPLWH PDUFDU D VXD KHWHURJH QHLGDGHHPUHODomRDRFDPSRIHFKDGRGDVLJQLILFDomRRXVHMDDUXSWXUD JHQpWLFDHRULJLQiULDGDRSHUDomRTXHHODSUHWHQGHGHVLJQDU(VWHDWHP UHVVRQkQFLDV yEYLDV WDQWR GR REMHFWR SHWLW D ODFDQLDQR KLDWR RULJLQiULR
107
Gonçalo Zagalo
FRPRGRDOHSKDSULPHLUDOHWUD LQDXGtYHOHLQGL]tYHO GRVDOIDEHWRVVHPt WLFRV DLQGD TXH R GHVHQFDL[H SUpRQWROyJLFR SURSRVWR SRU 'HUULGD QmR SRVVD WDO FRPR YHUHPRV HP VHJXLGD VHU SHQVDGR VRE D PRGDOLGDGH GD ³IDOWD´ ©/HVGLIIpUHQFHVVRQWGRQF³SURGXLWHV´±GLIIpUpHV±SDUODGLIIpUDQFHª '(55,'$ - ³/D GLIIpUDQFH´ 0DUJHV ± GH OD SKLORVRSKLH 3DULV 0LQXLW S WUDGXomRGH-RDTXLP7RUUHV&RVWDH$QWyQLR00DJDOKmHV 0DUJHQVGDILORVRILD3RUWR5pV (VWDFRQFOXVmRpWDPEpPDSUHVHQWDGDHP '(55,'$ -³/DIRUPHHWOH YRXORLUGLUH´0DUJHVS ©/D FKRVH PrPH HVW XQ VLJQHª '(55,'$ - 'H OD JUDPPDWRORJLH 3DULV 0LQXLW S ©,OQ¶\DSDVGHKRUVWH[WHª'(55,'$-'HODJUDPPDWRORJLHS ©6LODWRWDOLVDWLRQDORUVQ¶DSOXVGHVHQVFHQ¶HVWSDVSDUFHTXHO¶LQILQLWp G¶XQ FKDPS QH SHXW rWUH FRXYHUWH SDU XQ UHJDUG RX XQ GLVFRXUV ILQLV PDLV SDUFH TXH OD QDWXUH GX FKDPS ± j VDYRLU OH ODQJDJH HW XQ ODQJDJH ILQL±H[FOXWODWRWDOLVDWLRQ FHFKDPSHVWHQHIIHWFHOXLG¶XQMHXF¶HVWj GLUH GH VXEVWLWXWLRQV LQILQLHV GDQV OD FO{WXUH G¶XQ HQVHPEOH ILQL &H FKDPSQHSHUPHWFHVVXEVWLWXWLRQVLQILQLHVTXHSDUFHTX¶LOHVWILQLF¶HVWj GLUH SDUFH TX¶DX OLHX G¶rWUH XQ FKDPS LQpSXLVDEOH FRPPH GDQV O¶K\SRWKqVH FODVVLTXH DX OLHX G¶rWUH WURS JUDQG LO OXL PDQTXH TXHOTXH FKRVH j VDYRLU XQ FHQWUH TXL DUUrWH HW IRQGH OH MHX GHV VXEVWLWXWLRQVª '(55,'$ - ³/D VWUXFWXUH OH VLJQH HW OH MHX´ /¶pFULWXUH HW OD GLIIpUHQFH 3DULV/H6HXLO S ©&HMHXSHQVHFRPPHO¶DEVHQFHGXVLJQLILpWUDQVFHQGDQWDOQ¶HVWSDVXQ MHXGDQVOHPRQGHFRPPHO¶DWRXMRXUVGpILQLSRXUOHFRQWHQLUODWUDGLWLRQ SKLORVRSKLTXH>«@3RXUSHQVHUUDGLFDOHPHQWOHMHXLOIDXWGRQFG¶DERUG pSXLVHU WUDYHUVHU SDWLHPPHQW HW ULJRXUHXVHPHQW OD TXHVWLRQ GX VHQV GH O¶rWUHGHO¶rWUHGHO¶pWDQWHWGHO¶RULJLQHWUDQVFHQGDQWDOHGXPRQGH±GH ODPRQGDQLWpGXPRQGH>«@&¶HVWGRQFOHMHXGXPRQGHTX¶LOIDXWSHQVHU G¶DERUG DYDQW GH WHQWHU FRPSUHQGUH WRXWHV OHV IRUPHV GH MHX GDQV OH PRQGHª'(55,'$-'HODJUDPPDWRORJLHS ©>«@ TXH OH MHX FRPSUHQGV OH WUDYDLO GX VHQV RX OH VHQV GX WUDYDLO OHV FRPSUHQGVQRQHQWHUPHVGHVDYRLUPDLVHQWHUPHVGHLQVFULSWLRQ OHVHQV HVWHQIRQFWLRQGXMHXLOHVWLQVFULWHQXQOLHXGDQVODFRQILJXUDWLRQG¶XQ MHXTXLQ¶DSDVGHVHQVª'(55,'$-³/¶pFRQRPLHJpQpUDOH´/¶pFULWXUHHW ODGLIIpUHQFHS (QWHQGHPRVSRUPHWiIRUDWRGDDSURGXomRGHVHQWLGRQDFDGHLDVLJQLIL FDQWHTXHVHLQVFUHYHQRWH[WRGRPXQGR
108
O texto fora-dos-eixos
©4XDQG HOOH HVW GLWH OD IRUFH HVW GpMj SKpQRPqQHª '(55,'$ - ³)RUFHHWVLJQLILFDWLRQ´/¶pFULWXUHHWODGLIIpUHQFHS ©>@ODPpWDSKRUHHQJpQpUDOSDVVDJHG¶XQpWDQWjXQDXWUHRXG¶XQ VLJQLILpjXQDXWUH>@ª'(55,'$ - ³)RUFHHWVLJQLILFDWLRQ´/¶pFULWXUHHW ODGLIIpUHQFHS ©(YHQ WKRXJK ZH GR QRW GUDZ H[DFWO\ WKH VDPH FRQVHTXHQFHV LW LV GLIILFXOW QRW WR DJUHH ZLWK 'HUULGD FRQFHUQLQJ WKH ³XQWHQDEOH DQG DEVXUG´FKDUDFWHURIDVLPSOHLQYHUVLRQ RIVLJQ RIVLJQLILHUDQGVLJQLILHG LI WKH XOWLPDWH VLJQLILHG LV QRWKLQJ PRUH WKDQ WKH YHU\ H[LVWHQFH RI WKH VLJQLILHU WKDW LV H[WUDSRODWHG EH\RQG WKH VLJQ LWV ³VXSSOHPHQW´ RU LWV ³VXUSOXV´ 3UHFLVHO\ª$//,(=(³2QWRORJ\DQG/RJRJUDSK\ 7KH3KDUPDF\3ODWR DQGWKH6LPXODFUXP´3$772133527(9,- HG %HWZHHQ'HOHX]H 'HUULGD/RQGUHV&RQWLQXXPS ©,PDJLQRQVFHWWHPDFKLQHSDUGpILQLWLRQLPSRVVLEOHTXLVHUDLWFRPPH XQHPDFKLQHjHQJUDPPHUWRXWHTXLVHSDVVHGHVRUWHTXHOHVPRLQGUHV SHQVpHV OHV PRLQGUHV PRXYHPHQWV GX FRUSV OHV PRLQGUHV WUDFHV GH GpVLU OH UD\RQ GX VROHLO OD UHQFRQWUH GH TXHOTX¶XQ XQH SKUDVH HQ SDV VDQWVRLHQWLQVFULWVTXHOTXHSDUWTX¶XQpOHFWURHQFpSKDORFDUGLRVRPDWRS V\FKRJUDPPH JpQpUDO VHUDLW SRVVLEOH j FH PRPHQWOj PRQ GpVLU VHUDLW DEVROXPHQW H[DXFp HW OD ILQLWXGH DFFHSWpH HW SDU OjPrPH GpQLpH ª '(55,'$ - ³'LDODQJXHV´ 3RLQWV GH VXVSHQVLRQ (QWUHWLHQV 3DULV *DOLOpH S '(55,'$-/HSUREOqPHGHODJHQqVHGDQVODSKLORVRSKLHGH+XVVHUO 3DULV38) '(55,'$-³)RUFHHWVLJQLILFDWLRQ´/¶pFULWXUHHWODGLIIpUHQFHSS '(55,'$ -³/DVWUXFWXUHOHVLJQHHWOHMHXGDQVOHGLVFRXUVGHVVFLHQ FHVKXPDLQHV´/¶pFULWXUHHWODGLIIpUHQFHSS ©>@ O¶RXYHUWXUH GH OD SUHPLqUH H[WpULRULWp HQ JpQpUDO O¶pQLJPDWLTXH UDSSRUWGXYLYDQWjVRQDXWUHHWG¶XQGHGDQV jXQGHKRUV>@ª ©>@OD QRQSUpVHQFHGHO¶DXWUHLQVFULWHGDQVOHVHQVGXSUpVHQW>@OHUDSSRUWj ODPRUWFRPPHVWUXFWXUHFRQFUqWHGXSUpVHQWYLYDQWª'(55,'$-'HOD JUDPPDWRORJLHS DWUDGXomRpQRVVD ©,OIDXWTX¶XQLQWHUYDOOHOHVpSDUHGHVHTXLQ¶HVWSDVOXLSRXUTX¶LOVRLW OXLPrPH PDLV FHW LQWHUYDOOH TXL OH FRQVWLWXH HQ SUpVHQW GRLW DXVVL GX PrPHFRXSGLYLVHUOHSUpVHQWHQOXLPrPHSDUWDJHDQWDLQVLDYHFOHSUp VHQWWRXWFHTX¶RQSHXWSHQVHUjSDUWLUGHOXLF¶HVWjGLUHWRXWpWDQWGDQV QRWUHODQJXHPpWDSK\VLTXHVLQJXOLqUHPHQWODVXEVWDQFHRXOHVXMHWª³/D GLIIpUDQFH´0DUJHVS
109
Gonçalo Zagalo
©>«@XQ³SDVVp´TXLQ¶DMDPDLVpWpSUpVHQWHWTXLQHOHVHUDMDPDLVGRQW O¶³DYHQLU´QHVHUDMDPDLVOD SURGXFWLRQRXODUHSURGXFWLRQGDQVODIRUPH GHODSUpVHQFHª³/DGLIIpUDQFH´0DUJHVS '(55,'$-³/DGLVVpPLQDWLRQ´ /D'LVVpPLQDWLRQ3DULV6HXLO SS '(55,'$-³3DUHUJRQ´/DYHULWpHQSHLQWXUH3DULV)ODPPDULRQ SS ©&HPRWJUHFSHUDVSRXUWHUPH V\QRQ\PHLFLGXPRWJUHFWHUPD SRXU ILQRXSRXUOLPLWHSRXUH[WUpPLWpLOQRXVPHWDXVVLVXUODYRLHGHSHUDQ TXLYHXWGLUH³DXGHOj´GHO¶DXWUHF{WpYRLUHYLVjYLVHWGHSHUD{ MHSp QqWUH SDUH[HPSOHGLW(VFK\OHOHOLHXRXXQSD\VHLVNK{UDQ MHWUDYHUVH HQ SpQpWUDQW MH SDVVH j WUDYHUV MH IUDQFKLV SDU H[HPSOH OH WHUPH GH OD YLHWHUPDWRXELRXª'(55,'$-³$SRULHV0RXULU±V¶DWWHQGUHDX[©OLPL WHVGHODYpULWpª´/HSDVVDJHGHVIURQWLqUHV3DULV*DOLOpH S ©>@ SUREOHPD SHXW VLJQLILHU VRPPH SURMHFWLRQ RX SURWHFWLRQ FH TX¶RQ SRVHRXMHWWHDXGHYDQWGHVRLRXELHQFRPPHODSURMHFWLRQG¶XQSURMHW G¶XQH WkFKH j DFFRPSOLU RX ELHQ FRPPH OD SURWHFWLRQ G¶XQ VXEVWLWXW G¶XQHSURWKqVHTXHQRXVPHWWRQVHQDYDQWSRXUQRXVUHSUpVHQWHUQRXV UHPSODFHU QRXV DEULWHU QRXV GLVVLPXOHU RX FDFKHU TXHOTXH FKRVH G¶LQDYRXDEOH WHO XQ ERXFOLHU SUREOHPD YHXW GLUH DXVVL ERXFOLHU OH YrWH PHQWFRPPHEDUULqUHRXJDUGHEDUULqUH GHUULqUHOHTXHOVHJDUGHDXVHFUHW RXjO¶DEULHQFDVGHGDQJHU7RXWHIURQWLqUHHVWSUREOpPDWLTXHHQFHVGHX[ VHQVª '(55,'$ - ³$SRULHV 0RXULU ± V¶DWWHQGUH DX[ ©OLPLWHV GH OD YpULWpª´/HSDVVDJHGHVIURQWLqUHVS ©&RPPH XQ DFFHVVRLUH TX¶RQ HVW REOLJp G¶DFFXHLOOLU DX ERUGª '(55,'$-³3DUHUJRQ´/DYHULWpHQSHLQWXUHS ©>«@XQGHKRUVTXLHVWDSSHOpDXGHGDQVGXGHGDQVSRXUOHFRQVWLWXHU HQGHGDQVª'(55,'$-³3DUHUJRQ´/DYHULWpHQSHLQWXUHS ©>«@QRQSDVFRQWUHO¶pQHUJLHOLEUHHWSOHLQHHWSXUHHWGpFKDvQpH DFWH SXU HW SUpVHQFH WRWDOH GH O¶HQHUJHLD SUHPLHU PRWHXU DULVWRWpOLFLHQ PDLV FRQWUHFHTXLPDQTXHHQHOOH QRQSDVFRQWUHOHPDQTXHFRPPHQpJDWLI SRVDEOH RX RSSRVDEOH YLGH VXEVWDQWLHO DEVHQFH YpULILDEOHV PDLV FRQWUH O¶LPSRVVLELOLWp G¶DUUrWHU OD GLIIpUDQFH HQ VRQ FRQWRXU G¶DUUDLVRQQHU O¶KpWpURJqQH OD GLIIpUDQFH GDQV OD SRVH GH ORFDOLVHU IWFH GH PDQLqUH PpWHPSLULTXHFHTXHODPpWDSK\VLTXHDSSHOOHRQYLHQWGHOHYRLUPDQ TXH GH OH IDLUH UHYHQLU pJDO RX VHPEODEOH j VRL DGHTXDWLRKRPRLVLV >«@ª '(55,'$-³3DUHUJRQ´/DYHULWpHQSHLQWXUHS .$17, &UtWLFDGDUD]mR SXUD .ULWLNGHUUHLQHQ9HUQXQIW WUDG0DQXHOD3LQWRGRV6DQWRVH$OH[DQGUH)UDGLTXH0RUXMmR/LVERD )XQGDomR&DORXVWH*XOEHQNLDQ $ %$%
110
O texto fora-dos-eixos
©/D YHQXH DOpDWRLUH GX WRXW DXWUH DXGHOj GH O¶LQFDOFXODEOH FRPPH FDOFXOHQFRUHSRVVLEOHDXGHOjGHO¶RUGUHPrPHGXFDOFXOYRLOjOD³YUDLH´ LQYHQWLRQ >«@ª '(55,'$ - ³,QYHQWLRQ GH O¶DXWUH´ 3V\FKp ,QYHQWLRQV GH O¶DXWUH 3DULV *DOLOpH S QRWD ©/¶LQWpUrW GH OD GpFRQVWUXF WLRQGHVDIRUFHHWGHVRQGpVLUVLHOOHHQDF¶HVWXQHFHUWDLQHH[SpULHQFH GHO¶LPSRVVLEOH F¶HVWjGLUH>«@ GHO¶DXWUHO¶H[SpULHQFH GHO¶DXWUHFRPPH LQYHQWLRQGHO¶LPSRVVLEOHHQ G¶DXWUHVWHUPHVFRPPH ODVHXOHLQYHQWLRQ SRVVLEOHª'(55,'$-³,QYHQWLRQGHO¶DXWUH´S '(55,'$-³&RPPHVLF¶pWDLWSRVVLEOH©ZLWKLQ VXFKOLPLWVª´ 3DSLHU 0DFKLQH /H UXEDQ GH PDFKLQH j pFULUH HW DXWUHV UpSRQVHV /¶+DUPDQDWWDQ S ©,QFRQGLWLRQQp VHUDLW G¶DERUG GDQV VD VWUXFWXUH HVVHQWLHOOH O¶pYpQHPHQWHQVRQpYpQHPHQWLDOLWpPrPHª'(55,'$-³/H©0RQGHª GHV /XPLqUHV j YHQLU´ 9R\RXV 'HX[ HVVDLV VXU OD UDLVRQ 3DULV *DOLOpH S ©$XWDQWGLUHTXHFHWpYpQHPHQWQ¶DOLHXTXHOjRLOQHVHODLVVHGRPHV WLTXHUSDUDXFXQ³FRPPHVL´RXGXPRLQVSDUDXFXQ ³FRPPHVL´GpMj OLVLEOHGpFKLIIUDEOHHWDUWLFXODEOHFRPPHWHO6LELHQTXHFHSHWLWPRWOH ³FRPPH´GX³FRPPHVL´DXVVLELHQTXHOH³FRPPH´GX³FRPPHWHO´± GRQWO¶DXWRULWpIRQGHHWMXVWLILHWRXWHRQWRORJLHDXVVLELHQTXHWRXWSKp QRPpQRORJLHWRXWHSKLORVRSKLHFRPPHVFLHQFHRXFRPPHFRQQDLVVDQFH ± FH SHWLW PRW ³FRPPH´ SRXUUDLW ELHQ rWUH OH QRP GX YUDL SUREOqPH SRXUQHSDVGLUHODFLEOHGHODGpFRQVWUXFWLRQª'(55,'$-/¶8QLYHUVLWp VDQVFRQGLWLRQ3DULV*DOLOpHS ©>«@G¶XQHLQDGpTXDWLRQGXSUpVHQWDQWDXSUpVHQWpGHODSUpVHQWDWLRQª '(55,'$-³3DUHUJRQ´/DYHULWpHQSHLQWXUHS ©>«@ HQWUH XQ WURS SUqV HW XQ WURS ORLQª '(55,'$ - ³3DUHUJRQ´ /D YHULWpHQSHLQWXUHS 6HJXQGRDHVWUXWXUDGD8QKHLPOLFKRPDLVIDPLOLDUpRPDLVHVWUDQKR SRUTXHQmRVHQGRQXQFDGDGRRXUHYHODGRjFRQVFLrQFLDQXPSURFHVVR LPHGLDWR H SDFtILFR SHUPDQHFH H[FHVVLYR H DPHDoDGRU FI )5(8' 6 ³7KH8QFDQQ\´ :ULWLQJVRQ$UWDQG/LWHUDWXUH6WDQIRUG6WDQIRUG 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV S ©>«@Q¶\DWLOSDVXQULVTXHjLQVFULUHWRXWFHPRXYHPHQWGHODMXVWLFH VRXVOHVLJQHGHODSUpVHQFHIWGHGHODSUpVHQFHDXVHQVGHO¶$QZHVHQGH O¶pYpQHPHQWFRPPHYHQXHHQSUpVHQFHGHO¶rWUHFRPPHSUpVHQFHjHOOH PrPH DMRLQWpH GX SURSUH GH O¶DXWUH FRPPH SUpVHQFH"ª '(55,'$ - 6SHFWUHVGH0DU[3DULV*DOLOpH S 8PDYH]PDLVHHPIUDQFrVDGLIHUHQoDGHSURQXQFLDomRHQWUHKDQWR ORJLHHRQWRORJLHpTXDVHLPSHUFHSWtYHO
111
Gonçalo Zagalo
©³(VVSXNW´ GLIILFLOHjWUDGXLUHGLVLRQVQRXV4XHVWLRQGHUHYHQDQWHW GHKDQWLVHFHUWHVPDLVHQFRUH"/¶LGLRPHDOOHPDQGVHPEOHQRPPHUOD UHYHQDQFHPDLVLOODQRPPHVRXVXQHIRUPHYHUEDOH&HOOHFLQHGLWSDV TX¶LO\DGXUHYHQDQWGXVSHFWUHRXGXIDQW{PHHOOHQHGLWSDVTX¶LO\D GHO¶DSSDULWLRQGHU6SXNWSDVPrPHTXHoDDSSDUDvWPDLVTXH³oDVSHF WUH´³oDDSSDULWLRQQH´,OV¶DJLWGDQVODQHXWUDOLWpGHFHWWHIRUPHYHUEDOH WRXWLPSHUVRQQHOOHGHTXHOTXHFKRVHRXGHTXHOTX¶XQQLTXHOTX¶XQQL TXHOTXHFKRVHG¶XQ³RQ´TXLQ¶DJLWSDVª'(55,'$-6SHFWUHVGH0DU[ S ©'HIDoRQWDQJHQWHHWHOOLSWLTXHXQHGLIIpUHQFHIDLWWRXMRXUVGpYLHUOD UpSpWLWLRQ-¶DSSHOOHoDLWpUDELOLWpOHVXUJLVVHPHQWGHO¶DXWUH LWDUD GDQVOD UpLWpUDWLRQª³©$XWUXLHVWVHFUHWSDUFHTX¶LOHVWDXWUHª´3DSLHU0DFKLQHS ©>«@XQVSHFWUHHVWWRXMRXUVXQUHYHQDQW2QQHVDXUDLWFRQWU{OHUOHV DOOpHVHWYHQXHVSDUFHTX¶LOFRPPHQFHSDUUHYHQLUª'(55,'$-6SHFWUHVGH 0DU[S ©/D WUDFH Q¶pWDQW SDV XQH SUpVHQFH PDLV OH VLPXODFUH G¶XQH SUpVHQFH TXL VH GLVORTXH VH GpSODFH VH UHQYRLH Q¶D SURSUHPHQW SDV OLHX O¶HIIDFHPHQWDSSDUWLHQWjVDVWUXFWXUHª³/DGLIIpUDQFH´0DUJHVS ©&HYRXORLUGLUHTXLQ¶HVWSDVGDYDQWDJHO¶DQWDJRQLVWHGXVLOHQFHPDLV ELHQVDFRQGLWLRQF¶HVWODSURIRQGHXURULJLQDLUHGHWRXWYRXORLUHQJpQp UDOª'(55,'$-³&RJLWRHWKLVWRLUHGHODIROLH´/¶pFULWXUHHWODGLIIpUHQFH S 2VXSOHPHQWRpDTXLORTXHPHGHLDVHPXQLURVHQWLGRHRQmRVHQWLGR DSUHVHQoDHDQmRSUHVHQoD pDLQGHFLGLELOLGDGHHQWUHDVXEVWLWXLomRHD DGLomRLQGHFLGLELOLGDGHHVWDTXHURPSHDOyJLFDELQiULDGDLGHQWLGDGHH GDQmRFRQWUDGLomR ©(DFKFRQFHSWEHFRPHVKRVSLWDEOHWRLWVRWKHUWRDQRWKHUWKDQLWVHOI WKDWLVQRORQJHULWVRWKHU:LWKWKLVDSSDUHQWQXDQFHZHKDYHDIRUPXOD RI WKH HQWLUH FRQWUDGLFWLRQ ZKLFK LV PRUH WKDQ D GLDOHFWLFDO FRQWUDGLFWLRQ >«@ª 6HPLQiULR ³+RVWLSLWDOLWp´ VHVVmR GH GH -DQHLUR GH '(55,'$ -DFTXHV $FWV RI UHOLJLRQ /RQGUHV 5RXWOHGJH S '(55,'$ -³9LROHQFHHWPpWDSK\VLTXH´ /¶pFULWXUHHWODGLIIpUHQFHSS '(55,'$-$GLHX±j(PPDQXHO/pYLQDV3DULV*DOLOpH
112
23RQWRGH9LVWD([WHULRUHP%DXPDQ -RVp&DVHODV 6y VH SRGH EDWHU QXPD SRUWD TXDQGR VH HVWi GRODGR GHIRUD HpRDFWR GHEDWHUQDSRUWD TXH DOHUWD RV PRUDGRUHV SDUD R IDFWR GH TXH DOJXpP TXH EDWH HVWi UHDOPHQWH IRUD ³(VWDU GRODGRGHIRUD´ODQoDRHVWUDQKRQDSRVLomR GHREMHFWLYLGDGH pXPYDQWDMRVRSRQWRGHYLVWD H[WHULRU %DXPDQ0RGHUQLGDGHH$PELYDOrQFLD 2 HVWUDQJHLUR HVWi D WRGR R PRPHQWR DQWH SRUWDVPDVpD SUHVHQoDGHFODUDGD GRHVWUDQ JHLURGHXPHVWUDQJHLURTXHFRQVSLUDYLVDQGR SHQHWUDULUURPSHUHLQYDGLUTXHWRUQDDSRU WDWDQJtYHO %DXPDQ$9LGD)UDJPHQWDGD
(VWHDUWLJRLQWHQWDDUWLFXODUD SHUVSHFWLYDGRH[WHULRUHP%DX PDQDVVLPLODGDDRHVWUDQKRHVWUDQJHLURDRH[FOXtGRHDRUHIXJLD GR FRP D LGHLD GH PRGHUQLGDGH 8PD EUHYH LQFXUVmR QR SHQVD PHQWR GH RXWURV DXWRUHV FRPR &DVWHO %LJR H +RQQHWK FRPSOH PHQWDUiDYLVmRGH%DXPDQGDUQRViRHQTXDGUDPHQWRGRTXHVH SRGHFODVVLILFDUKRMHFRPRRUHVtGXRGHVVDPHVPDPRGHUQLGDGH 1XPDGDVVXDVFLGDGHVLQYLVtYHLVDTXHFKDPRX/HyQLD,WDOR &DOYLQR GHVFUHYH XP IHQyPHQR GH KLJLHQL]DomR WRGRV RV GLDV D FLGDGH DFRUGD UHQRYDGD GHVID]HQGRVH GDV FRLVDV GR GLD DQWHULRU QXPD EXVFD SHORV REMHFWRV GH ~OWLPR PRGHOR $ FRQVHTXrQFLD GHVVD SDL[mR SHOR QRYR H SHOR GLIHUHQWH p R DFXPXODU GR OL[R HPSXUUDGR SDUD IRUD GD FLGDGH $VVLP ³D RSXOrQFLD GH /HyQLD PHGHVHSHODVFRLVDVTXHGLDDGLDVHGHLWDPIRUDSDUDGDUOXJDUjV QRYDV´DWDOSRQWRTXHDURGHLDXPDPRQWDQKDGHUHVtGXRVLQGHV
113
José Caselas
WUXWtYHLVFRPRULVFRLPLQHQWHGHGHUURFDGDV &DOYLQR eGLItFLOQmRYHUDTXLRPHVPRVLJQRGDJXHWLILFDomRHVVDSULYDomR VLPEyOLFDDTXHDOXGH/RwF:DFTXDQWHTXHDWLQJHRVKDELWDQWHVGR JXHWRQRUWHDPHULFDQRFRPRDSHULIHULDIUDQFHVDQRPHVPRtPSH WRGHVHJUHJDomRHGHH[FOXVmR$JXHWLILFDomRFRQGX]jFULPLQDOL ]DomRGDSREUH]DSHUPLWLQGRVHXPDWURFDHQWUHRJXHWRHDSHQL WHQFLiULDQDQRYD©HFRQRPLDGHFDVLQRª³*XHWRVHSULV}HVVmRGRLV WLSRV GHHVWUDWpJLDGH ³SUHQGHU RV LQGHVHMiYHLVDR FKmR´ GH FRQIL QDPHQWRHLPRELOL]DomR %DXPDQ 1DVXDREUD0RGHUQLGDGH/tTXLGD=\JPXQW%DXPDQDUJXPHQWD TXH DV VRFLHGDGHV FRQWHPSRUkQHDV VH HQFRQWUDP QXPD (UD GH PRGHUQLGDGHOtTXLGDRXIOXLGDSRURSRVLomRjDQWHULRUPRGHUQL GDGH TXH VHULD SHVDGDVyOLGDFRQGHQVDGDVLVWpPLFD FRP XPD WHQGrQFLD HYLGHQWH SDUD R WRWDOLWDULVPR H SDUD D KRPRJHQHL]DomR GHDFRUGRFRPDPHWiIRUDGDIiEULFDIRUGLVWD$RFRQWUiULRGHVVDD QRVVD PRGHUQLGDGH HVWi LPEXtGD SRU XPD FRQWLQJrQFLD H DPEL JXLGDGHHVVHQFLDLV2FRQFHLWRGHPRGHUQLGDGHHP%DXPDQFRQ GL]FRPXPDDFHOHUDomRGRWHPSRRQGHDILJXUDGRHVWUDQKRGR H[LODGRHGRH[FOXtGRVREUHVVDLQDQRVVDVRFLHGDGHGHFRQVXPLGR UHV RQGH RXWURUD KRXYH JUXSRV GHYRWDGRV j SURGXomR $ SDVVD JHPGDPRGHUQLGDGHSHVDGDjPRGHUQLGDGHOHYHGD(UDGR KDUG ZDUH SDUD D GR VRIWZDUH p R GR SURWDJRQLVPR GR WHPSR LQVWDQWk QHRGDUHDOL]DomRLPHGLDWDGHXPFDSLWDOGHXPSRGHUILQDQFHLUR TXHVHPRYHUDSLGDPHQWH2PXQGRGRVREMHFWRVGXUiYHLVpVXEV WLWXtGRSRURXWURVWUDQVLWyULRVGHVWLQDGRVDGHVDSDUHFHUGXUDQWH R FRQVXPR (OHJHVH D VDWLVIDomR LQVWDQWkQHD D UDFLRQDOLGDGH GD LQFHUWH]D H GR ULVFR GD SUHFDULHGDGH ³©)OH[LELOLGDGHª p D SDODYUD GR GLD´ %DXPDQ R TXHWRUQD RV GLVSHQViYHLV DLQGD PDLVVXSpUIOXRVQDVXDGLVSHQVDELOLGDGH &RPRVHFDUDFWHUL]DHVWDPRGHUQLGDGHHVWHPRPHQWRSUHVHQWH RQGH R HSLVyGLFR YDOH PDLV GR TXH D HWHUQLGDGH" /DQoDGRV QR WXUELOKmRGHXPFRQVXPRLQVDFLiYHO³DFRQGLomRPRGHUQDFRQVLV WHHPHVWDUHPPRYLPHQWR$HVFROKDVLWXDVHHQWUHPRGHUQL]DUVH RX SHUHFHU ´ %DXPDQ $ FRQGLomR GH VXSHUIOXLGDGH UHJHVH GH DFRUGR FRP DVH[LJrQFLDV GR PHUFDGR FRP D VREUHSR SXODomRTXHODQoDXPPXWLVPRVRFLDOGHH[FOXVmR ³$ SURGXomR GH SHVVRDV VXSpUIOXDV GH TXH QmR SUHFLVDPRV SDUD R WUDEDOKR p XPD FRQVHTXrQFLD GDJOREDOL]DomR´GL] +DQNH
114
O Ponto de Vista Exterior em Bauman
%UXQNKRUVWHDOHLJOREDODIDVWRXVHGDVKLHUDUTXLDVSROtWLFDVHGD OHJLWLPLGDGHGHPRFUiWLFD+iXPDGHVYDORUL]DomRGRORQJRWHUPR HGDHWHUQLGDGHDVVLVWLQGRVHDXPDSURGXomRGRUHIXJRHGHVHUHV KXPDQRVUHGXQGDQWHVTXHFRLQFLGHFRPRH[FHVVRGHSRSXODomR $ILJXUDGRHVWUDQKRYHPLQWHUSRUVHQDGLFRWRPLDFOiVVLFDDPL JRLQLPLJR TXH 6FKPLWW GHVWLQRX j SROtWLFD (P TXH FRQVLVWH HIHFWLYDPHQWH HVWH HVWUDQKR" ,QGHILQtYHO R HVWUDQKR QmR p QHP XPD FRLVD QHP RXWUD PDV D LQGHWHUPLQDomR D DPELYDOrQFLD YDJXHLDHQWUHDLQFRQJUXrQFLDHDGHVORFDomRLQFHVVDQWH&RQILQD GR D XPD WHUUD GH QLQJXpP GHYH HVWDU HP PRYLPHQWR WUDQVIRU PDQGRVHHPDUULYLVWDRXHPSiULD 2HVWUDQKRVRODSDRRUGHQDPHQWRHVSDFLDOGRPXQGR>(OH@SHUWXUED DUHVVRQkQFLDHQWUHGLVWkQFLDItVLFDHSVtTXLFD HOHHVWi ILVLFDPHQWHSUy [LPRPDVSHUPDQHFHHVSLULWXDOPHQWHGLVWDQWH %DXPDQ E
2HVWUDQKRpSRUWDGRUGHXPD LQFRQJUXrQFLDP~OWLSODSRVVXLQ GR XPD DPELJXLGDGH DPHDoDGRUD 1R HQWDQWR YLYHU QD FRQWLQ JrQFLDPRGHUQDVLJQLILFDDFHLWDUR2XWURQDVXDHVWUDQKH]D &RPR YLPRV =\JPXQW %DXPDQ FDUDFWHUL]D D PRGHUQLGDGH D TXHFKDPDOtTXLGDFRPRRDSRJHXGDYHORFLGDGHHGRFRQVXPR (OD SURGX] R UHIXJR H RV H[FOXtGRV GD PHVPD IRUPD TXH RV FDPL}HV TXH HQWUDP H VDHP GD FLGDGH XQV WUD]HQGR PHUFDGRULD UHQRYiYHOHRXWURVOHYDQGRGHWULWRVGHVSRMRV2QGHUHVLGHRHVWD WXWRGHVXSHUIOXLGDGHGRHVWUDQKR"6HUmRRVVHP(VWDGRDQXQFLD GRV SRU $UHQGW TXH VXUJLUDP QR LQWHUYDOR HQWUH DVGXDV JXHUUDV" 2X DSHQDV R SURGXWR GR VLVWHPD WRWDOLWiULR TXH FXOPLQRX QR FDPSR GH FRQFHQWUDomR HQTXDQWR GHVWUXLomR GD SHUVRQDOLGDGH MXUtGLFD" $UHQGW GL] TXH R LGHDO WRWDOLWiULR p D VXSHUIOXLGDGH GR +RPHP ³2 WRWDOLWDULVPR QmR SURFXUD R GRPtQLR GHVSyWLFR GRV KRPHQV PDV VLP XP VLVWHPD HP TXH HVWHV VHMDP VXSpUIOXRV´ $UHQGWDILUPDTXHHVVDFRQGLomRGHVXSHUIOXLGDGHDSHQDVVHFRQ FUHWL]RXQRVFDPSRVGHFRQFHQWUDomRSHORUHFXUVRjOLTXLGDomRHP PDVVD(DFUHVFHQWD ³$WHQWDWLYDWRWDOLWiULDGHWRUQDUVXSpUIOXRVRV KRPHQVUHIOHFWHDVHQVDomRGHVXSHUIOXLGDGHGDVPDVVDVPRGHUQDV QXPDWHUUDVXSHUSRYRDGD´ 2TXH%DXPDQGHVLJQDDDGLDIRUL]DomRVXUJHFRPDPRGHUQLGD GHFRPDFUXHOGDGHPRGHUQL]DGDRQGHYLJRUDXPDLGHLDGHRUGHP
115
José Caselas
HGHUDFLRQDOLGDGHDSURFXUDGDSHUIHLomRHGRSURJUHVVRFLHQWtILFR ± R UDFLVPR D HVWDWL]DomR GR ELROyJLFR TXH WUDoD XPD OLQKD GH GHPDUFDomRHQWUHDYLGDLQGLJQDHDYLGDGLVFLSOLQDGDHVDXGiYHO 3URPHWHQGR XPD RUGHQDomR GR FDPSR VRFLDO WRGD D HXJHQLD p XPD PHOKRULD GD HILFiFLD GD SRSXODomR 6H QRV (VWDGRV WRWDOLWi ULRVDGRPLQDomRHOLPLQDDHVSRQWDQHLGDGHHPSUROGHXPVRQKR GH RUGHPTXDO R PRGHOR GH VXSHUIOXLGDGH GDV GHPRFUDFLDV OLEH UDLV" 2V QRYRV SHUGHGRUHV QmR VmR RV TXH Mi QmR SURGX]HP RV H[FOXtGRV GR MRJR VRFLDO VmR RV QmRFRQVXPLGRUHV VmR HVVHV RV LQ~WHLVVXSUDQXPHUiULRV 0DVYHPRVTXHpWDPEpPRPHVPRJRYHUQRTXHEUDQGHRPRGRGH YLGD GR GHDPEXODGRU GRV FHQWURV FRPHUFLDLV FRPR PRGHOR GH XPD KXPDQLGDGHIHOL]HGHXPDYLGDVDWLVIHLWDVHUYLQGRVHQRUPDWLYDPHQ WHGHVVHPRGHORSDUDGHVTXDOLILFDUXPQ~PHURFUHVFHQWHGHFLGDGmRV ± LQYiOLGRV GHVHPSUHJDGRV VHP HVWDWXWR YtWLPDV GD GLVFULPLQDomR UDFLDOPmHVFHOLEDWiULDV±DFXVDGRVGHLQFRPSHWrQFLDGHVDMXVWDGRVH LQFDSD]HV GH DSHUIHLoRDPHQWR XPD YH] TXH VmR FRQVXPLGRUHV GHIL FLHQWHVTXHQmRVDEHPDGDSWDUVHjGHDPEXODomRUHLWHUDGDSHORVFHQ WURVFRPHUFLDLV %DXPDQ
2(VWDGRMDUGLQHLURRFXSDVHGDVHJXUDQoDLQWHUQDFRPRUHVXO WDGR GD SHUGD GR VHQWLGR HFRQyPLFR GD WHUULWRULDOLGDGH FRPR FRQVHTXrQFLDGDHURVmRHHQIUDTXHFLPHQWRGR(VWDGRQDomRGHYL GRjVIRUoDVWUDQVQDFLRQDLV DVREHUDQLDWHUULWRULDOOLPLWDVHDFRUWDU DV HUYDV GDQLQKDV $ SHUGD GD VREHUDQLD QDFLRQDO DFDED SRU VHU SUHHQFKLGD FRP HVVD SUHRFXSDomR GR (VWDGR SHOD VHJXUDQoD HUL JLQGR D IOH[LELOLGDGH ODERUDO FRPR SULQFtSLR GH RULHQWDomR HFR QyPLFDHSURGX]LQGRSRURXWURODGRXPDLPRELOLGDGHjFXVWDGR HQFDUFHUDPHQWRGRVLQ~WHLVQXPDHVSpFLHGHQRYRJUDQGUHQIHUPH PHQW TXH HYRFD R YHOKR FRQWUROR SDQySWLFR TXH OXWDYD FRQWUD D LQGROrQFLDXPDOyJLFDGHJXHWL]DomRTXHVHSRGHWUDQVPLWLUGHVWD PDQHLUDWDOYH]UDGLFDO 1DVFLUFXQVWkQFLDVDFWXDLVR FRQILQDPHQWRpVREUHWXGRXPD DOWHUQD WLYDjFRQWUDWDomR XPDPDQHLUDGHFDQDOL]DUHGHQHXWUDOL]DUXPDSDU WHFRQVLGHUiYHOGD SRSXODomR TXHQmRVHSRGH©UHFRORFDUªQRWUDED OKRSRUTXHHVWHHVFDVVHLD« %DXPDQ D
116
O Ponto de Vista Exterior em Bauman
2 TXH FDUDFWHUL]D R H[FOXtGR p D VXD LPRELOLGDGH $ SULVmR DUJXPHQWD%DXPDQpXPDIiEULFDGDH[FOXVmRXPODERUDWyULRGD VRFLHGDGH PXQGLDOL]DGD 2 TXH HVWi IRUD GD QRUPD FRPEDWHVH FRPQRYRVFyGLJRVSHQDLVHP~OWLSODVSULV}HVTXHQRIXQGRDFHQ WXDPSUiWLFDVGHH[FOXVmR$DVVLPLODomRpXPDDEVRUomRGDVGLIH UHQoDVXPDIDVWDUGDDPELJXLGDGHDILPGHTXHRVJUXSRVHVWLJ PDWL]DGRV SRVVDP DWHQXDU D VXD DOWHULGDGH RX GHVDMXVWDPHQWR ± PDVHVWDYHPPDVFDUDGDGHWROHUkQFLDHEHQHYROrQFLD(P0RGHU QLGDGHH$PELYDOrQFLD%DXPDQHVFDOSHOL]DRSURMHFWRDVVLPLODWyULR GRV MXGHXV QD $OHPDQKD QD]L TXH RV FRQGX]LX DR LVRODPHQWR j YHUJRQKDjDPELJXLGDGHHLQGHWHUPLQDomR 2VPHGRVSyVPRGHUQRVGDLQFHUWH]DGDLQVXILFLrQFLDJHUDP XPDSUHRFXSDomRSHODERDIRUPDRULHQWDGDSDUDXPUHFHSWRUGH VHQVDo}HVHQmRMiSDUDRIRUQHFHGRUGHEHQV RTXHLPSRUWDpXP FRUSR HVWLPXODGR SHOR H[HUFtFLR ItVLFR H SUHSDUDGR SDUD D SHUIRU PDQFH&RPDUHWLUDGDGR(VWDGRRFRUSRGDVVHQVDo}HVpSULYDWL ]DGR WHQGR TXH H[SXUJDU R 2XWUR DPHDoDGRU RX HQWmR XWLOL]iOR FRPRIRQWHGRVVHXVSUD]HUHV$DPELYDOrQFLDGRVTXHTXHEUDPR WDEX ± RV H[FOXtGRV ± WUDQVIRUPDVH HP VXVSHLomR HVSHUDRV D H[SXOVmR RX R FRQILQDPHQWR +i XPD FRQVHTXHQWH IUDJLOL]DomR GRV ODoRV KXPDQRV H XPD SHUGD GDV FRPXQLGDGHV TXH VH WUDQV IRUPDP HP QHRWULERV TXH HVWDEHOHFHP HQWUH VL OLJDo}HV SUHFi ULDV 22XWURHQFDUQDDWRGRRPRPHQWRRIXWXURTXHHVFDSDjVUHJUDVH DR FRQWUROR VHGH GH XPD LQFHUWH]D SHUHQH ± H HQTXDQWR WDO XP Q~FOHRTXHDWUDLHFDXVDPHGR22XWURGRIRUQHFHGRUGHEHQVDWUDL HQTXDQWRRSRUWXQLGDGHSDUDDDFomR R2XWURGRUHFROHFWRUGHSUD]H UHV DWUDL HQTXDQWR SURPHVVD GH VHQVDo}HV´ ³2 JUDQGH PHGR GD YLGD PRGHUQDpRPHGRGDVXEGHWHUPLQDomRGDIDOWDGHFODUH]DGDLQFHU WH]D ± SRU RXWUDV SDODYUDV GD DPELYDOrQFLD %DXPDQ
$V HOLWHV JOREDLV GHL[DP TXH R (VWDGRQDomR DSHQDV VH RFXSH FRPDVWDUHIDVGHSROLFLDPHQWR $VVLP WHPRV UD]}HV SDUD WHU PHGR H HQWmR Vy IDOWD XP SDVVR SDUD SURMHFWDU R QRVVR PHGR QRV HVWUDQKRV TXH RV SURYRFDUDP H SDUD
117
José Caselas
FRQGHQDU D YLGD XUEDQD SRU VHU SHULJRVD SHULJRVD SRU FDXVD GH VXD GLYHUVLGDGH %DXPDQ
2VH[FOXtGRVGDPRGHUQLGDGHHDOXWDSROtWLFDGRVLQYLVtYHLV 1HPIRUDQHPGHQWUR ROLPLDUGDSROtWLFD 1DVXDREUD/D'LV FULPLQDWLRQ QpJDWLYH 5REHUW &DVWHO IDODQRV GD EDQOLHXH IUDQFHVD FRPR XP HVSDoR GH UHOHJDomR TXH HOH FRQVLGHUD QmR HVWDU QHP IRUDQHPGHQWURGDVRFLHGDGH QLGHGDQVQLGHKRUV RXFRPRGLULD $JDPEHQ XPD H[FOXVmR LQFOXVLYD $ HWQLFL]DomR GRV LPLJUDQWHV DVVXPH XP SyOR GH GHVTXDOLILFDomR QRV EDLUURV RQGH VH GHVHQFD GHDUDPWXPXOWRVQR2XWRQRGH3RUpPQmRVHSRGHGL]HU TXH D EDQOLHXH VHMD XP JXHWR HWQLFDPHQWH KRPRJpQHR ([LVWHP SROtWLFDVGHLQVHUomRFRPDFULDomRGH]RQDVGHHGXFDomRSULRULWi ULDH]RQDVXUEDQDVVHQVtYHLV =86 TXHDOEHUJDPPLOK}HVGH KDELWDQWHVQmRSHUPLWLQGRDILUPDUTXHRVMRYHQVGRVEDLUURVSHUL IpULFRV VHMDP H[FOXtGRV SRUTXH HOHV SDUWLOKDP RV PHVPRV YDORUHV GRTXHRVGRUHVWRGRSDtV1HVVHVHQWLGRRQGHUHVLGHDGLVFULPL QDomR"&DVWHOUHIHUHQFLDRVDEXVRVSROLFLDLVRVP~OWLSORVFRQWURORV GH LGHQWLGDGH H DV SURYRFDo}HV FRQVWDQWHV $ SUHVVmR GLiULD GD SROtFLD R GHVHPSUHJR D GLVFULPLQDomR pWQLFRUDFLDO R LQVXFHVVR HVFRODUDHVWLJPDWL]DomRUHOLJLRVDDLVODPRIRELDID]FRPTXHHVWD VXEOHYDomR WHQKD DVVXPLGR XP VLJQLILFDGR SROtWLFR YLVWR TXH DSUHVHQWDVLWXDo}HVGHLQMXVWLoDQRHVSDoRS~EOLFR2IDFWRGH VH FULPLQDOL]DU HVWHV MRYHQV DSUHVHQWDQGRRV FRPR PHURVGHOLQTXHQ WHVFRQWULEXLSDUDUHIRUoDUDVXDHVWLJPDWL]DomR(VWHVMRYHQVYLYHP XPDUHODomRFRPDSROtFLDFRPRXPDDPHDoDSHUPDQHQWHHQWUHR UDFLVPRHRGHVHPSUHJR2IDFWRGHVHUHPDSUHVHQWDGRVjRSLQLmR S~EOLFDFRPRPHURVGHOLQTXHQWHVUHIRUoDDVXDVXSHUIOXLGDGH >«@DV©IRUoDVGDRUGHPªFRQVWLWXHPH[FOXVLYDPHQWHREUDoRDUPDGR GHXPDSDUHOKRGH(VWDGRTXHLUURPSHEUXWDOPHQWHGRH[WHULRUSDUD UHSULPLU DV WXUEXOrQFLDV ORFDLV´ ³$ YLROrQFLD FROHFWLYD p R PRGR GH H[SUHVVmR SROtWLFD GH JUXSRV SULYDGRV GH UHFRQKHFLPHQWR SROtWLFR &DVWHO
3RGHUi H[LVWLU XPD UHVSRVWD SRVVtYHO QR PXOWLFXOWLUDOLVPR" 2 PXOWLFXOWXUDOLVPRHVVHQFLDOL]DDVGLIHUHQoDVFXOWXUDLVWUDQVIRUPDQ
118
O Ponto de Vista Exterior em Bauman
GRVH HP UDFLVPR D QDWXUDOL]DomR GDV DWLWXGHV OLJDGDV D FRPSRU WDPHQWRVHVSHFtILFRVLQVWLWXLXPDGLVFULPLQDomR2UDFLVPRKRMHp PHQRVELROyJLFRGRTXHVRFLDO2QRYRUDFLVPRDGYpPGDVGLIH UHQoDVFXOWXUDLVHVVHQFLDOL]DGDVRTXHID]FRPTXHTXDOTXHUIRUPD GHFRPXQLWDULVPRVHMDXPDDUPDGLOKDXPYLUDUVHSDUDVLPHVPR GRV UHMHLWDGRV TXH DSDUHQWHPHQWH IRUPDP LOKDV GH DXWR VXILFLrQFLD1HVVHVHQWLGRRFRPXQLWDULVPRpXPDUHVSRVWDHUUDGD GRV TXH VH UHIXJLDP QXPD VXSRVWD LGHQWLGDGH ORFDO 2UD LVVR p XPDVLWXDomRLQDGHTXDGDSDUDGDUFRQWDGDFRQYLYrQFLDHGDWUD GXomRHQWUHRVYiULRVPRGRVGHYLGDGDGHVRUGHQDomRGDVIURQWHL UDV H GD SROLIRQLD FXOWXUDO $ REVHVVmR SHOR FRPXQLWDULVPR WHP XPDUHVVRQkQFLDY|ONLVFKFODUDPHQWHHYRFDQGRPRWLYRVEHOLFRVRV &DVWHOGHIHQGHTXHQDVLWXDomRSyVFRORQLDOHPTXHVHHQFRQ WUDD)UDQoDRVLQGLYtGXRVGLVFULPLQDGRVVmR©LQGtJHQDVGD5HS~ EOLFDªRQGHRVMRYHQVVmRHQFDUDGRVjOX]GHXPSDVVDGRTXHQmR OKHV SHUWHQFH GHVLJQDGRV SHOR 0LQLVWUR GD (GXFDomRFRPR ©LPL JUDQWHV GR PXQGR DUDERPXoXOPDQR GH WHUFHLUD JHUDomRª RX QDV SDODYUDV GH %DOLEDU HQFHUUDGRV QD FDWHJRULD GHVYDORUL]DGRUD GH ©HVWUDQJHLURVGRLQWHULRUª 2 SyOR GHVWD YLROrQFLD HPHUJH VREUHWXGR GR ODGR SROLFLDO H MXGLFLiULR SUHFLVDPHQWH DV LQVWkQFLDV TXH GHYHP PDQWHU D VHJX UDQoDHSD]FLYLOSUySULRVGHXP(VWDGRGHGLUHLWR$GLVFULPLQD omR WHP XP SUHVVXSRVWR pWQLFR FRP EDVH QXP WUDWDPHQWR GLIH UHQFLDOHQHJDWLYRGHVVHVMRYHQV >«@DVIULFo}HVFRPDSROtFLDVmRTXDVHTXRWLGLDQDVHMRJDPVHDVPDLV GDV YH]HV VREUH IDFWRUHV GH GLIHUHQFLDomR pWQLFD ©GHOLWRV UDFLDLVª ©GpOLWV GH IDFLqVª SRU RFDVLmR GRV P~OWLSORV FRQWURORV GH LGHQWLGDGH LQWHUSHODo}HV PXVFXODGDV H GHWHQo}HV SUHYHQWLYDV JDUGHV j YXH SRU YH]HV DFRPSDQKDGDV GH UHSDURV GH FDUiFWHU UDFLVWD DEXVRV SROLFLDLV ©EDYXUHVSROLFLqUHVª UDUDPHQWHVDQFLRQDGRVHWF &DVWHO
$ VLWXDomR GD %DQOLHXH PDLV GR TXH XP HVWDGR GH H[FHSomR FRPR WpFQLFD SHUPDQHQWH GH JRYHUQR $JDPEHQ DXWRUL]D D IDODUPRVGHXPDWHFQRORJLDGHYLJLOkQFLDHFRQWURORGHSRSXODo}HV GLIHUHQFLDGDVTXHSRGHPVHUGHVLJQDGDVFRPR%DQRSWLFRQWHUPR FXQKDGR SRU 'LGLHU %LJR $ FULPLQDOL]DomR GR LPLJUDQWH WUDQV IRUPDQGRR HP SRSXODomR GH ULVFR p XPD HVWUDWpJLD D TXH )RX
119
José Caselas
FDXOWFKDPRXRXWURUDXPD³VRFLHGDGHGHVHJXUDQoD´ SDUDLPSRU UHJUDVDFLPDGDOHLSRGHULQWHUYLUQRFDPSRH[WUDOHJDOSRUPHLR GH PHGLGD FRHUFLWLYDV $ JHVWmR GR PHGR IXQFLRQD D IDYRU GR (VWDGR FRPR DJHQWH TXH SURGX] HOH SUySULR RV LOHJDOLVPRV TXH JDUDQWHFRPEDWHU 1XPORQJRLQTXpULWRQDEDQOLHXHGH3DULVRVRFLyORJR0LFKHO .RNRUHIIDQDOLVDDVWUDMHFWyULDVGHYLGDVGHMRYHQVXPDHVSpFLHGH YLGDV LQIDPHV HQFHUUDGDV QXPD PLFURKLVWyULD GDV ]RQDV GH QmR GLUHLWRH[SRVWDVjGHVDSURYDomRHDRUDFLVPR3DUDRDXWRUDTXHV WmRGDVHJXUDQoDGHULYDGHXPDUHFtSURFDSURYRFDomR &RP HIHLWR QRV EDLUURV D SROtFLD p XPD UHDOLGDGH RPQLSUHVHQWH TXHU VH WUDWH GD SROtFLD XUEDQD GD SROtFLD MXGLFLiULD H GD SROtFLD PXQLFLSDO>«@³$VWHQV}HVFRPDSROtFLDVmRXPDGLPHQVmRPDLRUGD H[SHULrQFLD XUEDQD GRV MRYHQV GRV EDLUURV SREUHV .RNRUHII
$ HVFRODULGDGH FDyWLFD H DV GLILFXOGDGHV GH HPSUHJR DFDEDP SRUSURGX]LUXPDLGHQWLGDGHGHEDLUURXPVHQWLGRGHWHUULWRULDOL GDGHYLYLGRFRPRVXEVWLWXLomRGHXPDFLGDGDQLDQHJDGD 1mR SRGHPRV FRPSUHHQGHU RV DFWRV GHVYLDQWHV RX GH GHOLQTXrQFLD FRPHWLGRVQDVUHGHVGHWUDQVSRUWHVVHQmROHYDUPRVHPFRQWDRIDFWR GHVWHVVLPEROL]DUHP±GHIRUPDLQWHUPHGLiULD±RDFHVVRDRWUDEDOKR HjFLGDGHDRFRQVXPRHDROD]HUXPDFHUWDFRQFHSomRGHRUGHPGD TXDORVVHXVDXWRUHVVHVHQWHPH[FOXtGRV .RNRUHII
2VLQFLGHQWHVFRQWULEXHPSDUDXPDHVWLJPDWL]DomRpWQLFDXPD UHSURGXomR HP FtUFXOR YLFLRVR RX SDUD GL]rOR QRV WHUPRV GH .RNRUHII HPWUrVWLSRVGHWUDMHFWyULDV$VUHFRUUHQWHVRQGHDGLQk PLFDGHPDUJLQDOL]DomRVHUHSHWH DVDVFHQGHQWHVSDUDTXHPDOFDQoD XPD VLWXDomR SURILVVLRQDO TXH OKH SHUPLWD XP HPSUHJR HVWiYHO DEDQGRQDQGRDOyJLFDGHEDLUURHDVLQFHUWDVSDUDRVTXHQDYHJDP HQWUHGXDViJXDVQmRHVWDQGRQHPQRVLVWHPDQHPIRUDGHOH 5HFRQKHFLPHQWR H FRPXQLGDGH 2 TXH ID]HU FRP RV HVWUDQ JHLURV" /LGDUFRPRVHVWUDQJHLURVLPSOLFDHVWUDWpJLDVGHGLFDGDVDR SULQFtSLR WULQLWiULR WHUULWyULR(VWDGRQDomR PRGRV GH H[FOXLU H
120
O Ponto de Vista Exterior em Bauman
FRQVWLWXLUXPIRUDGRPXQGRXPDFDWHJRULDIRUPDGDSRUSiULDVH H[FOXtGRV %DXPDQD &RPRVHWUDWDPRVHVWUDQJHLURV QRV PRGHUQRV (VWDGRVQDomR" 2V TXH QmR FRQVHJXLDP WUDQVIRU PDUVH HP FLGDGmRV GHSDUDYDP FRP GXDV KLSyWHVHV DVVXPLGDV SHORVDXWyFWRQHV FRPHURVHVWUDQJHLURV VROXomRDQWURSRIiJLFD RX YRPLWDURVHVWUDQJHLURV VROXomRDQWURSRpPLFD ( LVWR DQWHV GD RSHUDFLRQDOL]DomR GR SULQFtSLR ELRSROtWLFR GR H[WHUPtQLRGDXQZHUWHV/HEHQ DYLGDLQGLJQDGHVHUYLYLGD SURSRV WRHP SRU%LQGLQJH+RFKHGHDFRUGRFRPXPDSRODUL]DomR GRSRGHUVREHUDQR 5HIHULQGRVH DRV LQVXUUHFWRV GD EDQOLHXH SDULVLHQVH &DVWHO GHIHQGHTXH³$YLROrQFLDFROHFWLYDpRPRGRGHH[SUHVVmRSROtWLFD GRV JUXSRV SULYDGRV GH UHFRQKHFLPHQWR SROtWLFR´ &DVWHO (QWUH R HVWLJPD H D FULPLQDOL]DomR R HQMHX FRQWLQXD D VHU D UDoD2SHULJRFRQWLQXDDUHVLGLUQDSHUWHQoDDXPDFRPXQLGD GHTXHHVVHQFLDOL]DGHWDOPRGRDVXDYLYrQFLDFXOWXUDOTXHIRUQH FHXPDEDVHSDUDDGLVFULPLQDomR3RURXWURODGRHHPPDWpULDGH VHJXUDQoDR©HVStULWRSDURTXLDOªGHWUDQFDUMDQHODVHLQVWDODUVLVWH PDVGHYLJLOkQFLDQDVIURQWHLUDVSDWUXOKDVSROLFLDLVSDUDJDUDQWLUR EHPHVWDULQGLYLGXDOQmRGLPLQXLDLQWHQVLGDGHGDVIRUoDVJOREDOL ]DGDV$GHIHVDREVHVVLYDGDFRPXQLGDGHLQWHQVLILFDRPHGR %DOLEDUVXVWHQWDTXHDHWQLFLGDGHpXPDFDWHJRULDILFWtFLDSUR GX]LGDSRUGRLVWLSRVGHHOHPHQWRVTXHFRQIHUHPFUHGLELOLGDGHj QDomR DOtQJXDHDUDoD$LGHLDGHXPDQDomRLGHDOHDQDWXUDOL]D omR GH XPD SHUWHQoD FDPLQKDP ODGR D ODGR $VVLP D ILFomR GH XPDLGHQWLGDGHGHUDoDHRVLPEROLVPRDHODDVVRFLDGRFRPRXPD HVSpFLHGHFRPHoRKLVWyULFRSURGX]D LGHLDGHXPD FRPXQLGDGH ©QDWXUDOªH©QRUPDOª $ LGHLD GH XPD FRPXQLGDGH GH UDoD VXUJH TXDQGR DV IURQWHLUDV GR SDUHQWHVFRVHGLVVROYHPDRQtYHOGRFOmGDFRPXQLGDGHGHYL]LQKDQoD H WHRULFDPHQWH SHOR PHQRV GD FODVVH VRFLDO UHSRUWDQGRVH LPDJLQD ULDPHQWHDROLPLDUGDQDFLRQDOLGDGH
%DXPDQ SRU VHX WXUQR QmR FRPSUHHQGH R ©IDVFtQLR SRSXODU FRPDTXHVWmRGDLGHQWLGDGHªTXHOLJDDLQVHJXUDQoDDSUREOHPDV GHLGHQWLILFDomRDUJXPHQWDQGRTXHHVVHpXPGLDJQyVWLFRHUUDGR
121
José Caselas
'HIDFWRFRPXQLGDGHpVLQyQLPRGHPHVPLFHUHSHWLomRHDEVRU omRGR2XWURQHJDQGROKHDVXDDOWHULGDGH 2 FRPXQLWDULVPR p XPD UHVSRVWD IODJUDQWHPHQWH HTXLYRFDGD SDUD TXHVW}HVHYLGHQWHPHQWHOHJtWLPDV&RPRUHPpGLRFRQWUDD SUDJD GD LQVHJXUDQoDHQGpPLFDRFRPXQLWDULVPRpPDLVGRTXHXPIUDFDVVR %DXPDQ
%DXPDQSUHIHUHRFRQFHLWRGHVRFLHGDGHSROLFXOWXUDOYLVWRTXHR WHUPR PXOWLFXOWXUDOLVPR VXJHUH HUURQHDPHQWH XPD YDULHGDGH GH FXOWXUDV XPD SXUH]D FXOWXUDO HQTXDQWR WRWDOLGDGH QDWXUDO FRPR VH HVWDV QmR HVWLYHVVHP LPSUHJQDGDV XPDV QDV RXWUDV RX QmR VH HVWDEHOHFHVVH XPD FRPXQLFDomR H XPD WUDGXomR FRQVWDQWHV $ KLSyWHVH GH XPD SXUH]D RX KRPRJHQHLGDGH FXOWXUDO p SURIXQGD PHQWH LQDGHTXDGD SDUD GDU FRQWD GHVVH KLEULGLVPR 'D PHVPD IRUPDQmRH[LVWHXP2XWURLGHQWLILFiYHOHPVLPHVPRFRPRWRWD OLGDGHFRPSOHWDPDV2XWURVFRPVHQWLGRVP~OWLSORV RH[yWLFRR pWQLFRHFXOWXUDORVRFLDOIDPLOLDUSROtWLFRHFRQyPLFR2VWHP SRV PRGHUQRV OtTXLGRV DQXQFLD%DXPDQSRVVXHP FRPXQLGDGHV H[SORVLYDV H WDPEpP &ORDNURRP FRPPXQLWLHV DOXGLQGR DRV EHQJD OHLURV RQGH VH GHSRVLWDP RV FDVDFRV SDUD XPD GHWHUPLQDGD RFD VLmR TXHVHGmRPDOFRPDWHUULWRULDOLGDGHQDPHGLGDHPTXHVmR YROiWHLVHSURYLVyULDVDRVDERUGHSDUWLFXODULVPRV$SyVRHVSHFWi FXORDVSHVVRDVYROWDPDFRORFDURVVHXVFDVDFRVHGLVVROYHPVHQD PXOWLGmR 1R IXQGR TXHEUDP D PRQRWRQLD TXRWLGLDQD PDV VmR LQGLYtGXRV FRP XPD FDXVD FRPXP YLUWXDO TXH QDGD WHP GH JHQXtQR H GXUDGRXUR 'HVVDV SUHWHQVDV FRPXQLGDGHV HPHUJH R JXHWRFRPRVHXDSHORGHKRPRJHQHL]DomR :DOOHUVWHLQDVVLQDODTXHDLGHQWLGDGHpWQLFDTXHQXQFDpXPD FRLVD HP VL PHVPD p PXLWDV YH]HV XPD IRUPD GH OXWD TXH VXUJH SHUDQWH R HQIUDTXHFLPHQWR H D GHVOHJLWLPDomR GR (VWDGR (VWH WLSRGHUHLYLQGLFDomRpWQLFDQmRWHPDYHUFRPRQDFLRQDOLVPRHD JORULILFDomRGDWUDGLomRSDVVDGD pXPDFWRGHVHVSHUDGRGRVSREUHV QDVQDo}HVULFDV 2TXHID]HUHQWmRFRPRVHVWUDQJHLURVSDUDQmRRVUHOHJDUSDUD R GRPtQLR GD H[WHULRULGDGH DEVROXWD H LQLPLJD" %HFN SURS}H D ILJXUD SROtWLFD GD WUDQVQDFLRQDOLGDGH QDGD GHYHGRUD GR PXOWLFXO WXUDOLVPR TXHSDUDHOHFRQGX]DXPUHODWLYLVPRRQGHDVSHUVSHF
122
O Ponto de Vista Exterior em Bauman
WLYDVFXOWXUDLVVmRLQFRPHQVXUiYHLVHQmRVHFRPXQLFDP DILUPDQ GR TXH ³D FDWHJRULD GR WUDQVQDFLRQDO DEROH D GLVWLQomR HQWUH HVWUDQJHLURV H QDFLRQDLV DPLJRV H LQLPLJRV HVWUDQJHLURV H DXWyF WRQHV´ %HFN %DOLEDU SURS}H SRU VHX WXUQR XPD FDWHJRULDGHFLGDGDQLDGHUHVLGrQFLDFRQIHULQGRGLUHLWRGHYRWRDRV UHVLGHQWHV SHUPDQHQWHV SHQVDU D FLGDGDQLD QmR HP WHUPRV GH VREHUDQLDPDVGHGLUHLWRGHFLGDGHRXGHGLUHLWRGHUHVLGLUQDFLGDGH FRPWRGRVRVGLUHLWRV +RQQHWKSURS}HDHVWUXWXUDLQWHUVXEMHFWLYDGRUHFRQKHFLPHQ WRTXHVHRS}HDVLWXDo}HVGHGHVSUH]RVRFLDOFXOPLQDQGRQXPD VROLGDULHGDGH 1R HQWDQWR XPD DXWRUHDOL]DomR GHVWH WLSR QmR SRGHFLQJLUVHDRRUGHQDPHQWRMXUtGLFRGHPRFUiWLFR RXDRVGLUHL WRV FRQVWLWXFLRQDLV 6HPSUH TXH QR PXQGR LQWHUSHVVRDO RV KRPHQVWHQGHPDVHUWUDWDGRVGHDFRUGRFRPXPDDWLWXGHDSHQDV REVHUYDGRUD H QmR SDUWLFLSDQWH SRGHPRV IDODU GH UHLILFDomR FRQ FHLWR TXH +RQQHWK UHFXSHUD GH /XNiFV (VWD UHDOL]D D IXQomR GH VXSHUIOXLGDGH QD PHGLGD HP TXH R VXMHLWR HVTXHFH R UHFRQKHFL PHQWR GR RXWUR QmR FRQVHJXLQGR FRORFDUVH QXPD SRVLomR GH VHJXQGDSHVVRD 6HPSUH TXH VH DXWRQRPL]DP SUiWLFDV TXH FRQVLVWHP VLPSOHVPHQWH HPREVHUYDURVKRPHQVUHJLVWDUIULDPHQWHDVXDH[LVWrQFLDFRQVLGHUi ORVFRPRIDFWRUHVLQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWHGRFRQWH[WRGRPXQGRYLYLGR DRTXDOSHUWHQFHPHLVWRVHPTXHVHMDPLQVHULGRVQRVHLRGHUHODo}HV MXUtGLFDV GHVHQYROYHVH XPD LJQRUkQFLD GR UHFRQKHFLPHQWR SUpYLR TXHGHVFUHYHPRVFRPRVHQGRRQ~FOHRGHWRGDDUHLILFDomRLQWHUVXE MHFWLYD +RQQHWK
1DQF\)UDVHUFULWLFDDSHUVSHFWLYDGH+RQQHWKGHXPUHFRQKH FLPHQWRTXHVHEDVHLDQDDXWRUHDOL]DomRSURSRQGRSRUVHXWXUQR XP PRGHOR GR VWDWXV LVWR p XP DIDVWDPHQWR GDV UHODo}HV GH VXERUGLQDomRHQWUHRVVXMHLWRVUXPRDXPSULQFtSLRGHSDULGDGH GHSDUWLFLSDomR SDULW\RISDUWLFLSDWLRQ 'HDFRUGRFRPHVWHPRGH ORDMXVWLoDUHTXHUTXHRVVXMHLWRVLQWHUDMDPFRPRSDUHV3DUDTXH HVWDVHUHDOL]HpQHFHVViULRSUHHQFKHUGXDVFRQGLo}HV D XPDGLV WULEXLomR GRV UHFXUVRV PDWHULDLV SDUD DVVHJXUDU XPD LQGHSHQGrQ FLD GRV SDUWLFLSDQWHV DTXH FKDPDFRQGLomRREMHFWLYDHE SDGU}HV FXOWXUDLVLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGRVTXHH[SUHVVHPXPUHVSHLWRLJXDOSDUD
123
José Caselas
WRGRV RV SDUWLFLSDQWHV D TXH FKDPD FRQGLomR LQWHUVXEMHFWLYD 1R SULPHLUR FDVR UHLYLQGLFDPRV XPD UHGLVWULEXLomR H QR VHJXQGR XPUHFRQKHFLPHQWR3DUHFHQRVTXHHVWDKLSyWHVHGH1DQF\)UDVHU pWULEXWiULDGRSHQVDPHQWRGH+DEHUPDVDRSDVVRTXHSDUD+RQ QHWKDHVWUXWXUDGRUHFRQKHFLPHQWRQmRVHDSRLDVRPHQWHQXPD LQWHUDFomR OLQJXLVWLFDPHQWH PHGLDGD FRP YLVWD D XP DFRUGR FRPXQLFDFLRQDO 3DUD +RQQHWK R VRFLDO DSHQDV VH SRGH FRP SUHHQGHUFRPRXPFDPSRGHOXWDVHFRQIURQWDo}HVVRFLDLVHDSH VDUGHXPDDERUGDJHPPHWRGROyJLFDHPWHUPRVOLQJXtVWLFRVFRPR HP+DEHUPDVFRPYLVWDDXPDLQWHUFRPSUHHQVmRpQHFHVViULRHP WHUPRVIDFWXDLVXPSURFHVVRGHLQWHUDFomRTXHQmRUHFRUUHDSHQDV DR OLQJXtVWLFR PDV DR SUpOLQJXtVWLFR FRPR QR FDVR GD SULPHLUD IRUPD GH UHFRQKHFLPHQWR HQWUH R EHEp H D PmH (VWD GLPHQVmR SUpYHUEDOHVWiUHODFLRQDGDFRPDFRUSRUHLGDGHSHORVJHVWRVSHOR PLPHWLVPRHWF $LQWHUVXEMHFWLYLGDGHHPHUJHJHQHWLFDPHQWHGHIRUPDVSUpOLQJXLVWLFDV H GH IRUPDV GH FRPXQLFDomR VRFLDO IRUWHPHQWH OLJDGDV DR FRUSR +RQQHWK
0DV R VHQWLPHQWR GH VHU GHVSUH]DGR QmR JHUD Vy SRU VL XPD MXVWLILFDomRGDVOXWDV4XHIRUPDVGHFXOWXUDPRUDOSRGHPRVGHV SUH]DGRV H RV H[FOXtGRV DVVXPLU QR HVSDoR S~EOLFR GHPRFUiWLFR VHP VH HQYROYHUHP HP FRQWUDFXOWXUDV GD YLROrQFLD" &RP HVWD TXHVWmR+RQQHWKSURFXUDHVWDEHOHFHUDVEDVHVQRUPDWLYDVGDDFomR TXHXPDWHRULDGRUHFRQKHFLPHQWRSRGHFRQVWLWXLU 2VSURFHVVRVGH LQ VHJXUDQoDHRVSURILVVLRQDLVGHJHVWmRGDV LQTXLHWXGHV ,QIOXHQFLDGR SRU )RXFDXOW H RXWURV DXWRUHV FRPR *LGGHQV%RXUGLHX$JDPEHQ%HFNRVWUDEDOKRVGH'LGLHU%LJR UHIHUHP D FRQVWLWXLomR GH XP FDPSR WUDQVQDFLRQDO GH SRGHU H YLJLOkQFLD JHULGR SRU SURILVVLRQDLV GD JHVWmR GD DPHDoD TXH IXQ FLRQDPHPUHGH $ YLJLOkQFLD j GLVWkQFLD RSHUD D XP QtYHO D TXH FKDPDUtDPRV ELRFRQWUROH YLVWR TXH VH GLULJH D XPD SRSXODomR TXH LPSRUWD JHULU 1D HVWHLUD GH )RXFDXOW 'LGLHU %LJR DOXGH DR %DQRSWLFRQ HQTXDQWRGLVSRVLWLYRGHYLJLOkQFLDHSXQLomR7UDWDVHGHSHQVDUXP
124
O Ponto de Vista Exterior em Bauman
SURFHVVRGHVHJXUDQoDSDUDDOpPGRWHUULWyULRXPFDPSRWUDQVQD FLRQDOGHVHJXUDQoDJHULGRSRUXPDUHGHGHSURILVVLRQDLVHDJHQWHV GHFRQWUROH$SROtFLDHPUHGHLQVWDXUDQRYDVSUiWLFDVGLVFLSOLQDUHV QXPGLVSRVLWLYRWUDQVYHUVDOGHVHJXUDQoD $ VHJXUDQoD LQWHUQD LQFOXL HIHFWLYDPHQWH DR QtYHO HXURSHX H QR PHVPRFRQMXQWRDOXWDFRQWUDRWHUURULVPRDGURJDDFULPLQDOLGDGH RUJDQL]DGDDFULPLQDOLGDGHWUDQVIURQWHLULoDDLPLJUDomRFODQGHVWLQD DVVLPFRPRRFRQWUROHGRVIOX[RVWUDQVQDFLRQDLVGHSHVVRDV PLJUDQ WHV RV TXH SHGHP DVLOR FLUFXODomR WUDQVIURQWHLULoD DWp PHVPR R FRQWUROH GH WRGR R FLGDGmR TXH D SULRUL QmR VH DVVHPHOKD j LPDJHP VRFLDOTXHWHPRVGDLGHQWLGDGHQDFLRQDO MRYHQVGHVFHQGHQWHVGDLPL JUDomR JUXSRV PLQRULWiULRV« (VWH FRQWUROH DODUJD DV DFWLYLGDGHV SROLFLDLV SDUD DOpP GR FRQWUROH FOiVVLFR GR FULPH H GD SROtFLD GH HVWUDQJHLURV LQFOXLQGR Dt R FRQWUROH GH SHVVRDV TXH VmR YLJLDGDV GHYLGR D XP WLSR GH LGHQWLGDGH H GH FRPSRUWDPHQWR VXSRVWDPHQWH GHVYLDQWH ORJR TXH DWUDYHVVDP DV IURQWHLUDV RX YLYHP QDV ]RQDV GHVLJQDGDV©GHULVFRª EDQOLHXHVFHQWURGHFLGDGHVGHJUDGDGDV«
2TXHHVWiHPMRJRQmRpDJHVWmRGHWHUULWyULRVPDVXPDJHV WmR GH SRSXODo}HV XP FRQWUROH ELRSROtWLFR TXH VH GLULJH D XPD QRYD ILJXUD GR FXOSDGR ©R LQGHVHMiYHOª (P TXH PHGLGD R LPL JUDQWH VH HQTXDGUD QHVWH FDPSR GH VHJXUDQoD QHVWDV OXWDV GH GRPLQDomR WUDQVIURQWHLULoDV" $ LPLJUDomR WRUQDVH XP SUREOHPD QHVWDSROLWL]DomRGDVFHQDVGDYLGDTXRWLGLDQDGHYLGRDRVHXHVWD WXWRGLIHUHQFLDGRUUHODWLYDPHQWHjLGHQWLGDGHQDFLRQDO2GLVSRVL WLYREDQySWLFRpSURDFWLYRHSURGX]XPVDEHUHQXQFLDGRVVREUHDV DPHDoDVIXWXUDVDILPGHDQWHFLSDURVHXSHUFXUVR2VJUXSRVGH SRSXODo}HV GH ULVFR VmR SRVWRV VRE YLJLOkQFLD 2 GLVSRVLWLYR EDQySWLFR SRGH GHILQLUVH FRPR XP HQWUHFUX]DPHQWR HQWUH HOH PHQWRV KHWHURJpQHRV DR QtYHO GH LQ VHJXUDQoD WUDQVQDFLRQDO OLJDQGRGLVFXUVRV VREUHDPHDoDVLPLJUDomRPXoXOPDQRVUDGLFDLV LQVWLWXLo}HV DJrQFLDV S~EOLFDV JRYHUQRV RUJDQL]Do}HV LQWHUQDFLR QDLV 21*V HVWUXWXUDV DUTXLWHFWXUDLV FHQWURV GH GHWHQomR ]RQDV GHHVSHUDOLQKDVGHWUiILFRUHGHVGHYtGHRFkPDUDV OHLV VREUHR WHUURULVPR FULPH RUJDQL]DGR LPLJUDomR WUDEDOKRFODQGHVWLQR RV TXH SURFXUDP DVLOR H PHGLGDV DGPLQLVWUDWLYDV UHJXODomR GRV VHP SDSpLVDFRUGRVQHJRFLDGRVGHUHSDWULDomR 2TXHHVWiHPFDXVDp
125
José Caselas
DYLJLOkQFLDGHXPDPLQRULDTXHQmRVHLQWHJUDQDPDLRULDQRUPD OL]DGD $QRomRGHFDPSRUHWRPDGDGH%RXUGLHXpXWLOL]DGDSDUDFRQ FHSWXDOL]DU R FDPSR GH VHJXUDQoD ± R SDSHO GRV SURILVVLRQDLV GD DPHDoDpRGHFRQVWLWXLUXPDGHILQLomRGRDGYHUViULRHRVPRGRV GH JHVWmR GD YLGD ± PDLV GR TXH SURWHJHU DV SRSXODo}HV WUDWDVH VREUHWXGRGHJHULUDVLQTXLHWDo}HVHDFDSDFLGDGHGHDVWUDQTXLOL ]DURTXHRVOHYDDFRQVWUXLUXPDLPDJHPGDDPHDoD2VDJHQWHV SROLFLDLVHQWUDPHPOXWDVSDUDXPDGHILQLomRGHVHJXUDQoDHKLH UDUTXLDGHDPHDoDVQRFDPSRWUDQVYHUVDOGHVHJXUDQoDTXHH[FHGH DVIURQWHLUDVHDFRQFHSomRWHUULWRULDOL]DGDGH(VWDGR&RQWXGRR FRQFHLWR GH EDQ UHWRPDGRGH $JDPEHQQmR p PXLWRDSURSULDGR SDUD H[SULPLU HVWD GRPLQDomR HP UHGH TXH QmR GLPDQD GH XP SRGHUVREHUDQR DFRQFLOLDomRHQWUHDSHUVSHFWLYDGRGLVSRVLWLYRH D GH EDQ YLGD QXD SDUHFH DVVLP GLILFXOWDGD $ QRomR GH %DQ p XWLOL]DGDSRU'LGLHU%LJRQRVHQWLGRGHFRQVWUXomRGDFDWHJRULDGH SHVVRDVH[FOXtGDVQHVWDJHVWmRGDYLGD %LJRD 'HVVHPRGRRVDJHQWHVGRFDPSRGHVHJXUDQoDDSHVDUGDVXDGLYHU VLGDGHSRGHPVHUGHILQLGRVFRPRSURILVVLRQDLVGDJHVWmRGDDPHDoD RX GDV LQTXLHWXGHV SURGXWRUHV GH VDEHUHVSRGHUHV D SDUWLU GR SDU VHJXUDQoDLQVHJXUDQoD
2 UHFXUVR DR SHQVDPHQWR GH )RXFDXOW SHUPLWH GHVPRQWDU D LGHRORJLD GD VHJXUDQoD D FULPLQDOL]DomR GRV LPLJUDQWHV D IRUPD omRGHXPHQXQFLDGRGLVFXUVLYRTXHQDGDWHPGHDSULRULPDVTXH pREMHFWLYiYHOSRUPHLRGHUHFROKDGHLQIRUPDomRVREUHRVHVWUDQ JHLURV 1HVVH VHQWLGR D WHFQRORJLD GH YLJLOkQFLD YLUWXDO SURGX] XP H[FHSFLRQDOLVPR TXH FRQWUROD RV HVWUDQJHLURV R ©RXWURª SRGHQGR GHFLGLU SRU XPD VLWXDomR GH H[FHSomR $SyV R GH 6HWHPEUR VXUJH XP GLVFXUVR GH JXHUUD FRQWUD R WHUURULVPR TXH DXWRUL]D PHGLGDV GHUURJDWyULDV SURORQJDGDV GHWHQomR SRU WHPSR LQGHILQLGRLGHQWLILFDGRUHVELRPpWULFRVQRVYLVWRVHHPSDVVDSRUWHV HFDUW}HV,'WURFDGHUHJLVWRVVREUHSDVVDJHLURV 2VLVWHPD6LUHQH SHUPLWH XPD FLUFXODomR GH GRFXPHQWRV MXGLFLDLV R VLVWHPD GH LQIRUPDomR 6FKHQJHQ R (XURGDF FRQWHQGR LPSUHVV}HV GLJLWDLV GRVTXHSURFXUDPDVLORR)$'2 )DOVHDQG$XWKHQWLF'RFXPHQWV VFDQQLQJ IDFLDO RX GD UHWLQD UXPR DR TXH %LJR GHVLJQD XPD YLJL
126
O Ponto de Vista Exterior em Bauman
OkQFLDJOREDOHXPDYRQWDGHGHFRQWUROH2GLVSRVLWLYREDQySWLFR QmR VH EDVHLD QXPD HVWUDWpJLD XQLIRUPH PDV HP P~OWLSODV OXWDV FRQGXFHQWHV D XPD JOREDOL]DomR GD GRPLQDomR D XPD JRYHUQD PHQWDOLGDGHGDH[FOXVmRHGDVXVSHLWD 2HVWUDQJHLURMiQmRpRQmRFLGDGmR HOHpDTXHOHTXHVHDVVHPHOKD DR HVWUDQKR DR EL]DUUR DR TXH DSUHVHQWD XP FRPSRUWDPHQWR OLJHL UDPHQWHGHVYLDQWHHDQRUPDORXRFRQWUiULRRTXHWHPDTXHOHFRP SRUWDPHQWRQRUPDOTXHSDUHFHVXVSHLWR
1RWDV
&LWDGRHP%DXPDQ9LHVSHUGXHVS ³&KDPHPDLVVRFRPRTXLVHUHP FDPDUDGDJHPLGHQWLILFDomRLPDJLQD WLYD HPSDWLD Vy QmR SRGHP GL]HU GHVVD RSomR TXH HOD GHFRUUH GH XPD UHJUD RX FRPDQGR VHMD XPD LQMXQomR GD UD]mR XPD QRUPD HPSLULFD PHQWH GHPRQVWUDGD SHOR FRQKHFLPHQWR TXH EXVFD D YHUGDGH XPD RUGHPGH'HXVRXXPSUHFHLWROHJDO´ %DXPDQ E $UHQGW$V2ULJHQVGR7RWDOLWDULVPRS 2 FDPSR GH FRQFHQWUDomR QDVFH GH XPD H[SHULrQFLD SDUDGR[DO GD PRGHUQLGDGH FRQFLOLDURPXQGRRUGHQDGRHWUDQVSDUHQWHEHPFRQWUR ODGR FRP D OLEHUGDGH KXPDQD (VWH SURMHFWR GHSUHVVD VH UHYHORX LQH[H TXtYHOILFDQGRVHSHODDSRORJLDGDOLEHUGDGHLQGLYLGXDO7RGDYLDDVROXomR WRWDOLWiULDSDLUDFRPRSRVVLELOLGDGHLUUHPRYtYHO4XDQGR%DXPDQGHFOD UD TXH RV (VWDGRV WRWDOLWiULRV FKDPDUDP D VL D WDUHID GH WRUQDU RV VHUHV KXPDQRVVXSpUIOXRVVDEHTXHDLQGDpSUHPDWXURHQFHUUDURFDStWXORGDV VROXo}HV WRWDOLWiULDV TXDQGR H[LVWHP WHQGrQFLDV SDUD FULPLQDOL]DU D GHVRUGHPVRFLDOHDVVXDVSDWRORJLDV1DYHUGDGHHPPDWpULDGHVHJUHJD omRHQFDUFHUDPHQWRGHVTXDOLILFDomRVRFLDOHSROtWLFDGDKHWHURIRELDTXH UHFDL VREUH R 2XWUR R HVWUDQJHLURHVWUDQKR TXH DEDOD D WUDQTXLOLGDGH GRPXQGRGDYLGDPXLWRHVWiSRUDFRQWHFHU³TXDQGRFHUWRVVHUHVKXPD QRV VmR GHFODUDGRV VXSUDQXPHUiULRV RX VRIUHP D LPSRVLomR GH XPD FRQGLomRTXHRVWRUQDVXSpUIOXRV´ %DXPDQ ³2HVWDGR©MDUGLQHLURªPRGHUQRTXHFRQVLGHUDDVRFLHGDGHTXHJRYHU QD FRPR XP REMHFWR D GHVHQKDU D FXOWLYDU H D GHVHPEDUDoDU GDV VXDV HUYDVGDQLQKDV´³2JHQRFtGLRPRGHUQRWDOFRPRDFXOWXUDPRGHUQDQR VHXFRQMXQWRpXPWUDEDOKRGHMDUGLQHLUR´ %DXPDQ ³$V SULV}HV FRPR WDQWDV RXWUDV LQVWLWXLo}HV VRFLDLV GHL[DUDP D VXD WDUHIDGHUHFLFODJHPHSDVVDUDPDGHVHPEDUDoDUVHGRUHIXJR´ %DXPDQ
127
José Caselas
³3RUILP©PXOWLFXOWXUDOLVPRªLPSOLFDWDFLWDPHQWHTXHHVWDUHQFHUUDGR QXPDWRWDOLGDGHFXOWXUDOpDPDQHLUDQDWXUDOHSRUWDQWRSUHVXPLYHOPHQ WH VDXGiYHO GH VHUQRPXQGR HQTXDQWR WRGDV DV GHPDLV VLWXDo}HV ± VHU ©WUDQVFXOWXUDOª QXWULUVH VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH GH ©FXOWXUDV GLYHUVDVª RX VLP SOHVPHQWHQmRVHSUHRFXSDUFRPD©DPELJXLGDGHFXOWXUDOªGHVXDSRVLomR ± VmR VLWXDo}HV DQRUPDLV ©KtEULGDVª H SRWHQFLDOPHQWH PRQVWUXRVDV PyUELGDVHLPSUySULDVSDUDYLYHU´ %DXPDQ 9HU ³6HFXULW\ ([FHSWLRQ %DQ DQG 6XUYHLOODQFH´ LQ .LQJVWRQ /\RQ GLU 7KHRUL]LQJ6XUYHLOODQFHWKH3DQRSWLFRQDQG%H\RQG:LOODQ3XEOLVKHUV ©0LFKHO)RXFDXOW ODVpFXULWpHWO¶eWDWªLQ'LWVHWpFULWVYRO,,,S &I %DOLEDU eWLHQQH /H 5DFLVPH DSUqV OHV UDFHV 38) H %DOLEDU :DOOHUVWHLQ5DFH1DWLRQ&ODVVH/HVLGHQWLWpVDPELJXsV %DOLEDU©/DIRUPHQDWLRQ KLVWRLUHHWLGpRORJLHª5DFH1DWLRQ&ODVVHS 3DUD =L]HN R PXOWLFXOWXUDOLVPR p XPD FRQVHTXrQFLD GD JOREDOL]DomR SyVLGHROyJLFDTXHSURFODPDRQmRDFRQWHFLPHQWRXQLQGRDVLGHQWLGDGHV KtEULGDV VRE D EDQGHLUD GR &DSLWDO ³1RXWURV WHUPRV R PXOWLFXOWXUDOLV PR p XPD IRUPD GH UDFLVPR GHQHJDGD LQYHUWLGD DXWRUHIHUHQFLDO XP ©UDFLVPR FRP GLVWkQFLDª UHVSHLWD D LGHQWLGDGH GR 2XWUR FRQFHEHQGRD FRPRXPDFRPXQLGDGH©DXWrQWLFDªIHFKDGDVREUHVLPHVPDHPUHODomRj TXDORDGHSWRGRPXOWLFXOWXUDOLVPRPDQWpPSHORVHXODGRXPDGLVWkQ FLDTXHWRUQDSRVVtYHODVXDSRVLomRXQLYHUVDOSULYLOHJLDGD´=L]HN(ORJLR GD,QWROHUkQFLDS &IDHVWHUHVSHLWR$XJp0DUF1mR/XJDUHVSHVV :DOOHUVWHLQ8WRSLVWLFVSHVV %DOLEDU³&RVPRSROLWLVPH,QWHUQDWLRQDOLVPH&RVPRSROLWLTXH´SS )UDVHU1+RQQHWK$5HGLVWULEXWLRQRU5HFRJQLWLRQ"S %LJR³/DPRQGLDOLVDWLRQGHO¶ LQ VpFXULWp"5pIOH[LRQVVXUOHFKDPSGHV SURIHVVLRQQHOVGHODJHVWLRQGHVLQTXLpWXGHVHWDQDO\WLTXHGHODWUDQVQD WLRQDOLVDWLRQGHVSURFHVVXVG¶ LQ VpFXULVDWLRQ´LQ&XOWXUHV &RQIOLWVQ SS ZZZFRQIOLWVRUJ 5HFRUGHVH TXH SDUD )RXFDXOW D QRUPD WHP XPD FRQRWDomR QHJDWLYD SRUTXHLQVWLWXLXPFULWpULRGHGLYLVmRHQWUHRVLQGLYtGXRV %LJRDUWFLW 9HUDHVWHUHVSHLWRRDUWLJRGH%LJR³*pUHUOHVWUDQVKXPDQFHV/DVXU YHLOODQFHGDQVOHFKDPSWUDQVQDWLRQDOGHODVpFXULWp´LQ3HQVHUDYHF0LFKHO )RXFDXOW7KpRULHFULWLTXHHWSUDWLTXHVSROLWLTXHV.DUWKDOD
128
O Ponto de Vista Exterior em Bauman
%LJR ³6HFXULW\ H[FHSWLRQ %DQ DQG VXUYHLOODQFH´ LQ 7KHRUL]LQJ 6XUYHLO ODQFH7KHSDQRSWLFRQDQGEH\RQGS1RXWUDGDVVXDVREUDVGL]%LJR ©2 SROLFLDPHQWR TXDGULOODJH GR VRFLDO DIURX[D VREUH R WHUULWyULR SDUD XPD PDLRULDGHILQLGDDSULRUL RV(XURSHXVEUDQFRVGHSUHIHUrQFLD HUHIRUoD VH SDUD DV PLQRULDV FRQFHELGDV HP VpULH HP SDUWLFXODU RV HVWUDQJHLURV H[WUDFRPXQLWiULRV YLQGRV GH SDtVHV GR 6XO RX GD (XURSD RULHQWDO H DSOLFDVHDOXJDUHVSDUWLFXODUHV DVEDQOLHXHV ´3ROLFHVHQUpVHDX[ /¶H[SpULHQFH HXURSpHQQH 3UHVVHV GH OD )RQGDWLRQ 1DWLRQDO GHV 6FLHQFHV 3ROLWLTXHV S 6REUH D SROtWLFD GH FRQWUROH GRV IOX[RV PLJUDWyULRV GD SROtWLFD GR PHGR H GD VHJXUDQoDLQVHJXUDQoD FRPR FRQVHTXrQFLD GD GHVUHJXODomRQHROLEHUDOFRQVXOWDU 0DWKLHX%LHWORW³/HFDPSUpYpODWHXU G¶XQHSROLWLTXHLQTXLpWDQWHGHO¶pWUDQJHU´ ZZZFRQIOLWVRUJ
129
2V WH[WRV TXH FRPS}HP R SUHVHQWH YROXPH IRUDP DSUHVHQWDGRV QR FRQWH[WR GR SURJUDPD GH ZRUNVKRSV ©)RUDª GD)LORVRILDRUJDQL]DGRSHOR&HQWURGH)LORVRILDGDV&LrQFLDV GD8QLYHUVLGDGHGH/LVERDGXUDQWHRVDQRVGHH
9LVOXPEUHVGRIRUD QRWDVVREUHRGHKRUVHP)RXFDXOW 1XQR0HOLP
(VFUHYHUHPRVSRLVVREUHRIRUD(HVFUHYHUHPRVVREUHRIRUD GHIRUD'HIRUDGRIRUD(VFUHYHPRORQDLQHYLWDELOLGDGHGRMRJR VDQVMRXHU 'H IRUD GR IRUD SRUTXH VHWUDWDUi GH XP FHUWRLQFHUWR SHQVD PHQWRYLVOXPEUDQGRXPFHUWRLQFHUWRIRUDTXHGDUHPRVSRUVXD YH]DYLVOXPEUDU YLVOXPEUHVGHYLVOXPEUHVGH«(QWUHHOHVVREUH WXGR R YLVOXPEUH GH XP IRUD IRUDGHMRJR DSDQKDGR HP IDOWD XP IRUD TXH j VHPHOKDQoD GD RULJHP p ³WmR VHFUHWR H WmR RULJLQiULR TXHQXQFDVHSRGHUiUHDSUHHQGHUHPVLSUySULR´ 'HFHUWRHVFUHYHUHPRVVREUHRIRUDHP)RXFDXOW(LVVRVLJQLILFD TXHQmRHVWDUHPRVIRUDGHXPSHQVDPHQWRTXHDFHUWRPRPHQWR FRQVLGHURX XP ³SHQVDPHQWR GR IRUD´ 1R HQWDQWR HVVH SHQVD PHQWR H HUUDU QHVVH SHQVDPHQWR QmR LPSOLFDP DOJR IRUD" 1mR UHFRQKHFH R DUTXHyORJR TXH R HVFODUHFLPHQWR QmR DFDED" 1yV LQILQLWDPHQWH PDLV OLPLWDGRV TXH R DUTXHyORJR WDPEpP R VDEH PRV6DEHPRVSHUIHLWDPHQWHTXHRQRVVRFRPHQWiULRQXQFDYHQ FHUi HVVH ³UHVWR QHFHVVDULDPHQWH QmR IRUPXODGR GR SHQVDPHQWR TXHDOLQJXDJHPGHL[RXQD VRPEUD´6DEHPRVSHUIHLWDPHQWHTXH QmR YHQFHUHPRV R GHVOXPEUDPHQWR HP TXH R IRUD GH XP FHUWR SHQVDPHQWRVHGHXHJXDUGRXQmRYHQFHUHPRVRGHVOXPEUDPHQWR HPTXHXPFHUWRSHQVDPHQWRGRIRUDFRPRTXHSRUJHPLQDomR RXVLPSDWLDVHGHXHJXDUGRX
3RVWRHGHSRVWRLVWR UH FRPHFHPRV 4XHUHPRVYLVOXPEUDUHQWmRDWHPiWLFDGRIRUDHP)RXFDXOW (HP)RXFDXOWRHVSDoRDSDUHQWHPHQWHPDLVSURStFLRSDUDYLVOXP EUDUXPDWDOWHPiWLFDpRWH[WR/DSHQVpHGXGHKRUVGH &RPHIHLWRpQHVVHWH[WRTXHVHIDODGH SDVVDJHPSDUDIRUDGH XPD SDVVDJHP SDUD IRUD FDUDFWHUL]DQGR XP SHQVDPHQWR ³FXMD SRVVLELOLGDGHDLQGDLQFHUWDDFXOWXUDRFLGHQWDOGHVHQKRXQDVVXDV
131
Nuno Melim
PDUJHQV´XPSHQVDPHQWRGHVSRQWDQGRHP³SRQWRVEHPGLIHUHQ WHVGDFXOWXUD QRJHVWRGHHVFUHYHUQDVWHQWDWLYDVGHIRUPDOL]DUD OLQJXDJHP QR HVWXGR GRV PLWRV QD SVLFDQiOLVH QD LQYHVWLJDomR GHVVH /RJRV TXH FRQVWLWXL FRPR TXH R OXJDU GH QDVFLPHQWR GH WRGDDUD]mRRFLGHQWDO´XPSHQVDPHQWRWHQWDQGRRVVHXVSULPHL URVSDVVRVQDLPLQrQFLDHHPLQrQFLDGHXP³VHUGDOLQJXDJHPTXH Vy DSDUHFH HP VL SUySULR QR GHVDSDUHFLPHQWR GR VXMHLWR´ XP SHQVDPHQWRHVWDEHOHFHQGRVH³IRUDGHTXDOTXHUVXEMHFWLYLGDGH´ 7H[WRV SRVWHULRUHV /¶DUFKpRORJLH GX VDYRLU H 4X¶HVWFH TX¶XQ DXWHXU"DERUGDPDLQGDHVVHSHQVDPHQWRGRIRUDWHQWDGRQmRSHOD ³LQWHUURJDomRGRVHUGRKRPHPRXGDVXDVXEMHFWLYLGDGH´SUySULD GR SHQVDPHQWR DQWURSROyJLFR PDV SHOD WDUHID GH ³ID]HU EUL OKDUUHVVRDU R RXWUR H R IRUD´ DERUGDP XP SHQVDPHQWR TXH HQFRQWUDDVXDPDLVRULJLQiULDPRVWUDomRQDHVFULWDOLWHUiULDQHVVD HVFULWD³GHVGREUDQGRVHFRPRXPMRJRTXHYDLLQIDOLYHOPHQWHDOpP GDVVXDVUHJUDVHTXHSDVVDDVVLPSDUDIRUD´QHVVDHVFULWDWUDoDQ GRD³DEHUWXUDGHXPHVSDoRRQGHGHVDSDUHFHLQFHVVDQWHPHQWHR VXMHLWRTXHHVFUHYH´ 7DOSDVVDJHPSDUDIRUDFRPRTXHOHPDGRSHQVDPHQWRGRIRUD HYLGHQFLDDWHQWDWLYDHWHQWDomRGHXPVDOWRGHXPVDOWRTXHQmR VHUHVWULQJHDRSHQVDPHQWRGH)RXFDXOW VDOWRSDUDIRUDVDOWRSDUD XP RXWUR SHQVDU KDELWDGR SRU ³LPHQVDV SURPHVVDV GH SRHVLD´« VDOWRSDUDR2XWURPDVQmRVHJXQGRD³GLDOpFWLFDVHPSUHUHFRPH oDGDGR0HVPRHGR2XWUR´RXQHVVD³GLUHFomRHPTXHR2XWURGR KRPHPGHYHWRUQDUVHR0HVPRTXHHOH´«VDOWRSDUDDGLIHUHQoD D SHQVDU ³HP VL SUySULD« LQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWH GDV IRUPDV GD UHSUHVHQWDomR TXH D UHFRQGX]HP DR 0HVPR´« VDOWR SDUD D GLIH UHQoDGLIHUDQoD HQTXDQWR ³R PDLV DSURSULDGR D SHQVDU´ PDV D SHQVDUIRUDGDOyJLFDGHXPDKHWHURQRPLDTXH³UDFLRFLQDDLQGDQD FDYHGRVHXDXWLVPR´« 'LItFLOIRUDGLItFLOVDOWRGLItFLOSHQVDPHQWR ([WUHPDPHQWHGLItFLOGDUDHVVHSHQVDPHQWRXPDOLQJXDJHPTXH OKH VHMD ILHO >SUySULD@ &RP HIHLWR TXDOTXHU GLVFXUVR SXUDPHQWH UHIOH[LYRDUULVFDVHDUHFRQGX]LUDH[SHULrQFLDGRIRUDjGLPHQVmRGD LQWHULRULGDGH,QHOXWDYHOPHQWHDUHIOH[mRWHQGHDUHSDWULiODGRODGR GD FRQVFLrQFLD H GHVHQYROYrOD QXPD GHVFULomR GR YLYLGR HP TXH R ©IRUDªpHVTXLVVDGRFRPRH[SHULrQFLDGRFRUSRGRHVSDoRGRVOLPL WHV GR TXHUHU GD SUHVHQoD LQGHOpYHO GH RXWUHP 2 YRFDEXOiULR GD
132
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
ILFomRpLJXDOPHQWHSHULJRVR QDHVSHVVXUDGDVLPDJHQVSRUYH]HVQD PHUD WUDQVSDUrQFLD GDV ILJXUDV PDLV QHXWUDV RX PDLV SUHPDWXUDV DUULVFDVH D DSUHVHQWDU VLJQLILFDo}HV Mi IHLWDV TXH VRE DV HVSpFLHV GH XPIRUDLPDJLQDGRWHFHPQRYDPHQWHDYHOKDWUDPDGDLQWHULRULGD GH
&RQWXGR )RXFDXOW SHQVRX R IRUD VHJXQGR DOJXPDV GHVVDV HVSpFLHV'HIDFWRDVUHIHUrQFLDVjH[SHULrQFLDGRIRUDFRPRHVSD oRRXjDSUHVHQWDomRGDVVLJQLILFDo}HVMiIHLWDVGHXPIRUDLPDJL QDGR±TXHDOLiVSRGHPRVYLVOXPEUDUQRSUySULRGLVFXUVRQR V SRQWR V GD VLWXDomR GHVHQKDGR V SHOR DUTXHyORJR UHVSRQViYHO SRU /D SHQVpH GX GHKRUV ± SRGHULDP UHFRQGX]LUQRV SDUD D YHOKD WUDPD DSUHVHQWDGD QD ,QWURGXFWLRQ D 7UDXP XQG ([LVWHQ] GH %LQV ZDQJHU $ SDVVDJHP SDUD IRUD QmR VH FRQILQD DR WXUQR PDLV FLWDGR GR TXH FRPSUHHQGLGR GR SHQVDPHQWR GR IRUD WXUQR GHOLPLWDGR H RXVDUtDPRV GL]HU ILQDGR HP /D SHQVpH GX GHKRUV 2 DGYHQWR GR GHKRUVHGRVHXSHQVDPHQWRYLVOXPEUD)RXFDXOWQmRVXUJHQXPD ILJXUD ~QLFD KRPRJpQHD FRHUHQWH« 2UD DR ORQJR GR VHX SHQVD PHQWRDWHPiWLFDGRGHKRUVWDPEpPQmRVXUJHQXPDILJXUD~QLFD KRPRJpQHD H FRHUHQWH 3RU RXWUDV SDODYUDV QmR VH FRQILQD D /D SHQVpHGXGHKRUV HQWUHHOHVVREUHWXGRRYLVOXPEUHGHXPIRUDIRUD GHMRJRDSDQKDGRHPIDOWD«HVFUHYtDPRVPDLVDFLPD 1DYHUGDGHDWUDMHFWyULDGRPXOWLIDFHWDGRIRUDYDLDSDUFRPD GR VXMHLWR4XHUGL]HUDFRPSDQKDRVGLYHUVRVPRPHQWRVGRSHQ VDPHQWR GH )RXFDXOW 3RU DEGXomR H DPSOLILFDomR VLQpGRTXH ©UHWURGLomRªRXLOXVmRUHWURVSHFWLYDGLUtDPRVTXHQDVXDHVSHVVX UDHQRTXHWHPGHVLJQLILFDomRMiIHLWDDWHQWDWLYDGHSDVVDJHPSDUD IRUDGHVFUHYHILHOPHQWHXPDILORVRILDTXH >«@ WHQWD VDEHU FRPR H DWp RQGH p SRVVtYHO SHQVDU GH RXWUD PDQHLUD >«@ $ ©WHQWDWLYDHQVDLRª >HVVDL@ TXH GHYHPRV HQWHQGHU FRPRH[SHULrQFLD PRGLILFDGRUDGHVL SUySULRQRMRJR GDYHUGDGH H QmRFRPRDSURSULDomRVLPSOLILFDGRUDGHRXWUHP>«@pRFRUSRYLYR GDILORVRILDSHORPHQRVVHHODDLQGDpRTXHIRLRXWURUDXPD©DVFH VHªXPH[HUFtFLRGHVLQRSHQVDPHQWR>«@)RLXPH[HUFtFLRILORVy ILFR R TXH HVWDYD HP MRJR HUD VDEHU HP TXH PHGLGD R WUDEDOKR GH SHQVDU D VXD SUySULD KLVWyULD SRGH OLEHUWDU R SHQVDPHQWR GR TXH SHQVDVLOHQFLRVDPHQWHHOKHSHUPLWHSHQVDUGHRXWUDPDQHLUD
133
Nuno Melim
([HUFtFLRGHXPSHQVDPHQWRTXHFRQVWDQWHPHQWHWHQWDSDVVDU SDUDIRUDHSDUDIRUDGHVLSUySULRTXHFRQVWDQWHPHQWHWHQWDSHQ VDUGHRXWUDPDQHLUDHWHQWDSHQVDUVHGHRXWUDPDQHLUD1DFRQV WkQFLDGHWDOH[HUFtFLRSRGHPRVDVVLVWLUDHVWUDQKDVYROWDVUHYLUD YROWDV SRGHPRV VHPSUH SHQVDU GH RXWUD PDQHLUD R IRUD« 3RGH PRVVHPSUHSDVVDUSDUDIRUDGRIRUD«3RGHPRVVHPSUHSHQVDUGH RXWUDPDQHLUDRPHVPR«3RGHPRVFRPRVHPSUHRXGHVGHVHP SUHSHQVDUGHRXWUDPDQHLUDR2XWURHRXR0HVPR« 3HQVDUGHRXWUDPDQHLUDRPHVPRTXHYLJRUDQRSUySULRWXU QRQRWXUQRSUySULRGRSHQVDPHQWRGRIRUDQHVVHPRPHQWRHP TXHFRQVRDP³FHUWDVGHFODUDo}HVPDVVLYDVVREUHRGHVDSDUHFLPHQ WRGDILJXUDGRKRPHP´GRKRPHPHRXGRVXMHLWR &RPHIHLWRHPERDHVFXWDRSUySULR³VHUGDOLQJXDJHPTXHVy DSDUHFHHPVLSUySULRQRGHVDSDUHFLPHQWRGRVXMHLWR´RXDSUySULD GLIHUHQoD ³D SHQVDU HP VL SUySULD´ D TXH DOXGLPRV QmR EDVWDULDP SDUDVXVSHLWDUXPUHVWRXPUHVtGXRXPDLPSXUH]DLUUHGXWtYHOGH LSVHHGHPHWLSVHGHXPRXWURPHVPRVXMHLWR" 1mR HQWUDQGR IXQGDPHQWH QR ODELULQWR GHVVHV ILRV OLPLWHPR QRVDUHSDUDUPXLOHYHHOHYLDQDPHQWHRVHJXLQWH 4XDQWR j OLQJXDJHP HP VL SUySULD GH )RXFDXOW DR DEULJR GH 5D\PRQG5RXVVHOREVHUYDUtDPRVTXHRHVSDoR³TXHOKHpSUySULR´p WDPEpPVHQmRIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHRHVSDoRGR³MRJRGDUHSHWLomR VHPSUHGLIHUHQWHHGDGLIHUHQoDTXHUHWRUQD>UHYLHQW@DRPHVPR´ 2UD QmR HVWDUi HVVH MRJR QD IDPLOLDULGDGH GD ³GLDOpFWLFD VHPSUH UHFRPHoDGD GR 0HVPR H GR 2XWUR´ GHVVD ³GLUHFomR HP TXH R 2XWURGRKRPHPGHYHWRUQDUVHR0HVPRTXHHOH´"1DYHUGDGH DRORQJRGHERDSDUWHGDKLVWyULDGDFXOWXUDRFLGHQWDOWDOFRPRD ORXFXUDRXDGHVUD]mR±FRPSDUDomRTXHQRkPELWRGRSHQVDPHQ WRGH)RXFDXOWQmRpGHPRGRDOJXPIRUWXLWDRXIRUoDGD±DOLQ JXDJHP IRL MXVWDPHQWH R ©RXWURª GR KRPHP ³DOJR VLPXOWDQHD PHQWHLQWHULRUHHVWUDQJHLURDH[FOXLU SDUDFRQMXUDURSHULJRLQWH ULRU ´ DOJR ³QRV OLPLWHV GD FXOWXUD RFLGHQWDO H QR VHX FRUDomR´ DOJR³TXHVHHQWHUURXQRQRVVRVRORSDUDGHVDSDUHFHUVHPG~YLGD PDV JDQKDU UDL]´ 1R HQWDQWR R GHVHQUDL]DPHQWR R UHWRUQR H LQIODomR GD OLQJXDJHP QR PXQGR FRQWHPSRUkQHR WHYH RX WHULD FRPR FRUROiULR GHVWURQDUDTXHOHTXH RFXSDYD ROXJDUGR UHL TXHU GL]HURFXSDUHVVHPHVPROXJDUWRPDURWURQRHDFRURD
134
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
2EVHUYDUtDPRV DLQGD TXH XP GRV PRGRV GR SHQVDPHQWR GR IRUD±D³LQYHVWLJDomRGHVVH/RJRVTXHIRUPDFRPRTXHROXJDUGH QDVFLPHQWRGHWRGDDUD]mRRFLGHQWDO´±QRVSDUHFHHVWUDQKDPHQWH UHGHILQLGRHFULWLFDGRHP/¶RUGUHGXGLVFRXUV$OLomRUHIHUHRWHPD GD PHGLDomR XQLYHUVDO PHGLDomR SURFXUDQGR ³HQFRQWUDU R PRYL PHQWRGHXPORJRVTXHHOHYDDVVLQJXODULGDGHVDRFRQFHLWRHSHU PLWHjFRQVFLrQFLDLPHGLDWDGHVGREUDUILQDOPHQWHWRGDDUDFLRQD OLGDGHGRPXQGR´PDVTXHHOLGH³DUHDOLGDGHGRGLVFXUVR´UHFRQ GX]DRWHPDGR³VXMHLWRIXQGDGRU´XPDYH]TXH³WXGRSRGHWRPDU DIRUPDGRGLVFXUVR«SRUTXHWRGDVDVFRLVDVWHQGRPDQLIHVWDGRH WURFDGRRVHXVHQWLGRSRGHPUHHQWUDUUHJUHVVDUQDjLQWHULRULGD GHVLOHQFLRVDGDFRQVFLrQFLDGHVL´1mRHQFRQWUDQGRQDREUDGH )RXFDXOW QHQKXPD RXWUD UHIHUrQFLD D HVVD UHFRQGXomR GR /RJRV DR QDVFLPHQWR GD UD]mRUDFLRQDOLGDGH D UHGHILQLomR SDUHFHQRV VXUSUHHQGHQWH QD PHGLGD HP TXH QmR PDLV UHFRQKHFHPRV QHOD +HLGHJJHUPDVPDLVIDFLOPHQWH+XVVHUO±SRUH[HPSORHVVH+XV VHUO TXH DR UHWRUQDU DR PXQGR GD H[SHULrQFLD UHWRUQD DR IXQGD PHQWR GD H[SHULrQFLD RULJLQiULD GR /HEHQVZHOW H[SHULrQFLD DQWH SUHGLFDWLYDHHPFHUWRVHQWLGRDQWHOLQJXtVWLFDSRUTXDQWRGRPtQLR GH HYLGrQFLDV RULJLQiULDV ~OWLPDV UHWRUQD D XPD VXEMHFWLYLGDGH YHOD GD j VXEMHFWLYLGDGH WUDQVFHQGHQWDO FRQVWLWXLQWH GR PXQGR QD TXDO WXGRVH UH FROKH±RX+HJHO±SRUH[HPSORHVVH+HJHOTXHQR HQWHQGHU GH +HLGHJJHU LQWHUSUHWD H HQTXDGUD UHWRUQD H UHDSUR SULDVXSULPHHFRQVHUYDR/yJRVHP+HUiFOLWRHQTXDQWRSULPHLUR UHFRQKHFLPHQWRGDGLDOpFWLFDGDLGHLDQDVXDIRUPDHVSHFXODWLYD HPRPHQWRGRGHYLUGD5D]mRGD6XEMHFWLYLGDGH$EVROXWDWXGR UHFROKHQGRHPVLSUySULDHSDUDVLSUySULD 4XDQWRjGLIHUHQoDHPVLSUySULDGH'HOHX]HUHHVFUHYHUtDPRVH UHPHWHUtDPRVGHUDVSmRREVHUYDo}HVRXWURUDGLULJLGDVD)RXFDXOW SRU'HUULGD1mRSRGHUtDPRVVXVSHLWDUXPFHUWRGHVOL]HQR³TXH UHPRV SHQVDU DGLIHUHQoD HP VL SUySULD´" $R TXHUHUSHQVDU D GLIH UHQoDHPVLSUySULDQmRTXLV'HOHX]HTXHDGLIHUHQoD³IRVVHRVXMHL WRGRVHXOLYURRVXMHLWRHPWRGRVRVVHQWLGRVGDSDODYUD RWHPD GRVHXOLYURHRVXMHLWRIDODQWH´"/LEHUWRXVHDGLIHUHQoDGRPHV PRSUySULR PHWLSVHLSVH DVVRPEUDQGR R ³OD GLIIpUHQFH HQ HOOH PrPH´"
135
Nuno Melim
5HSDUR OHYHH OHYLDQDPHQWH IHLWR Mi VH SHUFHEHX TXH SDVVDJHP SDUD IRUD QRV FRORFD QD SUR[LPLGDGH H GLVWkQFLD GH XP FDPSR PLQDGR FRQWDPLQDGR H VHJXUDPHQWH YLWDPLQDGR GH SHQVDPHQ WR 'HFHUWR R SHQVDPHQWR GR IRUD ³DILUPD R MRJR H WHQWD SDVVDU DOpPGRKRPHPHGRKXPDQLVPR´ 'HDFRUGRFRP³XPPRYL PHQWRLQDXGLWR´DILORVRILDQHOHSUHVHQWHWHQWDDIDVWDUVHGDILORVR ILDHFDPLQKDU³SDUDDH[WHULRULGDGHDEVROXWDGHXPOXJDURXWUR´H GH³XPRXWURTXHQmRPDLVVHMD RVHXRXWUR´7HQWDGHUUXEDUH GHUUXED WHQWD SHQVDU GH RXWUD PDQHLUD H SHQVD 1R HQWXVLDVPR GRVHXDFRQWHFLPHQWRWHPRVHXTXrGLIHUHQoDGH³VLQDOKLVWyUL FR VLJQXP UHPHPRUDWLYXP GHPRQVWUDWLYXP SURQRVWLFXP´ H GH PRQV WUXRVLGDGH« 1R VHX GHPRQVWUDWLYXP DQXQFLD R TXH VH SDVVD DFWXDOPHQWH PRVWUD³XPWHPDPDQLIHVWDPHQWHGDQVO¶DLUGXWHPSV´5HOHYDQGR GHXPDH[SHULrQFLDHPHUJLQGRHPGLYHUVRVSRQWRVGDFXOWXUDGH PRQVWUDXPPRQVWUXP±GHPRQVWUDWLYXPGHPRQVWUDWLYXVGHPRQVWUDUH PRQVWUDUH PRQVWUXP ± SUHVHQWD D PRQVWUXRVLGDGH RIHUHFHVH D VL SUySULRHHPVLSUySULRFRPRPRQVWUXRVLGDGH >«@SHUDQWHRDLQGDLQRPLQiYHOTXHVHDQXQFLDHTXHVyRSRGH ID]HU FRPR p QHFHVViULR VHPSUH TXH XP QDVFLPHQWR HVWi HP REUD VREDHVSpFLHGDQmRHVSpFLHVREDIRUPDLQIRUPHPXGDLQIDQWHH WHUULILFDQWHGDPRQVWUXRVLGDGH 2IXWXURVySRGHVHUDQWHFLSDGRQDIRUPDGRSHULJRDEVROXWRe R TXH URPSH DEVROXWDPHQWH FRP D QRUPDOLGDGH FRQVWLWXtGD H Vy SRGHSRLVDQXQFLDUVHSUHVHQWDUVHVREDHVSpFLHGDPRQVWUXRVLGD GH
$SUHVHQWDomR DSDUHFLPHQWR H DSDUrQFLD GH PRQVWUXRVLGDGH QHVVHV EDWHGRUHV GR IRUD GHVEUDYDQGR XP FDPLQKR EDWHQGR R WHUUHQR H OHYDQWDQGR DUULVFDQGR XPD PXL SHULJRVD FDoD SRU H[HPSOR D ³OLQJXDJHP GLVFXUVLYD FRQYRFDGD D GHVHQODoDUVH QD YLROrQFLD GR FRUSR H GRJULWR´ ³D H[SHULrQFLD GR GXSOR GD H[WH ULRULGDGH GRV VLPXODFURV GD PXOWLSOLFDomR WHDWUDO H GHPHQWH GR (X´«eVLJQLILFDWLYRTXHWDOEDWLGDVHMDHPLQHQWHPHQWHOLWHUiULD TXH RV EDWHGRUHV VHMDP ILJXUDV ± 6DGH +|OGHUOLQ 0DOODUPp $UWDXG%DWDLOOH.ORVVRZVNL%ODQFKRW«±TXHQmRHPHUJHPRXVH
136
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
VLWXDPQRGRPtQLRFODURHWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHGHOLPLWDGRSUySULR GDILORVRILD DQWHVHUUDPDOJXUHVQDVPDUJHQVGHXPDILORVRILDTXH VHPSUHVHRFXSRXGHVLSUySULDQDVPDUJHQVGH³WRGDXPDWUDGL omRDLQGDPDLVDPSODTXHDILORVRILDHQVLQDQGRTXHRSHQVDPHQ WRGRSHQVDPHQWRFRQGX]jLQWHULRULGDGHPDLVSURIXQGD´1HV VDV PDUJHQV QHVVH HVSDoR GH ULVFR ULVFR WUDoDGR H ULVFR FRUULGR GHVDPDUUDGRV GD 5D]mR H GHVDEULJDGRV QD 'HVUD]mR WrP R DSD UHQWH SULYLOpJLR GH XPD UHODomR PDLV ©DXWrQWLFDª ©RULJLQiULDª ©VLPSiWLFDª ©VLQWRQL]DGDªFRP R ([WHULRU R 2XWUR D'LIHUHQoD WrPPDLRUPRELOLGDGHPHQRVFRQVWUDQJLPHQWRVSDUDHIHFWXDUHP XQ FRXS GH GpV SDUD VH ODQoDUHP QXP HVSDoR VHP GHPDUFDo}HV SDUDGHWRQDUHPXP©FDRVPRVª/DQFHYLVtYHOQHVVH³WUDEDOKRSUR IXQGR GD OLWHUDWXUD TXH SURFXUD DILUPDUVH QD VXD HVVrQFLD DR DUUXLQDUDVGLVWLQo}HVHRVOLPLWHV´HQWUHJpQHURVHIRUPDV OLWHUi ULRV QRWDGR SRU %ODQFKRW QR WH[WR /¶DYHQLU HW OD TXHVWLRQ GH O¶DUW 7UDEDOKRGHDUUXLQDPHQWRDUWtVWLFRHPTXHRIXWXURVHDQWHFLSDH SUHVHQWD VRE D IRUPD GD PRQVWUXRVLGDGH GR PRQVWUR HQWHQGLGR HQTXDQWR³DEHUUDomRDSDUHQWHGDVIRUPDV´³PLVWR´ ILJXUDomRGD LQIUDFomR GD WUDQVJUHVVmR REUD DEULQGR XP YD]LR SURYRFDQGR ³XPGHVSHGDoDPHQWRVHPUHFRQFLOLDomRHPTXHRPXQGRpIRUoD GR D LQWHUURJDUVH´ 7UDEDOKR GH DUUXLQDPHQWR QD IDPLOLDULGDGH GRTXDOWDPEpPRDUTXHyORJRWHQWRXGDUXQFRXSGHJUkFHjIDPL OLDULGDGH GD ³GLVWLQomR GRV JUDQGHV WLSRV GH GLVFXUVR RX GDV IRU PDV H GRV JpQHURV TXH RS}HP XPDV jV RXWUDV FLrQFLD OLWHUDWXUD ILORVRILD UHOLJLmR KLVWyULD ILFomR HWF´ 1R HQWDQWR HVVD PRQV WUXRVLGDGHGRDQGRXP³GtVSDUGLVSDUDWHVHPHVSpFLH´GHPRQV WUDQGRXP³DLQGDLQRPLQiYHO´±HHLVRVLJQXPSURQRVWLFXPRVLQDO GRTXHHVWiDLQGDSRUSDVVDU±HVVDIRUPDLQIRUPHURPSHQGRFRP D QRUPDOLGDGH FRQVWLWXtGD SDU FRQWUHFRXS UHWRUQD YLVtYHO D OHL D QRUPD D QRUPDOLGDGH FRQVWLWXtGD R PXQGR LVVR FRP R TXDO URPSH H GLIHUH ,UUXSomR GH XPD WUDQVJUHVVmR TXH SDUD H[LVWLU FRPR WDO DLQGD TXH WHQGD D FRQVWUXLU RX FRQVWLWXLU DOJR QRYR RXWUR GLIHUHQWH QHFHVVLWD GH DOJR Mi FRQVWUXtGR RX FRQVWLWXtGR QHFHVVLWDGHXPDOHLXPDOHLTXHpMXVWDPHQWHWUDQVJUHGLGD'H UHVWRPRQVWURGLUi)RXFDXOWQXPRXWURWRUQRGRVHXSHQVDPHQWR ³pHVVHQFLDOPHQWHXPDQRomRMXUtGLFD´³QDVXDSUySULDH[LVWrQFLD H QD VXD IRUPD´ R PRQVWUR p LQIUDFomR GD OHL ³XP IHQyPHQR VLPXOWDQHDPHQWHH[WUHPRHH[WUHPDPHQWHUDUR´
137
Nuno Melim
1R VHX ODQFH QD VXD SDVVDJHP SDUD IRUD QRWHPRV R SHQVD PHQWRGRIRUDQmRGHL[DGHWHURVHXMiDtRVHXVLJQXPUHPHPRUD WLYXP« 2 SDVVDGR FRP R TXDO URPSH« 1D GLIHUHQoD OLPLQDU GD VXD PRQVWUXRVLGDGHRSHQVDPHQWRGRIRUDWHVWHPXQKDDVXVSHLWDIDFH jV 0HWDQDUUDWLYDV HVSHFXODWLYDV RX HPDQFLSDWyULDV R GHFOtQLR GD XQLYHUVDOLGDGH H GD QHFHVVLGDGH R TXHVWLRQDPHQWR H GHUUXEH GH ³XPDPHWDItVLFDFDPLQKDQGRQRVHQWLGRGHXPDILORVRILDGDFRQV FLrQFLD TXH DIHFWD R SHQVDPHQWR GD LGHQWLGDGH GD GRXWULQD GDV ,GHLDV H R FRQFHLWR IRUWH GH WHRULD´ 3DVVDGR GHTXH ³ID] VXUJLU FRPRTXHGRH[WHULRURVOLPLWHV´SDVVDGRGHTXHGLIHUH 2SDVVDGRGRTXDOLUURPSH«3DVVDGRGHVVDVPDUJHQVRQGHVH GHVHQKRX D VXD SRVVLELOLGDGH SDVVDGR TXH GLIHUH 3DU XQ pWUDQJH FRXS GH IRUFH R GHPRQVWUDWLYXP D PRQVWUXRVLGDGH GD OLWHUDWXUD FRQWHPSRUkQHD VHUi WRPDGD QR VHX UHPHPRUDWLYXP VHUi UHFRQGX ]LGDSRU)RXFDXOWjWHQWDWLYDGH³SURFXUDURTXHpPDLVGLItFLOGH SHUFHEHURPDLVRFXOWRRPDLVGLItFLOGHGL]HUSURFXUDUPRVWUDUR PDLVLQWHUGLWRHHVFDQGDORVR´±WHQWDWLYDTXHGHVHQKDLQVWLWXLD WHQGrQFLD OLJQHGHSHQWH PDLRUGDOLWHUDWXUDGHVGHRVpFXOR;9,,DWp QyV ± VHUi DQFRUDGD ILUPHPHQWH QmR QXP PLVWHULRVR IRUD TXH DWUDL H VH HVTXLYD PDV QR PHLR GDV FRLVDV H GDV JHQWHV QXPD LPHQVDSRVVLELOLGDGHHLQMXQomRGHGLVFXUVRQXPGLVSRVLWLYRDOHU SROLWLFDPHQWH
5HODQFHPRV RV GDGRV $ SDVVDJHP SDUD IRUD WHQWD SDVVDU SDUD IRUD7RGDYLDQDSDVVDGDQDWHQWDWLYDHQDWHQWDomRQmR³URPSH DEVROXWDPHQWH´FRPRSDVVDGR$WHQWDWLYDGHVDOWRQmRIRLPRUWDO SDUD R VXMHLWR QmR SHUIH] ³GH XPD PDQHLUD SDUWLFXODUPHQWH EUX WDO WiEXD UDVD GD KHUDQoD GD ILORVRILD GR VXMHLWR´ 1mR VH GHX SOHQDPHQWH ³R VDOWR SURGLJLRVR GR VXSHUKRPHP´ QmR VH FRQVX PRXRLQFrQGLRGDV³SURPHVVDVFRQIXVDVGDGLDOpFWLFDHGDDQWUR SRORJLD´ VH FLQ]DV DLQGD QmR VRPRV VH ~OWLPRV KRPHQV DLQGD VRPRV« 'HU hEHUPHQVFK QmR IRL RX DLQGD QmR p H[DFWDPHQWH HVVDUHVSRVWDQDTXDOVHFRPSOHWDYDUHFXVDGDHGHVDUPDGDDWUD MHFWyULDGDTXHVWmR:DVLVWGHU0HQVFK"
138
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
1DVHQGDGH+HLGHJJHUUHFRQVLGHUHPRVQDSDVVDJHPWUrVDVSHF WRVWUrVDVSHFWRVQDSUR[LPLGDGHGRVLJQXPUHPHPRUDWLYXPGHPRQV WUDWLYXPSURQRVWLFXP 2OXJDUGHRQGHVHDIDVWDDTXHOHTXHSDVVD$SUy SULDSDVVDJHP2OXJDUSDUDRQGHYDLDTXHOHTXHSDVVD 5HFRQVLGHUDQGR« DR WHQWDU HVWDEHOHFHUVH ³IRUD GH TXDOTXHU VXEMHFWLYLGDGH´DSDVVDJHPSDUDIRUDQmRGHL[DGHHVWDUHPUHODomR DLVVRGHRQGHVDOWDDROXJDUGHRQGHVHDIDVWD 'HUhEHUPHQVFKp XPDUHVSRVWDXPDUHVSRVWDQDTXDOVHFRPSOHWDXPDWUDMHFWyULD« $ hEHUZLQGXQJ GH +HLGHJJHU ± GH DOJXP PRGR DLQGD VLQWRQL]DGD FRPD'HVWUXNWLRQGDKLVWyULDGDRQWRORJLDGH6HLQXQG=HLWTXHQmR WLQKD R VHQWLGR QHJDWLYR GH XP GHVSHGDoDPHQWR PDV D LQWHQomR SRVLWLYDGHUHWRUQDUjRULJHPEDVWDQWHPDLVEUDQGDHFRPSUHHQVLYD GR TXH D VXSRVWDPHQWH YLROHQWD H UDGLFDO hEHUZLQGXQJ GH &DU QDS&DUQDSTXHWDPEpPVLWXDUtDPRVSDUDJUDQGHKRUURUGDVXD SUROH QR FDPSR GR SHQVDPHQWR GR GHKRUV QD PHGLGD HP TXH D VXDDQiOLVHpXPD³WHQWDWLYDSDUDIRUPDOL]DUDOLQJXDJHP´±SHQVD D PHWDItVLFD ³FRPR GLVSHQVDomR GD YHUGDGH GR HQWH´ ³IDWDOLGDGH QHFHVViULD´SDUDTXHR6HUHRHQWHFRQWLQXHPDMRJDUjVHVFRQGL GDV« 2 PXQGR PRGHUQR GL] 'HOHX]H p R PXQGR GRV VLPXOD FURVGDUXtQDGDLGHQWLGDGHPDVGL]RPHVPR'HOHX]H³QDVFHGD IDOrQFLD GDUHSUHVHQWDomR´« $ SRVVLELOLGDGH DLQGDLQFHUWD GRSHQ VDPHQWR GR IRUD p SRVVLELOLGDGH GH SDVVDJHP SDUD XP ³PXQGR LUUHGXWLYHOPHQWHSRUYLU´PDQLIHVWDTXHQRXVQHIDLVRQVTX¶HQWUHYRLU ODFO{WXUHHQmRRILP« (QWUHYHU QR TXDO HQWUHYHPRV ³D SUySULD SDVVDJHP´ HQWUDYDGD QR ³OXJDU GH SDVVDJHP´ QR OLPLDU ± RQGH VH FRQFHQWUD R VLJQXP UHPHPRUDWLYXPGHPRQVWUDWLYXPSURQRVWLFXPRKLVWyULFR±XPSRX FRFRPRR³YLVLWDQWHDPEtJXRVLPXOWDQHDPHQWHHQWUDQGRHVDLQ GR HP EDODQoR LPyYHO´ GH /DV0HQLQDV (QWUDYHHQWUHYLVWR SRU )RXFDXOW HP WRGDV DV VXDV DUTXHRORJLDV QHVVHV SDVVRV HP TXH p KLVWRULDGRUHFOtQLFR 1RV~OWLPRVDQRVGRVpFXOR;9,,,DFXOWXUDHXURSHLDGHVHQKRX XPD HVWUXWXUD TXH QmR VH GHVHQODoRX DLQGD &RPHoDPRV D FXVWR D GHVHPEDUDoDUDOJXQVILRVDLQGDWmRGHVFRQKHFLGRVTXHGHERDYRQ
139
Nuno Melim
WDGH RV FRQVLGHUDPRV PDUDYLOKRVDPHQWH QRYRV RX DEVROXWDPHQWH DUFDLFRV TXDQGR SDVVDGRV GRLV VpFXORV QmR PHQRV H QR HQWDQWR QmR PXLWR PDLV FRQVWLWXHP D WUDPD VRPEULD PDV VyOLGD GD QRVVD H[SHULrQFLD eQRLQWHULRUGRGHVHQKREDVWDQWHGHQVREDVWDQWHFRHUHQWHGD HSLVWHPH PRGHUQD TXH HVVD H[SHULrQFLD FRQWHPSRUkQHD HQFRQWUD D VXD SRVVLELOLGDGH >«@ HVVD IRUPD GH VDEHU TXH VH LQVWDXURX FRP D HFRQRPLDDELRORJLDHD ILORORJLDR SHQVDPHQWR GDILQLWXGHTXHD FUtWLFDNDQWLDQDSUHVFUHYHXFRPRWDUHIDjILORVRILDWXGRLVVRIRUPDR HVSDoRLPHGLDWRGDQRVVDUHIOH[mR1yVSHQVDPRVQHVVHOXJDU $ GHVFULomR GR DUTXLYR GHVGREUD DV VXDV SRVVLELOLGDGHV>«@ D SDUWLU GRVGLVFXUVRVTXHDFDEDPGHVHUMXVWDPHQWHQRVVRV RVHXOLPLDUGH H[LVWrQFLD p LQVWDXUDGR SHOR FRUWH TXH QRV VHSDUD GR TXH Mi QmR SRGHPRVGL]HUHGDTXLORTXHFDLSDUDIRUDGDQRVVDSUiWLFDGLVFXUVL YD >«@ 9DOH FRPR GLDJQyVWLFR 1mR >«@ QRV SHUPLWH >«@ GHVHQKDU DQWHFLSDGDPHQWHDILJXUDTXHWHUHPRVQRIXWXUR
1RLPSDVVHOLPLQDUHQWUHGRLVIRUDVDPDUUDGRD³XPDHVWUXWX UDTXHQmRVHGHVHQODoRXDLQGD´HFRQILDGRQRGHVSRQWDUGHXPD ³GDTXDOVyGHVFRQILDXPILQRWUDoRGHOX]QRKRUL]RQWH´ QXPD DEHUWXUDTXHSHUWHQFH³SHODIDFHTXHQHODVHGiDYHUDRLQWHULRU GH XPD pSRFD SDVVDGD´ PDV TXH ³WDPEpP DSRQWD SDUD DOpP GR FDPSRGDHSLVWHPH´RSDVVDJHLURHVWi³SULVLRQHLURGDSDVVDJHP´ EDODQoD LPRYHOPHQWH ³HQWUH GXDV WHUUDV TXH QmR OKH SRGHP SHU WHQFHU´'LItFLOSDVVDJHP 3RUXPODGRQmRVHYrPXLWREHP³ROXJDUGHRQGHVHDIDVWD DTXHOH TXH SDVVD´ QmR VH VDEH H[DFWDPHQWH ³GH TXH WHUUD YHP´ ³FRPHoDPRV D FXVWR D GHVHPEDUDoDU DOJXQV ILRV«´ H[WUHPD ULTXH]D GR VLJQXP UHPHPRUDWLYXP RIHUHFLGD QD FRPSOH[LGDGH GH XPDHVWUXWXUDRXGH³XPDDEHUWXUDSURIXQGD«TXHQmRSRGHVHU ©H[SOLFDGDª RX PHVPR UHFROKLGD QXPD SDODYUD ~QLFD´ GH XPD HVWUXWXUDTXHRIHUHFHDHVHRIHUHFHQDWDUHIDGHDSHQVDUDLQGD $SHQVDUDLQGDFRORFDQGRDDUTXHRORJLDQDVUHGRQGH]DVGRKLVWRUL FLVPR H GD DQDOtWLFD GD ILQLWXGH ± OXJDU RQGH R DUTXHyORJR GH UHVWRDGPLWHDLQGDSHQVDU±QRVTXDLV³WXGRRTXHpSHQVDGRVHUi DLQGD SHQVDGR SRU XP SHQVDPHQWR TXH DLQGD QmR YHLR j OX]´ EHPFRPRGDWDUHIDLQILQLWDGRFRPHQWiULRRXDWpGD³WDUHIDLQIL
140
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
QLWDGHSHQVDUDRULJHPQRPDLVSUy[LPRHQRPDLVORQJtQTXRGH VL´ 3RURXWURODGRQmRVHFRQKHFH³DWHUUDDTXHFKHJDUi´QmRVH Yr PXLWR EHP ³R OXJDU SDUD RQGH YDL´ ³D ILJXUDTXHWHUHPRV QR IXWXUR´ H[WUHPD SREUH]D GR VLJQXP SURQRVWLFXP RIHUHFLGD QD VLP SOLFLGDGH GR ³3RQWR 0DLV &UtWLFR PRVWUDQGR TXH QmR SHQVDPRV DLQGD´«$SDVVDJHPSHQVDQDGLUHFomRGRIRUDHPGLUHFomRDR IRUDSHQVDSDUDIRUDPDVSHQVDRQXPD³SUR[LPLGDGHFRQVHUYDQ GRRORQJtQTXRHQTXDQWRORQJtQTXR´&RPRD GHV UD]mRRXWUR UDHVWiGHVOXPEUDGDIDVFLQDGDHHQWUHYDGD³DEUHRVROKRVQDOX] GRVROHQmRYrQDGD´
'HVOXPEUHPRQRVHQWmR (VWDU DWUDtGR QmR p VHU FRQYLGDGR SHOD DWUDFomR GR IRUD DQWHV H[SHULHQFLDU QR YD]LR H QR GHVSURYLPHQWR D SUHVHQoD GR IRUD H OLJDGRDHVVDSUHVHQoDRIDFWRGHHVWDUPRVLUUHPHGLDYHOPHQWHIRUDGRIRUD /RQJH GH FKDPDU D LQWHULRULGDGH D UHDSUR[LPDUVH GH XPD RXWUD D DWUDFomR PDQLIHVWD LPSHULRVDPHQWH TXH R IRUD HVWi Dt DEHUWR VHP LQWLPLGDGH VHP SURWHFomR RX UHVHUYDGLVFULomR >UHWHQXH@ FRPR R SRGHULDWHUVHQmRWHPLQWHULRULGDGHHVHGHVGREUDDRLQILQLWRIRUD GHTXDOTXHUIHFKDPHQWR" HTXHQmRpSRVVtYHOWHUDFHVVRDHVVDDEHUWXUD SRLVRIRUDQXQFDOLEHUWDDVXDHVVrQFLDQmRSRGHRIHUHFHUVHFRPRXPD SUHVHQoD SRVLWLYD ± FRLVD LOXPLQDGD GR LQWHULRU SHOD FHUWH]D GD VXD SUySULDH[LVWrQFLD±PDVDSHQDVFRPRDXVrQFLDTXHVHUHWLUDQRPDLV ORQJtQTXRGHVLSUySULDHVHUHIOHFWHQRVLQDOTXHID] SDUDDYDQoDU PRVSDUDHODFRPRVHIRVVHSRVVtYHODOFDQoiOD
'HDPEXODQGR QR DGUR GD PDOtFLD QLHW]VFKLDQD QmR GHL[DUtD PRVGHDFXVDUXPDFHUWDHVWUDQKH]DSHUDQWHXPWUHFKRWmRVXEOL PHSiOLGRQyUGLFR« (LVHQWmRTXHDRHQVDLDURVVHXVSULPHLURV SDVVRVHWHQWDUDYDQoDUSDUD R RXWURODGRRSHQVDPHQWRGRIRUD PDLVSDVVDJHPGRTXHIRUDHVWiDLQGDDTXpPHSUy[LPRGDVVXDV IDPLOLDULGDGHV 4XDVH LUUHVLVWLYHOPHQWH R FRPR VH WHQWDQRV j UHFRQGXomR D XPDLOXVWUHILJXUD .DQW6DOYDJXDUGDGDVDVGHYLGDVGLIHUHQoDVLVWR p R VHX TXDQWR GH SHQVDUGH RXWUD PDQHLUD ± R SHQVDPHQWR GR
141
Nuno Melim
IRUD QmR ³LPSHGH SRLV D GLVSHUVmR QD PXOWLSOLFLGDGH´ QmR ³UHFRPHQGDDKRPRJHQHLGDGH´QmRHVWiDRVHUYLoRGHQHQKXPD ³XQLGDGH VLVWHPiWLFD´ QmR VHUYH ³SDUD HQFRQWUDU XP SULQFtSLR SDUDRGLYHUVR´HWF±PHVPRQDLQMXQomRGHQmRQRVVRFRUUHU PRVGH³QHQKXPPRYLPHQWRGLDOpFWLFR>GH@QHQKXPDDQiOLVHGH FRQVWLWXLo}HVHGRVHXVRORWUDQVFHQGHQWDO´HVWDPRVWHQWDGRVQmR REVWDQWHDFRQVLGHUDURSHQVDPHQWRGRIRUDFRPRTXHDQLPDGR SRU XP SULQFtSLR WUDQVFHQGHQWH H D FRQVLGHUDU R IRUD FRPR TXH LGHLDWUDQVFHQGHQWDOGHXVRUHJXODGRUIRFXVLPDJLQDULXV³WRWDOPHQ WHIRUDGRVOLPLWHVGDH[SHULrQFLDSRVVtYHO´DOJRFXMDUHWLUDGDSDUH FHDWUDLUH³LPSHOLURHQWHQGLPHQWRSDUDDOpPGHTXDOTXHUH[SH ULrQFLDGDGD´SDUD³XPWHUUHQRQRYRTXHQmRFRQKHFHHPSDUWH DOJXPDTXDOTXHUGHPDUFDomR´SDUDR VHX YD]LR $WHQWDomRGDDSUR[LPDomRD.DQWpJUDQGH2DUTXHyORJRGH /HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVFRPRYLPRVDGPLWHSHQVDUDLQGDGHDFRUGR FRP D WDUHID ILORVyILFD RUGHQDGD SRU .DQW SHQVDU D ILQLWXGH (Q SDVVDQWHQWUHYr Dt XPD ³HURVmR GR IRUD´ ± ³HURVmR LQGHILQLGD GR IRUD´HP/DSHQVpHGXGHKRUV±DOJR³GRRXWURODGR´SRVVLELOLWDQGR DGHVFRQWLQXLGDGHGLIHUHQFLDomRHDODUJDPHQWRGRFRQKHFLPHQWR HGRSHQVDPHQWR%HEHQGRGHXPDIRQWHPDLVOLWHUiULDGLJDPRV TXH p XP DXGHOj D SURMHFomR GD FRQVFLrQFLD GH XPD IDOKDIDOWD IXQFLRQDQGRFRPRDJHQWHPRWRUHSULPHLURPRWRUGRMRJR0DV )RXFDXOWWDPEpPHQWUHYrHP.DQWDUHGHVFREHUWDGHXPSHQVDPHQ WRDUFDLFR±³RDQWLJRVRODRIXQGR´QRSDVVRGH1LHW]VFKH±GH XPSHQVDPHQWRTXHUHWRUQD UHFRQKHFHRFRPR³XPGRVVLQDLVGH TXHRQRVVRFDPLQKRpXPFDPLQKRGHUHWRUQRHGHTXHFDGDYH] PDLV QRV WRUQDPRV JUHJRV´ FRPR UHHQYLR ³DR TXH Ki GH PDLV PDWLQDO QR SHQVDPHQWR JUHJR´ UHHQYLR TXH QmR WUDWD GH ³UHHQ FRQWUDUXPDH[SHULrQFLDSHUGLGD´PDVGHVHDSUR[LPDU³GDVSRVVL ELOLGDGHVGHXPDOLQJXDJHPQmRGLDOpFWLFD´ $FHLWHDFRUUHVSRQGrQFLDHQWUHD³HURVmRGRIRUD´HRIRFXVLPD JLQDULXVSHUDQWHRVJROSHVGHPHVWUHHRVPHVWUHVGRJROSHSHUDQWH RFRXSGHGpVQR³YD]LRTXHOKHVHUYHGHOXJDU´HQR³TXDOGHVDSDUH FHUi´ HVWDUtDPRV WHQWDGRV HP JROSH EDL[R D DFXVDU R JROSH R FRQWUDJROSH R JROSH GH RXWUR GR DGYHUViULR 2 IRUD TXH QXQFD OLEHUWD D VXD HVVrQFLD DR TXDO QmR p SRVVtYHO WHU DFHVVR GR TXDO HVWDPRV LUUHPHGLDYHOPHQWH IRUD DXVrQFLD GH TXH HVWDPRV DXVHQ
142
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
WHVGDQGR H QmRVHGDQGRQmRWHUiTXDOTXHUFRLVDGRHPVLNDQ WLDQR TXH +HJHO ± HLV R DGYHUViULR ± PRVWURX H FULWLFRX REVHUYD $OWKXVVHU HQTXDQWR HQV SHU VH VXEVWkQFLD H RULJHP VHPSUH Mi Dt PDV LQDFHVVtYHO IRUD GH DOFDQFH VHU VHP GHWHUPLQDomR YD]LR SXUR"$FXVDQGRRJROSHQmRWHUtDPRVXPIRUDHPVLHPVLPHV PRSUySULRXPRXWURHPVLHPVLPHVPRSUySULRXPRXWURTXHpR PHVPR" $SDUDQGRRJROSHUHVSRQGHUtDPRV VLPHQmRH[DFWDPHQWH 6LPQDPHGLGDHPTXHRIRUDHRVHXSHQVDPHQWRQmRDQLTXL ODP DEVROXWDPHQWH RV SRGHUHV UHIOH[LYRV GR VL GR PHVPR RX GR SUySULR $ OLQJXDJHP H[WUHPDPHQWH GLItFLO H LPSUySULD GR SHQVD PHQWRGRIRUDGHYHYLUDUVH³QmRSDUDXPDHVSpFLHGHFHUWH]DFHQ WUDO GH RQGH QmR PDLV SRGHUi GHVDORMDUVH DQWHV SDUD XPD H[WUH PLGDGH RQGH GHYH VHPSUH FRQWHVWDUVH´ GHYH ³SDVVDU LQFHVVDQWH PHQWHSDUDIRUDGHVLSUySULD´³ILFDUOLYUHSDUDXPFRPHoR±TXHp SXUD RULJHP SRUTXDQWR QmR WHP VHQmR D VL SUySULD H R YD]LR SRU SULQFtSLRPDVTXHpWDPEpPUHFRPHoRSRLVIRLDOLQJXDJHPSDV VDGDTXHDRHVFDYDUVHDVLSUySULDOLEHUWRXHVVHYD]LR´p³SDFLrQ FLDUHIOH[LYDVHPSUHYLUDGDSDUDIRUDGHVLSUySULD´TXH³FRQVWLWXLR VHX SUySULRHVSDoRFRPRRIRUDSDUDRTXDOIRUDGRTXDOIDOD´ $SHVDUGHIRUDGRIRUDQmRVHDQLTXLODDUHODomRDDOJRSHODTXDO VHFRQVWLWXLHUHFRQVWLWXLXPVLRXXPSUySULR&RQWXGRWDOUHOD omR±DQWHFLSDQGRDWUDPDGHQVDHVXEWLOGDFRQYHUVmRRXLQYHUVmR GD GLDOpFWLFD VHPSUH UHFRPHoDGD GR 0HVPR H GR 2XWUR ± QmR FDPLQKDQRVHQWLGRHPTXHR2XWURGHYHWRUQDUVHR0HVPRQR VHQWLGRHPTXH R RXWUR GR KRPHP GHYH WRUQDUVH RPHVPR TXH HOH 1D UHODomR DR IRUD FRP R TXDO QXQFD Ki FRLQFLGrQFLD RX LGHQWLILFDomRSOHQDVUHODomRTXHGHYHODQoDUVHHUHODQoDUVHUHSH WLUVH H UHFRPHoDU LQFHVVDQWHPHQWH Ki OXJDU SDUD HVVD IRUPD GH UHSHWLomRTXHVHFKDPDUHWRUQRHSHODTXDOVHFRQVWLWXLRXUHFRQV WLWXLRVXMHLWRHQTXDQWRVLSUySULR5HSHWLomRTXHQmRpQHFHVVD ULDPHQWH UHWRUQR DR PHVPR HWHUQR UHWRUQR GR PHVPR 1R MRJR GR UHWRUQR H QR UHWRUQR GR MRJR QmR VRQKDQGR R ILP GR MRJR ODQoDGRQDUHSHWLomRGHXPMRJRGHDSUR[LPDomRHUHWLUDGDFRPR TXHVH UH WRUQDQGRRPHVPRGRRXWUR±HLVDLQYHUVmR FDPLQKDU QmRQDGLUHFomRHPTXHRRXWURGRKRPHPGHYHWRUQDUVHRPHV PR TXH HOH PDV QD GLUHFomR HP TXH R PHVPR GR KRPHP GHYH
143
Nuno Melim
WRUQDUVH R RXWUR±RVXMHLWRUHWRUQDDVLUHLQYHQWDVHUHFRQVWUyL VH HQTXDQWR RXWUR UHWRUQD QD GLIHUHQoD GLIHUDQWH QXQFD FRLQFL GLQGR RX LGHQWLILFDQGRVH SOHQDPHQWH FRQVLJR SRUTXDQWR VH UHODQoDLQFHVVDQWHPHQWHQDH[SHULrQFLDSHODTXDOWHQWDH[SORUDUR TXHQRVHXSUySULRSHQVDPHQWRSRGHVHUPXGDGRSHORH[HUFtFLR GHDOJRTXHOKHpHVWUDQJHLUR 1mR H[DFWDPHQWH QD PHGLGD HP TXH WHPRV XP IRUD TXH QmR SRGH RX QmR GHYH VHU DSURSULDGR UHDSURSULDGR (P OLQJXDJHP UHIOH[LYDFRQYHUWLGDHLPSXUDjVHPHOKDQoDGR³YD]LRRULJLQiULR´ GH +HJHO HVVH IRUD ³p D VXD SUySULD DXVrQFLD´ ³QmR H[LVWH FRPR YD]LR HP TXDOTXHU FRLVD GH RXWUR H[LVWH HP VL SUySULR FRPR YD]LR´PDVQmRFRQTXLVWDGLDOHFWLFDPHQWHRVHXSUySULRVLQmRp SDUDVLQmRp«VXMHLWR1mRVXMHLWRRXVHPVXMHLWRQRTXDOUHVVRDULD XPRXWUR.DQW2.DQWWHQWDQGR³RNDQWLVPRVHPVXMHLWRWUDQV FHQGHQWDO´ RX ³R WUDQVFHQGHQWDOLVPR VHP VXMHLWR´ GR HVWUXWXUD OLVPR«2LQTXLHWDQWH.DQWGL]/\RWDUG³TXHFKHJDDTXHEUDUD XQLGDGH PDLV RX PHQRV SUHVVXSRVWD GH XP VXMHLWR KXPDQR ´ IUDFWXUD QmR PXLWR H[SRVWD TXH IDVFLQRX )RXFDXOW QR WHPSR GH XPD KHVLWDomR ± QRPHDGDPHQWH HP ,QWURGXFWLRQ j O¶$QWKURSRORJLH GH .DQW RQGH GHVWDFD HQWUH RXWUDV FRLVDV D FXULRVLGDGH GH D $QWURSRORJLD LQYHUWHU GH DOJXP PRGR D &UtWLFD R LQVyOLWR GH R KRPHP VHU ³DSUHHQGLGR QDV VtQWHVHV VHPSUH Mi RSHUDGDV GD VXD OLJDomRFRPRPXQGR´GH³DDFWLYLGDGHVLQWpWLFDGR(XDSDUHFHU FRPRILJXUDMiVLQWHWL]DGD´QDIRUPDHPStULFDHPDQLIHVWDGR³(X IDOR´FRPR³HVWUXWXUDLQGLVVRFLDYHOPHQWHSULPHLUDHVHJXQGD´ R LQDXGLWRGH³DGLVSHUVmRGRGDGR«HVWDUVHFUHWDPHQWHGRPLQDGD SRUWRGDXPDYDULHGDGHGHVtQWHVHVRSHUDGDVIRUDGRWUDEDOKRYLVt YHOGDFRQVFLrQFLD´2.DQWHVWUDQKRVLQDOGHXP³FDPLQKRGH UHWRUQR´ TXH VH DSUR[LPD ³GDV SRVVLELOLGDGHV GH XPD OLQJXDJHP QmR GLDOpFWLFD´ GRV JUHJRV QRV TXDLV GL] H UHFRQKHFH R SUySULR SHQVDPHQWR GLDOpFWLFR QmR Ki VXMHLWR HQTXDQWR WDO LVWR p HQTXDQWR ³UHWRUQR D VL´ UHODomR D VL« 1R HQWDQWR DOXGLQGR j DGPLUiYHOYHUVmRGH1LHW]VFKHDSHVDUGHWHU³RDQWLJRVRODRIXQ GR´pSUHFLVRVHPG~YLGDUHSDUDUXP.DQWRXWURTXHHVWHRXWUR .DQW«1mRVXMHLWRYLVtYHOWDPEpPQRFXLGDGRGHDOLQJXDJHPGR SHQVDPHQWRGRIRUDQmRVHRULHQWDU³SDUDXPDHVSpFLHGHFHUWH]D FHQWUDO GH RQGH QmR PDLV SRGHUi GHVDORMDUVH´ QmR UHFRQGX]LU D HVVD GLPHQVmR GD LQWHULRULGDGH QDTXDO R IRUD VHPSUHHVWHYH SUL
144
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
VLRQHLUR 7DO OLQJXDJHP IXQFLRQD jV DYHVVDV GR HJR FRJLWR HUJR VXP±HSHUDQWHLVWRFHUWDPHQWHSRGHUtDPRVSHUJXQWDUVHDLQYHU VmR GH XPD SRVLomR PHWDItVLFD QmR FRQWLQXD D VHU PHWDItVLFD ± HVFDSD ³j GLQDVWLD GD UHSUHVHQWDomR´ 4XHU GL]HU QmR VH PRYH VHJXQGR D UHODomR UHJUHVVLYD RX UHIOH[LYD GR HJR FRJLWR GH XPD FRQVFLrQFLD TXH D SDUWLU GH VL H SHUDQWH VL UHSUHVHQWD TXDOTXHU FRLVD FRJLWDWLR FRORFD DOJR j YLVWD UHODWD R UHSUHVHQWDGR QXP UHWRUQRDVLSUySULDUHFROKHRHPVLSUySULDDVVHJXUDFRQILUPDH JDUDQWH R TXH IL[D QmR PDQREUD QXP PRYLPHQWR GH 'LDOHJHVWKDLQR TXDO VREUHVVDL D VXEMHFWLYLGDGH LVWR p R KRPHPFRPRVXEMHFWXPIXQGDPHQWXPDEVROXWXPLQFRQFXVVXPYHULWD WLV QmR VH LQVHUH QD JHVWD GH XPD PDUFKD TXH QR PRYLPHQWR tQWLPR H FXOPLQDQWH SDUD VL GR UHWRUQR D VL SURGX] H UHFROKH D WRWDOLGDGH GD VXEMHFWLYLGDGH DEVROXWD QD VXD XQLGDGH GHVHQYROYL GD1mRpHVVH6LTXHDILQDODILQDO³QmRWHPH[WHULRU´TXHQXP PRYLPHQWRGH6HOEVWUHIOH[LRQGHUHIOH[mRVREUHVLGHSXURUHWRUQR D VL LQWHULRUL]D R H[WHULRUUHDORMDHP VL R H[WHULRU QmR p HVVH 6L TXH³pSDUDVLSUySULRDVXDSUySULDFHQD´DFHQDUHVXOWDGRUHFX SHUDQGR D VXD RULJHP DR LQWHULRUL]iOD PRVWUDQGRVH RULJHP GD RULJHPQXPDSDODYUDQDVXDSDODYUDWXGR
3DUDRSHQVDPHQWRTXHDSHVDUGHWXGROKHSHUWHQFHRIRUDQmR pTXDOTXHUFRLVDFRPRXPREMHFWRXPGDGRRXXPFRQWH~GR p Mi Dt H MDPDLV Dt $ VXD LQDFHVVLELOLGDGH p WDOYH] R PRGR PDLV DSURSULDGR VH DVVLP DLQGD QRV SRGHPRV H[SULPLU GH DFHVVR 0RGR TXH QmR WUDWDULD GH R SHQVDU FRPR WDO GH R UHDSURSULDU FRPRQRVVRSUySULRRXWURPDVTXHWUDWDULDMXVWDHHQLJPDWLFDPHQWH GH R IDOKDU GH IDOKDU ³IDOKDU IDOKiOR´ )DOKDU LQFHVVDQWHPHQ WH«IDOKDUQmRIDOKDQGRJROSHVHFRQWUDJROSHVDYDQoRVQDQRLWHH UHWHQo}HVQDIRQWH $YDQoRVQDQRLWHOHJtYHLVQDDSUR[LPDomRRXDWUDFomRGLIHUDQWH H DVVLPSWyWLFD GR ³FRPR VH IRVVH SRVVtYHO DOFDQoDU´ QR GLVFXUVR FRPHQWiULR ³DYDQoR LQFHVVDQWH SDUD LVVR FXMD OX] DEVROXWDPHQWH ILQDMDPDLVUHFHEHXOLQJXDJHP´HQDOLQJXDJHPOHYDGD³SDUDXPD H[WUHPLGDGHRQGHGHYHVHPSUHFRQWHVWDUVH´GH/DSHQVpHGXGHKRUV
145
Nuno Melim
RXQRTXHHP3UpIDFHjODWUDQVJUHVVLRQVHGHVLJQDSRUMRJRGDWUDQV JUHVVmRHGROLPLWH-RJRTXH >«@ SDUHFH UHJLGR SRU XPD REVWLQDomR VLPSOHV D WUDQVJUHVVmR XOWUDSDVVD H QmR GHL[D GH UHFRPHoDU D XOWUDSDVVDU XPD OLQKD TXH DWUiV GHOD ORJR VH IHFKD QXPD YDJD GH SRXFD PHPyULD UHFXDQGR DVVLPQRYDPHQWHDRKRUL]RQWHGRLQXOWUDSDVViYHO
5HWRPDQGR D QRVVD HYDVmR QR VHPHOKDQWH GH LQDFHVVtYHLV H LQGHPRQVWUiYHLV LGHLDV WRUQDGDV VXEOLPHV SiOLGDV QyUGLFDV UHWR PDGDHVWUDQKDPHQWHYLVtYHOQDSUROHHQRSUROHWDULDGRGH1LHW]V FKHMXYHQWXGHVRIUHQGR³GRPDOHGRDQWtGRWR´GHDOJXPPRGR HQWULQFKHLUDGDQDIDPLOLDULGDGHGHDOJRTXHRSUySULRXPSRXFR FRPR+HJHOFULWLFRXHQTXDQWRLQDFHVVtYHOHQWULQFKHLUDGDHQWUHD IDPLOLDULGDGH H D PRQVWUXRVLGDGH« 5HWRPDQGR SRLV D SDVVDJHP SDUD IRUD ± SDVVDJHP DR OLPLWH SDVVDQGR H UHVLGLQGR QR OLPLWH H QmRSDUDOiGRVOLPLWHVSRUTXDQWRLUUHPHGLDYHOPHQWHIRUDGRIRUD ± FRQVWUyL H LPSHOH ³SDUD DOpP GH TXDOTXHU H[SHULrQFLD GDGD´ HVWHQGH D OLQKD R OLPLWH D FO{WXUH ([HUFtFLR TXH FRQWUDSRVWR DR PRYLPHQWR GLDOpFWLFR GHL[D HQWUHYHU GRLV PRGRV GH FRQFHEHU D KLVWyULDHGHUHWRUQR 'HXPODGRRVLQLPLJRVGDH[SHULrQFLDDEHUWD«2VTXHKDEL WDP Q RILPGDKLVWyULDDGPLWHPRDFDEDUGDPDUFKDXPDSOHQL WXGH TXH QmR WHP RX QmR WHUi DEVROXWDPHQWH QDGD IRUD GH VL 6DEHU$EVROXWR«2VTXHVRQKDP³DSUHVHQoDSOHQDRIXQGDPHQ WRWUDQTXLOL]DGRUDRULJHPHRILPGRMRJR´ RVTXHGHVSRVDPR LOLPLWDGR« >«@SHQVDPHQWRTXHSHORPRYLPHQWRHPTXHVHFXPSUH±WRWD OLGDGH HQFRQWUDGD UHWRPDGD YLROHQWD QD H[WUHPLGDGH GR GHVSURYL PHQWRGHFOtQLRVRODU±VHFXUYDVREUHVLSUySULRLOXPLQDDVXDSUy SULDSOHQLWXGHDFDEDRVHXFtUFXORVHUHHQFRQWUDHPWRGDVDV HVWUD QKDVILJXUDVGDVXDRGLVVHLDHDFHLWDGHVDSDUHFHUQRSUySULRRFHDQR GHRQGHMRUUD>«@UHWRUQRTXHPHVPRTXHQmRVHMDIHOL]pSHUIHLWR >«@
'RRXWURRVLQLPLJRVGDH[SHULrQFLDIHFKDGD«2VTXHHPLOX VmR RSHUDWLYD VH OLPLWDP D URoDU R LOLPLWDGR D FRUWHMDU R YD]LR H GLIHULURWHORVDWUDYpVGHXPODQFHGHGDGRVDRLQILQLWR.DQWH³R
146
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
SURJUHVVRFRQWtQXRGDVtQWHVHHPStULFD´DDSUR[LPDomRSURJUHVVL YDDLGHLDVTXHQXQFDVHDWLQJHP«+XVVHUOHDVpULHLQILQLWDGH RSHUDo}HV D HIHFWXDU D ³WHOHRORJLD KLVWyULFD GH ILQV UDFLRQDLV LQILQL WRV´« 2V TXH QR LQILQLWR GD LQWHUSUHWDomR RX QD OLQJXDJHP DR LQILQLWRDILUPDPRMRJRHGHVSRVDPXP³UHWRUQRTXHVyVHGiQR H[WUHPRUHFXRGDRULJHP´«2VTXHQmRXOWUDSDVVDPDOLQKDGH GHUURFDGDQmRGHVDSDUHFHPQRYD]LRQmRWRFDPRSRQWRDEVROXWR RXGHUXSWXUDTXHSRGHPXLWREHPVHUDORXFXUD«0RQVWUXRVD RX QmR D JHVWD GRV EDWHGRUHV GR IRUD DR OLPLWH RSHUD DLQGD QRV OLPLWHV LUUHPHGLDYHOPHQWHIRUDGRIRUD«$VVLPDREUDGH$UWDXG DUULVFDDORXFXUD±³DEVROXWDUXSWXUDGDREUD´±DUULVFDRLUUHPHGLD YHOPHQWH GHQWUR GR IRUDPDV Vy p REUD HQTXDQWR ³FRUDJHP UHFR PHoDGD GHVVD pSUHXYH´ HQTXDQWR ³SDODYUD ODQoDGD FRQWUD XPD DXVrQFLDIXQGDPHQWDOGHOLQJXDJHP«´ $ EHP YHU )RXFDXOW QXQFD VH IXUWRX FRPSOHWDPHQWH DR MRJR LQFHVVDQWH LQILQLWR RX LOLPLWDGR GD WUDQVJUHVVmR H GR OLPLWH j OLQJXDJHPFRQGX]LGDD³XPDH[WUHPLGDGHRQGHGHYHVHPSUHFRQ WHVWDUVH´(QFRQWUDPRORVUHYLVWRVQD~OWLPDIDVHYLVtYHLVQD³UHDF WLYDomR SHUPDQHQWH GH XP rWKRV´ QD ³FUtWLFD SHUPDQHQWH GH QyV SUySULRV´ UH OLJDGDV SRU XP ILR D .DQW 3RU XP ILR SRUTXH R WUDEDOKRGDFUtWLFDFRPRRXWURUDRGDGLDOpFWLFDGHYHVHUFRQYHU WLGR (VVHrWKRVILORVyILFRSRGHVHUFDUDFWHUL]DGRFRPRXPDDWLWXGHOLPL WH1mRVHWUDWDGHXPFRPSRUWDPHQWRGHUHFXVD'HYHPRVHVFDSDUj DOWHUQDWLYDGRIRUDHGRGHQWUR pSUHFLVRHVWDUQDVIURQWHLUDV$FUtWL FDpDDQiOLVHGRVOLPLWHVHDUHIOH[mRVREUHHOHV&RQWXGRVHDTXHV WmRNDQWLDQDHUDDGHVDEHUTXHOLPLWHVRFRQKHFLPHQWRGHYLDUHQXQ FLDUDWUDQVSRUSDUHFHPHTXHKRMHHPGLDDTXHVWmRFUtWLFDGHYHVHU UHYLUDGD>UHWRXUQpH@HPTXHVWmRSRVLWLYD>«@WUDWDVHGHWUDQVIRUPDUD FUtWLFDH[HUFLGDVREDIRUPDGDOLPLWDomRQHFHVViULDQXPDFUtWLFDSUi WLFD VRE D IRUPD GD SDVVDJHP WUDQVSRVLomR SRVVtYHO >«@ SURFXUDU UHODQoDUWmRORQJHHWmRODUJDPHQWHTXDQWRSRVVtYHORWUDEDOKRLQGH ILQLGRGDOLEHUGDGH>«@DH[SHULrQFLDWHyULFDHSUiWLFDTXHID]HPRV GRV QRVVRV OLPLWHV H GD VXD WUDQVSRVLomR SRVVtYHO p VHPSUH HOD SUy SULDOLPLWDGDGHWHUPLQDGDHSRULVVRDUHFRPHoDU>«@ODERUSDFLHQ WHTXHGiIRUPDjLPSDFLrQFLDGDOLEHUGDGH
$SDVVDJHPSDUDIRUDGRSHQVDPHQWRGRIRUDHQFRQWUDVHDTXL UHYLVWD p SUHFLVR H[LVWLU QDV IURQWHLUDV H ³HVFDSDU j DOWHUQDWLYD GR
147
Nuno Melim
IRUD H GR GHQWUR´ (VVD DOXVmR EDVWDULD SDUD VXVSHLWDUPRV TXH DILQDO R SHQVDPHQWR GR IRUD QXQFD VH H[SDWULRX WRWDOPHQWH GD GLPHQVmRGDLQWHULRULGDGHGHXPDFHUWDUHWHQomRQDIRQWH 0DV FRQWLQXHPRV D DSUR[LPDomR D .DQW UHPRQWDQGR D XPD UHYLUDJHPGDTXHVWmRFUtWLFDUHYLUDGDRXDUHYLUDUHP4X¶HVWFHTXH OHV/XPLqUHV"&RPHIHLWRQmRpQHVWHWH[WRTXHVHHVWDEHOHFHSHOD SULPHLUDYH]DOJXPDFRQH[mRHQWUH.DQWHRMRJRGDWUDQVJUHVVmRH GROLPLWH-iHP3UpIDFHjODWUDQVJUHVVLRQWH[WRRQGHPDLVVHHQUH GRXQDWUDPDGHXPWDOMRJR)RXFDXOWUHIHULDIXJLWLYDPHQWH.DQW QDRULJHPGHVVHMRJR±DLQGDTXHIXJLWLYDHVWUDQKDSUHVHQoDQXPD LQWURGXomRD%DWDLOOHWmRHVWUDQKDTXDQWDDDXVrQFLDGH+HJHO .DQWQDRULJHP«,VVRVLJQLILFDTXHDFUtWLFDRIHUHFHMiDSRVVL ELOLGDGHGDWUDQVJUHVVmRRXSHORPHQRVXPDWDOLQWHUSUHWDomReR TXH VH GHSUHHQGH QXP SDVVR FUXFLDO SDUD R TXH WRUQHDPRV GD ,QWURGXFWLRQjO¶$QWKURSRORJLHGH.DQW >«@ D LOXVmR DQWURSROyJLFD p GH XP SRQWR GH YLVWD HVWUXWXUDO FRPRTXHRLQYHUVRDLPDJHPHPHVSHOKRGDLOXVmRWUDQVFHQGHQWDO (VWD FRQVLVWLD HP DSOLFDU RV SULQFtSLRV GR HQWHQGLPHQWR IRUD GRV OLPLWHV GD H[SHULrQFLD H DVVLP HP DGPLWLU XP LQILQLWR DFWXDO QR FDPSR GR FRQKHFLPHQWR SRVVtYHO DWUDYpV GH XPD HVSpFLH GH WUDQV JUHVVmRHVSRQWkQHD2UDDLOXVmRDQWURSROyJLFDUHVLGHQXPDUHJUHV VmRUHIOH[LYDTXHGHYHGDUFRQWDGHVVDWUDQVJUHVVmR$ILQLWXGHVyp XOWUDSDVVDGDQDPHGLGDHPTXHpRXWUDFRLVDTXHHODSUySULDHHP TXHUHSRXVDVREUHXPDTXpPRQGHHQFRQWUDDVXDIRQWH HVVHDTXpP p HOD SUySULD PDV UHGREUDGD GR FDPSR GD H[SHULrQFLD RQGH VH H[SHULHQFLDQDUHJLmRGRRULJLQiULRRQGHVHIXQGD2SUREOHPDGD ILQLWXGHSDVVRXGHXPDLQWHUURJDomRVREUHROLPLWHHDWUDQVJUHVVmRD XPDLQWHUURJDomRGRUHWRUQRDVL GHXPDSUREOHPiWLFDGDYHUGDGHD XPDSUREOHPiWLFDGRPHVPRHGRRXWUR
(LVDRULJHPILORVyILFDGDSDVVDJHPSDUDIRUDHQWUDYDGDHHQWUH YDGD ( WDPEpP XPD GDV GLILFXOGDGHV GH WRUQHDU D HYDVmR QR VHX VHPHOKDQWHHQTXDQWRRXWUDIRUPDGDSDVVDJHPSDUDIRUD$RVDOLHQ WDUDQmRHUUDGLFDomRGRVXMHLWRGRVLGRSUySULRDRVDOLHQWDUD QmR HOLPLQDomR GH XPD HVWUXWXUD GH UHSHWLomR H GH UHWRUQR QD SDVVDJHPSDUDIRUDQmRHVWDUHPRVDGDUFRQWDGHXPDWUDQVJUHV VmRHVSRQWkQHDDSDUWLUGHXPDUHJUHVVmRUHIOH[LYDGHXPUHWRUQR DVLGDSUREOHPiWLFDGRPHVPRHGRRXWUR"2XHPUHWRUQRVHUi
148
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
TXHWHQWDPRVGDUFRQWDGDUHJUHVVmRUHIOH[LYDGRUHWRUQRDVLGD SUREOHPiWLFDGRPHVPRHGRRXWURDSDUWLUGHXPDWUDQVJUHVVmR HVSRQWkQHDGRMRJRGDWUDQVJUHVVmRHGROLPLWH±MRJRGH³SDFLrQ FLDUHIOH[LYD´GHSURJUHVVmRUHSURJUHVVmRRXSURUHJUHVVmRUHIOH[L YD±GDSDVVDJHPSDUDIRUD" 8PSRXFRGHDPEDVDVFRQWDVDGDU3RUTXHpSUHFLVR³HVFDSDU jDOWHUQDWLYDGRIRUDHGRGHQWUR´KDELWDUDIURQWHLUDRXFRPRGL] 'HOHX]H GREUDU D IRUoD VREUH VL SUySULD ± FRPR YHUHPRV IRUoD GREUDGDQmRPXLWRGLVWDQWHGHVVDILQLWXGHGHVGREUDGDHP³RXWUD FRLVDTXHHODSUySULD´HQXPDTXpPIRQWHMiDtQDSUREOHPiWLFD GDYHUGDGHHQDSUREOHPiWLFDGR0HVPRHGR2XWUR±WUDQVSRUD OLQKDHWRUQiODYLYtYHOFRQIURQWDUDOLQKD HFRQVHUYDUVHDSRLDUVH VREUH $SRLDUVHVREUHQRTXDOSRGHUtDPRVPXLWREHPVXVSHLWDUXP IXQGRXSRNHLPHQRQ«
2 SHQVDPHQWR GR IRUD QmR XOWUDSDVVD SRLV DEVROXWDPHQWH D FO{WXUH RX D DEHUWXUD TXH R WRUQRX SRVVtYHO QmR DQLTXLOD DEVROX WDPHQWHRVXMHLWRRVLRSUySULRRXRPHVPRSRUTXHQmRDQLTXLOD DEVROXWDPHQWHRUHWRUQRIRUPDGHUHSHWLomRDRTXDORSHQVDPHQWR PRGHUQR VH GHGLFRX JUDYHPHQWH $ SDVVDJHP SDUD IRUD WHP DV VXDVUHWHQo}HVQDIRQWHRVVHXVSUySULRVOLPLWHV«)UDVHDHQWHQGHU HPFRQWUDJROSH SRUTXHIRUDGRIRUD³RVHXSUySULROLPLWHQmROKHp HVWUDQJHLUR´³QmRSRGHQGRRSHUDUVHQmRQRLQWHULRUGDUD]mRGHVGH TXH VH SURIHUH D UHYROXomR FRQWUD D UD]mR WHP SRLV D H[WHQVmR OLPLWDGDGRTXHVHFKDPDMXVWDPHQWHQDOLQJXDJHPGRPLQLVWpULR GRLQWHULRUXPDDJLWDomR´ UHYROXomRTXHQRTXHWRFDDR©RXWURª YDLVHPSUHGDURXUHWRFDUDR©PHVPRª 5HFDSLWXOHPRVDOJXQVGHVVHVOLPLWHVDOJXPDVGHVVDVUHWHQo}HV 8PD GDV UHWHQo}HV WUDQVSDUHFH SUHFLVDPHQWH QD WHPiWLFD GD RULJHP GR UHWRUQR H UHFXR GD RULJHP TXH FDUDFWHUL]D D HSLVWHPH PRGHUQD $RV ROKRV GR DUTXHyORJR SULQFLSDOPHQWH DRV GR DUTXHyORJRGH/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVQmRpDVVLPWmRHYLGHQWHTXH HVVDRXWUDIRUPDGHLQWHUSUHWDURMRJRDSRQWDGDSRU'HUULGD³Mi QmRHVWHMDYLUDGDSDUDDRULJHP´ /D SHQVpH GX GHKRUV UHIHUH FRPR YLPRV XP IRUD SXUD RULJHP ³DXVrQFLDTXHVHUHWLUDQRPDLVORQJtQTXRGHVLSUySULD´5HWLURH
149
Nuno Melim
GRDomRGDRULJHPTXHWUDQVSDUHFHHPGXDVWHPiWLFDV DGDOHLHD GDOLQJXDJHP $ OHL TXH ³Mi GHVGREURX D VXD SRWrQFLD´ Vy p YLVtYHO TXDQGR SURYRFDGD TXDQGR R JHVWR WUDQVJUHVVLYR YDL ³UHVROXWDPHQWH VHP SUH PDLV ORQJH SDUD R IRUD RQGH HOD VH UHWLUD VHPSUH PDLV´ $ WUDQVJUHVVmR³GHL[DVHDWUDLUSHORUHWLURHVVHQFLDOGDOHLDYDQoDREV WLQDGDPHQWHQDDEHUWXUDGHXPDLQYLVLELOLGDGHTXHQXQFDYHQFH´ DOHL³VySRGHUHVSRQGHUDHVVDSURYRFDomRSHORVHXSUySULRUHWLUR QmR TXH VH UHGREUHQXP VLOrQFLR PDLV SURIXQGR DLQGD PDV SRU TXHSHUPDQHFHQDVXDLPRELOLGDGHLGrQWLFD´ 3RU VHX WXUQR D OLQJXDJHP WDPEpP MRJD j DSDQKDGD H jV HVFRQGLGDV &RPRSDODYUDGRIRUDDFROKHQGRQDVVXDVSDODYUDVR IRUD DR TXDO VH GLULJH HVVH GLVFXUVR WHUi D DEHUWXUD GH XPFRPHQWiULR UHSHWLomRGLVVRTXHQRH[WHULRUQmRGHL [RX GH PXUPXUDU 1R HQWDQWR HQTXDQWR SDODYUD TXH SHUPDQHFH VHPSUH IRUD GR TXH GL] HVVH GLVFXUVR VHUi DYDQoDGD LQFHVVDQWH SDUD LVVR FXMD OX] DEVROXWDPHQWH ILQD QXQFD UHFHEHX OLQJXDJHP (VVH VLQJXODU PRGR GH VHUGRGLVFXUVR±UHWRUQRDRYD]LR>FUHX[@HTXtYRFRGRGHVIH FKRHGDRULJHP>«@QDUUDWLYDPHWLFXORVDGHH[SHULrQFLDV HQFRQWURVVLJQRVLPSURYiYHLV±OLQJXDJHPVREUHRIRUD GHTXDOTXHU OLQJXDJHP SDODYUDV VREUH D YHUWHQWH LQYLVt YHO GDV SDODYUDV ± H DWHQomR DR TXH H[LVWH Mi GH OLQJXD JHPDRTXHMiIRLGLWRLPSUHVVRPDQLIHVWR>«@ (VWUDQKR DYDQoR H UHFXR« $ OLQJXDJHP GR SHQVDPHQWR GR IRUD UHSHWH DOJR Mi Dt ± R Mi GLWR Mi LPSUHVVR« ± H DYDQoD HP UHWRUQR ³SDUD LVVR FXMD OX] DEVROXWDPHQWH ILQD MDPDLV UHFHEHX OLQJXDJHP´ ± TXH DLQGD QmR UHFHEHX OLQJXDJHP HVFODUHFLPHQWR H FRQWUDJROSH FXMD OX] DEVROXWDPHQWH ILQDQRV UHFRORFDULD QD LPH GLDWDGLVWkQFLDGR³HPVLTXHMiQmRpXPMiDtPDVXPDLQGDQmR´ GR PRYLPHQWR GLDOpFWLFR ± DYDQoD SDUD DOJR MDPDLV Dt (VWUDQKR TXH )RXFDXOW GHVLJQH FRPR FRPHQWiULR XPD WDO OLQJXDJHP RX SDODYUDSRUTXHMiDQWHVGH/DSHQVpHGXGHKRUVFULWLFDYDXPWDOXVR GD SDODYUD (P 1DLVVDQFH GH OD FULWLTXH FULWLFDYD MXVWDPHQWH R FRPHQWiULRTXHDRHQXQFLDURTXHpRXIRLGLWRUHSHWHHUHGL]R
150
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
TXHMDPDLVIRLSURQXQFLDGRXPUHVWRTXH³DOLQJXDJHPGHL[RXQD VRPEUD´ LVVR FXMD OX] DEVROXWDPHQWH ILQD«1R PHVPR DQR GD SXEOLFDomRGH/DSHQVpHGXGHKRUVDVDQiOLVHVGH/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHV GHQXQFLDPDUHFRQGXomRHUHWRUQRSRUSDUWHGRFRPHQWiULRDXP GLVFXUVR PDLV IXQGDPHQWDO j VREHUDQLD GH XP WH[WR SULPLWLYR WH[WR TXH ³SURPHWH FRPR UHFRPSHQVD D VXD GHVFREHUWD ILQDO´ ± ³QR LQWHUVWtFLR HQWUH R 7H[WR SULPHLUR H R LQILQLWR GD LQWHUSUHWD omR´RFRPHQWiULR³DVVHJXUDVHSHODSURPHVVDGHXPWH[WRHIHFWL YDPHQWHHVFULWRTXHDLQWHUSUHWDomRXPGLDUHYHODUiLQWHLUDPHQ WH´ SURPHVVD QD SHULJRVD YL]LQKDQoD GR 6DEHU $EVROXWR YLVtYHO SRUH[HPSORQDTXLPHUDPDOODUPHDQDGD³UHDEVRUomRLQWHJUDOGH WRGRVRVGLVFXUVRVQXPDVySDODYUDGHWRGRVRVOLYURVQXPDSiJL QD GR PXQGR LQWHLUR QXP OLYUR´ H SRUTXH QmR" QR ³FRPR VH IRVVH SRVVtYHO DOFDQoiOR´ LQIHFWDQGR D SDVVDJHP SDUD IRUD 'H XPPRGRPDLVLQFLVLYR/¶DUFKpRORJLHGXVDYRLUWHQWDUiGHPDUFDUVH GDUHFRQGXomRD³XPDRULJHPVHFUHWD±WmRVHFUHWDHWmRRULJLQiULD TXH MDPDLV SRGHUi VHU UHDSUHHQGLGD HP VL SUySULD´ GD ³EXVFD H UHSHWLomR GH XPD RULJHP TXH HVFDSD D TXDOTXHU GHWHUPLQDomR KLVWyULFD´
6DLQGR XP SRXFR GR SHQVDPHQWR GH )RXFDXOW H LOXVWUDQGR VXFLQWDPHQWH HVVD WHQWDomR EXVFD H UHSHWLomR GH XPD RULJHP LQGHILQLGDPHQWHHVFDSDQGRWHQKDPRVHPFRQWDXPGRVWH[WRVGH 'HUULGDVREUH$UWDXG /HWKpkWUHGHODFUXDXWpHWODFO{WXUHGHODUHSUp VHQWDWLRQ*URVVRPRGRRTXHSUHWHQGH$UWDXGFRPRWHDWURGDFUXHO GDGHTXHVROLFLWDFRPRVHX³VLVWHPDGHFUtWLFDVTXHDEDODPDWRWD OLGDGH GD KLVWyULD GR 2FLGHQWH´" $UWDXG VROLFLWD TXH QmR PDLV SHQVHPRV Q DYHOKDFRVWXPHLUDHVHJXUDUHSUHVHQWDomR2WHDWURGD FUXHOGDGHQmRpUHSUHVHQWDomRp ³DYLGDHODSUySULDQRTXHWHP GHLUUHSUHVHQWiYHO$YLGDpDRULJHPQmRUHSUHVHQWiYHOGDUHSUHVHQ WDomR´ 3ULPHLUR LQGtFLR GH RULJHP SRLV 0DV FRQWLQXHPRV $UWDXGVROLFLWDWDPEpPTXHQmRPDLVSHQVHPRVTXHRWHDWURQmR PDLV VH MRJXH VHJXQGR D LPLWDomR D PLPHVLV R ³DXWRUFULDGRU´ R ³GHXVDXWRU´$UWDXGDYDQoD SDUD DFHQDTXHU³UHFRQVWLWXLUDFHQD HLQYHUWHUDWLUDQLDGRWH[WR´5HFRQVWLWXLUpXPVHJXQGRLQGtFLR GHRULJHP QmRKiUHFRQVWLWXLomRTXHQmRLPSOLTXHDUHFRQGXomR
151
Nuno Melim
D XPD FRQVWLWXLomR LQVWLWXLomR RULJLQiULD RX WHQGR HP FRQWD D VXVSHLWD GR JHQHDORJLVWD D XPD SUHFLRVD HVVHQFLDO SHUIHLWD H OXPLQRVDRULJHPRULJHP³VHPSUHDQWHULRUjTXHGD´³IRUPDLPy YHOHDQWHULRUDWXGRRTXHpH[WHUQRDFLGHQWDOHVXFHVVLYR´OXJDU GDSRVVLELOLGDGHPDLVSXUDGD³LGHQWLGDGHFXLGDGRVDPHQWHUHGR EUDGDVREUHVLSUySULD´³OXJDUGDYHUGDGH´1DYLVtYHOYL]LQKDQ oDGRSHQVDPHQWRKHLGHJJHULDQR'HUULGDFRPHQWDTXHDUHFRQVWL WXLomRGDFHQDPDQLIHVWDXP³HVTXHFLPHQWRFOiVVLFRGDFHQDTXH VH FRQIXQGLULD FRP D KLVWyULD GR WHDWUR H WRGD D FXOWXUD GR 2FL GHQWH´'HIDFWRRSUySULR$UWDXGIDODGDSHUGDGHXPDFHUWD ³LGHLD GH WHDWUR´ GH XPD ³GHFDGrQFLD´ GR WHDWUR FRQWHPSRUk QHR $ KLVWyULD GR WHDWUR p KLVWyULD GD WUDLomR FRUUXSomR RX SHUYHUVmR GD FHQD ©HVTXHFLGDª GD ©FHQD SULPLWLYDª KLVWyULD GH XPDUHODomRQDTXDORFRUUHXPD³REOLWHUDomRTXHGHL[DOHURTXH HQFREUH´ XPD UHODomR TXH ³GHVQDWXUD SRU LQILGHOLGDGH PDV WUD GX] PDQLIHVWD R IXQGR GD IRUoD´ UHODomR TXH LQFLGHQWDOPHQWH HVWUXWXUDDVDQiOLVHVGH +LVWRLUHGHODIROLH ±HR©IXQGRªp³DRUL JHPGDWUDJpGLD´$RTXHUHU³GHVSHUWDUUHFRQVWLWXLUDRULJHPGR WHDWURRFLGHQWDOGHFOLQDQWHGHFDGHQWHQHJDWLYR´±GHFDGrQFLDRX QHJDWLYLGDGH ³TXH VH SURGX]LX GHVGH D RULJHP TXH p R SUySULR PRYLPHQWRGDRULJHP´±$UWDXGTXHUDSUR[LPDUVH³GDIRUoDGD VXD HVVrQFLD´ ³GD VXD HVVrQFLD DILUPDWLYD´ HVWi QXP FDPLQKR GHUHWRUQRSDUDRVJUHJRV(QmRVySDUDRVJUHJRV$UWDXGGL]QRV 'HUULGDUHFRQVWLWXL³XPHVSDoRIHFKDGRGDUHSUHVHQWDomRRULJLQi ULD GD DUTXHPDQLIHVWDomR GD IRUoD RX GD YLGD´ DYDQoD XPD ³LQWHUSUHWDomR RULJLQiULD´ (VVD LQWHUSUHWDomR QmR VH OLPLWD DR PXQGRJUHJR'H³XPSRQWRGHYLVWDGHIXQGR´HVFUHYHRSUySULR $UWDXG RV DVVXQWRV H WHPDV WUDWDGRV SHOR WHDWUR GD FUXHOGDGH ³VHUmRFyVPLFRVXQLYHUVDLVLQWHUSUHWDGRVGHDFRUGRFRPRVWH[WRV PDLV DQWLJRV WRPDGRV jV YHOKDV FRVPRJRQLDV PH[LFDQD KLQGX MXGDLFD LUDQLDQD HWF´ 1mR VH HVTXLYD R IXQGR D RULJHP $UWDXG p XP ©EDWHGRU GR IRUDª H[HPSOLILFD SHUIHLWDPHQWH HVVD WHQWDWLYDGHSDVVDUDOpPGRKRPHPHGRKXPDQLVPRTXHUHIHUtD PRV PDLV DWUiV R WHDWUR GD FUXHOGDGH GHYH S{U HP FDXVD R ³KRPHPFRQVLGHUDGRPHWDILVLFDPHQWH´1RHQWDQWRUHFXD³DR IXQGRPDLVDQWLJRGDPHWDItVLFDRFLGHQWDO´QDPHGLGDHPTXHHVVH WHDWURGHYH³PDQLIHVWDUHDQFRUDULQROYLGDYHOPHQWHHPQyVDLGHLD GHXPFRQIOLWRSHUSpWXRHGHXPHVSDVPRHPTXHDYLGDpWDOKDGD
152
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
DFDGDPLQXWR´³SHUSHWXDUGHXPDPDQHLUDFRQFUHWD HDFWXDODV LGHLDV PHWDItVLFDV GH DOJXPDV )iEXODV FXMD SUySULD DWURFLGDGH H HQHUJLD EDVWDP SDUD GHVPRQWDU D RULJHP´ $UWDXG QmR FRQWRU QRXD©PHWDItVLFDªDHSLVWHPHPRGHUQD3RUTXHVRQKRXFRPXPD UHSUHVHQWDomR TXH QmR IRVVH UHSHWLomR FRP XPD UHSUHVHQWDomR TXHIRVVH³SUHVHQoDSOHQD´DOJRVHPGXSORXPSUHVHQWHTXHQmR VHUHSHWHXPSUHVHQWHIRUDGRWHPSRXPQmRSUHVHQWH3RUTXH HUDDLQGDXP«KRPHP1mRQRVGL]'HUULGDTXH©KRPHPª³pR QRPHGHVVHVHUTXHDWUDYpVGDKLVWyULDGDPHWDItVLFDRXGDRQWR WHRORJLD« VRQKRX FRP D SUHVHQoD SOHQD«´" 'H UHVWR 'HUULGD FRQFOXL /HWKpkWUHGHODFUXDXWpHWODFO{WXUHGHODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQFRP XPD LGHLD TXH QmR GHL[D GH LQGLFDU DSHVDU GH WXGR R HQWUDYH D TXHDOXGtDPRVPDLVDWUiV 3RUTXH FRPHoRX VHPSUH Mi D UHSUHVHQWDomR QmR WHP ILP 0DV SRGHPRVSHQVDUDFODXVXUDGRTXHQmRWHPILP$FODXVXUDpROLPL WH FLUFXODU QR LQWHULRU GR TXDO D UHSHWLomR GD GLIHUHQoD VH UHSHWH LQGHILQLGDPHQWH4XHUGL]HURVHXHVSDoRGHMRJR(VVHPRYLPHQWRp RPRYLPHQWRGRPXQGRFRPRMRJR
2 SHQVDPHQWR GR IRUD QmR HVTXLYD SRLV D HVTXLYD RULJHP (VWiFDWLYRGHXPSHQVDPHQWRSDUDRTXDO³DRULJHPpRTXHHVWi DUHWRUQDUDUHSHWLomRSDUDDTXDOHVVHSHQVDPHQWRYDLRUHWRUQR GRTXHVHPSUHMiFRPHoRX´SHQVDPHQWRTXH³UHVWLWXLRYD]LRGD RULJHP DTXHOH JHULGR SHOR VHX UHFXR H DTXHOH HVFDYDGR SHOD VXD DSUR[LPDomR´TXHWHPDWDUHIDGHSHQVDU³TXDOTXHUFRLVDFRPRR 0HVPR´$DWUDFomRGRIRUDH[SHULrQFLDGHXPIRUD³LPSHULR VDPHQWHDtDEHUWR´TXH³VHPSUHMiFRPHoRX´PDVGRTXDOHVWD PRV IRUD SRUTXH ³VH UHWLUD QR PDLV ORQJtQTXR´ QmR VHUi XPD IRUPDGHVVHSHQVDPHQWRTXHDRDYDQoDUSDUDIRUD³UHVWLWXLRYD]LR GDRULJHPDTXHOHJHULGRSHORVHXUHFXRHDTXHOHHVFDYDGRSHODVXD DSUR[LPDomR´"(VVHIRUDHPUHWLUDGDGRTXDOHVWDPRVIRUDQmRVH DVVHPHOKDUi D HVVD RULJHP TXH ³DSDUHFH QR RXWUR ODGR GD H[SH ULrQFLDHQTXDQWRLVVRTXHDVXVWHQWD>DH[SHULrQFLD@SHORVHXSUy SULRUHWLUR´"$³HURVmRGR IRUD´QmRpMXVWDPHQWH³HVVHHVSDoR TXHSDUDRSHQVDPHQWR>RXSDUDDH[SHULrQFLD@HVWiGRRXWURODGR
153
Nuno Melim
PDVRQGHQRHQWDQWRQmRVHGHL[RXGHSHQVDUGHVGHDRULJHP´" 8PDSULPHLUDRUGHPGHDSRQWDPHQWRVVREUHHVWHSDUHQWHVFR± VHPHOKDQoDHQWUHRULJHPHHURVmRGRIRUDQDIRUPDGHDOJRFRQVWL WXLQWHQRRXGR©RXWURODGRª±FRPHoDULDSRUQRWDUTXHWDO©DOpPª UHFRUGDQGR D SDODYUD GH 0DOODUPp VHUYLQGR SDUD XP MRJR p DILQDOFRORFDGRIRUDGHMRJRSHORDUTXHyORJR
$ROLPLWH R SUREOHPDTXHVHFRORFDpRGDVUHODo}HV GR SHQVD PHQWRFRPDFXOWXUD FRPRpSRVVtYHOTXHRSHQVDPHQWRWHQKDXP OXJDU QR HVSDoR GR PXQGR TXH Dt WHQKD FRPR TXH XPD RULJHP H TXH DTXL H DOL FRPHFH VHPSUH GH QRYR" 7DOYH] QmR VHMD DLQGD R WHPSRGHFRORFDURSUREOHPD3URYDYHOPHQWHpSUHFLVRHVSHUDUTXH DDUTXHRORJLDGRSHQVDPHQWR VHDVVHJXUHPDLVTXHWRPHPHOKRUD PHGLGDGRTXHSRGHGHVFUHYHUGLUHFWDHSRVLWLYDPHQWHGHILQDRVVLV WHPDV VLQJXODUHV H RV HQFDGHDPHQWRV LQWHUQRV DRV TXDLV VH GLULJH SDUD WHQWDU ID]HU OH WRXU GR SHQVDPHQWR H LQWHUURJiOR QD GLUHFomR SHODTXDOHOHHVFDSDDVL SUySULR4XHVHMDVXILFLHQWHSRUHQTXDQWR DFROKHUHVVDVGHVFRQWLQXLGDGHVQDRUGHPHPStULFDVLPXOWDQHDPHQWH HYLGHQWHHREVFXUDHPTXHHODVVHGmR
$GPLUiYHOHGLVFUHWRGHQVRRWUHFKRSURPHWHUHVHUYDHUHVHU YDVHDEUHWRGRXPIOXLUGHTXHVW}HVSHORSUySULRIDFWRGHRVXV SHQGHU 0HVPR TXH DGLDGD GLIHULGD TXH VLJQLILFD H[DFWDPHQWH IDLUHOHWRXUGHODSHQVpHGDUDYROWDDRSHQVDPHQWR"(PWDOWDUHID SRUTXH GH WDUHID VH WUDWD QmR SDVVDUi SHOD FDODGD HVVD YROWD TXH DILQDO p WXGR" $ YROWD TXH DR JLUDU WRWDOL]D VH WRWDOL]D UH~QH VH WRUQD XQD FRQVLJR SUySULD" 1mR SDVVDUi HP VXUGLQD R VXMHLWR R VXMHLWR©ILORVyILFRª" $SDUHQWHPHQWHQmR2DUTXHyORJRQmRGiXPDWDOYROWD$SH VDUGH)RXFDXOWSRGHUHVWDUFRPWRGRRGLUHLWRDWUDtGRSHORSHQ VDPHQWR GR IRUD H SHOR IRUD R DUTXHyORJR Gi PHLD YROWD PHLD YROWD YROYHU UHFXD QmR LQWHUURJD R SHQVDPHQWR ³QHVVD GLUHFomR SHOD TXDO HOH HVFDSD D VL SUySULR´ QmR SDVVD SDUD IRUD SDUD RV DELVPRVGRSHQVDPHQWRSDUDDGHVPHVXUDGRVHPIXQGR«1HVVH PHLDYROWDYROYHUILFDSRUXPDHWDSDGDYROWDXPDHWDSDVHJXUD ILUPHHSUHSDUDWyULDTXHDPHGLUVHSHODYROWDLQWHLUD±OHWRXUGHOD SHQVpH ± p PHLD YROWD PHWDGH GD YROWD GH IDFWR R DUTXHyORJR GHFLGH ³GHVFUHYHU GLUHFWD H SRVLWLYDPHQWH´ ³VLVWHPDV VLQJXODUHV´
154
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
³HQFDGHDPHQWRVLQWHUQRV´³GHVFRQWLQXLGDGHVQDRUGHPHPStULFD´ SUHIHUHDQDOLVDUFRPRGL]QXPRXWURSDVVRGH/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHV DV FRQGLo}HV GH SRVVLELOLGDGH LQWHUQDV GD KLVWRULFLGDGH GR VDEHU VHQGRHVVDVFRQGLo}HV³LVVRTXHSHUPLWHDUWLFXODUHPVLSUySULDD KLVWyULDGRSHQVDPHQWR´0HLDYROWDHPHLDYROWDYROYHULVVRGi WDOYH]XPDYROWD«1mRHVWDPRVVLPSOHVPHQWHDMRJDUFRPDVSDOD YUDV6HDDQiOLVHGDVFRQGLo}HVLQWHUQDVGHSRVVLELOLGDGHGDKLVWy ULD GR VDEHU SHOD SUySULD QDWXUH]D GDV FRQGLo}HV TXH DQDOLVD p EDVWDQWHVXILFLHQWHSDUDDUWLFXODU HPVLSUySULDDKLVWyULDGRSHQ VDPHQWR±HPVLSUySULDLVWRpVHPRXWURIRUDRXHURVmRGRIRUD ± QmR VHUi D PHLD YROWD DUTXHROyJLFD WXGR TXHU GL]HU D ~QLFD YROWD D GDU" e XPD YROWD D SULPHLUD YROWD ( D SULPHLUD YROWD p WXGR«(PTXDOTXHUFDVRQHVVDPHLDYROWDRXYROWDDUTXHROyJLFD SHODV FRQGLo}HV GH SRVVLELOLGDGH LQWHUQDV TXH SHUPLWHP DUWLFXODU HP VL SUySULD D KLVWyULD GR SHQVDPHQWR PHLD YROWD RX YROWD TXH HVFXVD ± GHVFXOSD GLVSHQVD SRXSD ± R IRUD QmR GHL[DPRV GH DFXVDUFRPRTXHXPHFRGHVVHWRGRTXHFUHVFHLQWHUQDPHQWHSHU LQWXVVXVFHSWLRQHPPDVQmRH[WHUQDPHQWHSHURSSRVLWLRQHP (QWDQWRFRQWLQXDQGRDQRVVDYROWDDRWUHFKRGH/HVPRWVHWOHV FKRVHVDFHLWHPRVHQTXDQWRWDODSURPHVVDLPHQVDGHIDLUHOHWRXUGH OD SHQVpH HQTXDQWR WDO $FHLWHPRV D SRVVLELOLGDGH GD RXWUD PHLD YROWDTXHFRPSOHWDRXFRPSOHWDULDOHWRXUGHODSHQVpH*URVVRPRGR RTXHpTXHDFDUDFWHUL]DULD"2TXHpTXHGHVFUHYHULD"*LUDULDHP WRUQR GH TXr" 3RGHPRV HVWDU UHGRQGDPHQWH HQJDQDGRV WRQWRV FRP WDQWD YROWD PDV D UHVSRVWD VXUJH FRPR TXH GLUHFWD H SRVLWL YDPHQWHHYLGHQWHHLPHGLDWDPHQWHVHSHQVDUPRVQDSDODYUDTXH DGMHFWLYD D RUGHP DQDOLVDGD SHOR DUTXHyORJR QD SULPHLUD PHLD YROWD HPStULFR(RTXHpTXHVHHQODoDFRPRTXHGLUHFWDHSRVLWL YDPHQWHHYLGHQWHHLPHGLDWDPHQWHDRHPStULFR"2WUDQVFHQGHQWDO /H WRXU GH OD SHQVpH« HVWDUi HVWD YROWD LVHQWD GR SDU HPStULFR WUDQVFHQGHQWDO"(VWDUiDVDOYRGH³XPGLVFXUVRGHQDWXUH]DPLVWD´ DWUDYpVGRTXDORWUDQVFHQGHQWDOSRGHYDOHUFRPRHPStULFRHYLFH YHUVD"$VTXHVW}HVQmRVmRGHVDSURSULDGDV%DVWDOHU/¶DUFKpRORJLH GXVDYRLUHVVD³SUy[LPDREUD´VREUH³SUREOHPDVGHPpWRGR´SUR PHWLGDHP/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHPQRWDGHSiJLQDRQGHQmRSRU DFDVRVHIDODGHDSULRULKLVWyULFRDSULRULKLVWyULFRTXHFODURHVWi SDWHQWHLD R SDU HPStULFRWUDQVFHQGHQWDO H YROWD H PHLD WURFD DV
155
Nuno Melim
YROWDV DR DUTXHyORJR &RP HIHLWR DR QRVVR ROKDU UHYLUDGR /¶DUFKpRORJLHGXVDYRLUWURFDDVYROWDV'HFLGLGDDSRORJLDGRHPStUL FRRXSRVLWLYRHQODoDQHOHVRFRQVWLWXLQWHHRFRQVWLWXtGRDFRQ GLomR H R FRQGLFLRQDGR SURFHGLPHQWR HP TXH R HPStULFR QmR GHL[DGHSRGHUYDOHUFRPRWUDQVFHQGHQWDO 2V SRGHUHV RX DV VRPEUDV GR WUDQVFHQGHQWDO QmR VmR DEVROX WDPHQWHHUUDGLFDGRVSHORSHQVDPHQWRGRIRUDRXSHORSUySULRIRUD 9LVOXPEUDPRORV DJRUD IDQWDVPDJRULFDPHQWH QHVVD HURVmR GR IRUDTXH³GHVGHDRULJHP´DRORQJRGDKLVWyULDHLQFOXVLYHDRORQ JR GH XPD KLVWyULD GHVFRQWLQXDGD HVWHYH VHPSUH Dt VHPSUH Dt H MDPDLVDt RULJHPQRRXWURODGRGDH[SHULrQFLDVXVWHQWDQGRDSHOD VXDSUySULDUHWLUDGDVXVWHQWRHUHWLURSHORTXDORMRJR³LQGHILQL GDPHQWH PyYHO´ ³FRPHoD VHPSUH QRYDPHQWH´ (R LSVR R SHQVD PHQWRQmRIRLVHPSUHGHXPPRGRRXGHRXWURSHQVDPHQWRGR IRUD" $ HURVmR GR IRUD QmR VHUi R WUDoR FRPXP ± DOJR DOpP DTXpP DR ODGR GH WRGRV RV ODGRV GR WUDoDGR OLPLWH LQGHILQLGD PHQWH PyYHO FLUFXODU ± TXH GHVJDVWD R SHQVDPHQWR H ©H[SOLFDª GHVGREUD RV VXFHVVLYRV FRUWHV FHVXUDV PXGDQoDV GH HSLVWHPH" 7UD]HQGR j EDLOD )ROLH HW GpUDLVRQ« SRGHUtDPRV UHFRQKHFHU QHVVD UHODomR RX MRJR HQWUH SHQVDPHQWR H HURVmR GR IRUD XPD FHVXUD ©DUTXHRULJLQiULDª³JUDQGHILJXUDLPyYHOHYD]LD´TXHp³SRVVLELOL GDGHGDKLVWyULD´WUDQVFHQGHQWDOGDKLVWyULDFHVXUDTXHVHUHSHWL ULDUDUDHGLIHUHQWHPHQWHDRORQJRGDKLVWyULDHPMHLWRGH³WUDQV FHQGHQWDO VLQFRSDGR´ &DGD HSLVWHPH UHSHWLULD QD KLVWyULD R JHVWR LQDXJXUDO H FRUWDQWH GH ³FRPHoDU VHPSUH GH QRYR´ JHVWR LQDXJXUDOTXHHQTXDQWRWDOQmRSHUWHQFHH[DFWDPHQWHjKLVWyULD HHVWDEHOHFHULDDVXDGLIHUHQoD7RGDYLDQDKLVWyULDGHXPSHQVD PHQWRTXHGHVGHDRULJHPSHQVRXRIRUDTXHIRLVHPSUH©SHQVD PHQWRGRIRUDªTXDOVHULDDGLIHUHQoDHVSHFtILFD SUySULDGR©SHQ VDPHQWRGRIRUDª"(VSHFXOHPRV1DSUR[LPLGDGHGRDGYHUViULRR 6DEHU $EVROXWR R SHQVDPHQWR GR IRUD QmR HYLWD VHU FRQVFLrQFLD GRMRJRGDFODXVXUDGRFtUFXORGDYROWD0DVQmRVHGHYRWDDXP HVSDoRGHMRJRQRLQWHULRUGRTXDODUHSHWLomRGR0HVPRVHUHSHWH LQGHILQLGDPHQWHQmRUHFRQKHFHXPHWHUQRUHWRUQRGRPHVPRTXHp PHVPRXPHWHUQRUHWRUQRGR0HVPR$GYHUViULRGR³6DEHU$EVR OXWR´QmRpPHVPRGHYRWDVHDXPHVSDoRGHMRJRQRLQWHULRUGR TXDODUHSHWLomRGDGLIHUHQoDVHUHSHWHLQGHILQLGDPHQWHUHFRQKH
156
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
FHXPHWHUQRUHWRUQRGR2XWURTXHpPHVPRXPHWHUQRUHWRUQR GR2XWURQmRpPHVPR" 8PD VHJXQGD RUGHP GH DSRQWDPHQWRV OHYDQRV D VDOWDU GHVVH SDUHQWHVFR±VHPHOKDQoDHQWUHRULJHPHHURVmRGRIRUDQDIRUPD GHDOJRFRQVWLWXLQWHQRRXGR©RXWURODGRª±SDUDXPDRXWUDIDPL OLDULGDGH SDUD XP RXWUR PRGR GH UHWHQomR QD IRQWH D WHPiWLFD GRFRJLWRHGRLPSHQVDGR $ HSLVWHPH PRGHUQD PDQLIHVWD D LUUXSomR H FRQVROLGDomR GH XPD RXWUD IRUPD GH UHODomR HQWUH R SHQVDPHQWR FRJLWR H R LPSHQVDGR 2 FRJLWR PRGHUQR Mi QmR SHUPLWH DR KRPHP DSUHHQ GHUVHQXPDWUDQVSDUrQFLDLPHGLDWDHVREHUDQD+iXPDSDUWHGH VLSUySULR±XPFHUWR³HPEDUDoRHPStULFR´DOJRTXHQmRp³FRQV FLrQFLDGHVL´±TXHQmRVHGiWRXWG¶XQFRXSDRFRJLWR³SHQVDPHQWR SUHVHQWHDVL´PDVTXHSRGHVHUDSUHHQGLGDDSUqVFRXS$SUHHQVmR LQGHILQLGDPHQWH HP FXUVR 0DLV GR TXH HYLGrQFLD FRPSOHWD RX GHVFREHUWDV~ELWDHLOXPLQDQWHGHTXHWRGRRSHQVDPHQWRpSHQ VDPHQWR R FRJLWR PRGHUQR p WDUHID LQFHVVDQWH LQWHUURJDomR VHP SUHUHFRPHoDGD SURFXUDVDEHUFRPRRSHQVDPHQWRKDELWDIRUDGH VLHWRGDYLDQRPDLVSUy[LPRGHVLSUySULR SHUFRUUHUHGREUDH UHDFWLYD D DUWLFXODomR GR SHQVDPHQWR VREUH R TXH QHOH DR UHGRU GHOHQmRpSHQVDPHQWRPDVTXHQRHQWDQWRQmROKHpHVWUDQJHL UR DEVROXWDPHQWH HVWUDQJHLUR QXPD LUUHGXWtYHO H LQWUDQVSRQtYHO H[WHULRULGDGH )DFHDRVXMHLWRFOiVVLFRRVXMHLWRPRGHUQRDLQGDTXH³SHQVD PHQWRSUHVHQWHDVL´SHUGHVREHUDQLD3RUH[HPSORR©HXSHQVRª PRGHUQRQmRFRQGX]LPHGLDWDPHQWHDR©HXVRXª±SRGHUHPRVQyV GL]HU TXH VRPRV HVVD OLQJXDJHP QD TXDO R QRVVR SHQVDPHQWR HQFRQWUD WRGR R VLVWHPD GDV VXDV SRVVLELOLGDGHV" ± QmR LPSOLFD QHFHVVDULDPHQWH XPD DILUPDomR GH H[LVWrQFLD RX VHU DEUH XPD VpULHGHSHUJXQWDVHPTXHVHWUDWDGRVHU2FRJLWRIHQRPHQROyJL FR REVHUYD )RXFDXOW Mi QmR WHP D IXQomR GH VH FRQGX]LU RX UHFRQGX]LUDXPDH[LVWrQFLDDSRGtFWLFDDSDUWLUGHXPSHQVDPHQWR WLGRSRUXQLYHUVDO OHERQVVHQVF¶HVWODFKRVH« DQWHVDGHPRVWUDU FRPR R SHQVDPHQWR SRGHHVFDSDU D VL SUySULR H FRQGX]LU D XPD LQWHUURJDomRP~OWLSODHSUROLIHUDQWHVREUHRVHU7HVWHPXQKDGLV VRREVHUYDWDPEpP)RXFDXOWpDWUDQVPXWDomRGDIHQRPHQRORJLD HP GHVFULomR GR YLYLGR RX QXPD RQWRORJLD GR LPSHQVDGR TXH S}HPIRUDGHFLUFXLWRDSULPD]LDGR©HXSHQVRªHSRFKpGDHSRFKp
157
Nuno Melim
SRUDVVLPGL]HU«7UDQVPXWDo}HVTXHQRWHPRVHQSDVVDQWSRGH ULDP PXLWR EHP FRQFRUUHU FRPR TXH IDPLOLDUPHQWH FRP D DUTXHRORJLDQDHODERUDomRRXVDUtDPRVGL]HUQDSHUIHLomRGR WRXU GHODSHQVpHFRPHVVDDUTXHRORJLDTXHDGLDLQWHUURJDURSHQVDPHQ WR³QDGLUHFomRSHODTXDOHOHHVFDSDDVLSUySULR´ 1R HQWDQWR SHUDQWH HVVH SHQVDPHQWR TXH HVFDSD D VL SUySULR HYDVmRSRUWDQWRQmRQRVSUHFLSLWHPRVQDFRQFHSomRGHXPVXMHL WR ©SyVPRGHUQRª VXMHLWR QmR FRLQFLGLQGR FRQVLJR SUySULR QmR LGrQWLFRRXWRWDOPHQWHSUHVHQWHDVLSUySULR2SHQVDPHQWRHVFD SDDVLSUySULRPDVMiRUHIHULPRVQmRVHHYDGHSDUDDOJRTXHOKH VHMDDEVROXWDPHQWHHVWUDQJHLURQmRHVFDSDSDUDXPDLUUHGXWtYHOH LQWUDQVSRQtYHO H[WHULRULGDGH D H[WHULRULGDGH QmR p QHP LUUHGXWt YHO QHP LQWUDQVSRQtYHO 2 SHQVDPHQWR HYDGHVH SDUD R VHX VHPHOKDQWH GHVFREUH ³HP VL H IRUD GH VL QDV VXDV PDUJHQV PDV WDPEpPHQODoDGDFRPDVXDSUySULDWUDPDXPDSDUWHGHQRLWH>«@ XPLPSHQVDGRTXHFRQWpPGHSRQWDDSRQWD´ (PUHODomRDRKRPHPRLPSHQVDGRpR2XWUR(R2XWURp XPD ³UHJLmR DELVVDO QD QDWXUH]D GR KRPHP´ DOJR ³IUDWHUQR H JpPHR QDVFLGR QmR GHOH RX QHOH PDV DR VHX ODGR H DR PHVPR WHPSR´DOJR³VLPXOWDQHDPHQWHH[WHULRUHLQGLVSHQViYHO XPSRX FRVRPEUDFDUUHJDGDSHORKRPHPTXHVXUJHQRVDEHUXPSRXFR WDUHID FHJD D SDUWLU GD TXDO p SRVVtYHO FRQKHFrOR´ XP ³GXSOR LQVLVWHQWH TXH QXQFD IRL UHIOHFWLGR SRU VL SUySULR GH XP PRGR DXWyQRPR´SRUTXHVHPSUHSHQVDGRFRPSOHPHQWDUHLQYHUVDPHQ WHHPUHODomRDLVVR±DRKRPHP±GHTXHpR2XWURHDVRPEUD $VVLPSHQVDGRQDIRUPDJHUDOGHXPDGLDOpFWLFDVHPSUHUHFRPH oDGDGR0HVPRHGR2XWUR³R2XWURGRKRPHPGHYHWRUQDUVHR PHVPR TXH HOH´ $SURSULDomR GR 2XWUR TXH SRGH WHU YiULRV PRGRV ³UHIOHFWLUQDIRUPDGR3DUDVLRVFRQWH~GRVGR(PVLGHVD OLHQDURKRPHPDRUHFRQFLOLiORFRPDVXDSUySULDHVVrQFLDH[SOL FLWDURKRUL]RQWHTXHGijVH[SHULrQFLDVRVHXSDQRGHIXQGRGH HYLGrQFLD LPHGLDWD H GHVDUPDGD WLUDU R YpX GR LQFRQVFLHQWH DEVRUYHUVHQRVHXVLOrQFLRHVFXWDURVHXPXUP~ULRLQGHILQLGR´ $OJXQVGHVWHVPRGRV±WLUDURYpXGRLQFRQVFLHQWHDEVRUYHUVH QR VHX VLOrQFLR HVFXWDU R VHX PXUP~ULR LQGHILQLGR« ± QmR VmR DEVROXWDPHQWHHVWUDQKRVDHVVHVSRQWRVEHPGLIHUHQWHVGDFXOWXUD GHVHQKDQGRDSRVVLELOLGDGHDLQGDLQFHUWDGRSHQVDPHQWRGRIRUD 4XHUGL]HURSHQVDPHQWRGRIRUDWDPEpPHQFRQWUDQDWHPiWLFD
158
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
GRFRJLWRHGRLPSHQVDGRRVHXVRORKLVWyULFRWDPEpPWHPFRPR WDUHIDSHQVDUHVVH³GXSORLQVLVWHQWH´³VLPXOWDQHDPHQWHH[WHULRUH LQGLVSHQViYHO´ 7DUHID TXH SURFXUD FXPSULU HP GLIHUHQoD GLItFLO (PGLIHUHQoDSRUTXHWHQWDUHIOHFWLORGHXPPRGRDXWyQRPRVHPR UHODFLRQDU DR KRPHP RX DR VXMHLWR VHP FDLU QD GLDOpFWLFD GR 0HVPRHGR2XWUR WHQWDSHQVDU³RSUySULRGRRXWUR´RSUySULR GHXPRXWURTXHQmRpVLPSOHVPHQWH³RVHXRXWUR´PDVDEVROXWD PHQWHRXWURLPSHQVDGRGLIHUHQWH$GLILFXOGDGHHVWiDt³HQWUHR SUySULRGRRXWURHRRXWURGRSUySULR´ DRWHQWDUSHQViOR³SRUVL SUySULRGHXPPRGRDXWyQRPR´LVWRpHQTXDQWRWDORSHQVDPHQWR GR IRUD FRUUH R ULVFR GH SHQVDU ³R SUySULR GR RXWUR´ HQTXDQWR ³VHX SUySULR RXWUR´ FRUUH R ULVFR GH R UHFRQKHFHU H UHDSURSULDU 7HUi R HTXLSDPHQWR DGHTXDGR FRQYHQLHQWH DSURSULDGR SDUD SHQVDU UHVSHLWDU R ,PSHQVDGR R 2XWUR D 'LIHUHQoD HQTXDQWR WDLVHHYLWDUVHUXPDDERUGDJHPDSURSULDQWH"0DVDVVLPVHQGRQmR WHULDGHVHUMiXPSHQVDPHQWRFRPSOHWDPHQWHRXWURQmRWHULDGH HVWDUMiFRPSOHWDPHQWHIRUD"(FRPRSHQVDULVVRTXHQRPDLVSUy SULR GH VL VH DVVLP DLQGD QRV SRGHPRV H[SUHVVDU WDOYH] QXQFD DSDUHoD HP VL SUySULR QmR VH GHL[D DSURSULDU HQTXDQWR WDO QmR WHPSURSULHGDGHDOJXPD" $SHVDUGHWHQWDUGHVHQUHGDUVHRSHQVDPHQWRGRIRUDQmRGHL [D GH HVWDU HQUHGDGR QD WUDPD VyOLGD H VRPEULD GD HSLVWHPH PRGHUQD 7DQWR DVVLP pTXH )RXFDXOW QXP SDVVR D TXH DSDUHQ WHPHQWHQmRVHGiPXLWDDWHQomRFRORFDRSHQVDPHQWRGRIRUDH VHXVEDWHGRUHVQDLPHGLDWDFHUFDQLDGDDQDOtWLFDGDILQLWXGH ( p SUHFLVDPHQWH QHVVH HVSDoR DVVLP SRVWR D GHVFREHUWR TXH D OLWHUDWXUDSULPHLURFRPRVXUUHDOLVPR PDVVREXPDIRUPDEDVWDQWH WUDYHVWLGD HGHSRLVFDGDYH] PDLV SXUDPHQWHFRP .DIND %DWDLOOH %ODQFKRW VH GHX FRPR H[SHULrQFLD FRPR H[SHULrQFLD GD PRUWH H QR HOHPHQWR GD PRUWH GR SHQVDPHQWR LPSHQViYHO H QD VXD SUH VHQoD LQDFHVVtYHO GD UHSHWLomR GD LQRFrQFLD RULJLQiULD VHPSUH Oi QRWHUPRPDLV SUy[LPRH PDLVGLVWDQWHGDOLQJXDJHP FRPRH[SH ULrQFLDGDILQLWXGH WRPDGDQDDEHUWXUDHQDLPSRVLomRGHVVDILQLWX GH
+iDLQGDXPRXWURHQWUDYHTXHJRVWDUtDPRVGHUHIHULU DWUDPD REVFXUDHLQFHUWDGDSHQVDPHQWRGRIRUD±HPLQHQWHPHQWHOLWHUi
159
Nuno Melim
ULDUHOHPEUHPRV±QmRSDUHFHFRQVWLWXLUVHFRPRSDVVDJHPpWLFD RXSROtWLFDFRPRSDVVDJHPSDUDDpWLFDRXDSROtWLFD &RQWXGRUHFRORFDGRQRVHXVRORKLVWyULFRHQTXDQWRKHUGHLUR GR SHQVDPHQWR PRGHUQR VHULD GH HVSHUDU TXH R SHQVDPHQWR GR IRUD WLYHVVH DOJXPD DFWLYLGDGH HWLFLGDGH &RP HIHLWR VHJXQGR )RXFDXOWRSHQVDPHQWRPRGHUQRWHPRVHXTXrGHpWLFRGHSUi WLFR 3DUD VL SUySULR H QD HVSHVVXUD GR VHX WUDEDOKR p VDEHU H PRGLILFDomRGRTXHVDEHUHIOH[mRHWUDQVIRUPDomRGRPRGRGHVHU GLVVRVREUHRTXDOUHIOHFWH DSURSULDomR ID]PRYHULVVRTXHWRFD ¬SDUWLGDpMiXPSHQVDPHQWRpWLFRSROtWLFR IHUHRXUHFRQFLOLD DSUR[LPD RX GLVWDQFLD ODoD RX GHVHQODoD OLEHUWD RX VXMHLWD $V VXDV YiULDV PRGDOLGDGHV ± UHIOH[mR WRPDGD GHFRQVFLrQFLD HOXFL GDomRGRVLOHQFLRVRSDODYUDUHVWLWXtGDDRTXHpPXGRYLQGDjOX] GHVVDSDUWHVRPEULDTXHUHWLUDRKRPHPDVLSUySULRUHDQLPDomR GRLQHUWH±WUDGX]HPXPFHUWRPRGRGHDFomRFRQVWLWXHPRFRQ WH~GRHDIRUPDGDpWLFDPRGHUQD $OJXQVDSRQWDPHQWRVGH)ROLHHWGpUDLVRQ«SRGHULDPUHHQFDPL QKDURSHQVDPHQWRGRIRUDQHVVHVHQWLGR2VWUDEDOKRVGH1HUYDO 1LHW]VFKH RX $UWDXG VmR Dt GHVFULWRV HQTXDQWR ³YLYLILFDGRV QDV IRUPDVPDLVOLYUHVHPDLVRULJLQiULDVGDOLQJXDJHP´PDVGHXPD OLQJXDJHP FRP XP YLJRURVR SRGHU GH FRQWHVWDomR $UULVFDQGR R JULWR H R IXURU D GHVUD]mR H D ORXFXUD HVVHV EDWHGRUHV GR IRUD ID]HPSDVVDUXPDH[SHULrQFLDXPDOLQJXDJHP±XPGLVFXUVRQD YHUGDGH ±TXH WHP ³SHOD SULPHLUD YH]H[SUHVVmR GLUHLWR GH FLGD GDQLD H SRGHULQIOXrQFLD >SULVH@ VREUH D FXOWXUD RFLGHQWDO >H@ D SDUWLUGDTXDOVHWRUQDPSRVVtYHLVWRGDVDVFRQWHVWDo}HVHDFRQWHV WDomRWRWDO´$ROLPLWHHQROLPLWHFHUWDVREUDVGHDUWHFRQWHVWDP SURIDQDPIHUHPS}HPRGHGRQDIHULGDDEUHPYD]LRVWHPSRVGH VLOrQFLRTXHVW}HVVHPUHVSRVWDIRUoDPRPXQGRDLQWHUURJDUVH (P4X¶HVWFHTX¶XQDXWHXU")RXFDXOWUHFRQKHFHUiDLQGDQDTXHV WmRTXHLPSRUWDTXHPIDOD"XPSULQFtSLRpWLFRIXQGDPHQWDOGDSUi WLFD GD HVFULWD FRQWHPSRUkQHD (VVH SULQFtSLR GH LQGLIHUHQoD WRUQDVHYLVtYHOSRUH[HPSORQDHVFULWDTXHVHOLEHUWDGDH[SUHVVmR TXHWUDQVJULGHDUHJXODULGDGHFRPDTXDOMRJDHSDVVDSDUDIRUDRX QR DFWR SHOR TXDO R VXMHLWR TXH HVFUHYH ID] GH PRUWR DSDJD RV VLQDLVGDVXDLQGLYLGXDOLGDGH 1RHQWDQWRQRVSUySULRVWH[WRVRQGHPHOKRUVHSHUFHEHDILOL JUDQD GR SHQVDPHQWR GR IRUD ± /D SHQVpH GX GHKRUVH 3UpIDFH j OD
160
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
WUDQVJUHVVLRQ ± R H[HUFtFLR GH UHVLVWrQFLD FRQWHVWDomR WUDQVJUHVVmR RXFUtWLFDGDHVFULWDOLWHUiULDSDUHFHVHPHIHLWR 4XDQWRjDFomRSROtWLFD/DSHQVpHGXGHKRUVUHIHUHFRPRYLPRV IXJD]PHQWH XPD OHL D WDO SRQWR VREHUDQD TXH FRPSUHHQGH FLU FXQVFUHYHLVVRPHVPRTXHDTXHUGHVRUGHQDURXDOWHUDU $TXHOHTXHFRQWUDHODTXHUIXQGDUXPDQRYDRUGHPRUJDQL]DU XPDVHJXQGDSROtFLDLQVWLWXLUXPRXWUR(VWDGRVyUHHQFRQWUDRDFR OKLPHQWRVLOHQFLRVRHLQGHILQLGDPHQWHFRPSODFHQWHGDOHL
,Q~WLOUHYROWDUVH"7DOSRGHULDVHUDTXHVWmR,URQLDDPDUJDGHV WHWUHFKRGHXPGRVPDLVFpOHEUHVWH[WRVGH)RXFDXOWVREUHDOLWH UDWXUD SDUHFH DQXQFLDU SURIHWL]DU R PRWLYR GR GHVHQFDQWR SHOD OLWHUDWXUD TXH )RXFDXOW WmR IUDQFDPHQWH DGPLWLUi QRV DQRV 'HVHQFDQWRSRUXPDOLWHUDWXUDTXHDILQDOQmRSDVVDSDUDIRUDTXH FRPRHIHLWRGHGLVSRVLWLYRVGHSRGHUSHUGHDIRUoDGDFRQWHVWDomR QRLQWHULRUGRVLVWHPDVRFLDO 4XDQWR j DFomR pWLFD /D SHQVpH GX GHKRUV SDVVD SHOR WHPD GR &RPSDQKHLUR0DVHVVHFRPSDQKHLURQmRpH[DFWDPHQWHR$PLJR FRP R TXDO H D SDUWLU GR TXDO VH SRGH GHVHQYROYHU XP PRGR GH YLGD XP rWKRV XPD pWLFD 0XLWR SHOR FRQWUiULR HVVH FRPSD QKHLUR p SDUDGR[DOPHQWH ³DTXHOH TXH QmR DFRPSDQKD´ )LJXUD G~ELDFRPSOLFDGD)RXFDXOWLQGLFDXPIRUDTXHLQYDGHDLQWHULR ULGDGH TXH DWUDYHVVD HVVH OXJDU RQGH D LQWHULRULGDGH HQFRQWUD D VXDGREUDHDSRVVLELOLGDGHGDVXDGREUD± UHSOLQmRORQJHGHVVH UHWRUQRHUHSHWLomRSHODTXDOVHFRQVWLWXLRVXMHLWR±HDUHYLUDSDUD IRUD GH VL SUySULD 7DO PRYLPHQWR ID] VXUJLU D ILJXUD GR ³FRPSD QKHLURDIDVWDGR³XPGXSORjGLVWkQFLDXPDVHPHOKDQoDTXHID] IUHQWH´ XP ³DQRQLPDWR LQIRUPH H REVWLQDGR´ TXH ³GHVDSRVVD R VXMHLWRGDVXDLGHQWLGDGHVLPSOHV´HHVSHOKD³XPDOLQJXDJHPVHP VXMHLWR DVVLQDOiYHO XPD OHL VHP GHXV XP SURQRPH SHVVRDO VHP SHUVRQDJHPXPURVWRVHPH[SUHVVmRHVHPROKRVXPRXWURTXHpR PHVPR´ 2 FRPSDQKHLUR QmR p LQWHUORFXWRU QmR RIHUHFH SDFWR VHQmRWDOYH]RGDVHSDUDomRQXPDGLVWkQFLDGHVPHVXUDGDRXRGD LQWHUURJDomR FRQVWDQWH PDQLIHVWDQGR D LPSRVVLELOLGDGH GH UHV SRQGHU2IHUHFHVHQXPMRJRPDLVGHUHSXOVDGRTXHGHDWUDFomR p XPD ILJXUD TXH p SUHFLVR PDQWHU j GLVWkQFLD SRUTXH VH FRUUH LQFHVVDQWHPHQWH R ULVFR GH VH VHU DEVRUYLGR SRU HOD HGH VH FRP
161
Nuno Melim
SURPHWHU FRP HOD QXPD FRQIXVmR GHVPHVXUDGD )LJXUD G~ELD FRPSOLFDGDSRLV(VWDUiGHSXUDGDGDGLDOpFWLFDVHPSUHUHFRPHoD GDGR0HVPRHGR2XWUR"3HUPLWLUiDFRQVWLWXLomRGHXPVLSUy SULR"1mRUHIRUoDUiSDUFRQWUHFRXSDVGHIHVDVGDLQWHULRULGDGH" 3UpIDFHjODWUDQVJUHVVLRQSRUVXDYH]DOXGHDXPDWUDQVJUHVVmR TXH³pSUHFLVRVHSDUDUGRVVHXVSHVDGRVSDUHQWHVFRVFRPDpWLFD´ TXH ³QmR SURFXUD DEDODU RV IXQGDPHQWRV´ TXH ³QmR p YLROrQFLD QXPPXQGRGLYLGLGR QXPPXQGRpWLFR ´HDXPD³FRQWHVWDomR TXHQmRpRHVIRUoRGRSHQVDPHQWRSDUDQHJDUH[LVWrQFLDVRXYDOR UHV´TXHVHOLPLWD³DLUDWpDRFRUDomRYD]LRRQGHRVHUDWLQJHRVHX OLPLWHHRQGHROLPLWHGHILQHRVHU´ 1HVWHVGRLVWH[WRV±/DSHQVpHGXGHKRUVH3UpIDFHjODWUDQVJUHVVLRQ ± IDODVH FRP FHUWH]D GH WUDQVJUHVVmR GH FUtWLFD GH FRQWHVWDomR 0DV QmR HVTXHoDPRV TXH QR SHQVDPHQWR GR IRUD VH WUDWD HVVHQ FLDOPHQWHGHOLQJXDJHP(pDtQRPXQGRGDOLQJXDJHPTXHVH MRJDIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHDWUDQVJUHVVmR1mRWRFDLPHGLDWDPHQWHR PXQGR pWLFR D UHDOLGDGH QmR p H[DFWDPHQWH SHUIRUPDWLYD RX RSHUDWLYD SHOR PHQRV QmR QR VHQWLGR GHVVHV RXWURV WH[WRV DRV TXDLVR)RXFDXOWGHVHQFDQWDGRSHODOLWHUDWXUDSUHVWDUiDVXDDWHQ omR H D VXD KRPHQDJHP SRUTXH DWUDYHVVDGRV GH UHDOLGDGH H GHVHPSHQKDQGR XP SDSHO QR UHDO GH TXH IDODP SRUTXH ³IUDJ PHQWRV GH GLVFXUVR OHYDQGR FRQVLJR RV IUDJPHQWRV GH XPD UHDOL GDGH GH TXH ID]HP SDUWH´ 2 SHQVDPHQWR GR IRUD DGRSWDUi UHDOPHQWHXPD³DWLWXGHH[SHULPHQWDO´SDVVDUiSHOD³SURYD>pSUHX YH@GDUHDOLGDGHHGDDFWXDOLGDGHSDUDDSUHHQGHURVSRQWRVHPTXH DPXGDQoDpSRVVtYHOHGHVHMiYHO´RXVHUi³PHUDDILUPDomRVRQKR YD]LRGDOLEHUGDGH´"
4XDQWRDHVWDFDUDFWHUL]DomR GD©RULJHPªFI)RXFDXOW /¶DUFKpRORJLHGX VDYRLU3DULV*DOOLPDUG S &I)RXFDXOW/¶DUFKpRORJLHGXVDYRLUHGFLWS,WiOLFRQRVVR &I )RXFDXOW 1DLVVDQFH GH OD FOLQLTXH 8QH DUFKpRORJLH GX UHJDUG PpGLFDO 3DULV3UHVVHV8QLYHUVLWDLUHVGH)UDQFH S[LL2LWiOLFRpQRVVR ³/DSHUFpHYHUVXQODQJDJHG¶ROHVXMHWHVWH[FOX>«@F¶HVWDXMRXUG¶KXL XQHH[SpULHQFHTXLV¶DQQRQFHHQGHVSRLQWVELHQGLIIpUHQWVGHODFXOWXUH GDQV OH VHXO JHVWH G¶pFULUH FRPPH GDQV OHV WHQWDWLYHV SRXU IRUPDOLVHU OH ODQJDJHGDQVO¶pWXGHGHVP\WKHVHWGDQVODSV\FKDQDO\VHGDQVODUHFKHU FKHDXVVLGHFH/RJRVTXLIRUPHFRPPHOHOLHXGHQDLVVDQFHGHWRXWHOD UDLVRQ RFFLGHQWDOH >«@ O¶rWUH GX ODQJDJH Q¶DSSDUDvW SRXU OXLPrPH TXH
162
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
GDQVODGLVSDULWLRQGXVXMHW&RPPHQWDYRLUDFFqVjFHWpWUDQJHUDSSRUW" 3HXWrWUHSDUXQHIRUPHGHSHQVpHGRQWODFXOWXUHRFFLGHQWDOHDHVTXLVVp GDQVVHVPDUJHVODSRVVLELOLWpHQFRUHLQFHUWDLQH&HWWHSHQVpHTXLVHWLHQW KRUV GH WRXWH VXEMHFWLYLWp >«@ FHWWH SHQVpH >«@ TX¶RQ SRXUUDLW DSSHOHU G¶XQ PRW ©OD SHQVpH GX GHKRUVª´ ± )RXFDXOW ³/D SHQVpH GX GHKRUV´ > @LQ'LWVHWpFULWV,3DULV4XDUWR*DOOLPDUGQSS ³/DGHVFULSWLRQGHO¶DUFKLYH>«@EULVHOHILOGHVWpOpRORJLHVWUDQVFHQGDQWD OHV HWOjRODSHQVpHDQWKURSRORJLTXHLQWHUURJHDLWO¶rWUHGHO¶KRPPHRX VD VXEMHFWLYLWp HOOH IDLW pFODWHU O¶DXWUH HW OH GHKRUV´ ± )RXFDXOW /¶DUFKpRORJLHGXVDYRLUHGFLWS ³>«@ O¶pFULWXUH VH GpSORLH FRPPH XQ MHX TXL YD LQIDLOOLEOHPHQW DXGHOj GHVHVUqJOHVHWSDVVHDLQVLDXGHKRUV'DQVO¶pFULWXUH>«@LOQHV¶DJLWSDV GHO¶pSLQJODJHG¶XQVXMHW GDQVXQODQJDJH LOHVWTXHVWLRQGHO¶RXYHUWXUH G¶XQ HVSDFH R OH VXMHW pFULYDQW QH FHVVH GH GLVSDUDvWUH´ ± )RXFDXOW ³4X¶HVWFHTX¶XQDXWHXU"´> @LQ'LWVHWpFULWV,HGFLWQ S &I )RXFDXOW )ROLH HW GpUDLVRQ +LVWRLUH GH OD IROLH j O¶kJH FODVVLTXH 3DULV 3ORQ S /HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHV3DULV*DOOLPDUG S ³1RXVYRXORQVSHQVHUODGLIIpUHQFHHQHOOHPrPHHWOHUDSSRUWGXGLIIp UHQWDYHFOHGLIIpUHQWLQGpSHQGDPPHQWGHVIRUPHVGHODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ TXLOHVUDPqQHQWDX0rPHHWOHVIRQWSDVVHUSDUOHQpJDWLI´± 'HOHX]H 'LIIpUHQFHHWUpSpWLWLRQ3DULV3UHVVHV8QLYHUVLWDLUHVGH)UDQFH SS ³-H GLUDLV GRQF G¶DERUG TXH OD GLIIpUDQFH TXL Q¶HVW QL XQ PRW QL XQ FRQFHSWP¶DSDUXVWUDWpJLTXHPHQWOHSOXVSURSUHjSHQVHUVLQRQjPDv WULVHU >«@ OH SOXV LUUpGXFWLEOH GH QRWUH pSRTXH´ ± 'HUULGD ³/D GLIIp UDQFH´ > @ LQ 0DUJHV GH OD SKLORVRSKLH 3DULV /HV eGLWLRQV GH 0LQXLW S ³&RPPHQW LQWHUSUpWHU >«@ WHOOH pWUDQJH HW XQLTXH SURSULpWp G¶XQGLVFRXUVTXLRUJDQLVH O¶pFRQRPLH GHVDUHSUpVHQWDWLRQODORLGHVRQ SURSUH WLVVX GH WHOOH VRUWH TXH VRQ GHKRUV QH VRLW SDV VRQ GHKRUV QH OH VXUSUHQQH MDPDLV TXH OD ORJLTXH GH VRQ KpWpURQRPLH UDLVRQQH HQFRUH GDQVODFDYHGHVRQDXWLVPH"´±'HUULGD³7\PSDQ´LQ0DUJHVGHODSKLOR VRSKLHHGFLWS9,,, ³([WUrPH GLIILFXOWp GH GRQQHU j FHWWH SHQVpH XQ ODQJDJH TXL OXL VRLW ILGqOH 7RXW GLVFRXUV SXUHPHQW UpIOH[LI ULVTXH HQ HIIHW GH UHFRQGXLUH O¶H[SpULHQFHGXGHKRUVjODGLPHQVLRQGHO¶LQWpULRULWp LQYLQFLEOHPHQWOD UpIOH[LRQWHQGjODUDSDWULHUGXF{WpGHODFRQVFLHQFHHWGHODGpYHORSSHU GDQVXQHGHVFULSWLRQGXYpFXROH©GHKRUVªVHUDLWHVTXLVVpFRPPHH[Sp ULHQFHGXFRUSVGHO¶HVSDFHGHVOLPLWHVGXYRXORLUGHODSUpVHQFHLQHIID oDEOHG¶DXWUXL/HYRFDEXODLUHGHODILFWLRQHVWWRXWDXVVLSpULOOHX[ GDQV
163
Nuno Melim
O¶pSDLVVHXUGHVLPDJHVTXHOTXHIRLVGDQVODVHXOHWUDQVSDUHQFHGHVILJXUHV OHVSOXVQHXWUHVRXOHVSOXVKkWLYHVLOULVTXHGHGpSRVHUGHVVLJQLILFDWLRQV WRXWHVIDLWHVTXLVRXVOHVHVSqFHVG¶XQGHKRUVLPDJLQpWLVVHQWjQRXYHDX ODYLHLOOHWUDPHGHO¶LQWpULRULWp´±)RXFDXOW³/DSHQVpHGX GHKRUV´HG FLWS ³(W VL HOOH QH FRQVLVWH SDV DX OLHX GH OpJLWLPHU FH TX¶RQ VDLW GpMj j HQWUHSUHQGUHGHVDYRLUFRPPHQWHWMXVTX¶RLOVHUDLWSRVVLEOHGHSHQVHU DXWUHPHQW">«@/¶©HVVDLª±TX¶LOIDXWHQWHQGUHFRPPHpSUHXYHPRGLILFD WULFH GH VRLPrPH GDQV OH MHX GH OD YpULWp HW QRQ FRPPH DSSURSULDWLRQ VLPSOLILFDWULFH G¶DXWUXL j GHV ILQV GH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ HVW OH FRUSV YLYDQW GH OD SKLORVRSKLH VL GX PRLQV FHOOHFL HVW HQFRUH PDLQWHQDQW FH TX¶HOOH pWDLWDXWUHIRLVF¶HVWjGLUHXQH©DVFqVHªXQH[HUFLFHGHVRLGDQVODSHQVpH >«@ &¶pWDLW XQ H[HUFLFH SKLORVRSKLTXH VRQ HQMHX pWDLW GH VDYRLU GDQV TXHOOH PHVXUH OH WUDYDLO GH SHQVHU VD SURSUH KLVWRLUH SHXW DIIUDQFKLU OD SHQVpH GH FH TX¶HOOH SHQVH VLOHQFLHXVHPHQW HW OXL SHUPHWWUH GH SHQVHU DXWUHPHQW´±)RXFDXOW+LVWRLUHGHODVH[XDOLWp,,HGFLWSS &I'HUULGD³©,OIDXWELHQPDQJHUªRXOHFDOFXOGXVXMHW´LQ 3RLQWVGH VXVSHQVLRQ±(QWUHWLHQV3DULV*DOLOpH S,WiOLFRQRVVR ³/HPpWDJUDPPHDLQVLWUDLWpF¶HVWXQSHXO¶XVDJHOXGLTXH ±GRQFGp VLQVpUp HW VLWXp DX[ OLPLWHV GH FH TX¶LO \ D GH TXRWLGLHQ G¶HQIRXL GH VLOHQFLHXVHPHQW IDPLOLHU GDQV OH ODQJDJH LO UDPqQH j XQH VXUIDFH GpUL VRLUHOHMHXGHODUpSpWLWLRQWRXMRXUVGLIIpUHQWHHWGHODGLIIpUHQFHTXLUHYLHQWDX PrPH ± MHX R OH ODQJDJH WURXYH O¶HVSDFH TXL OXL HVW SURSUH´ ± )RXFDXOW 5D\PRQG5RXVVHO3DULV*DOOLPDUG S,WiOLFRQRVVR &I)RXFDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWSS )ROLHHWGpUDLVRQ HGFLWS &I)RXFDXOW/¶RUGUHGXGLVFRXUV3DULV*DOOLPDUG SS1R HQWDQWR Mi HP /¶DUFKpRORJLH GX VDYRLU VH LPSXQKD D GHPDUFDomR IDFH j WHQWDWLYDGHUHHQFRQWUDURXUHVVXVFLWDU³DXQLGDGHSURIXQGD´H³SUHVHQoD XQLYHUVDO´GR/RJRV´DRWHPDKLVWyULFRWUDQVFHQGHQWDO±³VXEMHFWLYLGDGH TXH SHUPDQHFH VHPSUH UHFXDGD HP UHODomR j KLVWyULD PDQLIHVWD´ ± VXE UHSWLFLDPHQWH RSHUDWLYR QD ³UHFROHFomR GR /RJRV RX GD WHOHRORJLD GD UD]mR´ &I )RXFDXOW /¶DUFKpRORJLH GX VDYRLU HG FLW S S S &I +XVVHUO (UIDKUXQJ XQG 8UWHLO ± 8QWHUVXFKXQJHQ ]XU *HQHDORJLH GHU /RJLN([SpULHQFHHWMXJHPHQW±5HFKHUFKHVHQYXHG¶XQHJpQpDORJLHGHODORJLTXH WUDG 'HQLVH 6RXFKH'DJXHV 3DULV 3UHVVHV 8QLYHUVLWDLUHV GH )UDQFH S SSSSS
164
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
&I+HLGHJJHU³+HJHOXQGGLH*ULHFKHQ´³+HJHOHWOHV*UHFV´> @ LQ 4XHVWLRQV , HW ,, WUDG -HDQ %HDXIUHW HW 'RPLQLTXH -DQLFDXG 3DULV *DOOLPDUG SS &I 'HUULGD ³&RJLWR HW KLVWRLUH GH OD IROLH´ > @ LQ /¶pFULWXUH HW OD GLIIpUHQFH3DULVeGLWLRQVGX6HXLO S/HYLDQGDGHRXQmRQRWD UtDPRVTXH'HUULGDYHQGRQDGLIHUHQoDRPDLVDSURSULDGRDSHQVDUWHYHR FXLGDGRGHH[SUHVVDUXPDDERUGDJHPQmR DSURSULDQWH ³(OOHQ¶\DSSDUDvW SDVFRPPHODWUDFH©HOOHPrPHª0DLVF¶HVWSDUFHTX¶HOOHQHVDXUDLWMDPDLV DSSDUDvWUH HOOHPrPH FRPPH WHOOH >«@ ,O Q¶\ D SDV G¶HVVHQFH GH OD GLIIp UDQFHFHOOHFL HVW FHTXLQRQVHXOHPHQWQHVDXUDLWVHODLVVHUDSSURSULHU GDQVOHFRPPHWHOGHVRQQRPRXGHVRQDSSDUDvWUHPDLVFHTXLPHQDFH O¶DXWRULWp GX FRPPH WHO HQ JpQpUDO GH OD SUpVHQFH GH OD FKRVH PrPH HQ VRQHVVHQFH´±'HUULGD³/DGLIIpUDQFH´HGFLWS ³,O\DGRQFGHX[LQWHUSUpWDWLRQVGHO¶LQWHUSUpWDWLRQGHODVWUXFWXUHGX VLJQHHWGXMHX/¶XQHFKHUFKHjGpFKLIIUHUUrYHGHGpFKLIIUHUXQHYpULWp RXXQHRULJLQHpFKDSSDQWDXMHXHWjO¶RUGUHGXVLJQHHWYLWFRPPHXQ H[LO OD QpFHVVLWp GH O¶LQWHUSUpWDWLRQ /¶DXWUH TXL Q¶HVW SOXV WRXUQpH YHUV O¶RULJLQH DIILUPH OH MHX HW WHQWH GH SDVVHU DXGHOj GH O¶KRPPH HW GH O¶KXPDQLVPHOHQRPGHO¶KRPPHpWDQWOHQRPGHFHWrWUHTXLjWUDYHUV O¶KLVWRLUH GH OD PpWDSK\VLTXH RX GH O¶RQWRWKpRORJLH F¶HVWjGLUH GX WRXW GH VRQ KLVWRLUH D UrYp OD SUpVHQFH SOHLQH OH IRQGHPHQW UDVVXUDQW O¶RULJLQHHWODILQGXMHX´±'HUULGD³/DVWUXFWXUHOHVLJQHHWOHMHXGDQV OHGLVFRXUVGHVVFLHQFHVKXPDLQHV´> @LQ/¶pFULWXUHHWODGLIIpUHQFHHG FLWS ³'H OD SKLORVRSKLH ± V¶pFDUWHU SRXU HQ GpFULUH HW GpFULHU OD ORL YHUV O¶H[WpULRULWpDEVROXHG¶XQDXWUHOLHX0DLVO¶H[WpULRULWpO¶DOWpULWpVRQWGHV FRQFHSWVTXLjHX[VHXOVQ¶RQWMDPDLVVXUSULVOHGLVFRXUVSKLORVRSKLTXH &HOXLFL V¶HQ HVW WRXMRXUV RFFXSp GH OXLPrPH >«@ LO V¶DJLUDLW PDLV VHORQ XQ PRXYHPHQWG¶HOOHLQRXwG¶XQDXWUHTXLQHVHUDLWSOXVVRQDXWUH´±'HUUL GD³7\PSDQ´HGFLWS9 &RP FHUWH]D QmR FRQMXJDPRV LQRFHQWHPHQWH D PRQVWUXRVLGDGH H D DOXVmR DR .DQW GH 'HU 6WUHLW GHU )DFXOWlWHQ D HVVH .DQW UHPHPRUDQGR GLDJQRVWLFDQGRHSURJQRVWLFDQGRRVVLQDLVGDGLIHUHQoDGHXPSUHVHQWH GHXPHYHQWR±RGUDPDGHJUDQGHVPXGDQoDVSROtWLFDV±TXHUHYHODULD XPDWHQGrQFLD$FHUWRPRPHQWRpHP.DQWHMiQmRHP1LHW]VFKHTXH )RXFDXOWILOLDDDFWLYLGDGHGHGLDJQyVWLFR)LOLDomRTXHWHPFHUWDPHQWHR VHXTXrGHUHPHPRUDWLYXP1RHQWDQWRGDQVXQWRXWDXWUHWRXUDDFWLYLGD GH GH GLDJQyVWLFR QmR SURFXUD GHWHFWDU XPD WHQGrQFLD GH SURJUHVVR RX HYROXomR j OX] GD UHYHODomR RX VXSRVLomR GH XP WHORV H XPD DUTXr GD 5D]mR 6REUH D ©ILOLDomRª GR GLDJQyVWLFR FI SRU H[HPSOR )RXFDXOW
165
Nuno Melim
³4XLrWHVYRXVSURIHVVHXU)RXFDXOW"´> @LQ'LWVHWpFULWV,HGFLWQ S ³)RXFDXOWUpSRQGj6DUWUH´> @LQ 'LWVHWpFULWV,HGFLW QS ³4X¶HVWFHTXHOHV/XPLqUHV"´> @LQ'LWVHWpFULWV,,HG FLWQ SS &I'HOHX]H'LIIpUHQFHHWUpSpWLWLRQHGFLWS ³>«@GHYDQWO¶HQFRUHLQQRPPDEOHTXLV¶DQQRQFHHWTXLQHSHXWOHIDLUH FRPPH F¶HVWQpFHVVDLUHFKDTXHIRLVTX¶XQHQDLVVDQFHHVWj O¶°XYUHTXH VRXVO¶HVSqFHGHODQRQHVSqFHVRXVODIRUPHLQIRUPHPXHWWHLQIDQWHHW WHUULILDQWHGHODPRQVWUXRVLWp´±'HUULGD³/DVWUXFWXUHOHVLJQHHWOHMHX GDQVOHGLVFRXUVGHVVFLHQFHVKXPDLQHV´HGFLWS ³/¶DYHQLUQHSHXWV¶DQWLFLSHUTXHGDQVODIRUPHGXGDQJHUDEVROX,OHVW FH TXL URPSW DEVROXPHQW DYHF OD QRUPDOLWp FRQVWLWXpH HW QH SHXW GRQF V¶DQQRQFHUVHSUpVHQWHUTXHVRXVO¶HVSqFHGHODPRQVWUXRVLWp´±'HUULGD 'HODJUDPPDWRORJLHHGFLWS &I)RXFDXOW³/DSHQVpHGXGHKRUV´HGFLWS &I)RXFDXOW³/DSHQVpHGXGHKRUV´HGFLWS &I %ODQFKRW ³/¶DYHQLU HW OD TXHVWLRQ GH O¶DUW´ LQ /¶HVSDFH OLWWpUDLUH 3DULV*DOOLPDUG S &I)RXFDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWS /HVDQRUPDX[&RXUV DX&ROOqJHGH)UDQFH 3DULV*DOOLPDUG6HXLO SS )ROLHHWGpUDLVRQHGFLWS &I)RXFDXOW/¶DUFKpRORJLHGXVDYRLUHGFLWSS &I)RXFDXOW³$ULDQHV¶HVWSHQGXH´> @LQ'LWVHWpFULWV,HGFLWQ S ³>«@ GDQV FHV °XYUHV H[FHSWLRQQHOOHV R XQH OLPLWH HVW DWWHLQWH F¶HVW O¶H[FHSWLRQ VHXOH TXL QRXV UpYqOH FHWWH ©ORLª GRQW HOOH FRQVWLWXH DXVVL O¶LQVROLWHHWQpFHVVDLUHGpYLDWLRQ>«@QRXVQHSRXYLRQVMDPDLVUHFRQQDv WUH OD UqJOH TXH SDU O¶H[FHSWLRQ TXL O¶DEROLW >«@´ ± %ODQFKRW ³¬ WRXWH H[WUpPLWp´LQ/HOLYUHjYHQLU3DULV*DOOLPDUG S &I)RXFDXOW/HVDQRUPDX[HGFLWS &I /\RWDUG /D FRQGLWLRQ SRVWPRGHUQH 3DULV /HV eGLWLRQV GH 0LQXLW SDVVLP +DEHUPDV ³7KqPHV GH OD SHQVpH SRVWPpWDSK\VLTXH´ LQ 1DFKPHWDSK\VLVFKHV'HQNHQ±3KLORVRSKLVFKH$XIVlW]H/DSHQVpHSRVWPpWDSK\ VLTXH±(VVDLV SKLORVRSKLTXHVWUDG5DLQHU5RFKOLW]3DULV$UPDQG&ROLQ S &I)RXFDXOW³/DYLHGHVKRPPHVLQIkPHV´> @LQ'LWVHWeFULWV,, HGFLWQ SVV &I+DEHUPDV³/DSKLORVRSKLHHWODVFLHQFHIRQWHOOHVSDUWLHGHODOLWWp UDWXUH"´LQ1DFKPHWDSK\VLVFKHV'HQNHQHGFLWS
166
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
&I )RXFDXOW /HV PRWV HW OHV FKRVHV HG FLW S ³4X¶HVWFH TX¶XQ SKLORVRSKH"´> @LQ'LWVHWeFULWV,HGFLWQS ³/DWUDMHFWRLUHGHODTXHVWLRQ :DVLVWGHU0HQVFK"GDQVOHFKDPSGHOD SKLORVRSKLH V¶DFKqYH GDQV OD UpSRQVH TXL OD UHFXVH HW OD GHVDUPH GHU hEHUPHQVFK´ ± .DQW $QWKURSRORJLH LQ SUDJPDWLVFKHU +LQVLFKWDEJHIDȕW $Q WKURSRORJLHG¶XQSRLQWGHYXHSUDJPDWLTXHWUDG0LFKHO)RXFDXOWSUpFpGpGH ,QWURGXFWLRQDO¶$QWKURSRORJLH> @GH0LFKHO)RXFDXOW3DULV9ULQ S ³1RXV SHQVRQV OH SDVVDJH G¶XQH IDoRQ j SHX SUqV FRPSOqWH VL QRXV FRQVLGpURQVWURLVSRQWV /HOLHXG¶RV¶pORLJQHFHOXLTXLSDVVH/H SDVVDJHOXLPrPH/H OLHX RYDFHOXLTXL SDVVH´±+HLGHJJHU³4XL HVW OH =DUDWKRXVWUD GH 1LHW]VFKH"´ > @ LQ 9RUWUlJH XQG $XIVlW]H (VVDLVHWFRQIpUHQFHVWUDG$QGUp3UpDX3DULV*DOOLPDUG S &RPSUHHQGHUtDPRVDTXLUHVVRQkQFLDVGDOHLWXUDGH+HLGHJJHUVHJXQGR DTXDORGHUUXEDPHQWRGDPHWDItVLFDWHQWDGRSHODILORVRILDGH1LHW]VFKHp SULVLRQHLURGHVVDPHVPDPHWDItVLFD³SHUPDQHFHLQWHLUDPHQWHQRLQWHULRU GD PHWDItVLFD´ &I +HLGHJJHU ³hEHUZLQGXQJ GHU 0HWDSK\VLN´ ³'pSDV VHPHQWGHODPpWDSK\VLTXH´> @LQ9RUWUlJHXQG$XIVlW]HHGFLW S $WUDGXomRLQJOHVDGHhEHUZLQGXQJGHU0HWDSK\VLNGXUFK/RJLVFKH$QDO\VH GHU 6SUDFKH ± 7KH (OLPLQDWLRQ RI 0HWDSK\VLFV 7KURXJK /RJLFDO $QDO\VLV RI /DQJXDJH±SDUHFHQRVVLQWRPiWLFDPDVOtULFD &I+HLGHJJHU6HLQXQG=HLWÇWUHHW7HPSVWUDG)9H]LQHWDO3DULV *DOOLPDUG SS ³ hEHUZLQGXQJ GHU 0HWDSK\VLN´ HG FLWSS ³/HSULPDWGHO¶LGHQWLWpGpILQLWOHPRQGHGHODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ0DLVOD SHQVpHPRGHUQHQDvWGHODIDLOOLWHGHODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQFRPPHGHODSHUWH GHVLGHQWLWpVHWGHODGpFRXYHUWHGHWRXWHVOHVIRUFHVTXLDJLVVHQWVRXVOD UHSUpVHQWDWLRQGHO¶LGHQWLTXH´±'HOHX]H 'LIIpUHQFHHWUpSpWLWLRQHGFLW S,WiOLFRQRVVR ³>«@ O¶XQLWp GH WRXW FH TXL VH ODLVVH YLVHU DXMRXUG¶KXL j WUDYHUV OHV FRQFHSWVOHVSOXVGLYHUVGHODVFLHQFHHWGHO¶pFULWXUHHVWDXSULQFLSHSOXV RXPRLQVVHFUqWHPHQWPDLVWRXMRXUVGpWHUPLQpHSDUXQHpSRTXHKLVWRUL FRPpWDSK\VLTXH GRQW QRXV QH IDLVRQV TX¶HQWUHYRLU OD FO{WXUH 1RXV QH GLVRQVSDVODILQ>«@O¶HUUDQFHG¶XQHSHQVpHILGqOHHWDWWHQWLYHDXPRQGH LUUpGXFWLEOHPHQWjYHQLUTXLV¶DQQRQFHDXSUpVHQWSDUGHOjODFO{WXUHGX VDYRLU>«@&HWWHLQIODWLRQGXVLJQH©ODQJDJHª>«@LQGLTXHFRPPHPDOJUp HOOHTX¶XQHpSRTXHKLVWRULFRPpWDSK\VLTXHGRLWGpWHUPLQHUHQILQFRPPH ODQJDJHODWRWDOLWpGHVRQKRUL]RQSUREOpPDWLTXH´±'HUULGD'HODJUDP PDWRORJLHHGFLWSS6REUHRHQUDL]DPHQWRRXHQFODXVXUDPHQWR
167
Nuno Melim
PHWDItVLFRGHDOJXPDVLQYHVWLJDo}HVHPWRUQRGDOLQJXDJHP±SRUH[HP SOR D REUD &DUWHVLDQ /LQJXLVWLFV GH &KRPVN\ TXH ³UHFRQGX] SDU XQ FXULHX[ GpWRXU D XPD DQWLJD WUDGLomR GH SHQVDPHQWR´ VHQmR PHVPR ³DR IXQGRPDLVDQWLJRGDPHWDItVLFDRFLGHQWDO´RXRSHUIRUPDWLYRGH$XVWLQ VREUHQRTXDOXPGRVHOHPHQWRVHVVHQFLDLV³FRQWLQXDDVHUFODVVLFDPHQ WH D SUHVHQoD FRQVFLHQWH GD LQWHQomR GR VXMHLWR IDODQWH j WRWDOLGDGH GR VHX DFWR ORFXWyULR ± FI 'HUULGD ³/H &HUFOH OLQJXLVWLTXH GH *HQqYH´ ³6LJQDWXUH pYpQHPHQW FRQWH[WH´ LQ 0DUJHV GH OD SKLORVRSKLH HG FLW S S S &I)RXFDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWS -RJDPRVDTXLFRPXPDREVHUYDomRGH0LFKHO6HUUHV ³0LFKHO)RXFDXOW V¶pWDLW YRXOX FOLQLFLHQ GDQV VD 0DODGLH PHQWDOH HW SHUVRQQDOLWp /H YRLFL KLVWRULHQSDUVD)ROLHHWGpUDLVRQjO¶kJHFODVVLTXH´±0LFKHO6HUUHV³*pR PpWULH GH O¶LQFRPPXQLFDEOH OD IROLH´ LQ +HUPqV , ± /D FRPPXQLFDWLRQ 3DULV/HVeGLWLRQVGH0LQXLW S HFRPR VLJQXPUHPHPRUDWL YXP GHPRQVWUDWLYXP SURQRVWLFXP TXH WDPEpP FDUDFWHUL]D D FOtQLFD GD PHGLFLQDGRVpFXOR;9,,, ³/HVLJQHDQQRQFH SURQRVWLTXHFHTXLYDVH SDVVHU DQDPQHVWLTXHFHTXLV¶HVWSDVVp GLDJQRVWLTXHFHTXL VHGpURXOH DFWXHOOHPHQW´ ± )RXFDXOW 1DLVVDQFH GH OD FOLQLTXH 8QH DUFKpRORJLH GX UHJDUGPpGLFDOHGFLWS ³/DFXOWXUHHXURSpHQQHGDQVOHVGHUQLqUHVDQQpHV GX;9,,, HVLqFOHD GHVVLQpXQHVWUXFWXUHTXLQ¶HVWSDVHQFRUHGpQRXpH jSHLQHFRPPHQFHW RQjHQGpEURXLOOHUTXHOTXHVILOVTXLQRXVVRQWHQFRUHVLLQFRQQXVTXH QRXV OHV SUHQRQV YRORQWLHUV SRXU PHUYHLOOHXVHPHQW QRXYHDX[ RX DEVR OXPHQW DUFKDwTXHV DORUV TXH GHSXLV GHX[ VLqFOHV SDV PRLQV HW FHSHQ GDQWSDVEHDXFRXSSOXV LOVRQWFRQVWLWXpODWUDPHVRPEUHPDLVVROLGHGH QRWUHH[SpULHQFH´±)RXFDXOW1DLVVDQFHGHODFOLQLTXH8QHDUFKpRORJLHGX UHJDUGPpGLFDOHGFLWS ³&¶HVW j O¶LQWpULHXU GX GHVVLQ WUqV VHUUp WUqV FRKpUHQW GH O¶pSLVWpPq PRGHUQHTXHFHWWHH[SpULHQFHFRQWHPSRUDLQHDWURXYpVDSRVVLELOLWp>«@ FHWWHIRUPHGHVDYRLUTXLV¶HVWLQVWDXUpHDYHFO¶pFRQRPLHODELRORJLHHWOD SKLORORJLHODSHQVpHGHODILQLWXGHTXHODFULWLTXHNDQWLHQQHDSUHVFULWH FRPPHWkFKHjODSKLORVRSKLHWRXWFHFLIRUPHHQFRUHO¶HVSDFHLPPpGLDW GHQRWUHUpIOH[LRQ1RXVSHQVRQVHQFHOLHX´±)RXFDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHV FKRVHVHGFLWSS ³/DGHVFULSWLRQGHO¶DUFKLYHGpSORLHVHVSRVVLELOLWpV>«@jSDUWLUGHVGLVFRXUV TXL YLHQQHQW GH FHVVHU MXVWHPHQW G¶rWUH OHV Q{WUHV VRQ VHXLO G¶H[LVWHQFH HVWLQVWDXUpSDUODFRXSXUHTXLQRXVVpSDUHGHFHTXHQRXVQHSRXYRQV SOXVGLUHHWGHFHTXLWRPEHKRUVGHQRWUHSUDWLTXHGLVFXUVLYH>«@(QFH VHQV HOOH YDXW SRXU QRWUH GLDJQRVWLTXH 1RQ SRLQW SDUFH TX¶HOOH QRXV
168
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
SHUPHWWUDLWGH IDLUHOHWDEOHDXGHQRVWUDLWV GLVWLQFWLIVHW G¶HVTXLVVHUSDU DYDQFHODILJXUHTXHQRXVDXURQVjO¶DYHQLU´±)RXFDXOW /¶DUFKpRORJLHGX VDYRLUHGFLWS,WiOLFRQRVVR &I)RXFDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWS ³>«@SDUYHQXHjFHVOLPLWHVHWOHVUpSpWDQWVDQVUHOkFKHXQHSHQVpHGH OD WUDFH GH OD GLIIpUDQFH RX GH OD UpVHUYH GRLW DXVVL SRLQWHU DXGHOj GX FKDPS GH O¶pSLVWpPq >«@ SHQVpH HVW LFL SRXU QRXV XQ QRP SDUIDLWHPHQW QHXWUHXQEODQFWH[WXHOO¶LQGH[QpFHVVDLUHPHQWLQGpWHUPLQpG¶XQHpSR TXHjYHQLUGHODGLIIpUDQFH'¶XQHFHUWDLQHPDQLqUH©ODSHQVpHªQHYHXWULHQ GLUH&RPPHWRXWHRXYHUWXUHFHWLQGH[DSSDUWLHQWSDUODIDFHHQOXLTXL VHGRQQHjYRLUDXGHGDQVG¶XQHpSRTXHSDVVpH´±'HUULGD'HODJUDP PDWRORJLHHGFLWS &I)RXFDXOW)ROLHHWGpUDLVRQHGFLWS &I)RXFDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWS ³&HTXLFRPSWHGDQVOHVSHQVpHVGHVKRPPHVFHQ¶HVWSDVWHOOHPHQWFH TX¶LOVRQWSHQVpPDLVFHQRQSHQVpTXLG¶HQWUpHGHMHXOHVV\VWpPDWLVHOHV UHQGDQW SRXU OH UHVWH GX WHPSV LQGpILQLPHQW DFFHVVLEOHV DX ODQJDJH HW RXYHUWHV j OD WDFKH GH OHV SHQVHU HQFRUH´ ± )RXFDXOW 1DLVVDQFH GH OD FOLQLTXH8QHDUFKpRORJLHGXUHJDUGPpGLFDOHGFLWS[Y &I )RXFDXOW /HV PRWV HW OHV FKRVHV HG FLW S S S $ HVWUXWXUDGDPRGHUQLGDGHRIHUHFHVHQXPWDODSHQVDUDLQGDTXH)RXFDXOW QmRVHOLPLWDUiDGHVHPEDUDoDURVVHXVILRVHSLVWpPLFRV WDPEpPGHVHP EDUDoDUi D WUDPD SROtWLFD RX ELRSROtWLFD GDV /X]HV ³/HV ©/XPLqUHVª TXL RQW GpFRXYHUW OHV OLEHUWpV RQW DXVVL LQYHQWp OHV GLVFLSOLQHV´ ± )RXFDXOW 6XUYHLOOHUHWSXQLU3DULV*DOOLPDUG S ³/H3RLQWOH3OXV&ULWLTXHVHPRQWUHHQFHFLTXHQRXVQHSHQVRQVSDV HQFRUH7RXMRXUVSDVHQFRUHELHQTXHO¶pWDWGXPRQGHGRQQHWRXMRXUV GDYDQWDJHjSHQVHU´±+HLGHJJHU³:DVKHLVVW'HQNHQ"´³4XHYHXWGLUH ©SHQVHUª"´> @LQ9RUWUlJHXQG$XIVlW]HHGFLWS 3RQWRFUtWLFRDRTXDOQHP'HUULGDQHP)RXFDXOWIRUDPLQGLIHUHQWHV RX©LQGLIHUDQWHVª&ISRUH[HPSOR'HUULGD'HODJUDPPDWRORJLHHGFLW S )RXFDXOW³*XHWWHUOHMRXUTXLYLHQW´> @LQ'LWVHWpFULWV,HG FLWS &I+HLGHJJHU³4XLHVWOH=DUDWKRXVWUDGH1LHW]VFKH"´HGFLWS &I)RXFDXOW)ROLHHWGpUDLVRQHGFLWSS ³ÇWUH DWWLUp FH Q¶HVW SDV rWUH LQYLWp SDU O¶DWWUDLW GH O¶H[WpULHXU F¶HVW SOXW{WpSURXYHUGDQVOHYLGHHWOHGpQXHPHQWODSUpVHQFHGXGHKRUVHW OLp j FHWWH SUpVHQFH OH IDLW TX¶RQ HVW LUUpPpGLDEOHPHQW KRUV GX GHKRUV /RLQ G¶DSSHOHU O¶LQWpULRULWp j VH UDSSURFKHU G¶XQH DXWUH O¶DWWLUDQFH PDQLIHVWH LPSpULHXVHPHQW TXH OH GHKRUV HVW Oj RXYHUW VDQV LQWLPLWp VDQV SURWHF
169
Nuno Melim
WLRQ QL UHWHQXH FRPPHQW SRXUUDLWLO HQ DYRLU OXL TXL Q¶D SDV G¶LQWpULRULWp PDLV VH GpSORLH j O¶LQILQL KRUV GH WRXWH IHUPHWXUH" PDLV TX¶jFHWWHRXYHUWXUHPrPHLOQ¶HVWSDVSRVVLEOHG¶DYRLUDFFqVFDUOHGHKRUVQHOLYUH MDPDLVVRQHVVHQFH LOQHSHXW SDVV¶RIIULU FRPPHXQH SUpVHQFHSRVLWLYH± FKRVH LOOXPLQpH GH O¶LQWpULHXU SDU OD FHUWLWXGH GH VD SURSUH H[LVWHQFH ± PDLVVHXOHPHQWFRPPHO¶DEVHQFHTXLVHUHWLUHDXSOXVORLQG¶HOOHPrPHHW VHFUHXVHGDQVOHVLJQHTX¶HOOHIDLWSRXUTX¶RQDYDQFHYHUVHOOHFRPPHV¶LO pWDLW SRVVLEOHGHODUHMRLQGUH´± )RXFDXOW³/D SHQVpH GXGHKRUV´HGFLW SS,WiOLFRQRVVR $OXGLPRV FODUR DR DGPLUiYHO SDVVR ³/H ©PRQGH YUDLª LQDFFHVVLEOH LQGpPRQWUDEOH TXH O¶RQ QH SHXW SDV SURPHWWUH PDLV PrPH V¶LO Q¶HVW TX¶LPDJLQp XQH FRQVRODWLRQ XQH REOLJDWLRQ XQ LPSpUDWLI /¶DQFLHQ VROHLODXIRQGPDLVREVFXUFLSDUOHEURXLOODUGHWOHGRXWH O¶LGpHGHYHQXH VXEOLPH SkOH QRUGLTXH N|QLJVEHUJLHQQH ´ ± 1LHW]VFKH ³&RPPHQW OH ©PRQGHYUDLªGHYLQWHQILQXQHIDEOH´LQ *|W]HQ'lPPHUXQJ/HFUpSXVFXOH GHVLGROHV)ULHGULFK1LHW]VFKH¯XYUHV,,WUDG+HQUL$OEHUW3DULV5REHUW /DIIRQWS &I.DQW.ULWLNGHUUHLQHQ9HUQXQIW&UtWLFDGD5D]mR3XUDWUDG$OH[DQ GUH0RUXMmRH0DQXHOD6DQWRV/LVERD)XQGDomR&DORXVWH*XOEHQNLDQ $$$ &I)RXFDXOW³3UpIDFHjODWUDQVJUHVVLRQ´> @LQ 'LWVHWpFULWV,HG FLWQS &I.DQW.ULWLNGHUUHLQHQ9HUQXQIWHGFLW$ $$ &I )RXFDXOW /HV PRWV HW OHV FKRVHV HG FLW S ³/D SHQVpH GX GH KRUV´HGFLWS ³>«@ FDU FHW DXGHOj HQ HVW O¶DJHQW HW OH PRWHXU GLUDLVMH VL MH QH UpSX JQDLV j RSpUHU HQ SXEOLF OH GpPRQWDJH LPSLH GH OD ILFWLRQ HW FRQVp TXHPPHQW GX PpFDQLVPH OLWWpUDLUH SRXU pWDOHU OD SLqFH SULQFLSDOH RX ULHQ0DLVMHYpQqUHFRPPHQWSDUXQHVXSHUFKHULHRQSURMHWWHjTXHO TXHpOpYDWLRQGpIHQGXHHWGHIRXGUHOHFRQVFLHQWPDQTXHFKH]QRXVGH FHTXLOjKDXWpFODWH$TXRLVHUWFHOD±$XQMHX´±0DOODUPp³/D0XVL TXHHWOHV/HWWUHV´LQ,JLWXU'LYDJDWLRQV8QFRXSGHGpV3DULV*DOOLPDUG S ³&HWWHSHQVpHGRQWWRXWMXVTX¶jSUpVHQWQRXVDGpWRXUQpVPDLVFRPPH SRXUQRXVPHQHUMXVTX¶jVRQUHWRXUGHTXHOOHSRVVLELOLWpQRXVYLHQWHOOHGH TXHOOH LPSRVVLELOLWp WLHQWHOOH SRXU QRXV VRQ LQVLVWDQFH" 2Q SHXW GLUH VDQVGRXWHTX¶HOOHQRXVYLHQWGHO¶RXYHUWXUHSUDWLTXpHSDU.DQWGDQVOD SKLORVRSKLHRFFLGHQWDOHOHMRXURLODDUWLFXOpVXUXQPRGHHQFRUHELHQ pQLJPDWLTXH OH GLVFRXUV PpWDSK\VLTXH HW OD UpIOH[LRQ VXU OHV OLPLWHV GH QRWUHUDLVRQ>«@´±)RXFDXOW³3UpIDFHjODWUDQVJUHVVLRQ´HGFLWS
170
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
,WiOLFRQRVVR&IWDPEpPS ³*XHWWHUOHMRXUTXLYLHQW´HGFLWS &I)RXFDXOW³/DSHQVpGXGHKRUV´HGFLWS ³/D VXEVWDQFH HVW SRVpH FRPPH O¶HQV SHU VH >rWUH SDU VRL@ F¶HVWjGLUH FRPPHXQHWRWDOLWpFRQVWLWXpHTXLFRPSRUWHjO¶LQWpULHXUGHVRLVDSURSUH QpFHVVLWpPDLVVDQV GpYHORSSHPHQWLQWpULHXUGHWHOOHVRUWH TXHODVXEV WDQFH HVW WRXMRXUV GpMj Oj TX¶HOOH HVW HOOHPrPH O¶RULJLQH HW VH SUpFqGH WRXMRXUV HOOHPrPH GDQV VHV PRGHV >«@ &HWWH QRWLRQ G¶HQVRL DYDLW FRQVHUYp VD SULPDXWp RQWRORJLTXH GDQV OD SKLORVRSKLH GH .DQW PDLV +HJHODGpMjPRQWUpTXHFHWHQVRLQ¶HVWSHQVpFKH].DQWFRPPHWRWDOLWp DFFRPSOLHTX¶jODFRQGLWLRQG¶rWUHSHQVpFRPPHLQDFFHVVLEOHVLELHQTXH O¶HQVRLGHYLHQWXQHUpIpUHQFH KRUVGHSRUWpHXQrWUHVDQVGpWHUPLQDWLRQ VDQV FRQWHQX XQ YLGH SXU OD SOpQLWXGH GH O¶HQVRL HVW LFL OH YLGH´ ± $O WKXVVHU³'XFRQWHQXGDQVODSHQVpHGH*:+HJHO´LQeFULWVSKLORVRSKL TXHVHWSROLWLTXHV±7RPH,3DULVeGLWLRQV672&.,0(& S &I)RXFDXOW³/DSHQVpHGXGHKRUV´HGFLWSSS ³1RXV SDUOLRQV GH OD GpKLVFHQFH GH OD GLVORFDWLRQ LQWULQVqTXH GH OD GLIIpUDQFHGHODGHVWLQHUUDQFHHWF&HUWDLQVSRXUUDLHQWGLUH PDLVMXVWH PHQW FH TXH QRXV DSSHORQV ©VXMHWª FH Q¶HVW SDV O¶RULJLQH DEVROXH OD YRORQWpSXUHO¶LGHQWLWpjVRLRXODSUpVHQFHjVRLG¶XQHFRQVFLHQFHPDLV ELHQ FHWWH QRQFRwQFLGHQFH DYHF VRL´ ± 'HUULGD ³©,O IDXW ELHQ PDQJHUª RXOHFDOFXOGXVXMHW´HGFLWS &I)RXFDXOW+LVWRLUHGHODVH[XDOLWp,,HGFLWS ³/¶HQVRL Q¶\ HVW SOXV XQ GpMjOj LO HVW XQ SDV HQFRUH LO HVW VD SURSUH DEVHQFH LO Q¶HVW HQ VRL TX¶HQ FUHX[ HW QRWRQVOH LO Q¶HVW SDV HQ FUHX[ GDQVTXHOTXHFKRVHG¶DXWUHTXLVHUDLWDORUVO¶HQVRLGHUpIpUHQFHLOHVWHQ FUHX[HQOXLPrPHHWQHVHFRQVWLWXHTXHSDUODGpFRXYHUWHGLDOHFWLTXHGH VRLGDQVVRQSURSUHQpDQW/¶HQVRLGRLWFRQTXpULUVRQSURSUHVRL1RXV YHUURQVTX¶DORUVO¶HQVRLFRQTXLVSDUVDFRQTXrWHPrPHQ¶HVWSOXVXQHQ VRLPDLVXQSRXUVRLTXHODVXEVWDQFHQ¶HVWSOXVVXEVWDQFHPDLV6XMHWHW TXHO¶HQVRLFRQTXLVDXPRLQVGDQVOHSURSRVGH+HJHOQ¶HVWSDVODUH FRQVWLWXWLRQ GH O¶HQVRL SULPLWLI PDLV O¶DQpDQWLVVHPHQW GH O¶HQVRL DF FRPSOL HW VRQ pOpYDWLRQ j OD /LEHUWp´ $OWKXVVHU ³'X FRQWHQX GDQV OD SHQVpHGH*:)+HJHO´HGFLWS &I 5LF°XU ³6WUXFWXUH HW KHUPpQHXWLTXH´ LQ /H FRQIOLW GHV LQWHUSUpWD WLRQV(VVDLVG¶KHUPpQHXWLTXH3DULVeGLWLRQVGX6HXLO SS ³0rPHFHTX¶LOSHXW\DYRLUG¶LQTXLpWDQWFKH].DQWjFHWpJDUGFHTXL Q¶HVW SDV DQWKURSRORJLTXH PDLV SURSUHPHQW WUDQVFHQGDQWDO HW FH TXL GDQVODWHQVLRQFULWLTXHYDMXVTX¶jEULVHUO¶XQLWpSOXVRXPRLQVSUpVXS SRVpG¶XQVXMHW KXPDLQ FRPPHF¶HVWOHFDVTXLPHVHPEOHH[HPSODLUH
171
Nuno Melim
GHO¶DQDO\VHGXVXEOLPHRXGHVpFULWVKLVWRULFRSROLWLTXHV>«@´±/\RWDUG ³$YDQWSURSRV GH O¶KXPDLQ´ LQ /¶LQKXPDLQ &DXVHULHV VXU OH WHPSV 3DULV *DOLOpH S &I)RXFDXOW,QWURGXFWLRQjO¶$QWKURSRORJLHHGFLWSSS ³+HJHOGLWGDQVVHV/HoRQVVXUO¶KLVWRLUHGHODSKLORVRSKLH ©/¶KRPPH>GX PRQGH JUHF@ Q¶pWDLW SDV HQFRUH GH UHWRXU HQ VRL FRPPH GH QRV MRXUV &HUWHVLOpWDLWVXMHWPDLVLOQHV¶pWDLWSDVSRVpHQWDQWTXHWHOª´±+HL GHJJHU³+HJHOXQGGLH*ULHFKHQ´HGFLWS 1RVHJXLPHQWRGH+HJHOPDVQXPDRXWUDYHLD)HXHUEDFKDSRQWDYD ³2V SDJmRV SHOR FRQWUiULR QmR YLUDGRV VREUH HOHV SUySULRV QmR VH HVFRQGHQGRHP VLSUySULRVGD1DWXUH]DOLPLWDYDPDVXDVXEMHFWLYLGDGH SHODFRQWHPSODomRGRPXQGR>«@2V$QWLJRVHUDPOLYUHVSRUVLPHVPRV PDVDVXDOLEHUGDGHHUDDOLEHUGDGHGDLQGLIHUHQoDUHODWLYDPHQWHDVL>«@ 2V$QWLJRVGHWDOPRGRVHGHVOXPEUDYDPFRPRFRVPRVTXHIDFHDHOH VH SHUGLDP D VL PHVPRV GH YLVWD H VH YLDP GHVDSDUHFHU QR WRGR >«@´ ± )HXHUEDFK 'DV :HVHQ GHV &KULVWHQWXPV $ (VVrQFLD GR &ULVWLDQLVPR WUDG $GULDQD 9 6HUUmR /LVERD )XQGDomR &DORXVWH *XOEHQNLDQ SS ³/HGHKRUVHQWUHWLHQWDYHFOHGHGDQVXQUDSSRUWTXLFRPPHWRXMRXUV Q¶HVWULHQPRLQVTXHGHVLPSOHH[WpULRULWp/HVHQVGXGHKRUVDWRXMRXUV pWp GDQV OH GHGDQV SULVRQQLHU KRUV GX GHKRUV HW UpFLSURTXHPHQW´ ± 'HUULGD'HODJUDPPDWRORJLHHGFLWS ³>«@FHTX¶DXVHQVVWULFWRQHQWHQGSDU©OLWWpUDWXUHªQ¶HVWGHO¶RUGUHGH O¶LQWpULRULVDWLRQTXHSRXUXQUHJDUGGHVXUIDFH LOV¶DJLWEHDXFRXSSOXW{W G¶XQSDVVDJHDX©GHKRUVª OHODQJDJHpFKDSSHDXPRGHG¶rWUHGXGLVFRXUV ±F¶HVWjGLUHjODG\QDVWLHGHODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ>«@OH©MHSDUOHªIRQFWLRQQH FRPPH DX UHERXUV GX ©MH SHQVHª &HOXLFL FRQGXLVDLW HQ HIIHW j OD FHUWL WXGH LQGXELWDEOH GX -H HW GH VRQ H[LVWHQFH FHOXLOj DX FRQWUDLUH UHFXOH GLVSHUVH HIIDFH FHWWH H[LVWHQFH HW Q¶HQ ODLVVH DSSDUDvWUH TXH O¶HPSODFHPHQWYLGH´±)RXFDXOW³/DSHQVpHGXGHKRUV´HGFLWS &I+HLGHJJHU³+HJHOXQGGLH*ULHFKHQ´HGFLW SS ³'LH =HLWGHV:HOWELOGHV´HGFLWS &I$OWKXVVHU³'XFRQWHQXGDQVODSHQVpHGH*:)+HJHO´HGFLW SVV ³7HQLUjSHQVHUVRQDXWUH VRQSURSUHDXWUHOHSURSUHGHVRQDXWUHXQ DXWUHSURSUH"$OHSHQVHUFRPPHWHOjOHUHFRQQDvWUHRQOHPDQTXH2Q VHOHUpDSSURSULHRQHQGLVSRVHRQOHPDQTXHRXSOXW{WRQPDQTXH GH OHPDQTXHUFHTXLTXDQWjO¶DXWUHUHYLHQWWRXMRXUVDXPrPH(QWUHOH SURSUHGHO¶DXWUHHWO¶DXWUHGXSURSUH´±'HUULGD³7\PSDQ´HGFLWS ,,
172
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
³/HMHXGHVOLPLWHVHWGHODWUDQVJUHVVLRQVHPEOHrWUHUpJLSDUXQHREV WLQDWLRQ VLPSOH OD WUDQVJUHVVLRQ IUDQFKLW HW QH FHVVH GH UHFRPPHQFHU j IUDQFKLUXQHOLJQHTXLGHUULqUHHOOHDXVVLW{WVHUHIHUPHHQXQHYDJXHGH SHX GH PpPRLUH UHFXODQW DLQVL j QRXYHDX MXVTX¶j O¶KRUL]RQ GH O¶LQIUDQFKLVVDEOH´±)RXFDXOW³3UpIDFHjODWUDQVJUHVVLRQ´> @LQ'LWV HWpFULWV,HGFLWQS &I1LHW]VFKH8Q]HLWJHPlȕH%HWUDFKWXQJHQ,, 9RP1XW]HQXQG1DFKWKHLO GHU +LVWRULH IU GDV /HEHQ &RQVLGpUDWLRQV ,QDFWXHOOHV ,, 'H O¶XWLOLWp HW GH O¶LQFRQYpQLHQW GH O¶KLVWRLUH SRXU OD YLH )ULHGULFK 1LHW]VFKH ¯XYUHV , WUDG +HQUL$OEHUW3DULV5REHUW/DIIRQWS ³>«@WKqPHG¶XQHSHQVpHTXLSDUOHPRXYHPHQWRHOOHV¶DFFRPSOLW± WRWDOLWp UHMRLQWH UHVVDLVLH YLROHQWH j O¶H[WUpPLWp GX GpQXHPHQW GpFOLQ VRODLUH ± VH FRXUEH VXU HOOHPrPH LOOXPLQH VD SURSUH SOpQLWXGH DFKqYH VRQFHUFOHVHUHWURXYHGDQVWRXWHVOHVILJXUHVpWUDQJHVGHVRQRG\VVpHHW DFFHSWHGHGLVSDUDvWUHHQFHPrPHRFpDQG¶RHOOHDYDLWMDLOOL jO¶RSSRVp GHFHUHWRXUTXLPrPHV¶LOQ¶HVWSDVKHXUHX[HVWSDUIDLW>«@´±)RXFDXOW /HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWS &I.DQW.ULWLNGHUUHLQHQ9HUQXQIWHGFLW$$ &I +XVVHUO ³'LH .ULVLV GHU HXURSlLVFKHQ 0HQVFKHQWXPV XQG GLH 3KLORVRSKLH´HGFLWS &I)RXFDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWS &I)RXFDXOW³1LHW]VFKH)UHXG0DU[´> @LQ'LWVHWpFULWV,HGFLW QSS $HVWHSURSyVLWRFI)RXFDXOW)ROLHHWGpUDLVRQHGFLWS &I )RXFDXOW ³4X¶HVWFH TXH OHV /XPLqUHV"´ > @ LQ 'LWV HW pFULWV ,, HGFLWQ SS ³&HWrWKRVSKLORVRSKLTXHSHXWVHFDUDFWpULVHUFRPPHXQHDWWLWXGHOLPLWH ,O QH V¶DJLW SDV G¶XQ FRPSRUWHPHQW GH UHMHW 2Q GRLW pFKDSSHU j O¶DOWHUQDWLYHGXGHKRUVHWGXGHGDQV LOIDXWrWUH DX[IURQWLqUHV/DFULWL TXH F¶HVW ELHQ O¶DQDO\VH GHV OLPLWHV HW OD UpIOH[LRQ VXU HOOHV 0DLV VL OD TXHVWLRQ NDQWLHQQH pWDLW GH VDYRLU TXHOOHV OLPLWHV OD FRQQDLVVDQFH GRLW UHQRQFHUjIUDQFKLULOPHVHPEOHTXHODTXHVWLRQFULWLTXHDXMRXUG¶KXL GRLWrWUHUHWRXUQpHHQTXHVWLRQSRVLWLYH>«@,OV¶DJLWHQVRPPHGHWUDQV IRUPHU OD FULWLTXH H[HUFpH GDQV OD IRUPH GH OD OLPLWDWLRQ QpFHVVDLUH HQ XQHFULWLTXHSUDWLTXHGDQVODIRUPHGXIUDQFKLVVHPHQWSRVVLEOH>«@HOOH FKHUFKH j UHODQFHU DXVVL ORLQ HW DXVVL ODUJHPHQW TXH SRVVLEOH OH WUDYDLO LQGpILQL GH OD OLEHUWp >«@ O¶H[SpULHQFH WKpRULTXH HW SUDWLTXH TXH QRXV IDLVRQVGHQRVOLPLWHVHWGHOHXUIUDQFKLVVHPHQWSRVVLEOHHVWWRXMRXUVHOOH PrPHOLPLWpHGpWHUPLQpHHWGRQFjUHFRPPHQFHU>«@ODEHXUSDWLHQWTXL
173
Nuno Melim
GRQQHIRUPHjO¶LPSDWLHQFHGHODOLEHUWp´±)RXFDXOW³4X¶HVWFHTXHOHV /XPLqUHV"´HGFLWQ SS S ³&¶HVW HQ FHFL TXH O¶LOOXVLRQ DQWKURSRORJLTXH HVW G¶XQ SRLQW GH YXH VWUXFWXUDO FRPPH O¶HQYHUV O¶LPDJH HQ PLURLU GH O¶LOOXVLRQ WUDQVFHQGDQ WDOH &HOOHFL FRQVLVWDLW j DSSOLTXHU OHV SULQFLSHV GH O¶HQWHQGHPHQW KRUV GHV OLPLWHV GH O¶H[SpULHQFH HW GRQF j DGPHWWUH XQ LQILQL DFWXHO GDQV OH FKDPSGHODFRQQDLVVDQFHSRVVLEOHSDUXQHVRUWHGHWUDQVJUHVVLRQVSRQ WDQpH2UO¶LOOXVLRQDQWKURSRORJLTXHUpVLGHGDQVXQHUpJUHVVLRQUpIOH[LYH TXL GRLW UHQGUH FRPSWH GH FHWWH WUDQVJUHVVLRQ /D ILQLWXGH Q¶HVW MDPDLV GpSDVVpHTXHGDQVODPHVXUHRHOOHHVWDXWUHFKRVHTX¶HOOHPrPHHWR HOOHUHSRVHVXUXQHQGHojRHOOHWURXYHVDVRXUFH FHWHQGHojF¶HVWHOOH PrPH PDLV UHSOLpH GX FKDPS GH O¶H[SpULHQFH R HOOH V¶pSURXYH VXU OD UpJLRQ GH O¶RULJLQDLUH R HOOH VH IRQGH /H SUREOqPH GH OD ILQLWXGH HVW SDVVpG¶XQHLQWHUURJDWLRQVXUODOLPLWHHWODWUDQVJUHVVLRQjXQHLQWHUURJD WLRQVXUOHUHWRXUjVRL G¶XQHSUREOpPDWLTXHGHODYpULWpjXQHSUREOpPD WLTXH GX PrPH HW GH O¶DXWUH´ ± )RXFDXOW ,QWURGXFWLRQ j O¶$QWKURSRORJLH HGFLWSS &I'HOHX]H³)HQGUHOHVFKRVHVIHQGUHOHVPRWV´LQ3RXUSDUOHUV3DULV /HV eGLWLRQV GH 0LQXLW S ³,O IDXGUDLW j OD IRLV IUDQFKLU OD OLJQHHWODUHQGUHYLYDEOHSUDWLFDEOHSHQVDEOH(QIDLUHDXWDQWTXHSRV VLEOHHWDXVVLORQJWHPSVTXHSRVVLEOHXQDUWGHYLYUH&RPPHQWVHVDX YHUVHFRQVHUYHUWRXWHQDIIURQWDQWODOLJQH"&¶HVWOjTX¶DSSDUDvWXQWKqPH IUpTXHQWFKH])RXFDXOW LOIDXWDUULYHUjSOLHUODOLJQHSRXUFRQVWLWXHUXQH ]RQHYLYDEOHRO¶RQSHXWVHORJHUDIIURQWHU SUHQGUHXQDSSXLUHVSLUHU± EUHISHQVHU´±'HOHX]H³8QSRUWUDLWGH)RXFDXOW´LQ3RXUSDUOHUVHGFLW S,WiOLFRQRVVR ³&¶HVWSRXUTXRLODSHQVpHPRGHUQHHVWYRXpHGHIRQGHQFRPEOHjOD JUDQGH SUpRFFXSDWLRQ GX UHWRXU DX VRXFL GH UHFRPPHQFHU j FHWWH pWUDQJH LQTXLpWXGH VXU SODFH TXL OD PHW HQ GHYRLU GH UpSpWHU OD UpSpWL WLRQ´±)RXFDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWS &I 'HUULGD ³7\PSDQ´ HG FLW S , ³&RJLWR HW KLVWRLUH GH OD IROLH´ HGFLWS ³>«@O¶RUGUHGHODORLQ¶DMDPDLVpWpDXVVLVRXYHUDLQSXLVTX¶LOHQYHORSSH PDLQWHQDQW FHOD PrPH TXL YHXW OH ERXOHYHUVHU &HOXL TXL FRQWUH HOOH YHXWIRQGHUXQRUGUHQRXYHDXRUJDQLVHUXQHVHFRQGHSROLFHLQVWLWXHUXQ DXWUHeWDWQHUHQFRQWUHUDMDPDLVTXHO¶DFFXHLOVLOHQFLHX[HWLQGpILQLPHQW FRPSODLVDQWGHODORL&HOOHFLjYUDLGLUHQHFKDQJHSDV>«@´±)RXFDXOW ³/DSHQVpHGXGHKRUV´HGFLWS &I)RXFDXOW³/DSHQVpHGXGHKRUV´HGFLWSS
174
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
³&RPPHSDUROHGXGHKRUVDFFXHLOODQWGDQVVHVPRWVOHGHKRUVDXTXHO LOV¶DGUHVVHFHGLVFRXUVDXUDO¶RXYHUWXUHG¶XQFRPPHQWDLUH UpSpWLWLRQGH FH TXL DXGHKRUV Q¶D FHVVp GH PXUPXUHU 0DLV FRPPH SDUROH TXL GH PHXUHWRXMRXUVDXGHKRUVGHFHTX¶HOOHGLWFHGLVFRXUVVHUDXQHDYDQFpH LQFHVVDQWHYHUVFHGRQWODOXPLqUHDEVROXPHQWILQHQ¶DMDPDLVUHoXODQ JDJH&HPRGHG¶rWUHVLQJXOLHUGXGLVFRXUV±UHWRXUDXFUHX[pTXLYRTXHGX GpQRXHPHQW HW GH O¶RULJLQH >«@ UpFLW PpWLFXOHX[ G¶H[SpULHQFHV GH UHQ FRQWUHV GH VLJQHV LPSUREDEOHV ± ODQJDJH VXU OH GHKRUV GH WRXW ODQJDJH SDUROHVVXUOHYHUVDQWLQYLVLEOHGHVPRWV HWDWWHQWLRQjFHTXLGXODQJDJH H[LVWHGpMjDGpMjpWpGLWLPSULPpPDQLIHVWp>«@´±)RXFDXOW³/DSHQVpH GXGHKRUV´HGFLWS,WiOLFRQRVVR &I)RXFDXOW1DLVVDQFHGHOD FOLQLTXH8QHDUFKpRORJLHGXUHJDUGPpGLFDO HGFLWS;,, &I)RXFDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWSS &I)RXFDXOW/¶DUFKpRORJLHGXVDYRLUHGFLWS &I 'HUULGD ³/H WKpkWUH GH OD FUXDXWp HW OD FO{WXUH GH OD UHSUpVHQWD WLRQ´> @LQ/¶pFULWXUHHWODGLIIpUHQFHHGFLWS &I 'HUULGD ³/H WKpkWUH GH OD FUXDXWp HW OD FO{WXUH GH OD UHSUpVHQWD WLRQ´HGFLWS &I 'HUULGD ³/H WKpkWUH GH OD FUXDXWp HW OD FO{WXUH GH OD UHSUpVHQWD WLRQ´HGFLWS 4XDQWR D HVWDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GD RULJHP FI )RXFDXOW ³1LHW]VFKH OD JpQpDORJLHO¶KLVWRLUH´> @LQ'LWVHWpFULWV,HGFLWQSS &I 'HUULGD ³/H WKpkWUH GH OD FUXDXWp HW OD FO{WXUH GH OD UHSUpVHQWD WLRQ´HGFLWS ³8QHLGpHGXWKpkWUHV¶HVWSHUGXH´±$UWDXG³/HWKpkWUHHWODFUXDX Wp´LQ/HWKpkWUHHWVRQGRXEOH3DULV*DOOLPDUG S³/HWKpkWUH FRQWHPSRUDLQ HVW HQ GpFDGHQFH SDUFH TX¶LO D SHUGX OH VHQWLPHQW G¶XQ F{WpGXVpULHX[HWGHO¶DXWUHGXULUH´±$UWDXG³/DPLVHHQVFqQHHWOD PpWDSK\VLTXH´LQ/HWKpkWUHHWVRQGRXEOHHGFLWS &I 'HUULGD ³/H WKpkWUH GH OD FUXDXWp HW OD FO{WXUH GH OD UHSUpVHQWD WLRQ´HGFLWS ³'H PrPH OH WKpkWUH RFFLGHQWDO D pWp VpSDUp GH OD IRUFH GH VRQ HV VHQFH pORLJQp GH VRQ HVVHQFH DIILUPDWLYH GH VD YLV DIILUPDWLYD (W FHWWH GpSRVVHVVLRQV¶HVWSURGXLWHGqVO¶RULJLQHHOOHHVWOHPRXYHPHQWPrPHGH O¶RULJLQHGHODQDLVVDQFHFRPPHPRUW>«@$XVVLIDXWLOVDQVGRXWHUpYHLO OHUUHFRQVWLWXHUODYHLOOHGHFHWWHRULJLQHGXWKpkWUHRFFLGHQWDOGpFOLQDQW GpFDGHQWQpJDWLISRXUUDQLPHUHQVRQRULHQWODQpFHVVLWpLQpOXFWDEOHGH O¶DIILUPDWLRQ 1pFHVVLWp LQpOXFWDEOH G¶XQH VFqQH HQFRUH LQH[LVWDQWH FHU
175
Nuno Melim
WHVPDLVO¶DIILUPDWLRQQ¶HVWSDVjLQYHQWHUGHPDLQHQTXHOTXH©QRXYHDX WKpkWUHª6DQpFHVVLWpLQpOXFWDEOHRSqUHFRPPHXQHIRUFHSHUPDQHQWH´± 'HUULGD³/HWKpkWUHGHODFUXDXWpHWODFO{WXUHGHODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQHG FLWSS &I 'HUULGD ³/H WKpkWUH GH OD FUXDXWp HW OD FO{WXUH GH OD UHSUpVHQWD WLRQ´HGFLWS &I$UWDXG³/HWKpkWUHGHODFUXDXWp 6HFRQGPDQLIHVWH ´LQ/HWKpkWUH HWVRQGRXEOHHGFLWS &I$UWDXG³/HWKpkWUHGHODFUXDXWp 3UHPLHUPDQLIHVWH ´LQ/HWKpkWUH HWVRQGRXEOHHGFLWS &I$UWDXG³/HWKpkWUHGHODFUXDXWp 3UHPLHUPDQLIHVWH ´HGFLWS &I 'HUULGD ³/H WKpkWUH GH OD FUXDXWp HW OD FO{WXUH GH OD UHSUpVHQWD WLRQ´HGFLWS &I'HUULGD³/DVWUXFWXUHOHVLJQHHWOHMHXGDQVOHGLVFRXUVGHVVFLHQ FHVKXPDLQHV´HGFLWS ³3DUFHTX¶HOOHDWRXMRXUVGpMjFRPPHQFpODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ Q¶DGRQF SDV GH ILQ 0DLV RQ SHXW SHQVHU OD FO{WXUH GH FH TXL Q¶D SDV GH ILQ /D FO{WXUHHVWODOLPLWHFLUFXODLUHjO¶LQWpULHXUGHODTXHOOHODUpSpWLWLRQGHOD GLIIpUHQFH VH UpSqWH LQGpILQLPHQW &¶HVWjGLUH VRQ HVSDFH GH MHX &H PRXYHPHQW HVW OH PRXYHPHQW GX PRQGH FRPPH MHX´ ± 'HUULGD ³/H WKpkWUHGHODFUXDXWpHWODFO{WXUHGHODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ´LQ/¶pFULWXUHHWOD GLIIpUHQFHHGFLWS &I)RXFDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWSS &I)RXFDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWS ³/H GLVFRQWLQX ± OH IDLW TX¶HQ TXHOTXHV DQQpHV SDUIRLV XQH FXOWXUH FHVVHGHSHQVHUFRPPHHOOHO¶DYDLWIDLWMXVTXHOjHWVHPHWjSHQVHUDXWUH FKRVHHWDXWUHPHQW±RXYUHVDQVGRXWHVXUXQHpURVLRQGXGHKRUVVXUFHW HVSDFHTXLHVWSRXUODSHQVpHGHO¶DXWUHF{WpPDLVRSRXUWDQWHOOHQ¶D FHVVpGHSHQVHUGqVO¶RULJLQH´±)RXFDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWS &I)RXFDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWS ³$ OD OLPLWH OH SUREOqPH TXL VH SRVH F¶HVW FHOXL GHV UDSSRUWV GH OD SHQVpH j OD FXOWXUH FRPPHQW VH IDLWLO TXH OD SHQVpH DLW XQ OLHX GDQV O¶HVSDFHGXPRQGHTX¶HOOH\DLWFRPPHXQHRULJLQHHWTX¶HOOHQHFHVVH LFL HW Oj GH FRPPHQFHU WRXMRXUV j QRXYHDX" 0DLV SHXWrWUH Q¶HVWLO SDV WHPSV HQFRUH GH SRVHU OH SUREOqPH LO IDXW SUREDEOHPHQW DWWHQGUH TXH O¶DUFKpRORJLHGHODSHQVpHVHVRLWGDYDQWDJHDVVXUpHTX¶HOOHDLWPLHX[SULV ODPHVXUHGHFHTX¶HOOHSHXWGpFULUHGLUHFWHPHQWHWSRVLWLYHPHQWTX¶HOOH DLW GpILQL OHV V\VWqPHV VLQJXOLHUV HW OHV HQFKDvQHPHQWV LQWHUQHV DX[TXHOV
176
Vislumbres do fora: notas sobre o dehors em Foucault
HOOH V¶DGUHVVH SRXU HQWUHSUHQGUH GH IDLUH OH WRXU GH OD SHQVpH HW GH O¶LQWHUURJHU GDQV OD GLUHFWLRQ SDU R HOOH V¶pFKDSSH j HOOHPrPH 4X¶LO VXIILVH GRQF SRXU O¶LQVWDQW G¶DFFXHLOOLU FHV GLVFRQWLQXLWpV GDQV O¶RUGUH HPSLULTXH j OD IRLV pYLGHQW HW REVFXU R HOOHV VH GRQQHQW>«@´ ± )RX FDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWSS &I)RXFDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWSS &I)RXFDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWS &I)RXFDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWS ³>«@ FHW D SULRUL Q¶pFKDSSH SDV j O¶KLVWRULFLWp >«@ LO VH GpILQLW FRPPH O¶HQVHPEOH GHV UqJOHV TXL FDUDFWpULVHQW XQH SUDWLTXH GLVFXUVLYH RU FHV UqJOHVQHV¶LPSRVHQWSDVGHO¶H[WpULHXUDX[pOpPHQWVTX¶HOOHVPHWWHQWHQ UHODWLRQ HOOHVVRQWHQJDJpHVGDQVFHODPrPHTX¶HOOHVUHOLHQW HWVLHOOHVQH VH PRGLILHQW SDV DYHF OH PRLQGUH G¶HQWUH HX[ HOOHV OHV PRGLILHQW HW VH WUDQVIRUPHQWDYHFHX[HQFHUWDLQVVHXLOVGpFLVLIV>«@(QIDFHGHVDSULRUL IRUPHOV GRQW OD MXULGLFWLRQ V¶pWHQG VDQV FRQWLQJHQFH LO HVW XQH ILJXUH SXUHPHQWHPSLULTXH>«@´±)RXFDXOW/¶DUFKpRORJLHGXVDYRLUHGFLWS 2~OWLPRLWiOLFRpQRVVR &I )RXFDXOW )ROLH HW GpUDLVRQ« HG FLW S 9, /¶DUFKpRORJLH GX VDYRLU HGFLWS &I)RXFDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWSS &I)RXFDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWSS &I)RXFDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWS &I)RXFDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWSS ³(WF¶HVWELHQGDQVFHWHVSDFHDLQVLPLVjGpFRXYHUWTXHODOLWWpUDWXUH DYHFOHVXUUpDOLVPHG¶DERUG PDLVVRXVXQHIRUPHHQFRUHELHQWUDYHVWLH SXLVGHSOXVHQSOXVSXUHPHQWDYHF.DINDDYHF%DWDLOOHDYHF%ODQFKRW V¶HVWGRQQpHFRPPHH[SpULHQFH FRPPHH[SpULHQFHGH OD PRUW HW GDQV O¶pOpPHQWGHODPRUW GHODSHQVpHLPSHQVDEOH HWGDQVVDSUpVHQFHLQDF FHVVLEOH GHODUpSpWLWLRQ GHO¶LQQRFHQFHRULJLQDLUHWRXMRXUVOjDXWHUPH OHSOXVSURFKHGXODQJDJHHWWRXMRXUVOHSOXVpORLJQp FRPPHH[SpULHQFH GHODILQLWXGH SULVHGDQVO¶RXYHUWXUHHWODFRQWUDLQWHGHFHWWHILQLWXGH ´± )RXFDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWS &I)RXFDXOW/HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHVHGFLWSS &I)RXFDXOW)ROLHHWGpUDLVRQ«HGFLWSS SSS &I )RXFDXOW ³4X¶HVWFH TX¶XQ DXWHXU"´ > @ LQ 'LWV HW pFULWV , HG FLWQ SS ³&HOXLTXLFRQWUHHOOHYHXWIRQGHUXQRUGUHQRXYHDXRUJDQLVHUXQH VHFRQGH SROLFH LQVWLWXHU XQ DXWUH eWDW QH UHQFRQWUHUD MDPDLV TXH
177
Nuno Melim
O¶DFFXHLO VLOHQFLHX[ HW LQGpILQLPHQW FRPSODLVDQW GH OD ORL´ ± )RXFDXOW ³/DSHQVpHGXGHKRUV´HGFLWS 'RLVWUHFKRVSDUHFHPQRVLOXVWUDWLYRVHGHFLVLYRVDHVVHUHVSHLWR ³>«@ ODIROLHUpHOOHHVWGpILQLHSDUXQHH[FOXVLRQKRUV GHODVRFLpWp GRQFXQ IRX HVW SDU VRQ H[LVWHQFH PrPH FRQVWDPPHQW WUDQVJUHVVLI ,O VH VLWXH WRXMRXUV©DXGHKRUVª2UODOLWWpUDWXUHQ¶HVWSDV©DXGHKRUVª HQYHUWXGH FH PRGH G¶H[FOXVLRQ PDLV HOOH SHXW rWUH j O¶LQWpULHXU GX V\VWqPH VRFLDO &RPPHMHYRXVO¶DLGpMjGLWODOLWWpUDWXUHpWDLWQRUPDWLYHDX;9,,HVLqFOH RHOOHV¶DWWULEXDLWXQHIRQFWLRQVRFLDOH$X;,;HVLqFOHODOLWWpUDWXUHHVW SDVVpHGHO¶DXWUHF{Wp0DLVDXMRXUG¶KXLLOPHVHPEOHTXHODOLWWpUDWXUH UpFXSqUHVDIRQFWLRQVRFLDOQRUPDOHSDUXQHVRUWHGHJDOYDXGDJHRXSDU XQHJUDQGHIRUFHG¶DVVLPLODWLRQTXHSRVVqGHODERXUJHRLVLH´±)RXFDXOW ³)ROLHOLWWpUDWXUHVRFLpWp´> @LQ'LWVHWpFULWV,HGFLWQS ³>@LOQH IDXW SDVRXEOLHUTXHFHWWH SRVLWLRQVLQJXOLqUHGHODOLWWpUD WXUH Q¶HVW TXH O¶HIIHW G¶XQ FHUWDLQ GLVSRVLWLI GH SRXYRLU TXL WUDYHUVH HQ 2FFLGHQW O¶pFRQRPLH GHV GLVFRXUV HW OHV VWUDWpJLHV GX YUDL´ ± )RXFDXOW ³/DYLHGHVKRPPHVLQIkPHV´> @LQ 'LWVHWpFULWV,,HGFLWQ SS &ISRUH[HPSOR)RXFDXOW³'HO¶DPLWLpFRPPHPRGHGHYLH´> @ LQ'LWVHWpFULWV,,HGFLWQ S &I)RXFDXOW³/DSHQVpHGXGHKRUV´HGFLWSS &I)RXFDXOW³3UpIDFHjODWUDQVJUHVVLRQ´HGFLWS &I)RXFDXOW³/DSHQVpHGXGHKRUV´HGFLWS ³0DLV SRXU TX¶LO QH V¶DJLVVH SDV VLPSOHPHQW GH O¶DIILUPDWLRQ RX GX UrYHYLGHGHODOLEHUWpLOPHVHPEOHTXHFHWWHDWWLWXGHKLVWRULFRFULWLTXH GRLWrWUHDXVVLXQHDWWLWXGHH[SpULPHQWDOH-HYHX[GLUHTXHFHWUDYDLOIDLW DX[OLPLWHVGHQRXVPrPHVGRLWG¶XQF{WpRXYULUXQGRPDLQHG¶HQTXrWHV KLVWRULTXHVHWGHO¶DXWUHVHPHWWUHjO¶pSUHXYHGHODUpDOLWpHWGHO¶DFWXDOLWp jODIRLVSRXUVDLVLUOHVSRLQWVROHFKDQJHPHQWHVWSRVVLEOHHWVRXKDLWD EOH HW SRXU GpWHUPLQHU OD IRUPH SUpFLVH j GRQQHU j FH FKDQJHPHQW´ ± )RXFDXOW³4X¶HVWFHTXHOHV/XPLqUHV"´> @LQ'LWVHWpFULWV,,HGFLW Q S
178
6XPiULR
*ROJRQD$QJKHO(GXDUGR3HOOHMHUR 3UHIiFLR 1XQR6LOYD $LQGHILQLomRGRVFRQWRUQRVGDVFRLVDV 2XDUHODomRGHGDQVGHKRUV HP/¶2(LOHW O¶(VSULWGH0HUOHDX3RQW\ $QWyQLR9LHLUD 2µODGRGHOi¶HP0DXULFH%ODQFKRW -RmR3HGUR&DFKRSR &RPRUDVJDURILUPDPHQWR" &DWDULQD3RPER1DEDLV ,PDJHQVGR©)RUDªHP'HOHX]H *RQoDOR=DJDOR 2WH[WRIRUDGRVHL[RV 2©IRUDªHP-DFTXHV'HUULGD -RVp&DVHODV 23RQWRGH9LVWD([WHULRUHP%DXPDQ 1XQR0HOLP 9LVOXPEUHVGRIRUD QRWDVVREUHRGHKRUVHP)RXFDXOW
