Fraga dos Corvos habitat site (Macedo de Cavaleiros) - the ceramic industry in the context of northern Portugal\'s Bronze Age
Descrição do Produto
2013
978-84-940515-3-1
SEPARATA
Colección SIMPOSIA _ 4 Madrid, julio de 2013
Coordinación: José Carlos Sastre Blanco, Raúl Catalán Ramos y Patricia Fuentes Melgar. Organización: Asociación Científico-Cultural Zamora Protohistórica con la colaboración de la Fundación Rei Afonso Henriques. Comité Científico: Ángel Esparza Arroyo (Universidad de Salamanca) Iñaki Martín Viso (Universidad de Salamanca) Jesús Liz Giral (Universidad de Salamanca) Margarita Fernández Mier (Universidad de León) José Antonio Rodríguez Marcos (Universidad de Burgos) Rosa Sanz Serrano (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) Francisco Contreras Cortés (Universidad de Granada) Beatriz Comendador Rey (Universidad de Vigo) Joao Fonte (Universidad de Santiago de Compostela)
© ARQUEOLOGÍA EN EL VALLE DEL DUERO. Del Neolítico a la Antigüedad Tardía: Nuevas perspectivas (2013). Esta edición es propiedad de EDICIONES DE LA ERGASTULA y no se puede copiar, fotocopiar, reproducir, traducir o convertir a cualquier medio impreso, electrónico o legible por máquina, enteramente o en parte, sin su previo consentimiento. Todos los derechos reservados. © de los textos: los autores. © de las ilustraciones: los autores © Ediciones de La Ergástula, S.L. Calle de Juan de la Hoz 26, Bajo Derecha 28028 – Madrid www.laergastula.com Diseño y maquetación: La Ergástula I.S.B.N.: 978-84-940515-3-1 Depósito Legal: M-22636-2013 Impresión: Publicep Impreso en España – Printed in Spain.
ÍNDICE
PRESENTACION .................................................................................................................................. 11 Programa de las jornadas ........................................................................................................................... 13
SESIÓN 1. Neolítico y Calcolítico en el valle del Duero EL YACIMIENTO DE EL PÚLPITO (VILLALONQUÉJAR, BURGOS). NUEVOS DATOS SOBRE EL CALCOLÍTICO EN LA CUENCA MEDIA DEL ARLANZÓN ........................................................... 19 Eduardo Carmona Ballestero, María Eugenia Delgado Arceo y Luis Villanueva Martín LA PERVIVENCIA DE LOS “USOS MEGALÍTICOS” EN EL VALLE DEL DUERO A LO LARGO DE LA PREHISTORIA RECIENTE (IV-II MILENIO A.C.). UNA APROXIMACIÓN AL ESTUDIO EN LA REGIÓN DEL ALTO DOURO .................................................................................................... 33 Cristina Tejedor Rodríguez REVISITANDO “LAS POZAS” (CASASECA DE LAS CHANAS, ZAMORA): EL RECINTO DE FOSOS SEGMENTADO MÁS ANTIGUO DEL VALLE DEL DUERO .................................................... 41 Marcos García García CRÓNICA DE LA SESION .................................................................................................................... 51
SESIÓN 2. La Edad del Bronce en el valle del Duero INTRODUCCIÓN AL ESTUDIO DEL POBLAMIENTO DURANTE LA PREHISTORIA RECIENTE EN LA GUAREÑA (ZAMORA) ............................................................................................. 57 Raquel Portilla Casado FRAGA DOS CORVOS HABITAT SITE, SECTOR A (MACEDO DE CAVALEIROS, PORTUGAL) THE CERAMIC INDUSTRY IN THE CONTEXT OF NORTHERN PORTUGAL’S BRONZE AGE ...... 67 Elsa Luís CRÓNICA DE LA SESION .................................................................................................................... 77
SESIÓN 3. La Edad del Hierro en el valle del Duero EDAD DEL HIERRO ZAMORANA EN EL INTERFLUVIO DEL ESLA – DUERO ................................ 81 Miguel Ángel Brezmes Escribano LOS CASTROS DE LA II EDAD DEL HIERRO EN EL VALLE DEL RÍO ALMAR (SALAMANCA). DATOS DE UNA PROSPECCIÓN EXTENSIVA-SELECTIVA ................................................................ 91 Mª de los Reyes Soto EL POBLADO FORTIFICADO DE EL PICÓN DE LA MORA: LA FORTIFICACIÓN DE UN PAISAJE SAGRADO EN LA RIBERA DEL HUEBRA ............................................................................... 99 David Sánchez Nicolás y Cristina Mateos Leal EL HÁBITAT Y LA DEFENSA EN LA EDAD DEL HIERRO. EL CASTRO DE PEÑAS DE LA CERCA (ZAMORA) ................................................................................................ 109 Óscar Rodríguez Monterrubio y José Carlos Sastre Blanco O POVOADO FORTIFICADO DO CASTELINHO (FELGAR, TORRE DE MONCORVO, PORTUGAL). DADOS PRELIMINARES DE UMA INTERVENÇÃO ARQUEOLÓGICA POR UM SÍTIO DA II IDADE DO FERRO DE TRÁS-OS-MONTES ORIENTAL ............................................... 119 Filipe Joao C. Santos, Eulalia Pinheiro y Fabio Paredes Rocha CRÓNICA DE LA SESION .................................................................................................................. 129
SESIÓN 4. La Romanización en el valle del Duero DE LA FICCIÓN A LA REALIDAD. LOS MEDIOS AUDIOVISUALES Y LA ROMANIZACIÓN DE HISPANIA ................................................................................................... 133 David Pérez Maestre LA UBICACIÓN DE LAS POBLACIONES ROMANAS DE LA PROVINCIA DE ZAMORA EN LA GEOGRAPHIA DE PTOLOMEO ............................................................................. 143 Javier Urueña Alonso RECUPERANDO EL PAISAJE ROMANO DE SEGISAMO: ALGUNAS HERRAMIENTAS METODOLÓGICAS MÁS ALLÁ DE GOOGLE EARTH ....................................................................... 153 Jesús García Sánchez APOLO EN EL VALLE DEL DUERO: LA DUMUS SACRATUS DE LANCIA (VILLASABARIAGO, LEÓN) .................................................................................................. 165 José Manuel Aldea Celada (Universidad de Salamanca): POBLAMIENTO ROMANO VERSUS POBLAMIENTO ALTOMEDIEVAL EN EL SECTOR ESTE DE LA PROVINCIA DE VALLADOLID. MODELOS DE TRANSICIÓN ............................................. 175 Inés Mª Centeno Cea y José M. Gonzalo González ESTUDO DA ROMANIZAÇÃO NO VALE DO RIO SABOR. NOTÍCIA PRELIMINAR ....................... 187 Sérgio Pereira, Hugo Gomes, Pedro Costa y Teresa Barbosa CRÓNICA DE LA SESION .................................................................................................................. 201
SESIÓN 5. La Antigüedad Tardía en el valle del Duero LA PARTICULARIDAD DE LA VILLA ROMANA DE LA OLMEDA (PEDROSA DE LA VEGA, PALENCIA) A TRAVÉS DE LA TERRA SIGILLATA HISPÁNICA TARDIA: EJEMPLOS ORIGINALES ......................................................................................................................................... 207 Jaime Gutiérrez Pérez ACERCA DE LA “FÍBULA DE TIERMES”: UNA NUEVA PROPUESTA ACERCA DE SU CRONOLOGÍA Y PROCEDENCIA A PARTIR DEL ESTUDIO DE LAS FÍBULAS “TRILAMINARES” EN EL TERRITORIO DE LA MESETA .................................................................. 217 Raúl Catalán Ramos URBANISMO TARDOANTIGUO EN EL CASTRO DE EL CASTILLÓN (SANTA EULALIA DE TÁBARA, ZAMORA) .............................................................................................................................. 227 José Carlos Sastre Blanco, Patricia Fuentes Melgar y Óscar Rodríguez Monterrubio LOS CASTRA EN LA PROVINCIA DE SORIA DURANTE LA ANTIGÜEDAD TARDÍA ................... 237 Eusebio Dohijo LAS TRAZAS DEL CAMBIO: REUTILIZACIÓN Y REOCUPACIÓN DE ESTRUCTURAS RURALES EN EL VALLE DEL DUERO AL FINAL DE LA ANTIGÜEDAD ......................................... 249 Saúl Martínez González LA ARQUITECTURA DOMÉSTICA EN ÁMBITOS RURALES EN LA CUENCA DEL DUERO (SS. V-VIII). CARACTERÍSTICAS GENERALES Y PRIMERAS APROXIMACIONES .................................. 259 Carlos Tejerizo García LAS TUMBAS EXCAVADAS EN LA ROCA Y EL POBLAMIENTO RURAL POST-ROMANO AL SUROESTE DEL DUERO ..................................................................................................................... 269 Rubén Rubio Díez LAS GENTES GERMÁNICAS Y LOS CONFLICTOS DE PODER LA HISPANIA DE COMIENZOS DEL SIGLO V ................................................................................................................ 281 David Álvarez Jiménez TERRA SIGILLATA AFRICANA D EN LA MESETA NORTE. ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN Y RELACIONES COMERCIALES.............................................................................................................. 291 Cristina León Asensio y Mónica Barona Barona TUMBAS EXCAVADAS EN ROCA Y POBLAMIENTO ALTOMEDIEVAL EN CASILLAS DE FLORES (SALAMANCA): PRIMEROS RESULTADOS A PARTIR DE UNA PROSPECCIÓN .............. 299 Enrique Paniagua Vara y Alicia Álvarez Rodríguez CRÓNICA DE LA SESION .................................................................................................................. 307
SESIÓN 6. Conexiones culturales con el valle del Duero EL PAISAJE PARA EL DESARROLLO DEL TURISMO CULTURAL. UN EJEMPLO PRÁCTICO, NAVALILLA (SEGOVIA) ....................................................................................................................... 311 Carlos Merino Bellido O PROXECTO URDIÑEIRA: BALANCE DE UN ACERCAMIENTO A LOS CAMPOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN Y DIFUSIÓN ARQUEOLÓGICAS .......................................................................... 323 Abraham Herredo Menor, Cristina Fernández Fernández y Aaron Lackinger PUESTA EN VALOR Y ESTUDIO DEL ARTE RUPESTRE ESQUEMÁTICO EN LA SIERRA DE LA CULEBRA (ZAMORA) ..................................................................................................................... 333 José Carlos Sastre Blanco y Manuel Vázquez Fadón HIGH STATUS WOMEN OR RITUALISTS? ALTERNATIVE FEMALE GENDER ROLES FOR WOMEN WHO LIVED IN EARLY IRON AGE SOCIETIES IN NORTH EAST ITALY, AUSTRIA AND SLOVENIA BETWEEN THE VII AND THE V CENTURY BC .................................................... 343 Anita Pinagli O ABRIGO RUPESTRE DE FOZ TUA. A AMPLA DIACRONIA DE UM ESPAÇO SIGNIFICANTE ... 366 Joana Valdez-Tullett LA PROBLEMÁTICA LOCALIZACIÓN DE CASTROBÓN. UN DEBATE ERUDITO INACABADO ........................................................................................................................................ 367 Francisco Javier González de la Fuente CRÓNICA DE LA SESION .................................................................................................................. 377
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ABSTRACT The Fraga dos Corvos habitat site (Macedo de Cavaleiros), in study since 2003, has proportioned important data, not only to characterize the First Bronze Age in Northern Portugal, but also has brought forward important contributions to the knowledge of the technological processes of the first bronze artifacts. The study of the pottery assemblage from Survey 2 of Sector A allowed a first technological and functional analysis of these recipients and, consequently, the integration on its regional context, identifying contacts and cultural influence areas. Key Words: First Bronze Age; Pottery; Northeastern Portugal; sociocultural context. RESUMO O sítio da Fraga dos Corvos (Macedo de Cavaleiros), escavado desde 2003, tem proporcionado importantes dados não só para a caracterização da Primeira Idade do Bronze no Norte de Portugal, mas também tem contribuído para o conhecimento dos processos tecnológicos associados aos primeiros artefactos de bronze. O estudo dos materiais cerâmicos provenientes da Sondagem 2 do Sector A permitiu a caracterização tecnológica e funcional dos recipientes e respectiva integração num contexto regional cronologicamente coevo, identificando contactos e esferas de influência cultural. Palabras-Chave: Primeira Idade do Bronze; Cerâmica; Nordeste de Portugal; contexto sociocultural.
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INTRODUCTION This archaeological site, classified in the archaeological national database as a fortified settlement, has never been excavated until 2003. The same year, the site was revisited and some surface pottery has been identified and associated with the Bronze Age. Today, after nine field campaigns, a great amount of data was recovered, analyzed and published. This paper brings forward the results of the first study of the pottery sample recovered between 2003-2008, as stated on the author’s Master thesis (Luís, 2010).
GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING Fraga dos Corvos is located in northeastern Portugal, more concisely in Vilar do Monte parish, Macedo de Cavaleiros, Bragança’s County. It is set in the Norwestern hillside of Serra de Bornes, at 99 122,194 Longitude and 203 403,721 Latitude Gauss and 870,856 m of Altitude (Figure 1). ͲϲϴͲ
The hilltop of Fraga dos Corvos visually controls the Macedo de Cavaleiros basin. It is near the most important traditional passes, into and out of this basin, that were found the deposits of halberd copper blades (Abreiro, Carrapatas, Vale Benfeito and Vimioso) which gave the name to the so called Carrapatas type of the Iberian Early Bronze Age Atlantic halberds (Bártholo, 1959). The regional bedrock consists mostly of metamorphic schist, with some quartz and greywacke veins, resulting in a very acid soil. Tin placers and secondary gossans with copper carbonates, also located in the Macedo de Cavaleiros region, could possibly have been the main source of the incipient metallurgy detected on the site. Water sources are also very accessible, including the rivers Sabor and Azibo, their tributary rivers and riversides. In each side of the site we can find two streams, Vale de Nogueira and Ribeirinha, which should have been the main water sources for the archaeological site. The main vegetation species are, Quercus pyrenaica wild (Pyrenean oak) and Quercus ilex L. ssp. Rotundifolia (Lam.) (holmoak).
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STRATIGRAPHY AND ARTIFACTS The archaeological site of Fraga dos Corvos was discovered in 2003 during deforestation works that brought to the surface ancient materials. In that same year began the first campaign of the archaeological excavation, in order to evaluate the site's informative potential, continuing through the subsequent 9 years. (cf. Senna-Martinez and Luís, 2011). By the closing stages of the 2011 campaign, an area of roughly 101 m2 had already been excavated at Survey 2 in Sector A (Luís, Reprezas and SennaMartinez, 2012). Several stages of occupation were identified in this area, with different sceneries although with great artefactual homogeneity. The last five occupation stages (Phases 1-5 1) are characterized by a series of extensive layers with traces of use, mainly post holes and some shallow pits, that could be interpreted as domestic structures or "huts". The first occupation phases exposed a different settling and spatial organization strategy that take advantage of the bedrock configuration, using stone structures according to the ground topography and thus surpassing the natural slope. For this stage it was identified: two medium sized stone structured fireplaces, a retaining wall of seepage water, two low walls to contain runoff from land, several stone structured post holes and some pits (Luís, Reprezas and Senna-Martinez, 2012). The results of the pottery analysis here presented concern the first 6 campaigns of excavation (20032008), particularly belonging to the 2nd, 3rd and 4th occupation phases. Apart from the ceramic industry, a vast amount of other artifacts was recovered, linked to several domestic activities and to metallurgical practices. The lithic artifacts are abundant and mainly made out of schist and quartz, presenting a reduced set of tools (borers; sickle elements; scrapers; grinding elements – cf. Matos, 2011); there is also an important set of polished stones with one or more perforations, presenting difficulties in their functional attribution (Luís, Reprezas and Senna-Martinez, 2012). The faunal elements recovered are very scarce
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and in great fragmentary state but 14 fragments have allowed for species identification2: Ovis/Capra, Bos taurus, Sus sp. cf. scrofa, and Cervus elaphus. The evidence of the metallurgic activity at the archaeological site has been already widely published as a result of the development of two transdisciplinary research projects of archaeometallurgy (METABRONZE and EARLYMETAL) (SennaMartinez, et al. 2010 and 2011): it hints of a local production of small scale bronze alloys, obtained by co-smelting in open vessel, and using, probably regional, malachite and chalcopyrite. In the 2011 campaign, it was identified a second fragment of an axe mold for Bujões axe type (Luís, Reprezas and Senna-Martinez, 2012), indicating local production of such artifacts, widely known and identified throughout the northwestern peninsula.
THE POTTERY SAMPLE The studied sample is composed by 9824 fragments distributed by 3 occupation phases (phases 2, 3 and 4), distributed between 4 sub-sets: MNI (minimum number of individuals) – 493; decorated – 107 fragments; bases – 182 fragments; elements of prehension 40 fragments. We have also taken into consideration 3 baked-clay spindle whorls. After careful comparison of the obtained data, it was possible to realize that there are no significant differences between the three analyzed phases. This way, attending to an economy of space, the results presented here refer to the three phases as a whole.
TYPOLOGY All of the considered containers are handmade, meaning that there was not a full standardization of types. So, when elaborating a typological table for such a prehistoric site one has to try to recreate or represent the original mental idea of the potter, accepting that there can be variations in each type, specially related to the form, size and the shape. For this sample the typological table used was adapted from Senna-Martinez (1989): Type 1 - Plates; Type 2
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ZYh K>K'1 E >s>> >h ZK͘ >E K>1d/K>Ed/'m dZ1͗Eh s^W Z^W d/s^ - Bowls; Type 4 – deep-bowls; Type 5 – Spherical thickened rim on the exterior; B3: rim with mildly vessels; Type 6 – Globular vessels; Type 8 - Flattened pronounced neck; B4: large, horizontal rim with Spherical vessels; Type 11 - Small deep-bowls with straight neck; B5: rim with markedly constricted vertical sides; Type 13 - Deep bag-like vessels; Type neck; B6: rim with vertical neck. 21 - Bowls with low carination; Type 22 - Bowls with The percent distribution of the different types is middle/high carination; Type 23 - Bowls of flattened synthetized in figure 2. The most significant category bases; Type 26 - Tronco-conic vessels. Due to the are the closed forms such as Type 6 and Group B specific characteristics of this set, specially the followed by the well-known opened forms like bowls fragmentary state of many of the containers, it was and deep-bowls, which constitute the neo-chalcolithic necessary to create an extra type, called B group, to all traditional shapes, though some of subjects from the necked rims that could not be graphically Type 6 or Group B might have had flattened bases, reconstructed into a known shape. This group is attending to the high amount of these fragments subdivided in some subtypes attending to the shape: recovered. Widespread new shapes from the B1: really opened rim that is not much wider than beginning of the Bronze Age, such as carination, the body and with well pronounced neck, B2: flattened bases or the ample use of
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prehension elements are well documented in this site, albeit in smaller proportions than the prior ones. The bases assemblage is mainly made of flat ones (bearing in mind that convex ones are easily mistaken for the section part of a piece) and the rare omphalos base type. Flat bases are represented with a variety of finishes, especially in the junction between the body and the base itself. With that in mind we divided the flat bases into several subtypes, where the most representative are: prominent, faded and angled. Furthermore it was identified a fragment of a ringedbase. Such a diversity of solutions clearly implies the mastery of the techniques involved in the creation of several different pottery vessels, most of them quite well made, revealing an obvious aesthetical meaning besides its functional one. Furthermore we identified a small set of prehension elements comprised of nipples, wings and handles. Through empirical and ethnographic experience it is known that the bowls and deep-bowls are used to the preparation, service and consumption of food, particularly indicated to more or less liquefied meals, like pap or stew. The small amount of dishes might indicate scarce consumption of solids with the exception of char-grilled meat. On the other hand closed shapes are suited mostly for the handling, storing and pouring of liquids. Without a precise calculation of volumes, due to the fragmentary state of the sample, it is not possible to assertively characterize the capacities of the containers, but some remarks can be made: the general thickness of the walls show a very small amount of sturdy containers that tend to be used as long term storage vessels, a premise also supported by the few number of large bases identified.
Bulbous Flattened Type (Silva and Oliveira, 1999); and the last one, nº 2376 belongs to the Biconic Type (Idem). There is also another similar artifact but made of stone, a soft type of schist (Senna-Martinez, 2009, p. 479). The presence of spindle whorls points to the activity of spinning in order to produce strings and it is probably an indirect indicator of weaving.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS The criteria used to describe the manufacturing process of the ceramics of Fraga dos Corvos were: consistency; texture; firing conditions; non-plastic elements (their frequency and size); thickness; surface treatments and conservation status. The vast majority of the containers present a compact consistency and schistose texture of paste. According to the color of the interior section and the surfaces of the fragments it was possible to verify that they indicate a predominantly firing process under a reductive atmosphere, followed by a reductive atmosphere with oxidant cooling. The non-plastic elements are frequent, though generally of small size, showing a careful selection process of the clay. The surfaces have few complex treatments, mainly exhibiting a straightforward smoothing treatment, sometimes over a simple slip. Some fragments, though, reveal other techniques such as spatulate, cepillo and polish finishes. Thus, the containers tend to reflect homogeneity and deliberate thought in the technical production according to the technological skills of that period. Major variations take place only about the firing process corresponding to the required aesthetic effect. The diversity of shapes, rims and bases reveal not only functional needs but also aesthetic meaning.
SPINDLE WHORLS DECORATIONS Three clay artifacts were recovered and classified as spindle whorls for their size and shape. All of them have a conic vertical perforation as well as a small size, generally 2cm of height and 2-3cm of diameter. The first one, nº 1728 presents a pear shape, with a roundish base that progressively narrows to the upper side. The second one, nº 2090 is similar to the
The decoration is located mainly in the middle part of the containers but there are some cases of decorated rims, on both sides. In some fragments it was possible to associate decoration with morphology, but the biggest amount of decorated types are from occupation phase 4, not only the ͲϳϭͲ
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oldest but also the one that evidences the most preserved structures and containers. It is also noticeable that there was a tendency to decorate the newer typological containers such as the carinated bowls (types 21, 22). The techniques used are mainly incision and impression, alone and together in compositions. Boquique (punto en raya) and burnish lines also occur in lower percentages. In some fragments it is still visible the white paste used to fill in the impressions. This white paste might be made of burnt bone, as a study from the Guadiana basin brings forward (Lloret et al., 2007). The decorative table is presented in figure 3. The most frequent motif is the herring-bone (30 fragments), either incised or impressed and sometimes associating both techniques. It goes in bands parallel to the rim, vertical or horizontal, or even applied over plastic strings. The incised reticule is also frequent (9 fragments), always parallel to the rim. Besides these ones, there are also impression sequences (comb-impressed); plain incisions; burnished motifs; and boquique. Most of these motifs appear in the 15 decorative organizations identified, most of them organized inside a sequence of limited spaces (normally some sort of rectangle) or “métopas”. The upper face of the rim is also frequently decorated with sequences of impressed lines, herringbone impression/incision or digitations.
CULTURAL INTEGRATION
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In Northern Portugal there are few habitat sites excavated and studied belonging to this chronology, especially in Eastern Trás-os-Montes. In order to characterize and culturally integrate the data obtained from our site, published data from archaeological sites of neighboring regions was used to build a reference framework: Sola habitat site (Braga, Minho – Bettencourt, 2000); final occupation phases of Pastoria (Chaves – Jorge, 1986); final occupation phases of Castelo de Aguiar (Vila Pouca de Aguiar – Jorge, 1986); Fumo habitat site (Vila Nova de Foz Côa – Carvalho, 2004); final occupation phase of Castelo Velho de Freixo de Numão (Vila Nova de Foz Côa – Pereira, 1999; Varela, 2000); level 4 of
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“Sala 20” of Buraco da Moura de São Romão (Seia Senna-Martinez, 1993) and Fraga da Pena (Fornos de Algodres - Valera, 2007). Selected sites from the Spanish Meseta were also considered, particularly regarding their decorative motifs. Attending to the traditional types, Fraga dos Corvos and Sola share the preference for closed recipients, such as globulars with marked necks; Pastoria, Castelo de Aguiar and, probably, Castelo Velho show dominance of spherical vessels; Fumo, “Sala 20” of Buraco da Moura de São Romão and Fraga da Pena prefer bowls and deep-bowls. The diversity of rims is only seen in Fraga dos Corvos. New elements were introduced in the beginning of Bronze Age: carinations, tronco-conic vessels, flat bases and the generalization of prehension elements. The carination forms are not very abundant in all considered sites, generally presenting circa 5-7%, unlike the sites in Northern Meseta, as Los Tolmos de Caracena (Soria) that show 17% (Jimeno Martínez e Fernandez Moreno, 1991:105). The same happens with the troncoconic shapes, they are always vestigial, except in Castelo Velho where 30% of the identified types are troncoconic. In fact, these ones are most common shape in funerary contexts, like some cists in Minho region (for example, Cista do Gorgulão, Montalegre – Silva, 1994) or late reutilizations of megalithic monuments in Beira Alta region (for example, Orca dos Juncais - Vila Nova de Paiva – Senna-Martinez et. al., 1983-1984). Flat bases become frequent as well, especially in Sola, Fraga dos Corvos and Castelo Velho, but only in Fraga dos Corvos is recorded a wide variety of these bases. The ringed base is extremely rare in First Bronze Age contexts but it is present in Castelo Velho (1 fragment), Los Tolmos de Caracena (two fragments) and in Castelo de Aguiar (1 fragment). The omphalos bases identified in Fraga dos Corvos might be part of bell beaker tradition recipients, similar to the ones recognized in Fraga da Pena. The predominant decorative motifs identified in Fraga dos Corvos can be related with the Cogeces / Protocogotas group, as defined, for example, by Abarquero Moras: “por la escasez o ausencia de motivos excisos y de boquique, y por el predominio de los incisos y impresos: las espigas, reticulados, zig-zags, trazos obliquos, zonas angulares rellenas de paralelas y algunas
líneas incisas com pequeñas ondulaciones” (2005: 2930). As far as it could be observed, not only in Fraga dos Corvos but also in Castelo Velho (Pereira, 2000), the Cogeces motifs are local copies, modified and adapted according to the local canon. Inclusively there are some fragments in Fraga dos Corvos that combine the Cogeces motifs with comb-impressed motifs (of beaker type tradition). The Cogeces motifs are also present, as mentioned, in Castelo Velho (the biggest sample known in Portuguese territory) and in Fumo (1% of the decoration motifs). The comb-impressed motifs, especially organized in bands or horizontal lines or even in herring-bones bands might be related to the persistence of the bellbeaker traditional motifs. In fact, many contexts of center and north Portugal have shown the presence of this kind of motifs, sometimes associated with recipients with an S-type section, dated from the first centuries of the second millennium. Also in Pastoria some fragments with bell-beaker motifs and morphology were recovered (Jorge, 1986: 497, 503). The absences are also noticeable concerning decorative aesthetics. In fact and so far, some traditional motifs and decorative techniques known on this region are practically nonexistent in Fraga dos Corvos. That seems to be the case of the triangular motifs that are so frequent in Chalcolithic contexts and, most significantly, of the combed incision used in horizontal linear or wavy bands. This brief comparison was especially important because there are, so far, no radiocarbon dates available for Sector A of Fraga dos Corvos. This way, in order to chronologically characterize this site, the study of the ceramic industry provided fundamental information to this question. Morphologically speaking, Fraga dos Corvos has the most resemblances with Sola habitat site, revealing a marked distance from the chalcolithic traditional types. But regarding only the decorative panoply, we must look the opposite way. In fact, the influences of the Cogeces decorative style are really visible, though adapted and integrated in a particular fashion. Attending to the published radiocarbon dates of Sola (Bettencourt, 2000: 46-47) and the sites of Cogeces “influence sphere”, for example La Corvera (Béjar – Abarquero Moras, 2005: 62), the Sector A of Fraga dos Corvos can probably be dated somewhere ͲϳϯͲ
ZYh K>K'1 E >s>> >h ZK͘ >E K>1d/K>Ed/'m dZ1͗Eh s^W Z^W d/s^ Instituto de Conservacíon y Restauration de Bienes between 1700-1500 a. C., in other words, in a second Culturales. moment of the First Bronze Age, connectable with JORGE, S. O. (1986): Povoados da Pré-História Recente the traditional designation of Middle Bronze Age. In (IIIº Inícios do IIº milénios A. C.) da Região de Chaves order to confirm, or correct, this proposed Vª Pª de Aguiar (Trás-os-Montes Ocidental). Porto: chronological interval some other data must be Instituto de Arqueologia da Faculdade de Letras do added, especially the careful study of other artefactual Porto, 3 vols. samples and the future revision of the ceramic JORGE, S. O (1993): “O povoado de Castelo Velho industry from the rest of Fraga dos Corvos’ (Freixo de Numão, Vila Nova de Foz Côa) no contexto occupation phases. The correct chronological and da pré-história recente do Norte de Portugal”. even cultural integration of this habitat site is also Trabalhos de Antropologia e Etnologia, XXXIII (1-2), p. 179-221. fundamental to the discussion of the production and LLORET, C. O.; HURTADO PÉREZ, V. (2007): “The diffusion of the first bronze artifacts in northwestern manufacturing process of 3rd millennium BC bone Iberia.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been carried out in the framework of the project “Early Metallurgy in the Portuguese Territory, EARLYMETAL” (PTDC/HIS/ARQ/ 110442/2008) financed by the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT). The author acknowledges the FCT for the SFRH/BD/72369/2010 grant; we also thank Dr. Cláudio Pereira and Prof. Doutor João Carlos Senna-Martinez for the precious help with the revision of this paper.
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