Garcinia binucao as a Chemopreventive Agent (RRL)

Polyphenols from Batuan (Garcinia binucao) as Potential Natural Chemopreventive Agents against Colon Cancer (RRL)
HIPE, Alyanna (MS MICROBIOLOGY)

In the study of Akao et al. (2008) xanthones, a class of polyphenolic compounds and its anti cancer effects from the pericarps of Garcinina mangostana were the main focus. 4 xanthones, namely α, β,ϒ, and methoxy- β mangostin were tested for anti – proliferative effects towards different cancer cells. All three mentioned prenylated xanthones except for methoxy- β mangostin showed promising results at a low concentration from 5 to 20 μM towards DLD – 1 (human colon cancer) cells. They further elaborated that the anti – proliferative effects of the previously mentioned secondary metabolites were effective during cell cycle arrest, which puts a stop to the expression of several proteins and heterodimers; α mangostin and β mangostin blocks G1 arrest, ϒ mangostin blocks S arrest. Of all the mentioned metabolites, α mangostin had multiples results. It opens important intrinsic pathways by inducing apoptosis which then leads to a cascade of responses involving several kinases. It also has an anti cancerous effect towards rat carcinogenesis bioassay. On the other note, the pericarps of the mangosteen mostly contained α mangostin ϒ mangostin, which plays a role in enhancing mice NK cell activity. All these results mentioned could provide basis and intel for the development of the said isolated polyphenols as not only a natural chemopreventive agent, but also a part of therapy together with anti – cancer drugs. Another study by Shan et al. (2011) concerns the xanthones as potential anti – cancer drugs as well, but in a broader manner, involving several newly discovered xanthones (mangostenone, gartanin, garcinine). On the other hand, it was recommended that α mangostin was to be used for future studies and clinical trials due to its several effects: may it be an anti – inflammatory, anti – microbial, anti - tumor and so on. Several studies over the past years have shown that α mangostin exhibited control in apoptosis, mitosis, inflammation, metastasis and also would seem to prefer attacking leukemia cells. It also induces apoptosis, leading to a decreased aromatase activity, one enzyme that could start the development of breast cancer cells. Other mentioned xanthones like garcinone E showed validity towards gastric carcinoma cells. It was considered to be the most toxic toward hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines which lead to a conclusion that it could be utilized in alimentary system tumor trials. Meanwhile, the study of Ibrahim et al. (2013) comprised of a review of several journals about the pharmacological properties of α mangostin. This xanthone's remarkable effects toward human leukemia cells (HL60) were mentioned again, including its complete control over specific cyclin expressions followed by a cell cycle arrest. The review of this journal included that the same xanthone played a role in sarcoplasmic reticulum (CA2+-ATPase) inhibition which came to be related toits apoptopic effects as well. α mangostin causes one of the SR molecules stress which in hand activates NH2 –terminal kinase and c-Jun. An evaluation of the same xanthone was done for cytotoxicity (in vitro) against DLD-1 human colon cancer cells. Apoptosis was the cause of a 20µM treatment that decreased the viable cells. The anti –metastaic effects of α mangostin against PC-3 (human prostate cancer) would most likely decrease the expression of the given enzymes (MMP-2, MMp-9, u-PA).