Health Impact Assessment: Seattle’s Delridge Corridor Multimodal Improvement Project

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Health! Impact! Assessment!!

Seattle’s!Delridge!Corridor! Multimodal!Improvement!Project!

Editors:!! Gabrielle!Gundersen! Hilary!Jauregui,!MN,!RN! Meg!Mager,!MSc! Corey!Snelson,!PhD! ! !

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Acknowledgements! The!University!of!Washington!Health!Impact!Assessment!authors:!! Benjamin!Adrian,!Rachel!Beck,!Bourke!Betz,!Jim!Buckley,!Dan!Farmer,!Katie!Fellows,!Gabrielle! Gundersen,! Josi! Herron,! Lee! Hicks,! Eva! Hom,! Ross! Howell,! Hilary! Jauregui,! Eric! Knigge,! Cait! Lang,! Meg! Mager,! Aaron! Parker,! Rebekah! Petroff,! Tashina! Robinson,! Andrew! Rudzitis,! Marissa!Smith,!Crystal!Snare,!Corey!Snelson,!Brittany!Weldon,!Maggie!Willis!and!Dustin!Wolfe! We!would!also!like!to!thank!the!following!people!and!organizations!for!their!guidance,! leadership,!time,!and!generosity!over!the!past!ten!weeks:! Andrew!L.!Dannenberg,!MD,!MPH!!

Fritz!Wagner,!PhD!!

Affiliate!Professor!

Research!Professor!

Department)of)Environmental)&) Occupational)Health)Sciences,)School)of) Public)Health)

Department)of)Urban)Design)and)Planning,) College)of)the)Built)Environments)

Department)of)Urban)Design)and)Planning,) College)of)the)Built)Environments))

Managing!Director!

University!of!Washington! Former!Team!Lead! Healthy)Community)Design)Initiative) National)Center)for)Environmental)Health))

University!of!Washington! Northwest!Center!for!Livable!Communities! Dean!Emeritus! College)of)Urban)and)Public)Affairs) University!of!New!Orleans!

Centers!for!Disease!Control!and!Prevention!!

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Edmund!Seto,!PhD,!MS!!

David!Goldberg!

Associate!Professor!

Senior!Planner!

Department)of)Environmental)&) Occupational)Health)Sciences,))

Seattle!Department!of!Planning!and! Development

School)of)Public)Health) University!of!Washington!! Sara!Zora,!MUP! Senior!Transportation!Planner! Seattle!Department!of!Transportation!

Suggested!Citation! Gundersen,!G.,!Jauregui,!H.,!Mager,!M.!&!Snelson,!CD.!(eds.)!(2015).!Seattle’s!Delridge!Corridor! Multimodal!Improvement!Project:!A!Health!Impact!Assessment! Figure!1!(title!page):!Mural!on!Retaining!Wall!at!Youngstown!Cultural!Arts!Center! !

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Table!Of!Contents! Acknowledgements!.....................................................................................................!ii! Suggested!Citation!......................................................................................................!ii! List!of!Tables,!Maps!and!Figures!...................................................................................!v! Acronyms!&!Definitions!in!the!HIA!................................................................................!vi! Executive!Summary!....................................................................................................!vii! Introduction!................................................................................................................!1! About!the!Delridge!Corridor!..................................................................................................................!3! Background!and!HIA!Scope!..........................................................................................!6! Why!The!Delridge!Corridor?!...................................................................................................................!6! What!is!a!Health!Impact!Assessment?!....................................................................................................!7! What!is!the!HIA!Process?!.......................................................................................................................!7! Methods!................................................................................................................................................!8! Zoning!........................................................................................................................!9! Mobility!.....................................................................................................................!11! Walkability!&!Multimodal!Transportation!............................................................................................!12! Recreation!&!Physical!Activity!.............................................................................................................!15! Disability!Access!&!Wayfinding!............................................................................................................!18! Social!Capital!.............................................................................................................!21! Aesthetics!&!Green!Space!...........................................................................................!27! Green!Spaces!&!Nature!Contact!..........................................................................................................!28! Art!&!Community!Aesthetics!................................................................................................................!31! Environmental!Health!.................................................................................................!34! Soil!......................................................................................................................................................!35! Water!..................................................................................................................................................!38! Air!.......................................................................................................................................................!40! Healthy!Housing!..................................................................................................................................!43! Noise!...................................................................................................................................................!45! Safety!.......................................................................................................................!47! Traffic!Safety!.......................................................................................................................................!48! Crime!&!Crime!Prevention!...................................................................................................................!51! Disaster!Response!&!Resilience!............................................................................................................!56! Access!to!Social!&!Community!Services!.......................................................................!60! Gentrification!......................................................................................................................................!61! Social!Services!.....................................................................................................................................!64! Food!Access!..............................................................................................................!66! Employment!........................................................................................................................................!69! Education!.............................................................................................................................................!71!

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Priority!Recommendations!.........................................................................................!73! Monitoring!&!Evaluation!.............................................................................................!75! Conclusion!.................................................................................................................!78! References!.................................................................................................................!79! !

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List!of!Tables,!Maps!and!Figures! Tables! Table!1:!SDOH!Domains!and!Sample!Measures!in!HP2020!.......................................................!1! Table!2:!Delridge!vs.!Seattle!Demographics!.............................................................................!4! Table!3:!Health!in!Delridge,!Compared!to!Other!Seattle!neighborhoods!...................................!5! Table!4:!HIA!Process!.................................................................................................................!7! Table!5:!Delridge!Community!Groups!.....................................................................................!22! Table!6:!HIA!Impact!Analysis!Summary!of!Findings!................................................................!23! Maps! Map!1:!Seattle's!Delridge!Corridor!............................................................................................!3! Map!2:!Zoning!in!Delridge!........................................................................................................!9! Map!3:!Accessible!Green!Spaces!in!the!Delridge!Corridor!.......................................................!28! Map!4:!CSOs!in!Delridge!and!West!Seattle!.............................................................................!35! Map!5:!Vehicle!Collisions!on!Delridge!Way!.............................................................................!48! Map!6:!Bicycle!Collisions!on!Delridge!Way!..............................................................................!49! Map!7:!Pedestrian!Collisions!on!Delridge!Way!........................................................................!50! Map!8:!Neighborhoods!in!Delridge!..........................................................................................!51! Figures! Figure!1:!Mural!on!Retaining!Wall!at!Youngstown!Cultural!Arts!Center!.......................!Title!Page! Figure!2:!Sports!fields!along!Delridge!Way!..............................................................................!15! Figure!3:!Delridge!Community!Assets!.....................................................................................!21! Figure!4:!Green!Space!Near!Longfellow!Creek!........................................................................!28! Figure!5:!Greenery!Along!Delridge!Way!..................................................................................!29! Figure!6:!Community!Mural!on!Retaining!Wall!of!Youngstown!Cultural!Arts!Center!................!31! Figure!7:!Relationship!Between!Employment!and!Health!.......................................................!69! Figure!8:!Logic!Model!for!the!Evaluation!of!the!Delridge!Corridor!Multimodal!Transportation! Project!Health!Impact!Assessment!..................................................................................!77! ! ! ! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Acronyms!&!Definitions!in!the!HIA! Acronyms!! ADA! ! CSC! ! CSO! ! DON! ! DPD! ! HIA! ! HLA! ! PM! ! SES! ! SPU! ! SDOH! ! SDOT! ! SOAC! ! UW! ! VOCs! !

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Americans!with!Disabilities!Act! Community!social!capital! Combined!Sewer!Overflow! Seattle!Department!of!Neighborhoods! Seattle!Department!of!Planning!and!Development! Health!Impact!Assessment! Healthy!Living!Assessment!Report! Particulate!matter! Socioeconomic!status! Seattle!Public!Utilities!! Social!Determinants!of!Health! Seattle!Department!of!Transportation! Seattle!Office!of!Arts!and!Culture! University!of!Washington! Volatile!organic!compounds!

Definitions! Active!Transport!

Any! transportation! that! is! humanepowered,! including! walking,! biking,! running,! using! a! nonemechanized! wheelchair,! rollerblading,! skateboarding,!as!well!as!walking!to!and!from!bus!stops.!

Complete!Streets!

Creation! and! maintenance! of! streets! safe! for! everyone! –! pedestrians,! bicyclists,!transit!riders!and!persons!of!all!abilities,!drivers!and!freight.!It! is!the!lens!through!which!SDOT!views!major!projects.1!!!

“Eyes!on!the!Street”! More! people! moving! around! in! an! area! means! more! observers! to! dissuade!and!intervene!on!criminal!acts.!This!effect!is!what!Jane!Jacobs! calls,!“eyes!on!the!streets.”!2! Green!Space!

Undeveloped! land! that! is! accessible! to! the! public,! and! is! partly! or! fully! covered!with!grass,!trees,!shrubs,!or!other!vegetation.4!

Parklets!

Converts!a!few!parking!spaces!into!an!open!space!or!park!for!all!to!use,! which!is!privatelyefunded!and!maintained!by!the!hosting!organization.3!

Sharrows!

Shared! street! lane! markings! to! guide! bicyclists! to! the! safest! place! to! share!the!road!with!drivers!while!also!avoiding!opening!car!doors.!They! do!not!designate!a!location!for!exclusive!bicycle!use!as!a!bike!lane!does;! rather,!it!is!a!guide!to!cyclists!and!motorists!for!safely!sharing!the!lane.5!!

Streateries!

A!sidewalk!café!nestled!into!a!parklet.3!

Walkability/! !Bikeability! !

Communities! that! allow! and! encourage! residents! to! participate! in! regular!active!transportation!by!locating!services,!and!transportation!all! within!a!short!and!safe!walk!or!bicycle!ride.!

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Executive!Summary The! World! Health! Organization! defines! Social! Determinants! of! Health! (SDOH)! as! “the! conditions!in!which!people!are!born,!grow,!work,!live,!and!age,!and!the!wider!set!of!forces!and! systems!shaping!the!conditions!of!daily!life.”! 8!SDOH!have!substantial!impacts!on!physical!and! mental!health,!as!well!as!the!quality!of!life,!for!both!individuals!and!communities.!The!ways!in! which! communities! are! designed! and! built! have! systematic! impacts! on! health! and! strongly! shape! the! social! landscape.! Increasingly,! public! health! and! urban! planning! professionals! are! collaborating!to!create!environments!that!are!not!only!pleasant!places!to!live,!work!and!play,! but! also! support! health! and! promote! HIA!Process! equity.!! Steps! Activities! Health!Impact!Assessment!! Screening! Determine!if!HIA!is!feasible!! Determine!if!HIA!would!be! helpful!in!decisionemaking! process! Scoping! Create!plan!and!timeline! Identify!priority!issues!! Identify!research!methods! Assessment! Learn!about!current! conditions!in!the!area!and/or! population!to!predict!change! Evaluate!potential!health! impacts!! Recommendations!! Develop!recommendations!to! improve!proposal!and/or! mitigate!negative!health! impacts! Reporting! Create!written!report!of!HIA! findings! Communicate!the!results! Monitoring! Track!the!effect!of!HIA!on! decisionemaking!process,! decision!and!implementation! Track!the!effect!of!the! decision!on!health! determinants!! ! vii!

A!Health!Impact!Assessment!(HIA)!is!a! is! a! tool! for! evaluating! the! potential! health! impacts! of! policies,! plans,! and! projects! on! a! population’s! health.! The! overall! goal! of! an! HIA! is! to! present! practical! recommendations! that! lead! to! healthesupportive! actions! by! decisionemakers,! which! also! promote! health!equity.!See!the!figure!on!the!left! for!the!steps!in!the!HIA!process.!! Project!Background! The! purpose! of! Seattle’s! Delridge! Corridor! Multimodal! Transportation! Improvement! Project! is! to! transform! the! Delridge! Corridor! into! a! safer! and! healthier!public!space!with!predictable! movement! of! people! and! goods.! This! project! focuses! on! Delridge! Way! SW,! between! the! West! Seattle! Bridge! and! SW! Roxbury! Street,! and! parallel! streets.! HIA!Team! A! team! of! University! of! Washington! (UW)!graduate!students,!in!partnership! with! the! Seattle! Department! of! Transportation!(SDOT)!and!the!Seattle! Department! of! Planning! and! Development! (DPD),! conducted! a! voluntary,! rapid! HIA! for! the! Delridge!

Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Corridor!Project.!This!project!is!part!of!SDOT’s!Multimodal!Corridor!Program,!which!focuses!on! transforming!major!arterial!roads!and!associated!streets!into!safer!and!healthier!public!spaces.!! HIA!Goals! The!HIA!was!conducted!over!10!weeks,!from!April!2!through!June!4,!2015.!The!goals!of!this!HIA! were!to!help!SDOT!and!DPD:! 1. Examine!the!potential!health!impacts!of!proposed!conceptual!designs!! 2. Take!steps!to!mitigate!potential!negative!health!impacts,!and!enhance!positive!health! effects!of!the!project.! Delridge!Neighborhood!! Seattle’s! Delridge! neighborhood! is! located! southwest! of! the! downtown! core.! The! Delridge! Corridor!extends!from!the!West!Seattle!Bridge!to!Roxbury!Way!SW,!and!includes!Delridge!Way! SW! and! parallel! streets.! Delridge! is! more! diverse! than! the! city! of! Seattle! as! a! whole.! The! neighborhood! has! a! higher! percentage! of! people! of! color,! foreigneborn! residents,! and! residents! who! speak! a! language! other! than! English! at! home.! The! neighborhood! also! lags! in! educational! attainment! and! experiences! disproportionately! high! rates! of! numerous! health! conditions,!such!as!obesity!and!cancer.!In!addition,!Delridge!residents!die!6!years!earlier!than! residents! in! the! Seattle! neighborhood! with! the! longest! lifespans.! The! median! household! income! for! the! area! is! $53,078! versus! $60,665! for! all! of! Seattle.! The! Kirwan! Institute! has! characterized!South!Delridge!as!a!veryelow!opportunity!neighborhood!and!North!Delridge!as!a! low!opportunity!neighborhood.1!! Scope!of!the!HIA! The!HIA!team,!together!with!Sara!Zora!of!SDOT!and!David!Goldberg!of!DPD,!identified!seven! health!areas!of!focus!for!this!HIA.!! 1. Zoning! 2. Mobility! 3. Social!Capital! 4. Aesthetics!&!Green!Space! 5. Environmental!Health! 6. Safety! 7. Access!to!Social!&!Community!Services! Methods! Data! from! a! variety! of! secondary! sources! was! used,! including! technical! and! academic! literature,! public! reports,! previous! HIAs! and! a! field! visit! to! the! Delridge! Corridor! to! evaluate! each!health!focus!area.! !

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Key!Findings! This! HIA! finds! that! the! Delridge! Corridor! Multimodal! Transportation! Improvement! Project! could!have!a!significant!positive!impact!on!health,!as!well!as!a!moderate!negative!impact.! Zoning) A! wellezoned! and! developed! neighborhood! has! appropriately! dense! housing! options,! walke able!communities,!access!to!commercial!businesses!such!as!grocery!stores!and!restaurants!and! adequately! placed! green! spaces! that! contribute! to! overall! health,! wellbeing,! and! longevity.! Zoning!is!crucial!for!creating!healthier!spaces.!DPD!has!determined!that!the!current!zoning!in! Delridge!does!not!adequately!serve!the!needs!of!the!community!and!are!hosting!community! meetings! to! help! better! understand! those! needs! in! order! to! adequately! plan! for! expected! changes!to!the!Delridge!neighborhood!as!the!population!of!Seattle!increases.! Mobility) A! consistent! network! of! safe,! multimodal! thoroughfares! to! connect! community! members! to! places!they!frequent!is!essential!in!Delridge.!While!residents!are!geographically!close!to!parks,! trails,!community!centers,!and!other!community!assets!and!services,!the!absence!of!complete! streets!(safe!streets!for!all!users,!including!pedestrians,!cyclists,!transit!users,!and!motorists!of! all!ages!and!abilities)!and!linkages!among!community!destinations!limit!residents’!access!and! use.!In!addition,!narrow!sidewalks!and!those!in!a!state!of!disrepair!pose!particular!difficulty!to! residents! with! limited! mobility.! Further,! the! lack! of! an! interconnected! network! discourages! active! transportation! (any! humanepowered! transportation)! and! the! use! of! noneautomobile! modes.!Lower!access!to!green!spaces!can!negatively!affect!mental!health,!while!lower!levels!of! physical!activity!negatively!affects!both!mental!and!physical!health.!! Social)Capital) Social!capital!describes!the!social!relationships!among!community!members,!which!foster!trust! and! norms! of! reciprocity.! Delridge! has! a! wealth! of! community! resources! (e.g.,! parks,! community! centers,! art! installations)! that! could! encourage! social! interaction! and! a! sense! of! community,!however,!these!resources!are!not!currently!well!integrated!into!the!neighborhood! infrastructure!and!thus!are!not!readily!accessible!by!foot,!bike,!or!bus,!limiting!their!ability!to! enhance!social!capital.!Higher!social!capital!is!consistently!associated!with!better!health!across! a!variety!of!conditions!–!stroke,!heart!disease,!suicide,!and!more.!The!Delridge!Corridor!Project! offers! an! opportunity! to! enhance! social! capitalepromoting! features! in! the! area,! and! in! turn! contribute!to!the!physical!and!mental!wellbeing!of!local!residents.!! Aesthetics)&)Green)Space) There! is! mounting! evidence! that! interaction! with! nature,! and! participation! in! art,! each! positively!influence!mental!and!physical!health.!Importantly,!research!has!shown!that!children! in!particular!benefit!from!art!and!green!spaces;!increased!access!to,!and!involvement!in,!art,!is! associated! with! higher! literacy! and! increased! academic! achievement.! Contact! with! nature! is! essential! for! healthy! mental! and! cognitive! development! in! young! children,! and! studies! have! shown! that! poor! access! to! urban! green! spaces! is! associated! with! behavioral! problems! and! inattention! and! hyperactive! disorders.! Ensuring! equal! access! to! green! spaces! and! nature! for! ix!

Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

vulnerable! communities,! like! South! Delridge,! is! crucial! to! social! space! to! build! community! resilience.! Urban! green! space! contributes! to! equity! by! providing! public! outdoor! spaces! and! access! to! nature! for! families! without! gardens! or! yards.! Further,! communityeinitiated! and! executed! art! projects! create! an! opportunity! for! neighborhoods! to! come! together,! fostering! social!cohesion!and!potentially!decreasing!healtherelated!inequities!within!the!community.! Environmental)Health) The! environments! in! which! people! live,! grow,! and! play! enormously! impact! their! health.! It! is! important!to!consider!the!potential!effects!the!Delridge!Corridor!Project!on!the!quality!of!the! air,! water,! soil,! noise,! and! housing! in! the! surrounding! community.! For! instance,! soil! compaction! and! instability! caused! by! construction! and! demolition! can! negatively! affect! the! water! that! feeds! into! nearby! Longfellow! Creek.! The! creek! is! a! source! of! drinking! water! and! habitat!for!animals,!and!if!polluted,!could!transmit!disease.!Air!pollution!from!construction!and! increased! traffic! can! also! raise! the! risk! of! cancer,! heart! and! lung! disease,! and! increase! hospitalizations! from! asthma! and! other! respiratory! illnesses.! Noise! pollution! from! traffic! or! construction! can! cause! a! variety! of! health! issues,! from! stress! to! tinnitus! (ringing! in! the! ears)! and! difficulty! sleeping! –! a! problem! on! its! own,! and! one! that! exacerbates! other! health! conditions.!Healthy!and!safe!housing!can!lead!to!decreases!in!respiratory!illness,!reduced!falls,! and!burns,!and!reduced!cognitive!impairment!from!excess!environmental!lead!and!depression! caused!by!living!in!lowequality!housing.!! Safety)) Safety! plays! a! vital! part! in! the! health! of! individuals! and! the! community! by! diminishing! harm! and!stress.!Safety!can!also!foster!a!sense!of!community!by!instilling!trust!and!respect!among! neighbors.! Unsafe! driving! along! Delridge! Way! SW! is! a! toperanked! communityereported! concern,!reflecting!the!importance!of!traffic!safety!to!local!residents.!Property!crime!ranked!#2! and!an!overall!sense!of!safety!related!to!higheprofile!crimes!(gangs,!gunshots,!etc.)!ranked!#4,! indicating!the!concern!of!local!citizens!for!their!own!personal!safety!in!terms!of!crime.!While! not!included!on!the!list,!disaster!preparedness!is!always!an!important!part!of!safety,!especially! given!Seattle’s!predisposition!for!landslides,!earthquakes,!flooding,!and!volcanic!activity.!! Access)to)Social)&)Community)Services) Social! services,! food,! education,! affordable! housing,! and! wellepaying! jobs! are! critical! to! increasing!the!health!of!any!neighborhood.!Many!studies!have!demonstrated!that!education!is! the!cornerstone!of!living!a!longer,!healthier!life.!During!revitalization!of!an!area,!it!is!important! for! planners! to! recognize! critical! areas! that! affect! the! longeterm! health! of! residents! such! as! access!to!schools,!libraries,!and!green!space!and!assure!that!they!are!easy!to!access.!Mindful! planning! to! assure! that! largeescale! displacement! of! longeterm! residents! does! not! occur! through! revitalization! efforts! is! of! critical! importance! for! maintaining! a! healthy! community! that!reflects!the!diversity!of!Delridge.! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Key!Recommendations! SDOT! and! DPD! should! consider! integrating! the! following! priority! recommendations! into! the! Delridge! Corridor! Transportation! Improvement! Project! to! enhance! the! health! benefit! to! the! community:!! Create)a)Complete,)Safe)and)Connected)Network:)SDOT) 1. Focus!public!transit,!bike!lane,!sidewalk,!and!street!improvements!on!creating!a!complete! network!that!connects!residents!to!community!services,!green!space,!and!other! community!assets!in!line!with!the!Seattle!Transit,!Bicycle,!and!Pedestrian!Master!Plans.! a. Install!a!transiteonly!lane!in!one!direction!throughout!Delridge!Way!SW,!and!in!two! directions!where!right!of!way!allows! Strengthen)Community)Engagement:)SDOT)and)DPD) 2. Establish!robust!communication!lines!with!local!residents!and!engage!the!community!in! each!stage!of!the!project!–!planning,!implementation,!monitoring,!and!evaluation! a. Establish!a!community!coalition!for!oversight,!community!representation,!and! feedback.!The!coalition!should!include!representatives!from!all!stakeholder!groups! b. Provide!translated!materials!and!language!interpretation!at!all!meetings!targeting! groups!who!speak!a!language!other!than!English!! c. Make!concerted!efforts!to!include!vulnerable!and!traditionally!underrepresented! groups!through!partnership!with!the!DON!Public!Outreach!and!Engagement! Liaisons!and!Disability!Rights!Washington! 3. Integrate!communitywide!celebrations!throughout!the!project! a. Celebrate!the!completion!of!the!project!with!a!communitywide!celebration! b. Educate!community!groups!about!free!Neighborhood!Block!Party!Permits!and! encourage!celebrations!at!major!accomplishments!in!the!project!! Ensure)Safety:)SDOT) 4. Ensure!that!all!sidewalks!meet!the!sixefoot!requirement!of!the!Seattle!RighteofeWay! Improvement!Manual!and!repair!existing!sidewalks!to!improve!wheelchair!accessibility!and! general!usability!for!all!residents! 5. Enhance!safety!of!roadways!through!speed!reductions!of!5e10!mph,!narrowed!streets,!and! lanes! to! encourage! speed! reduction! and! installation! of! automated! speed! monitoring! cameras,!especially!near!schools!and!parks! 6. Install!safe,!groundelevel,!protected!pedestrian!crossings!in!communityeidentified! intersections!and!access!points,!as!well!as!those!identified!by!safety!data!! Utilize)Construction)Impact)Mitigation:)SDOT) 7. Use!Best!Construction!Practices!for!mitigating!environmental!pollution! ) xi!

) Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Support)the)Development)of)Community)Assets:)SDOT) 8. Work!with!other!City!of!Seattle!departments!to!increase!green!space!in!the!Delridge!area,! including!the!incorporation!of!vegetation!and!natural!materials!into!roadway!design,! expansion!of!existing!parks,!and!addition!of!new!parks!and!parklets!! 9. Together!with!SOAC!and!funding!from!the!DON,!support!communityebased!art!projects!on! retaining!walls,!nonearterial!streets!and!intersections,!pedestrian!overpasses,!and!other! visible!public!spaces,!with!special!emphasis!on!engaging!youth!and!historically! underrepresented!groups!in!these!projects! 10. Use!biophilic!design!–!incorporate!plants,!natural!materials!and/or!public!art!and!décor!that! mimics!natural!elements!–!such!as!trees!and!grasses!as!buffers!between!streets!and!the! sidewalk! 11. Work!with!DON!and!the!Delridge!community!to!identify!subeneighborhoods,!and!provide! wayfinding!signage!and!support!for!communityebased!art!to!identify!each!area!and! promote!a!sense!of!place!and!community!cohesion! Change)Zoning:)DPD) 12. Grant!permits!for!larger!multiefamily!unit!developments,!but!permits!with!more!than!10! units!should!include!a!minimum!of!10%!affordable!housing,!for!the!lowest!third!of!the! income!bracket!of!the!city!of!Seattle! 13. Support!planned!zoning!changes!for!Brandon!and!Andover!nodes,!which!include!increased! commercial!zoning! Monitor)Health)Impact:)SDOT)and)DPD) 14. Partner!with!Public!Health!–!Seattle/King!County!or!the!UW!to!update!this!HIA!with!a!more! detailed!review!for!health!issues!once!a!clear!proposal!or!potential!options!have!been! identified!for!the!project!! 15. Develop!and!maintain!an!Evaluation!Team!to!evaluate!the!impact!of!this!HIA! This! HIA! shows! how! Seattle’s! Delridge! Corridor! Multimodal! Transportation! Project,! through! changing!the!way!that!residents!move!through!and!interact!with!their!environment!and!each! other,! has! the! potential! to! profoundly! improve! disparities,! and! increase! the! health! and! wellbeing! of! the! overall! community.! The! recommendations! provided! here! will! assist! SDOT,! DPD,! policymakers,! and! community! stakeholders! enhance! the! healthe! and! equityepromoting! aspects!of!this!project.!! ! ) !

xii!

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Introduction The! World! Health! Organization! defines! Social! Determinants! of! Health! (SDOH)! as! “the! conditions!in!which!people!are!born,!grow,!work,!live,!and!age,!and!the!wider!set!of!forces!and! systems!shaping!the!conditions!of!daily!life.”! 8!SDOH!have!substantial!impacts!on!physical!and! mental! health,! as! well! as! the! quality! of! life,! for! both! individuals! and! communities.! SDOH! include! varied! influences,! such! as! the! availability! of! resources! to! meet! daily! needs! (e.g.! safe,! affordable! housing,! access! to! healthy! food),! access! to! quality! education! and! employment,! transportations! options,! safety! and! exposure! to! crime! and! violence.! The! ways! in! which! communities!are!designed!and!built!have!systematic!impacts!on!health!and!strongly!shape!the! social!landscape.!! Healthy!People!2020!(HP2020)!is!a!set!of!10eyear!national!objectives,!produced!every!10!years! by! the! US! Department! of! Health! and! Human! Services,! for! improving! the! health! of! all! Americans.9! It! includes! a! wide! variety! of! specific! and! ambitious,! yet! achievable,! health! benchmarks!covering!more!than!40!topic!areas,!including!nutrition,!child!development,!cancer! and!SDOH.!Of!particular!relevance!to!this!report,!two!of!the!overarching!goals!of!HP2020!are! to!(1)!achieve!health!equity,!eliminate!health!disparities!and!improve!health!for!all!groups,!and! (2)!create!social!and!physical!environments!that!promote!good!health!for!all.!! New!to!HP2020!is!a!set!of!objectives!specifically!focused!on!SDOH,!which!are!organized!into! five!key!domains:!!

Neighborhood!&!Built! Enivronment! Social!&!Community! Context! Education! Economic!Stability! Health!&!Health!Care!

• Zoning!&!development!for!access!to!healthy!food!&!housing! • Environmental!conditions!surrounding!living!conditions!that! influence!the!health!of!whole!neighborhoods! • Willingness!to!participate!in!civic!actions! • Social!cohesion! • Perceptions!of!discrimination!&!inequity! • %!of!students!completing!primary!education! • Early!child!development! • Lanugage!&!literacy! • Poverty! • Food!&!housing!security! • Sustained!empolyment! • Access!to!health!care! • Access!to!primary!care! • Health!literacy!

!!!!!!!Table!1:!SDOH!Domains!and!Sample!Measures!in!HP2020! ! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

To!address!health!inequities!created!through!SDOH,!HP2020!recognizes!two!key!strategies!as! essential:! the! use! of! Health! Impact! Assessments! (HIAs)! to! analyze! the! health! effects! of! proposed! policies,! and! a! “health! in! all! policies”! approach! to! consider! how! welleintended! neighborhood!improvement!policies!may!actually!negatively!affect!vulnerable!populations.!! In! 2008,! recognizing! health! disparities! between! different! racial! and! ethnic! groups! based! on! SDOH,! which! disproportionately! affect! vulnerable! populations,! King! County! and! Seattle! adopted! separate! but! similar! initiatives! that! focused! on! race,! equity,! and! social! justice.! Each! initiative! promotes! analysis! of! proposed! policy! changes! to! assure! that! all! impacts! are! considered! by! proposed! policies! before! implementation.! Guidelines! from! HP2020! and! the! Seattle’s!Race!and!Social!Justice!Initiative!were!crucial!to!the!crafting!of!the!recommendations! found! throughout! this! HIA.10! HIA! is! a! tool! for! evaluating! the! potential! health! impacts! of! policies,!plans,!and!projects!on!a!population’s!health.!The!overall!goal!of!an!HIA!is!to!present! practical! recommendations! that! lead! to! healthesupportive! actions! by! decisionemakers,! which! also!promote!health!equity.!! The!subject!of!this!HIA!is!Seattle’s!Delridge!Corridor!Multimodal!Transportation!Improvement! Project.! This! project! is! part! of! SDOT’s! Multimodal! Corridor! Program,! which! focuses! on! transforming!streets!or!combinations!of!streets!into!safer!and!healthier!public!spaces.!This!HIA! evaluates!the!potential!health!effects!of!the!conceptual!designs!put!forward!by!SDOT!for!The! Delridge! Corridor,! and! offers! recommendations! to! maximize! health! benefits! and! minimize! harms!to!the!Delridge!community.!! A! team! of! 25! UW! graduate! students! conducted! this! HIA! as! a! part! of! a! course! on! HIAs.! The! multidisciplinary! team! included! broad! perspectives,! with! students! from! degree! programs! in! health! services,! environmental! health,! epidemiology,! public! health! genetics,! public! affairs,! landscape!architecture,!real!estate,!civil!engineering,!environmental!science,!and!nursing.!The! HIA!was!conducted!over!10!weeks,!from!April!2!through!June!4,!2015.!Project!leaders!at!SDOT! and! DPD! provided! consultation! and! guidance! throughout! the! HIA! process.! This! HIA! was! a! voluntary,! rapid! HIA,! which! used! currently! available! data! to! make! determinations! about! the! health!impacts!of!the!proposed!project.!! This!report!is!organized!into!twelve!sections.!It!begins!with!the!Introduction!and!Background! and! HIA! Scope! sections,! which! provide! an! overview! of! the! project,! Delridge! population,! and! the! HIA! process.! The! subsequent! sections! include! a! chapter! for! each! of! the! health! areas! analyzed! in! this! HIA.! Within! each! chapter,! specific! components! of! the! health! area! are! considered!through!analysis!of!its!impact!on!health,!the!current!conditions!in!Delridge,!and!an! assessment! of! the! opportunities! for! improvement! in! Delridge,! followed! by! a! set! of! recommendations.! The! HIA! concludes! with! prioritized! recommendations! for! the! project! –! anticipated!to!have!the!greatest!impact!on!health!–!as!well!as!a!discussion!of!monitoring!and! evaluation,!and!a!conclusion.!! Ideally,!an!HIA!is!conducted!when!there!are!specific!design!alternatives!under!consideration.!At! the! time! of! this! HIA,! the! conceptual! design! for! the! Delridge! Corridor! project! was! still! under! development!and!SDOT!had!yet!to!hold!formal!community!meetings!for!resident!feedback!on! the! plans.! Therefore,! SDOT! provided! a! series! of! potential! transit! corridor! designs! for! evaluation,!which!will!certainly!evolve!as!community!input!is!gathered.!! 2!

Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

About!the!Delridge!Corridor!! The!purpose!of!Seattle’s!Delridge!Corridor!Multimodal!Transportation!Project!is!to!transform! the!Delridge!Corridor,!which!includes!Delridge!Way!SW!and!parallel!streets!between!the!West! Seattle!Bridge!and!SW!Roxbury!St.!The!goal!is!to!make!the!Delridge!corridor!into!a!safer!and! healthier! public! space! with! predictable! movement! of! people! and! goods.! SDOT! will! invest! in! projects!for!The!Delridge!Corridor!to!create!improvements!that!provide!more!travel!choices!to! move!safely!in!and!around!Seattle.!! Seattle’s! Delridge! neighborhood! is! located! southwest! of! the! downtown! core.! The! Kirwan! Institute!has!characterized!South!Delridge!as!a!veryelow!opportunity!neighborhood!and!North! Delridge! as! a! low! opportunity! neighborhood.1! SDOT’s! Delridge! corridor! project! has! the! potential! to! help! address! this! issue! by! bringing! opportunity! to! an! opportunityedeprived! area! through!fostering!stronger!connections!between!residents!and!places!and!bringing!high!quality! public!transit!to!the!neighborhood.!! In!1999,!the!City!of!Seattle!and!the!Delridge!community!collaborated!to!develop!the!“Delridge! Action! Plan,”! a! guide! to! focus! the! development! of! the! area’s! affordable! housing,! wellbeing,! diversity! and! other! community! features.4! One! of! the! objectives! in! this! plan! was! to! create! “activity! nodes,”! or! centers! of! mixedeuse! clusters! of! commercial,! business,! entertainment,! community!and/or!public!spaces!at!street!level,!with!housing!above.!Each!node!is!intended!to! serve! as! the! anchor! of! the! surrounding! area,! as! well! as! to! reflect! the! unique! character!of!that!area.!Today,! the! nodes! are! still! developing.! Though! the! Action! Plan! proposed! four! nodes,! there! are! currently! three! in! Delridge! (Andover,! Brandon! and! Sylvan),! as! shown!in!the!map!to!the!left.! These! areas! continue! to! be! the! target! for! more! concentrated!development!in! Delridge.!!! Map!1:!Seattle's!Delridge!Corridor! ! 1:!Andover!Node! ! ! 2:!Brandon!Node! 3:!Sylvan!Node!

3!

Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Demographics) The! population! of! Delridge! differs! greatly! from!the!city!of!Seattle!as!a!whole,!and!from! most! other! areas! across! the! city.! It! is! more! diverse! than! Seattle! overall! and! most! other! Seattle! neighborhoods.! In! fact,! in! the! adjacent! neighborhood,! 85.2%! of! residents! identify!as!White,!compared!to!just!over!half! of!Delridge!residents.!More!Delridge!families! speak!a!language!other!than!English!at!home! and! were! born! outside! of! the! US.! Delridge! lags! in! educational! attainment,! but! the! population! is! also! young! –! almost! a! quarter! of!residents!are!under!17!years!of!age.!Table! 2!compares!the!demographic!characteristics! of! the! Delridge! population! with! the! city! of! Seattle.! The! average! life! expectancy! in! Delridge! is! just! 79.2! years,! the! third! lowest! life! expectancy! among! Seattle! neighborhoods.! Residents! of! Delridge! live! approximately! six! years! fewer! than! residents! of! Seattle’s! northeastern! neighborhoods,! who! have! an! average!life!expectancy!of!85.1!years.2!These! alarming!disparities!in!life!expectancy!among! groups! living! within! the! same! city! reflect! underlying! inequities.3! Such! inequities! –! resulting! from! avoidable! and! unjust! policies! and! practices! that! create! barriers! to! opportunity! and! access! to! services! –! lead! to! poor! health! outcomes,! and! disproportionately! affect! people! of! color,! as! well! as! loweincome,! noneEnglishespeaking! and! disabled! individuals,! among! others.! These! social! injustices! often! create! circumstances! in! which! some! groups! lack! access! to! healthy! food,! safe! places! to! exercise! and! recreate,! as! well! as! stable! and! safe! housing.! As! a! result,! they! experience! much! higher! rates! of! chronic! disease! and! other! negative! health! outcomes! compared! to! more! privileged! populations! (e.g.! highe income).! While! Delridge! residents! 4!

Table!2:!Delridge!vs.!Seattle! Demographics! !

!

Delridge!

Seattle!

30,296!

608,660!

!

!

0b17!

23.6%!

15.4%!

18b24!

8.5%!

11.8%!

25b44!

36.2%!

37.2%!

45b64!

23.5%!

24.9%!

65+!

8.2%!

10.8%!

$53,078!

$60,665!

!

!

White!

53.5%!

69.5%!

Black/! AfricanbAmerican!

14.5%!

7.9%!

Asian!

16.6%!

13.8%!

Hispanic!Latino!

13.2%!

6.6%!

Multiple!race!

6.6%!

5.1%!

American!Indian/! Alaska!Native!!

1.6%!

0.8%!

Native!Hawaiian/! Pacific!Islander!

1.3%!

0.4%!

Education!(25+!years)!

!

!

High!school!diploma!

87%!

92%!

College!degree!

35%!

65%!

!

!

Foreignbborn!

22%!

17%!

NonbEnglish! speaking!at!home!

29%!

21%!

Total!Population! Age!(%)!

Median!Household! Income! Race/Ethnicity!!

Other!Characteristics!

Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

experience!relatively!high!rates!of!many!major!health!problems,!more!concerning!is!the!how! those!rates!compare!with!other!Seattle!neighborhoods.!As!shown!in!Table!3,!the!residents!of! Delridge! experience! disproportionately! poor! health! when! compared! to! other! neighborhoods! Table!3:!Health!in!Delridge,!Compared!to!Other! within!Seattle.!! Seattle!neighborhoods!!

Health!Measure! Delridge! Cancer! Heart!Disease! Stroke! Chronic!Lower! Respiratory! Disease! Collisions! Suicide! Obesity!

!

Liver!Disease/! Cirrhosis!! Selfbrated! health:!Fair!or! poor! !

!! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!

Rate!Relative!to! Other! Neighborhoods! 2nd!highest! Higher!than!most! Higher!than!most! Highest! 2nd!highest! 2nd!highest! Highest! 2nd!highest! Highest!

The! UW! HIA! team! identified! six! health! areas! for! focused! assessment,! each! of! which!comprises!a!chapter:!! 1. Zoning! 2. Mobility! 3. Social!Capital! 4. Aesthetics!&!Green!Space! 5. Environmental!Health! 6. Safety!! 7. Access! to! Social! &! Community! Health!Services! This! HIA! shows! how! the! Delridge! Corridor! Multimodal! Transportation! Project,! in! changing! the! way! that! residents! navigate! and! live! in! the! Delridge! neighborhood,! has! the! potential! to! profoundly! improve! these! disparities,! as! well! as! the! health! and! wellbeing! of! the! overall! community.! The! recommendations! provided! will! assist! SDOT! and! DPD! to! enhance! the! healthe! and! equityepromoting! aspects! of!this!project.!

! ! ! ! ! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Background!and!HIA!Scope! Why!The!Delridge!Corridor?! SDOT’s! Delridge! Corridor! project! has! the! potential! to! help! address! health! equity! issues! by! bringing!opportunity!to!an!opportunityedeprived!area!through!fostering!stronger!connections! between!residents!and!places!and!bringing!high!quality!public!transit!to!the!neighborhood.!! Approximately!30%!of!the!U.S.!population!does!not!have!access!to!transportation!that!would! easily! allow! them! to! access! basic! needs! like! food,! medical! care,! services,! employment! opportunities!and!education.1!These!are!often!members!of!very!vulnerable!communities,!and! for! those! who! do! have! access! to! personal! transportation,! the! vehicles! are! often! older,! unreliable!and!less!fueleefficient!making!trips!more!expensive!and!undependable.!Loweincome! neighborhoods! and! communities! of! color! have! higher! rates! of! traffic! collisions! and! fatalities! despite! driving! less! than! their! more! affluent,! white! counterparts.1! Thoughtfully! designed! transportation! can! connect! socioeeconomically! disadvantaged,! elderly! and! disabled! populations! with! job! and! education! opportunities! and! with! access! to! services! and! social! support.!It!can!also!help!stimulate!economic!activity!and!foster!community!health.! Approximately! one! in! five! Americans! over! age! 65! require! other! modes! of! transportation! to! leave!their!home.2!More!Delridge!residents!(43%)!use!alternative!forms!of!transportation!such! as!public!transit,!walking!or!biking!than!the!Seattle!average!(32%).3!Transportation!costs!can! be! regressive! with! loweincome! households! having! to! spend! a! higher! percentage! of! their! income! on! transportation! costs! compared! to! median! income! households.! Spending! more! income! on! transportation! costs! means! these! families! have! less! money! to! spend! on! food,! housing,! health! care,! and! other! necessities.! How! Delridge! residents! move! around! the! Puget! Sound! from! home! to! work! or! school,! to! places! like! grocery! stores,! healthcare! clinics! and! community!centers!matters.!It!can!help!keep!them!healthy!or!make!them!sick.!! ! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

What!is!a!Health!Impact!Assessment?! HIAs!systematically!evaluate!the!potential!health!effects!of!a!plan,!policy,!program,!or!project.! There!is!special!emphasis!on!the!distribution!of!health!effects!–!particularly!how!the!proposal! affects!vulnerable!populations.!HIAs!use!diverse!methods!and!resources,!drawing!upon!input! from!community!members,!health!experts,!and!decisionemakers!to!analyze!health!impacts!of!a! proposal.!The!goal!is!shape!public!decisions!to!promote!and!improve!a!population’s!health,!as! well! as! to! reduce! health! inequities! experienced! by! vulnerable! subpopulations.! HIAs! offer! recommendations! for! improvements! to! the! proposal! to! enhance! the! positive! health! effects! and!eliminate!or!mitigate!the!negative!ones.!!

What!is!the!HIA!Process?! The!following!table!outlines!the!6!steps!involved!in!conducting!an!HIA.!! Table!4:!HIA!Process! Steps!

Activities!

Screening!

Determine!if!HIA!is!feasible!! Determine!if!HIA!would!be!helpful!in!decisionemaking!process!

Scoping!

Create!plan!and!timeline! Identify!priority!issues!! Identify!research!methods!

Assessment!

Learn!about!current!conditions!in!the!area!and/or!population!to!predict! change! Evaluate!potential!health!impacts!!

Recommendations!! Develop!recommendations!to!improve!proposal!and/or!mitigate! negative!health!impacts! Reporting!

Create!written!report!of!HIA!findings! Communicate!the!results!

Monitoring!

Track!the!effect!of!HIA!on!decisionemaking!process,!decision!and! implementation! Track!the!effect!of!the!decision!on!health!determinants!!

!

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Methods! This!HIA!for!SDOT’s!Delridge!Corridor!Multimodal!Transportation!Project!is!the!final!product!of! a!graduate!HIA!course!offered!jointly!by!the!University!of!Washington’s!School!of!Public!Health! and!College!of!Built!Environments.!The!goals!of!this!HIA!were!to!help!SDOT!and!DPD:! 1. Examine!the!potential!health!impacts!of!proposed!conceptual!designs.!! 2. Take!steps!to!mitigate!negative!health!impacts,!and!enhance!positive!health!effects!on! the! Delridge! community! during! and! after! the! Delridge! Corridor! Multimodal! Transportation!Project.! Screening) Dr.! Andrew! Dannenberg! and! Dr.! Fritz! Wagner! worked! with! SDOT! and! DPD! prior! to! the! beginning!of!the!UW!HIA!course!to!determine!a!project!that!would!be!well!suited!to,!and!would! benefit!from,!a!health!impact!analysis.!! Scoping) The! HIA! team,! together! with! Sara! Zora! of! SDOT! and! David! Goldberg! of! DPD,! identified! six! health! areas! of! focus:! mobility,! access! to! social! and! community! health! services,! community! and!mental!health,!aesthetics!and!green!space,!environmental!health!and!safety.!! Assessment) For! the! assessment! phase,! data! from! a! variety! of! secondary! sources! was! used,! including! technical!and!academic!literature,!public!reports,!previous!HIAs!and!a!field!visit!to!the!Delridge! Corridor!to!evaluate!each!health!focus!area.! Recommendations) Recommendations!for!each!health!focus!area!were!developed!and!then!prioritized!to!a!set!of! recommendations! that! are! specific,! measurable,! realistic,! and! anticipated! to! provide! significant!health!benefit.!! Reporting)) The!findings!of!the!HIA!were!compiled!into!this!written!HIA!report.!In!addition,!the!HIA!findings! were!presented!to!SDOT!and!DPD!stakeholders!on!June!4,!2015.!Minor!changes!were!made!to! the!HIA!in!response!to!feedback!following!the!presentation.!!! Monitoring) Due!to!time!constraints!and!the!timing!of!the!HIA,!the!UW!team!will!not!be!able!to!conduct!the! monitoring!step!for!this!project.!Instead,!a!monitoring!plan!is!proposed!in!the!conclusion!of!this! report.!! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Zoning! A! wellezoned! and! developed! neighborhood! has! appropriately! dense! housing! options,! walke able!communities,!access!to!commercial!businesses!such!as!grocery!stores!and!restaurants!and! adequately! placed! green! spaces! that! contribute! to! overall! health,! wellbeing,! and! longevity.! Zoning!is!crucial!for!creating!healthier!spaces.!Areas!zoned!for!residential!housing!located!near! to! industrial! areas! may! be! more! polluted;! wide! areas! primarily! zoned! for! residential! housing! may!be!cut!off!from!access!to!grocery!stores,!green!spaces!and!commercial!areas,!potentially! increasing! communicable! disease! transmission! and! stress! from! added! traffic! from! further! travel!to!find!healthy!and!fresh!food.! Current!Conditions!in!the!Delridge!Corridor! The!Delridge!neighborhood!is!predominantly!zoned!for!singleefamily!housing,!with!moderate! amounts! of! lowerise! multiefamily! housing.! Commercial! zoning! is! limited,! with! small! pockets! located!largely!at!the!northern!and!southern!portions!of!Delridge.!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Map!2:!Zoning!in!Delridge! Delridge! is! primarily! zoned! as! multilevel! residential! with! limited! neighborhood! commercial! zones.! Large! swaths! of! residential! zoning! create! a! neighborhood! that! is! challenging! to! navigate! any! other! way! than! by! car.! If! this! area! were! zoned! with! more! commercial! space! it! could! encourage! retail! businesses! such! as! grocery! stores! to! move! into! the! area.! Delridge! residents! do! not! currently! have! easy! access! to! grocery! shopping,! which! impedes! resident’s! ability!to!eat!a!healthy,!wellebalance,!culturally!appropriate!diet.! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Assessment! DPD!handles!commercial,!industrial,!multifamily!and!singleefamily!zoning!across!all!of!Seattle.! DPD!has!determined!that!the!current!zoning!in!Delridge!does!not!adequately!serve!the!needs! of!the!community!and!are!hosting!community!meetings!to!help!them!understand!those!needs! better! in! order! to! adequately! plan! for! changes! that! are! expected! to! come! to! the! Delridge! neighborhood!as!the!population!of!Seattle!increases.! DPD!must!also!carefully!consider!changes!to!zoning!in!Delridge.!If!areas!that!have!classically! been!zoned!for!singleefamily!residences!are!reezoned!to!multifamily!residences,!gentrification! could! occur! through! demolition! of! singleefamily! homes! to! build! condominiums! and! microhousing!units.! Impact!on!Health! Zoning!code!in!Seattle!and!surrounding!areas!governs!how!development!occurs!over!time!and! specifies!certain!districts!for!residential,!commercial,!and!industrial!areas.!Zoning!is!of!critical! importance;!improperly!zoned!areas!can!lead!to!major!health!effects!through:! •

Communicable! disease! outbreaks! through! increased! exposure! to! pollution! and! widespread!contamination!of!soil,!air!and!water;!!

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Preventing!access!to!commercial!spaces!that!provide!healthy!and!safe!food;!!

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Gentrification! of! neighborhoods! and! increased! displacement! by! allowing! higheend! communities!to!be!built!in!historically!redelined!neighborhoods!

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Impeding!access!to!green!spaces!

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Making!transit!between!home!and!work!more!difficult,!potentially!increasing!traffic!and! stress!

Recommendations! 1. DPD! should! consider! holding! community! meetings! to! determine! the! needs! of! the! residents! of! Delridge,! and! plan! zoning! according! to! the! expressed! needs! of! the! residents.! 2. DPD!should!practice!mindful!zoning!to!prevent!gentrification!and!displacement!of!longe term!residents,!often!people!of!color.! 3. DPD! should! consider! rezoning! Delridge! Way! SW! to! encourage! denser! mixed! use! development! 4. DPD!should!consider!rezoning!and!developmental!incentives!to!encourage!centralized! expansion! around! existing! areas! of! dense! community! assets,! especially! around! the! established!nodes.!! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Mobility! Mobility! and! access! are! a! critical! issues! for! any! place,! but! especially! so! in! Delridge.! Valley! geography!limits!crossestreets,!parallel!access!roads!and!concentrates!both!local!and!through! traffic!onto!Delridge!Way.!This!geography!also!limits!density,!destinations!and!makes!reliance! on! carebased! transport! a! way! of! life! for! many! residents.! With! rapid! growth! expected! in! the! coming!decades,!this!is!unsustainable.! Another! concern! is! safety.! Delridge! already! has! a! high! pedestrian! and! biking! injury! rate,! and! with!more!intensive!roadway!use!due!to!the!growing!population,!the!rate!will!continue!to!climb! without!major!pedestrian!and!biking!infrastructure!investment.1! Active! transportation! is! any! transportation! that! is! humanepowered.! This! includes! walking,! biking,!running,!use!of!a!nonemechanized!wheelchair,!rollerblading!and!skateboarding,!among! others.! Walking! to! and! from! bus! stops! is! also! considered! active! transportation.! Active! transportation! has! a! positive! impact! on! health! by! encouraging! physical! activity.! It! also! increases!social!interactions!among!participants,!lessens!traffic!congestion,!reduces!pollution,! as!well!as!saves!money!on!vehicle!maintenance,!fuel,!and!parking.! Proximity!to!transit!helps!determine!travel!choice.!Twentyenine!percent!of!people!using!transit! to! get! to! work! meet! daily! requirements! for! adequate! physical! activity! just! from! active! transportation! to! work.2! Increased! physical! activity! decreases! risk! of! premature! mortality,! coronary!heart!disease,!hypertension,!colon!cancer!and!diabetes,!and!may!reduce!depression! and!anxiety!as!well!as!decreasing!obesity!and!other!consequences!of!chronic!disease.1! Community!engagement!will!support!success!and!greater!equity!of!this!rezoning!and!transport! revitalization! project.! Training! community! groups! in! Pedestrian! Environmental! Quality! Index! audits! and! performing! them! with! a! trained! auditor! can! engage,! inform! and! activate! community,!as!well!as!provide!feedback!to!SDOT!on!how!the!community!views!their!specific! needs.5! Another! option! is! for! SDOT! to! pursue! partnerships! with! local! universities;! for! most! value! to! community,! research! should! employ! communityebased! participatory! research! methods.! It!is!essential!that!Delridge!community!members!be!consulted!regarding!what!concerns!local! businesses!–!particularly!those!owned!by!residents!of!color!–!have!about!rezoning,!health,!and! transportation.!Similar!projects!have!used!this!public!meeting!and!questioneasking!process!to! educate!groups!and!communities!on!the!impacts!of!zoning,!health!and!transportation!options.1! Community! groups,! ParenteTeacher! Associations! and! local! business! groups,! as! well! as! housingedisadvantaged!groups,!will!need!to!be!part!of!planning!as!this!project!goes!forward!so! that! their! concerns! about! access! to! preferred! destinations,! housing,! health! and! area! development!to!help!shape!the!evolution!of!their!community.!!

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Walkability!&!Multimodal!Transportation! Whether! walking! to! the! bus! stop! or! from! the! parking! lot! to! the! intended! destination,! every! person!trip!begins!and!ends!with!walking.!While!the!human!anatomy!is!built!for!walking,!the! environments! in! which! humans! live! have! been! designed! for! automobiles! rather! than! pedestrians.! When! asked! why! they! don’t! walk! or! bike! more! often,! survey! respondents! often! cite! a! lack! of! safe! sidewalks! and! places! to! bike! as! a! primary! reason.1! According! to! the! 2001! National! Household! Transportation! Survey,! 65%! of! metropolitan! trips! under! one! mile! are! made! by! automobile,! in! part! because! of! incomplete! streets! that! make! it! dangerous! or! unpleasant! to! walk,! bicycle,! or! take! transit.2! It! is! essential! that! pedestrians,! bicyclists! and! transit!riders!have!access!to!safe,!welleconnected!infrastructure!that!connects!them!to!where! they! work,! shop,! gather,! recreate,! and! more.! Only! through! such! design! changes! will! it! be! possible! to! decrease! auto! dependence! and! increase! the! use! of! multimodal! transportation! –! including!pedestrian,!bicycle,!transit!and!automobile!modes.! Current!Conditions!in!the!Delridge!Corridor! Delridge!Way,!a!fast!moving!arterial!connecting!the!neighborhood!to!other!destinations!within! the!city,!bisects!this!predominantly!residential!corridor.!In!addition!to!serving!as!an!integral!bus! route,! Delridge! Way! runs! adjacent! to! many! community! gathering! places! and! services.! Currently,!there!are!few!protected!signals!for!pedestrians!to!safely!cross!the!arterial!at!street! level.! While! planners! have! attempted! to! rectify! the! situation! with! a! pedestrian! bridge! at! SW! Oregon! Street,! residents! are! often! seen! crossing! unsafely! at! the! unprotected! intersection! below!the!pedestrian!bridge.!! In! addition! to! having! limited! pedestrian! crossings,! the! neighborhood! also! has! significantly! fewer!complete!sidewalks!(52%)!than!the!city!(72%).3!Many!existing!sidewalks!are!too!narrow! for! a! wheelchair! and! pedestrian! to! comfortably! pass! one! another! without! requiring! one! to!! move! off! the! designated! path.! It! is! unclear! whether! these! narrow! sidewalks! or! those! with! cracks! are! included! in! the! 52%! of! sidewalks! deemed! complete.! Pedestrians! and! bicyclists! traveling!along!residential!streets!throughout!the!corridor!find!a!patchwork!of!complete)streets! (streets! safe! for! the! full! range! of! multimodal! use)! and! incomplete! streets.3! The! complete! streets,! which! contain! wide! sidewalks! and! sharrows! (shared! lane! bicycle! markings)! are! aesthetically! pleasing! and! comfortable! to! walk! or! ride! along.! However,! the! interruption! of! incomplete!streets!reduces!safety!and!comfort!within!the!larger!network.! At! the! very! least,! multimodal! infrastructure! needs! to! connect! residents! to! employment,! community!and!economic!centers,!as!well!as!recreation!facilities.!Currently,!19.8%!of!Delridge! residents!who!work!outside!the!home!commute!to!work!using!active)transport—public!transit! (15.8%),!walk!(2.3%),!bicycle!(1.6%)—a!sum!considerably!less!than!the!citywide!percentage!of! 32.1%.3! Many! community! centers! and! recreational! facilities! are! located! on! either! side! of! the! arterial,!which!can!be!used!to!facilitate!movement!between!such!locations.! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Impact!on!Health! Walkable! and! bikable! communities! are! ones! that! both! allow! and! encourage! residents! to! participate! in! active! transportation! on! a! regular! basis! by! locating! stores,! business,! schools,! libraries! and! transportation! all! within! a! short! and! safe! walk! or! bicycle! ride! of! residents.! Transportation!facilities,!such!as!the!presence!and!condition!of!sidewalks!and!design!of!roads,! can! encourage! or! impede! physical! activity.! Increase! physical! activity! is! associated! with! reducing! the! risk! for! many! chronic! diseases,! including! obesity! which! is! prevalent! among! Delridge!adults!(22.9%).4,5!Among!youths,!positive!sidewalk!characteristics,!safe!crossings,!and! trafficecalming! features! such! as! speed! humps! and! traffic! lights! are! related! to! greater! total! physical!activity,!which!can!help!develop!lifelong!healthy!active!transportation!habits.6!While! these! factors! are! inconsistently! associated! with! total! physical! activity! in! adults,! a! study! has! shown! adults! living! in! highly! walkable! neighborhoods! engaged! in! 41! more! minutes! of! total! physical!activity!per!week!when!compared!to!those!living!in!lowewalkability!neighborhoods.7! In! addition! to! access! to! safe! transportation! infrastructure,! walkable! neighborhoods! are! also! influenced! by! aesthetic! and! community! elements.! Aesthetic! design! strategies! that! promote! physical! activity! and! psychological! health! include,! but! are! not! limited! to,! tree! canopy! along! pedestrian! paths,! landmark! buildings,! clean! streets! and! sidewalk! cafés! (or! “streateries”).! Windows!and!other!elements!that!reduce!crime!and!increase!security!by!promoting!increased! public! usage! are! important! –! more! people! out! in! the! community! mean! more! “eyes) on) the) street”!to!dissuade!and!interrupt!crime!or!violence.10!Multiple!studies!have!reported!that!higher! levels!of!both!neighborhood!walkability!and!physical!activity!are!associated!with!reduced!risk! of!depression,!after!adjusting!for!other!factors.8,9! Assessment! The! areas! where! Delridge! has! begun! to! implement! complete! streets! are! clearly! utilized! by! community!members,!particularly!those!near!greenbelts.!However,!the!neighborhood!lacks!a! consistent! network! of! safe,! protected! pedestrian! and! bicycle! thoroughfares! to! connect! community!members!to!the!places!they!frequent.!As!part!of!the!Delridge!Corridor!Multimodal! Improvement!Project,!SDOT!should!partner!with!community!members!to!use!the!“Issues!and! Opportunities”! identified! during! community! meetings! to! map! a! complete! pedestrian! and! bicycle! network! to! connect! residents! to! community! resources! (e.g.,! schools,! recreation! facilities,! community! centers,! libraries,! stores,! etc.).! In! an! effort! to! collaboratively! identify! active! transportation! networks,! community! members! should! be! engaged! in! the! process! and! use! community! knowledge! to! identify! intersections! and! other! access! points! along! Delridge! Way!that!require!protected!pedestrian!signals!for!safe!crossing.!These!crossings!should!be!at! street!level!to!ensure!they!meet!the!needs!of!all!residents.!! Another!way!to!incorporate!community!input!is!to!have!residents!create!a!cohesive!community! theme,!or!thematic!nodes,!to!be!incorporated!into!future!transit!and!development!projects.!By! establishing! a! culturally! appropriate! theme! and! specific! design! elements! (e.g.,! trees,! murals,! etc.),!resident!stakeholders!could!provide!a!more!concrete!sense!of!place!and!community!both! for! Delridge! residents! and! those! visiting! the! neighborhood.! Thoughtfully! implemented! aesthetic! elements! and! transportation! infrastructure! will! promote! active! transportation,! mental!health,!and!community!cohesion.! 13!

Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Recommendations! To!improve!neighborhood!walkability!and!transportation!options!in!the!Delridge!Corridor,! SDOT!should!consider!the!following!recommendations:!!! 1. Design!all!transportation!facilities!(i.e.,!pedestrian,!bicycle,!and!transit)!for!all!ages,!abilities! and!cultures!(i.e.,!linguistically!appropriate)!present!within!the!community.! 2. Improve! walkability! and! bikeability! by! developing! a! pedestrian! and! bicycle! network,! with! multiple! avenues! for! community! members! to! participate! in! and! provide! feedback! on! the! networks.! a. Have!the!community!identify!intersections!and!other!access!points!along!Delridge! Way!that!require!safe,!ground!level,!protected!pedestrian!crossings.! b. Prioritize! pedestrian! and! bicycle! infrastructure! that! completes! the! network! and! safely! connects! residents! to! the! locations! they! frequent! in! line! with! the! Seattle! Bicycle!and!Pedestrian!Master!Plans.! 3. Install! transiteonly! lane! in! one! direction! and! two! directions! where! right! of! way! (ROW)! is! available.! a. Install!bus!bumpeouts!for!pedestrian!safety!and!transit!efficiency! 4. Direct! bike! traffic! to! greenways,! and! discuss! biking! with! community! groups! to! learn! preferences!and!interest!protected!greenway!bike!lane!! a. Connect! greenways! to! Alki! and! Duwamish! Trails,! and! West! Seattle! and! Spokane! bridges.! b. Complete! bike! network! with! multiple! connections! to! destinations! of! community! interest.! 5. Add!a!protected!bike!lane!where!the!greenway!offeDelridge!is!unavailable.!! 6. Install!wayfinding!signs!in!transit!shelters!and!include!maps!of!bike!lanes!and!connections! to! destinations! of! community! interest,! e.g.,! community! centers,! and! food! and! business! districts,!per!the!Seattle!Transit!Master!Plan.!! 7. Work! with! residents! to! establish! a! community! design! theme! that! reflects! the! neighborhood’s! unique! identity,! and! integrate! this! theme! into! all! future! development! to! create!a!sense!of!place!for!community!members!and!visitors.!! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Recreation!&!Physical!Activity!! Recreational! opportunities! in! a! community! are! closely! linked! to! the! quality,! number,! and! accessibility!of!community!centers,!parks!and!other!recreation!areas.1!Furthermore,!they!can! help!foster!a!sense!of!community!and!place!felt!by!residents!and!other!recreation!space!users.2! Thus,!community!design!can!play!a!critical!role!in!promoting!or!limiting!recreational!activities.! Effective!community!design!enables!active!living!and!recreation!access!and!opportunities!and! outcomes! such! as! physical! activity,! stress! alleviation,! and! safety.1,3! In! contrast,! poor! community! design! can! limit! access! to! recreational! opportunities,! eliminating! access! or! locations!where!community!and!physical!activity!can!be!fostered.! Current!Conditions!in!the!Delridge!Corridor! The! Delridge! Corridor! is! home! to! an! abundance! of! structured! and! unstructured! green! space! and!a!number!of!community!centers!and!pools!to!promote!recreation!and!enable!active!living! (See!Figure!2).4!Delridge!exceeds!benchmarks!for!all!but!one!of!the!five!recreation!indicators! outlined!in!the!background!Healthy!Living!Assessment!(HLA).!For!example,!99%!of!residents! live!within!¼!mile!of!a!park,!however!park!space!may!not!be!ideally!suited!for!children,!as!only! 42%!live!within!¼!of!a!mile!of!a!playground.!Additionally,!as!all!residents!live!within!1!mile!of!a! community!center!and!with!the!numerous!sports!fields,!the!Longfellow!creek!trail,!and!other! green!spaces,!Delridge!far!exceeds!the!benchmarks!for!acres!of!parkland!per!1,000!households! (41.6!versus!1)!and!residents!(16.6!versus!10.3).! A!number!of!physical!activity!indicators!set!for!the!HLA!also!exceed!benchmarks,!in!particular! the! ratio! of! miles! of! bike! facilities! per! mile! of! roadway! (20%! compared! to! the! 10%! Seattle! average)! but! these! indicators! evaluate! built! environment! and! access,! not! necessarily! actual! use.! All! residents! live! within! ½! mile! of! a! bus! or! rail! stop,! and! very! few! live! without! a! car! (only! 7.5%! of! households).! Theoretically,! this! conveys! improved! access! to! recreation! and! physical! activity.! However,! access! can! be! limited! by! parking! restrictions,! heavy! traffic,! sidewalk! access—only! 52%! of! roadways! have! complete! sidewalks,!and!it!has!been!noted!that!recreation! Figure!2:!Sports!fields!along!Delridge!Way! sites!could!be!better!utilized!to!engender!a!sense! of!community!and!place.4! Delridge!is!among!Seattle’s!most!diverse!neighborhoods,!but!as!previously!reviewed,!it!is!one! not! without! substantial! health! disparities.6! It! has! the! highest! proportion! of! children! and! adolescents!(23.6%)!of!any!Seattle!neighborhood!and!a!low!proportion!of!individuals!aged!over! 65! (8.2%),! an! age! distribution! expected! to! be! associated! with! good! health! and! high! levels! physical!activity.!However,!according!to!the!2010!census,!more!Delridge!residents!have!fair!or! poor!health!(16%)!than!any!other!Seattle!neighborhood!and!a!high!proportion!(15%)!reported! no!physical!activity!in!the!last!30!days—this!in!spite!of!the!abundant!green!space,!sports!fields! and!trails!in!the!neighborhood.5!! 15!

Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Impact!on!Health! Community!design!affects!human!health!quite!significantly!through!creation!and!maintenance! of! recreational! sites! (and! access! to! these! community! resources),! which! promote! physical! activity! and! active! living.! Physical! activity! is! closely! linked! to! human! health! through! the! reductions!in!obesity,!which!is!important!given!the!associations!between!obesity!and!diabetes,! heart! disease! and! stroke,! cancer.! 7e11! The! most! immediate! impact! of! low! physical! activity! is! obesity—also!related!to!nutritional!access,!which!in!the!long!term!is!linked!to!the!more!distal,! downstream! adverse! health! outcomes.! However,! physical! activity! conveys! immense! reductions! in! negative! risks,! particularly! for! heart! disease,! and! urban! development! offers! a! number!of!solutions!to!improve!physical!activity.!12,1e3! Critical!mediators!of!the!relationship!between!community!design!and!physical!activity!include! residents’!proximity!to!parks!through!trails,!safe!roadways!and!sidewalks,!social!cohesion!and! safety,!as!well!as!the!quality!and!size!of!parks!and!community!centers.1!Improved!access,!social! cohesion,! and! recreational! opportunities! enable! walking! and! cycling! as! transit! methods! to! access!parks!and!also!within!green!spaces!and!community!centers.!However,!it!is!important!to! emphasize! the! multiefaceted! nature! of! predictors! of! activity.! Studies! have! found! that! geographic!access!and!walkability!alone!do!not!always!result!in!more!physical!activity.!13e15! Social! cohesion! and! safety! are! underemphasized! factors! in! considering! the! relationship! between!recreation!spaces!and!physical!activity.!Access!to!recreation,!particularly!for!children,! is! significantly! restricted! in! communities! that! are! not! perceived! as! safe—whether! judging! by! crime! rates,! safe! streets—or! social! cohesion! (e.g.! level! of! segregation).16e18! Areas! with! crime,! poor! lighting,! and! many! vacant! areas! convey! disrepair! and! lack! of! safety! to! residents! and! disincentive! physical! activity.18! In! turn,! this! reduces! access! to! recreation! and! limits! physical! activity,!particularly!among!children,!while!increasing!risks!of!overweight!and!obesity.19e21! Assessment! Delridge!currently!has!more!than!adequate!amounts!of!recreation!space!to!promote!physical! activity! and! improve! human! health,! according! to! the! HLA! indicators.4! However,! in! spite! of! residents’!geographic!proximity!to!parks,!trails,!and!community!centers,!actual!physical!activity! is! mediated! by! the! completeness! of! streets! and! social! cohesion! (e.g.,! integration! of! diverse! populations).! The! absence! of! complete! streets! (with! sidewalks! on! both! sides! of! the! street),! linkages! between! sidewalks! and! biking! on! the! street! grid,! and! limited! parking! can! all! be! resolved.! However,! any! reeconstruction! of! Delridge! Way! for! the! Multimodal! Corridor! Improvement! project! is! likely! to! worsen! each! situation! in! the! interim.! Great! care! should! be! taken!to!promote!access!to!green!space!and!engender!community!amidst!revitalization!of!the! Delridge! Corridor.! In! the! final! solution,! planners! should! work! with! residents! and! community! leaders! to! optimize! parking! opportunities! for! recreation! spaces! while! also! increasing! safe! access!through!healthier,!more!sustainable!alternatives!of!walking,!cycling,!and!public!transit.! In!collaboration!with!the!local!community!and!Seattle!Parks!and!Recreation,!SDOT!should!also! consider!solutions!such!as!pocket!parks!to!revitalize!vacant!lots!and!areas!without!safe,!easy! access!to!playgrounds!and!other!locations!for!children.22!These!parks!can!be!tailor!made!in!a! small! lots! to! meet! needs! specific! to! proximate! residents,! which! could! be! useful! given! the! finding!that!only!42%!of!children!have!access!to!a!playground!within!¼!mile.4! 16!

Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Recommendations! 1. DON! should! consider! surveying! residents! from! different! age! and! gender! subsets! (i.e.! adolescents,!elders,!etc.)!from!historically!underrepresented!groups!regarding!their!use!of! recreation!and!community!centers!for!physical!activity!and!incorporate!insights!into!policy! recommendations! for! development! and! community! centers! to! address! equity! while! improving!access!to!recreational!activity.!! 2. DPD!should!consider!continuing!to!address!vacant!lots,!through!advocating!for!reezoning,! or! Seattle! Parks! and! Recreation! purchasing! and! developing! vacant! lots! into! pocket! parks! containing! small! playgrounds! to! improve! children’s! access! to! playgrounds! and! improve! physical!activity.!! 3. SDOT!should!consider!developing!interim!plans!to!preserve!access!to!recreation!activities! amidst!construction.!! 4. SDOT! should! consider! prioritizing! connectivity! and! access! in! the! final! solution! by! developing!complete!streets,!with!adequate!lighting,!sidewalks,!crosswalks,!and!bike!lanes! to! increase! access! to! recreational! sites! in! line! with! the! Seattle! Bicycle! and! Pedestrian! Master!Plans.!!

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Disability!Access!&!Wayfinding! The!ease!of!physical!navigation!through!a!space!is!predicated!on!one’s!ability!to!maneuver!and! understand! the! environment.! Disabilities,! defined! as! limitation(s)! on! performing! agee! and! sociallyeappropriate! roles! due! to! longelasting! physical,! mental! or! emotional! conditions,! and! language!barriers!present!obstacles!that!are!often!overlooked!by!the!general!population!in!the! U.S.5! The! Americans! with! Disabilities! Act! (ADA)! of! 1990! prohibits! discrimination! based! on! disability! and! sets! forth! requirements! for! physical! access! of! public! spaces.! Any! public! space! that! is! not! accessible! to! residents! with! disabilities! constitutes! discrimination! under! Title! II! of! the! ADA.! Improvements! such! as! widening! and! repairing! sidewalks! and! providing! safe! and! frequent! crossings! are! needed! to! comply! with! these! standards.! Additionally,! landmarks! and! maps! in! multiple! languages! for! wayfinding! are! crucial! to! aiding! navigation! by! noneEnglish! speakers.! Current!Conditions!in!the!Delridge!Corridor! The! Delridge! Corridor! serves! a! diverse! community! with! varying! levels! of! physical! ability.! Though! the! population! of! older! adults! is! small,! Delridge! has! high! levels! of! obesity! and! other! health! problems! (see! Introduction).! The! rate! of! disability! of! residents! aged! 18! and! older! is! approximately!23%.2!In!terms!of!linguistic!limitations,!29%!of!Delridge!residents!do!not!speak! English!at!home.3!Specifically,!Delridge!is!home!to!large!Vietnamese,!Somali,!and!Cambodian! communities.! This! data! highlights! the! need! for! infrastructure! that! addresses! the! physical! limitations!of!aging!and!disabled!residents,!and!is!useful!to!noneEnglish!speakers.!! Impact!on!Health! Built! environments! become! “disablist”! when! they! do! not! the! meet! basic! needs! of! all! users.4! Despite! their! prevalence! in! society,! urban! design! often! ignores! or! fails! to! meet! the! needs! of! individuals! with! disabilities! because! they! lack! representation! in! the! design! and! development! process.!In!addition!to!a!lack!of!ADAeaccessible!infrastructure,!streets!left!in!disrepair!pose!a! daily! threat! to! residents! with! disabilities.! Sidewalk! cracks! and! potholes! cause! significant! mobility! impairment! in! adults! with! severe! neuromuscular! or! movementerelated! disability.6! Additionally,! elderly! individuals! are! most! likely! of! all! age! groups! to! suffer! fatal! injuries! when! struck! by! a! car.7! Providing! safer! crossings! and! lowering! speed! limits! can! reduce! the! risks! of! these!incidents.! Wayfinding!comprises!the!many!ways!in!which!individuals!navigate!a!space.!It!is!crucial!to!the! health! and! safety! of! the! Delridge! community,! particularly! for! residents! with! disabilities! and! noneEnglish!speakers.!Individuals!rely!on!a!combination!of!landmarks!and!route!knowledge!to! navigate!their!surroundings!and!reach!their!destinations.8!While!maps!can!be!useful,!landmarks! are! the! most! important! navigational! tool! for! pedestrians! and! thus! should! be! incorporated! frequently! throughout! the! neighborhood.9! Distance! information! and! street! names! are! less! frequently!used!by!pedestrians,!and!are!usually!only!available!in!English.10!It!is!important!that! residents! and! visitors! to! Delridge! have! clear! visual! cues! in! order! to! safely! navigate! their! way! through!the!community.! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Walkability!and!open!access!have!positive!downstream!effects!for!all!people,!particularly!those! with!disabilities.11!Being!outside!in!the!community!facilitates!development!of!social!capital!by! allowing!those!with!limited!mobility!or!language!barriers!to!interact!with!their!neighbors!and! become!involved!with!community!issues.!Social!capital!is!critical!for!residents!with!disabilities! who!may!be!more!isolated!than!their!ableebodied!peers,!as!improving!social!connections!has!a! positive!affect!on!mental!health.!Safety!is!also!an!issue!for!these!populations;!improved!public! infrastructure!reduces!the!risk!of!injury!and!can!increase!physical!activity!by!making!people!feel! more!comfortable!spending!time!outside.!Making!streets!safe!and!accessible!to!all!residents!–! regardless!of!ability!or!background!–!is!key!to!developing!a!connected!and!healthy!community.! Assessment! While!manageable!in!some!parts,!the!majority!of!Delridge!Way!is!not!responsive!to!the!needs! of!residents!with!disabilities.!Most!sidewalks!are!barely!wide!enough!to!fit!a!wheelchair!and!are! in! such! a! state! of! disrepair! that! they! would! be! difficult! to! navigate! in! a! wheelchair.! The! pedestrian! overpass! near! the! Delridge! Playfield! poses! a! significant! challenge! to! residents! in! wheelchairs,! as! the! slope! is! too! steep! for! an! individual! to! cross! the! road! without! assistance.! There! are! several! bus! stops! near! the! overpass,! but! the! lack! of! surfaceelevel! crosswalks! cause! many!individuals!to!illegally!cross!several!lanes!of!fastemoving!traffic.!This!is!not!an!option!for! residents!with!limited!mobility,!who!are!forced!to!travel!a!long!distance!to!the!next!crosswalk.! Since! King! County! Metro! is! ADAeaccessible,! public! transportation! provides! a! key! service! to! disabled! residents.! However,! most! surfaceelevel! crosswalks! are! located! far! from! bus! stops! along!the!corridor!and!thus!pose!a!challenge!for!mobilityelimited!residents.!! Wayfinding!along!Delridge!Way!is!adequate!but!can!be!improved.!Large!neighborhood!maps! near! some! bus! stops! provide! information! about! nearby! parks! and! amenities,! as! well! as! educational!information!about!preserving!the!natural!environment.!These!signs!provide!useful! information! to! residents! and! visitors,! but! do! not! extend! along! the! entire! length! of! Delridge! Way.!Additionally,!information!is!only!available!in!English.!! Recommendations! To!improve!neighborhood!accessibility!for!residents!with!disabilities!and!noneEnglish!speakers,! SDOT!should!consider!the!following!recommendations:! 1. Include!limitedemobility!residents!in!the!design!and!development!process!for!the!Delridge! Corridor.!SDOT!could!partner!with!Disability!Rights!Washington!to!address!these!issues.! 2. Ensure! that! all! pedestrian! zones! meet! the! minimum! width! requirement! of! six! feet! stipulated!in!the!Seattle!RighteofeWay!Improvements!Manual!and!repair!existing!sidewalks! to!improve!wheelchair!accessibility.! 3. SDOT! should! add! more! surfaceelevel! crosswalks,! specifically! near! Delridge! Playfield! and! bus!stops.! 4. SDOT!should!consider!enhancing!existing!crossings!with!tactile!warning!strips,!sounde!and! lighteenhanced!crossing!signals,!and!sloped!curbs.! 5. SDOT! should! consider! providing! wayfinding! information! in! multiple! languages! (Spanish,! Vietnamese,!Somali,!and!Khmer)!at!bus!stops.! 19!

Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

6. SDOT! and! SOAC! should! consider! creating! identifiable! landmarks! along! the! Delridge! Corridor!through!a!community!art!project!that!honors!the!neighborhood’s!diverse!cultures.! This!will!require!working!closely!with!members!of!the!community.! 7. SDOT! should! consider! consulting! the! Seattle! ADA! Compliance! Team! throughout! the! planning!and!construction!phases!of!the!Delridge!Corridor!Project.!

!

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Social!Capital! Social!capital!describes!the!social!relationships!among!community!members,!which!foster!trust! and!norms!of!reciprocity.!High!social!capital!helps!community!residents!feel!connected!to!one! another! and! their! community,! trust! each! other,! participate! in! the! community! (e.g.! volunteering),! as! well! as! share! resources! and! support.! In! high! social! capital! communities,! neighbors!know!each!other,!talk!regularly,!and!help!each!other!with!different!types!of!support.! Social! capital! offers! many! benefits! both! at! the! individuale! and! communityelevel.! When! neighbors!trust!each!other!and!work!together,!they!help!to!deter!crime,!spur!economic!growth! and! improve! the! quality! of! community! resources! –! all! factors! positively! linked! to! health.! Research! also! shows! that! people! who! have! rich! social! networks! and! who! are! active! in! their! communities! tend! to! live! longer! and! enjoy! better! physical! and! mental! health,! even! when! accounting! for! such! factors! as! ethnicity,! income,! and! education.19! Community! design! influences! both! social! capital! and! health! –! community! engagement,! green! space,! neighborhood! walkability! and! connectivity,! and! placeemaking! can! be! used! to! promote! community!social!capital!(CSC)!and!the!health!of!area!residents.! Current!Conditions!in!the!Delridge!Corridor! Neighborhoodelevel!data!on!CSC!for!the!Delridge!area!is!not!currently!available.!However,!in! 2011! King! County! conducted! a! study! on! countywide! social! cohesion;! King! County! scored! a! mean! 36.2! out! of! a! possible! range! of! 10! (low)! to! 50! (high).! However,! there! were! notable! differences! once! the! data! was! broken! down! by! area,! income,! age! and! other! factors.! Adults! ages!18e44,!Blacks!and!Asians,!those!born!outside!the!US,!and!nonenative!English!speakers!–! groups!which!are!wellerepresented!in!Delridge!–!each!reported!lower!levels!of!social!cohesion.! Based!on!this!data!it!can!be!assumed!that!the!Delridge!area!has!lower!levels!of!CSC!relative!to! other!Seattle!neighborhoods.! Broadly!defined,!a!community!asset!is!anything!that!can!be!used!to!enrich!the!quality!of!life!in! a! community,! such! as! a! park.20! These! assets! create! spaces! both! for! formal! and! informal! interaction! among! residents,! provide! access! to! valuable! resources,! and! serve! to! strengthen! local!identity!and!neighborhood!cohesion,!all!elements!of!CSC.!Key!community!assets!in!the! Delridge!neighborhood!are!listed!below!in!Figure!3.!! ! ! ! Southwest!Teen!Life! Center!&!Pool!

Public!Schools!

High!Point! Community!Center!

Public!Libraries!

Delridge!Community! Center,!Playfield!&! Skatepark!

South!Seattle!College!

Youngstown!Cultural! Arts!Center!

Longsfellow!Creek! Nature!Preserve!&! Legacy!Trail! Cottage!Grove!Park!!

Vietnamese!Cultural! Center!

PbPatches!

Figure!3:!Delridge!Community!Assets! 21!

Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

The!Delridge!area!also!features!many!built!environment!elements!that!promote!social!capital.! The!northern!end!of!the!Delridge!Corridor!between!SW!Genesee!St.!and!Sylvan!Way!SW!has! significant! green! space! and! relatively! wide! sidewalks! with! tree! lawns,! features! that! improve! walkability.! Walkable! neighborhoods! encourage! residents! to! walk,! rather! than! drive,! to! local! destinations! and! increase! the! likelihood! of! informal! interaction.3! Certain! stretches! of! the! Delridge!Corridor!are!less!inviting!to!pedestrians,!however.!Heading!south!along!Delridge!Way! SW,!sidewalks!narrow!around!Sylvan!Way!SW,!where!there!are!also!fewer!green!buffer!strips,! infrequent!crosswalks,!and!sidewalks!are!in!poor!condition.! Along! with! pedestrian! features,! the! Delridge! neighborhood! has! a! number! of! art! installments! that! add! to! the! aesthetic! appeal! of! the! area,! including! murals,! hand! painted! traffic! signal! control! boxes,! and! public! sculptures.! Aesthetic! elements! enhance! the! quality! of! the! neighborhood!and!create!a!sense!of!community!identity.!! While!the!Delridge!community!boasts!a!wealth!of!community!assets,!unfortunately,!they!are! not! well! integrated! into! the! neighborhood! infrastructure.4! As! a! result,! they! are! not! readily! accessible!by!foot,!bike!or!bus,!thus!limiting!their!ability!to!enhance!area!social!capital.!! Another!aspect!of!CSC!that!is!very!strong!in!Delridge!is!community!engagement.!Members!of! the! Delridge! community! are! highly! civically! engaged.! The! area! has! many! community! associations! that! advocate! for! change! to! enhance! the! wellbeing! of! local! residents,! including! improved! access! to! healthy! foods! and! affordable! housing.! These! groups! also! organize! community!events!and!programs!that!bring!residents!together!and!strengthen!local!social!ties.! Table!5!shows!the!breadth!of!community!groups!in!Delridge.!! ! Table!5:!Delridge!Community!Groups! Camp!Long!Advisory!Council! Delridge!Grocery!Coeop! Delridge!Neighborhoods!Development! Association! Delridge!Neighborhoods!District!Council!

Pigeon!Point!Neighborhood!Council! Puget!Ridge!Neighborhood!Council! Southwest!Community!Center!Advisory! Council! Southwest!Youth!and!Family!Services!

North!Delridge!Neighborhood!Council!

Sunrise!Heights!Neighborhood!Association!

High!Point!Neighborhood!Association! High!Point!Resources!Coalition!

West!Seattle!Transportation!Coalition! White!Center!Chamber!of!Commerce! White!Center!Community!Development! Association! Westwood/Roxhill/Arbor!Heights! Community!Council!

Highland!Park!Action!Committee! Highland!Park!Improvement!Club!

!

22!

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Impact!on!Health! Community!social!capital!affects!health!in!three!key!ways:! 1. Informal! social! control:! in! communities! with! high! CSC,! neighbors! band! together! (independent!of!law!enforcement)!to!discourage!unwanted!behaviors!such!as!smoking,! vandalism!and!crime.!! 2. Mutual! aid:! Social! networks! provide! access! to! valuable! social! support! and! resources! which! can! help! people! cope! during! difficult! life! events,! and! also! provide! means! for! advancement.!! 3. Ability!to!undertake!collective!action:!Communities!with!higher!collective!efficacy!are! better! able! to! negotiate! for! health! facilities,! transportation! access! and! other! community!assets!linked!to!mental!health.18,19!! Extensive!research!has!been!done!on!the!key!health!disparities!seen!in!Delridge.!It!consistently! shows! that! higher! social! capital! improves! these! health! outcomes.! The! following! table! summarizes!the!most!recent!research!on!the!affect!of!the!level!of!social!capital!on!the!health! conditions!that!have!the!largest!health!disparities!in!the!Delridge!neighborhood.!! !

Table!6:!HIA!Impact!Analysis!Summary!of!Findings!–!! Interventions!to!Increase!Social!Capital! ! ! ! ! ! ! Direction! Magnitude! Severity! Likelihood! Distribution! ! Cancer ! ! ! ! ! 8 Incidence ! Positive! Medium! High! Unclear! Equally!distributed! Mortality17! Positive! Medium! High! Possible! Equally!distributed! Heart! Positive! Medium! Medium! Possible! Equally!distributed! Disease8,14! Female!residents! Obesity13! Positive! High! Medium! Likely! impacted!more!! Lower! Respiratory! Uncertain! Medium! Medium! Unclear! Equally!distributed! 8 Disease ! Stroke! ! ! ! ! ! Incidence11! Positive! Medium! High! Likely! White!residents! ! ! ! ! ! impacted!more! 10 Mortality ! Positive! Low! High! Likely! Equally!distributed! Males,!Over!65e Suicide12! Positive! Medium! High! Possible! yearseold!males! impacted!more! Selfbrated! Positive! High! Low! Likely! Equally!distributed! health12! Liver! No!data! No!data! No!data! No!data! ! Disease! 23!

Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Research!suggests!that!CSC!offers!valuable!protection!against!depression!and!mental!illness.! Individuals!who!trust!their!neighbors!are!less!likely!to!become!depressed;!those!who!are!active! in!local!associations!and!organizations!are!also!less!likely!to!experience!depression,!though!the! relationship! is! less! robust.21! CSC! appears! to! be! especially! important! to! the! mental! health! of! youth! and! the! elderly,! two! key! vulnerable! groups.! Studies! show! a! strong! inverse! association! between! CSC! and! depressive! symptoms,! anxiety! and! mood! disorders! in! children! and! adolescents.22! Elements! of! CSC! most! important! to! mental! wellbeing! in! youth! are! neighborhood! cohesion,! the! quality! of! the! neighborhood! environment! and! supportive! social! networks!outside!the!home.22! Social!capital!has!also!been!shown!to!improve!health!disparities!related!to!SES.15!People!with! lower!SES!tend!to!have!low!social!capital,!which!is!related!to!health!disparities.!High!levels!of! social!capital!can!buffer!some!of!the!negative!impact!on!health!from!low!SES!for!both!children! and! adults.! The! trust,! social! networks! and! reciprocity! present! in! a! child’s! school,! peer! group! and! community,! have! farereaching! effects! on! behavior! and! development! through! opportunities,!choices!and!educational!attainment,!in!addition!to!health.16! Assessment! Both!transportation!systems!and!the!design!of!a!community!affect!the!time!available!for!social! capitalebuilding!activities.!Long!work!commute!times!are!especially!damaging!to!social!capital;! for!every!additional!10!minutes!required!to!commute!to!work,!there!is!a!10%!decrease!in!social! capital.16! Neighborhood! walkability! also! affects! CSC.3! In! a! welleconnected,! walkable! communities,!with!easy!access!to!local!resources!and!employment,!more!time!is!available!for:!! •

Extracurricular!activities!for!children!and!teens,!

•

Recreation!time!for!adults!after!work,!

•

Community!involvement!in!activities!to!improve!the!community,!and;!

•

Time!for!families!to!spend!together.3,16!

Seattle’s!Delridge!Corridor!Project!offers!an!opportunity!to!enhance!social!capitalepromoting! features! in! the! area,! and! in! turn! contribute! to! the! physical! and! mental! wellbeing! of! local! residents.!! A! key! goal! of! the! project! is! to! improve! neighborhood! walkability! and! pedestrian! safety.! Planned! enhancements! include! new! and! improved! sidewalk! infrastructure,! additional! crosswalks,! and! increased! pedestrian! lighting.! Also! planned! is! the! introduction! of! the! Safe! Routes! to! School! program,! which! includes! placement! of! crossing! guards! at! key! intersections! and! crosswalks.! These! improvements! would! serve! to! strengthen! social! capital! by! increasing! neighborhood!pedestrian!activity!and!opportunities!for!informal!interaction,!and!by!fostering!a! sense!of!safety.!! Another! focus! of! the! Delridge! Corridor! project! is! the! expansion! of! green! space.! Additional! parks,!green!features,!and!trails!along!the!Delridge!Corridor!would!enhance!the!quality!of!the! neighborhood! environment! and! add! communityeshared! spaces! that! promote! neighborhood! identity!and!cohesion.!!

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

The!project!also!seeks!to!create!a!completed,!connected!network!of!multimodal!pathways!to! improve!access!to!community!destinations!and!ensure!better!coordination!among!community! assets! and! services.! Interconnectedness! among! these! resources! foster! spontaneous! and! information!interactions!among!community!members! Increasing!social!capital!has!numerous!positive!effects!on!health!and!the!community,!however,! it!can!hurt!historically!underrepresented!groups,!who!may!have!fewer!opportunities!to!obtain! and!use!social!capital15.!In!fact,!people!are!healthier!in!communities!with!less!close!social!ties! than!those!in!communities!where!they!are!socially!excluded.!It!is!of!utmost!importance!to!take! steps!to!avoid!inadvertently!harming!the!very!groups!who!stand!to!benefit!most!from!building! community! social! capital.! By! actively! and! meaningfully! involving! all! historically! underrepresented!groups!in!Delridge,!equal!access!to!newly!built!social!capital!is!fostered.!! Recommendations! 1. SDOT! should! consider! forming! a! community! coalition! for! oversight,! community! representation,!and!feedback.!Ideally,!the!coalition!should!include!representatives!from!all! stakeholder! groups! in! the! Delridge! community.! Representatives! from! established! community! organizations! in! Delridge! should! be! included! to! enhance! connections! among! the!groups.!! Intentionally)Include)Historically)Underrepresented)Groups) 1. The! Department! of! Neighborhoods! (DON)! should! consider! utilizing! the! Public! Outreach! and!Engagement!Liaisons!to:! a. Engage! in! community! outreach! with! underrepresented! groups! to! determine! their! priorities,!needs!and!preferences.!! b. Encourage! the! participation! of! members! of! underrepresented! groups! in! ongoing! project!work!(e.g.!community!coalition).!! 2. DPD!and!SDOT!should!consider!addressing!barriers!to!participation!in!the!project!process! by!ensuring!a!meeting!accessible!via!public!transportation,!scheduled!at!a!time!that!does! not! conflict! with! typical! work! or! cultural! religious/cultural! activities,! and! provides! onesite! childcare.! 3. DPD! and! SDOT! should! consider! providing! translated! materials! at! all! meetings,! and! interpretation!at!meetings!targeting!noneEnglishespeaking!groups.! Encourage)Residents)to)be)out)in)the)Community)) 1. DPD!should!consider!installing!benches!and!work!with!SPU!to!install!additional!pet!waste! receptacles! (Mutt! Mitt! dispenser)! in! parks! and! high! pedestrian! traffic! areas! along! the! Delridge!Corridor!to!increase!opportunities!for!informal!social!interaction.! 2. DPD!should!consider!centralizing!development!around!the!identified!nodes!to!encourage! use!of!community!assets.!!

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

3. In! line! with! the! Seattle! Bicycle! and! Pedestrian! Master! Plans,! SDOT! should! consider! focusing!on!multimodal!connections!among!the!community!assets! –!particularly!walking,! biking!and!public!transportation!access!–!to!facilitate!increased!use.!! 4. SDOT!should!consider!supporting!the!organization!of!a!Spring!Clean!Community!Cleanup! event!in!April!or!May!2016.! a. Supplies!provided!at!no!charge!from!SPU! b. Delridge!community!organization!leads!the!event! c. DON!should!provide!technical!support!to!apply!for!$1000!DON!Small!Sparks!grant! 5. SDOT!and!DPD!should!consider!planning!a!community!celebration!at!the!completion!of!the! project.! Consider! inviting! community! groups! and! organizations! (e.g.! the! community! centers)! to! present! information! at! tables! to! build! community! awareness! of! and! engagement!with!these!resources.!! 6. The!DON!should!consider!conducting!a!brief!social!capital!assessment!in!Delridge,!as!well! as!a!reassessment!after!the!project!is!completed!to!evaluate!the!change!in!social!capital.!! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Aesthetics!&!Green!Space There! is! mounting! evidence! that! interactions! with! nature! and! participation! in! art! each! positively!influence!mental!and!physical!health.!Importantly,!research!has!shown!that!children! especially!benefit!from!art!and!green!spaces;!with!increased!access!to,!and!involvement!in,!art! they! have! higher! literacy! and! increased! academic! achievement.! Contact! with! nature! is! essential! for! healthy! mental! and! cognitive! development! in! young! children! and! studies! have! shown! that! poor! access! to! urban! green! spaces! is! associated! with! behavioral! problems! and! inattention!and!hyperactive!disorders.! Ensuring! equal! access! to! green! spaces! and! nature! for! vulnerable! communities,! like! South! Delridge,! is! crucial! to! providing! relief! and! social! space! to! build! community! resilience.! Urban! green!space!contributes!to!equity!by!providing!public!outdoor!spaces!and!access!to!nature!for! families! without! gardens! or! yards.! Further,! communityeinitiated! and! executed! art! projects! create! an! opportunity! for! neighborhoods! to! come! together,! fostering! social! cohesion! and! potentially!decreasing!healtherelated!inequities!within!the!community.! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Green!Spaces!&!Nature!Contact! Interaction! or! mere! contact! with! nature! and! greenery! can! have! significant! benefits! to! one’s! mental!wellbeing.!Despite!the!average!person!spending!90%!of!their!day!indoors,!most!people! have! an! inherent! desire! to! be! with! nature.14! This! idea! that!people!have!an!instinctive!emotional!attachment!to! the! natural! world! is! called! biophilia.1! Growing! research! links!nature!contact,!even!in!small!doses,!to!a!variety!of! longeterm!mental!health!benefits.!! In! an! urban! built! environment! such! as! the! Delridge! Corridor! there! are! many! ways! to! incorporate! biophilic! features! and! ensure! equitable! access! to! green! spaces! and! parks.! This! HIA! outlines! two! key! ways! for! nature! contact! to! be! enhanced:! 1)! by! creating! destination))) spaces! such! as! parks! and! playfields! to! which! people! purposely! travel! to! visit,! and;! 2)! by! biophilic) integration,! the! deliberate! inclusion! of! nature! into! the! urban! landscape.!The!inclusion!of!natural!elements!in!the!built! Figure!4:!Green!Space!Near!Longfellow!Creek!

!

environment! is! often! an! afterthought! or! an! addition! made! solely! for! aesthetic! purposes;! however,! there! is! a! plethora! of! evidence! that! supports!green!spaces!as!not!only!pleasing!to!the! human!experience!but!essential!to!wellbeing.!! Current!Conditions!in!the!Delridge!Corridor! Seattle’s! Delridge! Corridor! provides! access! to! many! parks! and! an! abundance! of! opportunities! for! nature! contact.! In! the! four! miles! of! the! proposed! project! area,! there! are! 16! parks,! playgrounds! and! green! spaces,! all! within! a! onee mile! walk! from! Delridge! Way! SW.! These! destination! green! spaces! provide,! not! only! opportunities!for!physical!recreation,!but!also!the! benefits! of! improving! social! connection! and! mental!health.!!

Map!3:!Accessible!Green!Spaces!in!the! Eightyeone!percent!of!destination!green!spaces!in! Delridge!Corridor! Delridge!are!located!in!North!Delridge.!Traveling! south!on!Delridge!Way!SW!after!Brandon!Street,!there!is!noticeably!less!greenery,!particularly! near!the!border!of!the!White!Center!neighborhood!on!Roxbury!Street.!! !

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Impact!on!Health! A!biophilic!environment!not!only!enhances!wellbeing!but!also!serves!to!shield!against!negative! stressors!such!as!anxiety,!depression!and!aggression.!Proximity!to!open!green!spaces!in!urban! areas!is!associated!with!reduced!stress!levels.2!Nature!extends!beyond!trees!and!plants,!other! natural!elements!such!as!stones,!water,!and!sunlight!are!equally!effective!in!creating!a!healthy! environment.!In!an!increasingly!technoecentric!society,!more!time!is!spent!in!artificial!settings,! causing! attention! fatigue.! Prolonged! time! in! these! settings! is! related! to! memory! loss,! diminished! ability! to! focus,! impatience! and! frustration.! Contact! with! nature! can! provide! attention! restoration! and! improve! task! performance.3! Frequent,! brief! restorative! nature! experiences!may,!over!the!long!run,!offer!cumulative!benefits.1! People! of! all! ages! benefit! from! nature! contact,! but! for! children,! nature! can! play! a! crucial! role! in! cognitive! development! and! learning.! A! play! session! at! an! outdoor! playground! provides! a! very! different!experience!than!one!indoors.!Children’s!ability!to!develop! perceptual!and!expressive!skills,!imagination,!moral!judgments!and! other! attributes! is! greatly! enhanced! by! contact! with! nature.3! Schools! that! bring! children! into! natural! places! find! that! students! perform!better!academically,!and!are!more!engaged!and!motivated! to!learn.4!Children!can!also!reap!educational!benefits!from!learning! with!nature;!more!schools!are!building!school!gardens!to!help!teach! the! sciences,! teamwork,! and! nutrition.! Nature! provokes! wonder,! Figure!5:!Greenery! curiosity!and!engagement!and!can!have!a!powerful!impact!on!the! Along!Delridge!Way! cognitive!development!of!Delridge!neighborhood!youth.!! The!redesign!of!the!Delridge!Corridor!will!greatly!impact!how!people!interact!with!each!other! and! their! environment.! Aside! from! the! basic! need! for! individuals! to! have! a! personal! private! space,!they!also!need!to!feel!like!they!share,!own!and!are!responsible!for!shared!community! space.! Neighborhoods! that! provide! equal! access! to! parks! and! public! spaces! can! promote! informal! social! interactions! in! a! pedestrianeoriented! design.! Public! spaces! that! prioritize! walkability! and! nature! can! nurture! place! attachment! and! a! sense! of! community! ownership.! Transforming! parts! of! Delridge! that! are! not! often! frequented,! blighted,! or! are! perceived! as! uninviting! or! unsafe! will! encourage! residents! to! use! active! transportation,! socialize! outside,! and!gather!together!creating!positive!social!bonds!and!a!safer,!healthier!community.! Assessment!! While! parts! of! the! Delridge! Corridor! already! have! significant! amounts! of! green! space,! this! project! presents! an! opportunity! to! create! a! biophilic! corridor! that! can! enhance! mental! and! social! health,! and! in! turn! decrease! chronic! disease! burden.! Nature! integration! can! play! a! prominent!role!in!creating!pedestrianeoriented!streets!and!improve!the!traveler’s!experience.! Integrating!nature!into!the!area!does!not!have!to!be!large!scale,!quite!the!contrary;!it!can!be! the! small! changes! and! subtle! details! that! make! an! impactful! difference.! The! following! recommendations!advocate!for!incorporating!biophilic!design!and!reimagining!the!streets!not! as! conveyance! for! automobiles! and! traffic,! but! as! a! community! space! where! people! can! experience!nature!as!part!of!their!daily!routine!and!promote!mental!and!social!health.!! 29!

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Recommendations! Incorporate)nature)into)the)Delridge)Corridor)Multimodal)Improvement)Project) 1. In!collaboration!with!the!Urban!Forest!Stewardship!Plan,!plant!more!trees!and!shrubbery! along!the!Delridge!Corridor,!incorporating!them!into!the!streetscape.5! 2. Build!rain!gardens!to!collect!and!treat!stormwater!and!selfesupport!greenery.! 3. Install!public!benches!and!seating!on!sidewalks!under!tree!shade.!! 4. Use! natural! materials! (e.g.,! rocks,! pebbles,! water,! and! sustainable! woods),! when! appropriate,!and!include!public!art!and!décor!that!mimics!natural!elements.! 5. Use!easyetoemaintain!grasses!and!planters!as!dividers!for!spaceeuse!(e.g.,!between!parking! spaces,!sidewalk!and!streets,!crosswalks!and!street,!etc.).! 6. Use! bushes! or! hedges! to! “soften”! any! manemade! barriers! (fences,! concrete! walls,! etc.),! buildings,!and!street!corners.6! 7. Incorporate!natural!elements!at!bus!stops.!For!example,!plant!trees!that!provide!additional! shelter!from!the!rain,!but!ensure!their!maintenance!for!safety!and!visibility.! 8. Involve!community!members!and!groups!in!projects!that!incorporate!natural!elements!into! The!Delridge!Corridor!whenever!possible!and/or!feasible!(e.g.,!a!tree!planting!party).!! Prioritize)access)to)destination)green)spaces)for)all)ages)and)abilities) 1. Plant!rows!or!lines!of!plants/trees!to!lead!people!to!entrances!of!parks!and!trails.! 2. Reduce!drivers’!speeds!near!parks!and!green!spaces!to!provide!safer,!designated!access!for! pedestrians!with!striped!crosswalks,!inepavement!LED!crosswalks!lights!and/or!signs.! 3. Increase! signage! and! directions! to! parks! and! green! spaces! to! encourage! visitation! and! awareness,!especially!near!bus!stops!and!major!intersections.!! 4. Include! designated! bike! lanes! that! lead! or! connect! to! nature! trails! or! other! points! of! interest!in!line!with!the!Seattle!Bicycle!Master!Plan.!

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Art!&!Community!Aesthetics! Art! and! community! aesthetics! can! provide! an! interface! for! social! interactions,! fostering! an! environment!of!inclusion!across!diverse!socioeconomic,!cultural,!and!age!groups.!The!benefits! of! art! and! aesthetics! include! chronic! disease! reduction,! especially! related! to! anxiety,! depression! and! stress.! Children! particularly! benefit! from! art,! as! it! contributes! to! brain! and! academic!development.!! Current!Conditions!in!the!Delridge!Corridor! Two! of! Delridge! community’s! greatest! assets! are! the! area’s! natural! beauty! and! the! Youngstown!Cultural!Arts!Center.!Both!assets!have!the!potential!to!contribute!toward!building! an!aesthetically!pleasing!community!through!community!arts!engagement.!In!fact!the!North! Delridge! Community! Neighborhood! Council! has! identified! beautification! as! a! key! objective.! Areas! of! Delridge! that! require! aesthetic! attention! are! shown! in! the! left! and! center! panels! of! Figure! 6.! A! community! created! mural! is! shown! in! the! right! panel.! Consideration! of! art! and! aesthetics!in!the!Delridge!Action!Plan!is!important!because!these!concepts!are!associated!with! improved!mental!health!and!child!brain!development,!and!are!community!priorities.!!

Figure!6:!Community!Mural!on!Retaining!Wall!of!Youngstown!Cultural!Arts!Center! Impact!on!Health! Art!and!aesthetics!have!been!noted!to!positively!affect!mental!health!and!wellbeing!through! the!following!pathways:!increased!access!to!art!creation,!participating!in!community!created! art!and!existing!in!an!aesthetically!pleasing!environment.!These!pathways!specifically!impact! community! equity! and! the! wellbeing! and! development! of! children.! Including! space! for! community! art! and! maintaining,! or! increasing,! accessibility! to! Youngstown! Cultural! Arts! Center!could!help!community!members!obtain!the!mental!health!benefits!associated!with!the! pathways! above.! These! benefits,! and! their! relevance! to! the! Delridge! action! are! assessed! below.! Assessment! Access)to)Art)) Creating! art! has! long! been! associated! with! improved! mental! and! physical! health.! However,! many!of!the!benefits!of!art!creation!are!not!realized!equally!across!socioeconomic!groups.!In! many! cases,! loweincome! individuals! may! not! have! the! time! or! funds! to! devote! to! art.! Community!art!classes!held!at!Youngstown!Cultural!Arts!Center!encourage!participation!from! all!individuals!through!scholarship!and!donation!based!classes.!Argyle!et!al.!2005!conducted!a! 31!

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study! introducing! art! to! a! single! parents! support! group.1! Many! study! participants! were! lowe income! and! struggled! with! mental! health! issues! including! anxiety! and! depression.! Study! participants!reported!increased!social!cohesion,!selfeconfidence!and!creativity.!One!quote!from! a!teenage!parent!group!member!highlights!the!mental!health!benefits!of!art!particularly!well;! “I! have! found! it! relaxing! because! you! could! get! rid! of! your! penteup! emotions! by! actually! channeling!it!into!something.”! 1!Supportive!environments!for!parents!can!improve!child!health! and! wellbeing! by! building! healthier,! happier! families.! Access! to! art! may! improve! parents’! mental!health,!conferring!benefits!to!their!children!in!the!process.!! Access! to! art! is! important! for! children.! In! a! study! of! 49! children! ages! 7e12,! musical! training! correlated!with!reading!fluency.2!Art!can!also!help!children!develop!fine!motor!skills,!which!are! linked!with!academic!performance!later!in!life.3!Encouraging!and!increasing!access!to!art!in!the! Delridge! community! would! increase! local! children’s! exposure! art! and! consequently,! may! improve!their!academic!performance.!! Community)Created)Art) Community!created!art!can!enhance!the!aesthetics!of!an!urban!environment!as!well!as!create!a! unique! sense! of! place! for! community! members.! In! Portland,! Oregon,! community! members! painted! a! giant! sunflower! in! an! intersection.! The! development! of! the! idea,! the! planning! and! the! implementation! were! all! communityeled.! The! program! boasted! a! 60%! participation! rate! and! following! the! art! installation,! 65%! of! community! members! rated! their! community! an! excellent! place! to! live,! compared! to! only! 37%! of! residents! in! a! neighboring! community.4! Another!study,!which!explored!the!equityerelated!benefits!to!community!based!art,!found!that! in!diverse!communities,!art!projects!can!help!shatter!stereotypes!and!give!voices!to!those!who! may!be!silenced!by!other!means.5!Fostering!communities!that!embrace!equity!is!an!important! factor!in!mental!health!and!can!help!decrease!discrimination.!! Aesthetic)impacts)of)Art) Art! and! community! aesthetics! encourage! residents! to! spend! time! in! their! communities;! strengthening! social! cohesion! and! building! stronger! support! networks! that! are! critical! to! achieving!and!maintaining!mental!wellbeing.!The!sunflower!installation,!discussed!above,!drew! 32%!of!passersby!to!stop!and!interact!with!the!art,!establishing!a!sense!of!place!created!by!the! community.!Community!art!has!also!been!associated!with!decreased!vandalism.!Additionally,! individuals!who!agreed!with!the!statement,!“Your!local!area!is!attractive”!were!more!likely!to! go!out!walking!in!their!neighborhoods.6!Physical!and!mental!health!are!inextricably!linked.!An! increase! in! walking! and! physical! activity! can! promote! positive! mental! health! benefits.! Installation!of!art!can!also!boost!cultural!tourism!and!enhance!land!values.7!There!are!economic! benefits! to! these! activities,! but! art! that! is! out! of! line! with! community! values! can! be! poorly! perceived! and! create! divisions! within! a! community.! One! example! of! this! was! the! statue! of! Donald! Dewar! erected! in! Glasgow! in! 1999.! This! statue! was! political! and! as! a! result! was! repeatedly!vandalized.7!! !

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Recommendations! 1. SDOT!should!consider!adding!space!on!sidewalks!for!community!art!installations.!! 2. SDOT!and!the!Seattle!Office!of!Arts!and!Culture!(SOAC)!should!commission!local!artists!to! design! art! pieces! for! installation! along! sidewalks,! bus! stops,! retaining! walls! and! other! available!spacee!this!is!in!line!with!SDOT’s!“Art!Plan”!and!SOAC’s!1%!for!the!Arts!Program.! Examples!of!sidewalk!art!include!“Sidewalk!Stamps”!and!“Rain!works.”!8! 3. SDOT! and! SOAC! should! consider! supporting! community! based! art! projects! on! retaining! walls,! nonearterial! streets! and! intersections,! pedestrian! overpasses! and! on! any! newly! constructed! retaining! walls.! Funding! for! these! types! of! communityeinitiated! projects! is! available!through!the!DON!‘s!Neighborhood!Matching!Fund.! 4. SDOT! should! consider! increasing! multimodal! public! transportation! access! to! the! Youngstown! Cultural! Arts! Center! in! line! with! the! Seattle! Transit! Master! Plan’s! goal! of! improving!access!to!cultural!assets.! !

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Environmental!Health! The! environments! in! which! people! live,! grow,! and! play! enormously! impact! their! health.! It! is! important!to!consider!the!potential!effects!the!Delridge!Corridor!Project!on!the!quality!of!the! air,! water,! soil,! noise,! and! housing! in! the! surrounding! community.! For! instance,! soil! compaction! and! instability! caused! by! construction! and! demolition! can! negatively! affect! the! water!that!feeds!into!nearby!Longfellow!Creek!which!is!a!source!of!drinking!water!for!residents! and!habitat!for!animals,!and!if!polluted!could!transmit!disease.!Air!pollution!from!construction! and!increased!traffic!can!also!raise!the!risk!of!cancer,!and!heart!and!lung!disease,!and!increase! hospitalizations! from! asthma! and! other! respiratory! illnesses.! Noise! pollution! from! traffic! or! construction! can! cause! a! variety! of! health! issues,! from! stress! to! tinnitus! (ringing! in! the! ears)! and! difficulty! sleeping! –! a! problem! on! its! own,! and! one! that! exacerbates! other! health! conditions.!Healthy!and!safe!housing!can!lead!to!decreases!in!respiratory!illness,!reduced!falls! and!burns,!and!reduced!cognitive!impairment!from!excess!environmental!lead!and!depression! caused! by! living! in! lowequality! housing.! Careful! planning! is! necessary! as! community! improvements!are!made!to!reduce!the!number!of!illnesses,!deaths,!and!injuries.!!

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Soil! When!redeveloping!the!Delridge!Corridor,!planners!must!consider!the!impact!of!construction! on!the!environment,!in!particular!soil.!Construction!equipment!will!compact!soils;!compaction! from! construction! vehicles! alone! can! reduce! soil! water! infiltration! by! 70e90%! creating! a! potential! for! flooding.1! Demolition! of! streets! and! buildings! may! also! release! toxic! materials! into!the!surrounding!soil;!of!particular!concern!are!the!leaded!paint!and!asbestos!often!found!in! older! structures.! It! is! important! to! maintain! health! soils,! which! nurture! plant! growth! and! provide! valuable! water! infiltration,! which! is! particularly! important! during! Seattle’s! frequent! heavy!rains.! Current!Conditions!in!the!Delridge!Corridor! Compaction!limits!the!soil’s!ability!to!absorb!water,!especially!during!storms!and!heavy!rains.! Compacted!soils!also!contain!less!oxygen,!water!and!microbiological!activity!than!natural!soils,! and!are!less!effective!in!filtering!polluted!runoff!from!streets.!The!Delridge!corridor!is!located!in! the! Longfellow! Creek! watershed;! any! water! not! running! into! the! sewage! system! runs! into! Longfellow! Creek! and! eventually! through! the! Duwamish! River! into! Elliott! Bay.! Delridge! uses! a! combined! sewage! outflow! (CSO)! to! handle! its! storm! water.! CSO! systems! combine! storm! water! and! sewage! into! a! single! system;! during! a! heavy! rain! or! other!large!water!event!there!is!potential! for! sewage! to! overflow! into! Longfellow! Creek.! According! to! the! Environmental! Protection! Agency! (EPA),! CSOs! are! allowed! one! overflow! event! per! year! before! having! to! report! other! infractions! to! the! Department! of! Ecology,! and! on! average!overflow!once!per!year.2!Seattle! Public! Utilities! (SPU)! is! currently! updating! CSOs! in! the! Delridge! Map!4:!CSOs!in!Delridge!and!West!Seattle! neighborhood,! however,! the! improvements! will! likely! only! reduce! the! frequency! and! volume! of! sewage! overflows! into! Longfellow!Creek.4!! Waterway!pollution!not!only!impacts!aquatic!life!but!also!has!adverse!effects!on!human!health.! Waterborne! disease! transmission! is! a! common! and! efficient! way! of! spreading! infectious! agents,! particularly! fecal! coliform! and! rotavirus,! to! large! populations.! Public! Health! –! Seattle/King!County!monitors!access!to!safe!surface!water!by!assessing!levels!of!fecal!coliform! bacteria!present!in!local!lakes!and!waterways!directly!related!to!the!presence!of!CSOs!and!how! they!might!affect!other!aspects!of!environmental!health.5!Introducing!methods!to!increase!soil! permeability!during!demolition!and!construction!along!with!the!addition!of!other!biofiltration! 35!

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efforts! can! reduce! the! risks! presented! by! overflows.! Bioswales,! vegetation! barriers! and! constructed! wetlands! all! help! to! mitigate! soil! compaction,! both! improving! soil! health! and! adding! to! neighborhood! aesthetics.! Healthy! soils! and! biofiltration! systems! can! also! reduce! maintenance! costs! and! need! for! drainage! equipment,! and! provide! greater! flexibility! in! redesigning!the!Delridge!corridor.! During! its! near! 100eyear! operation! (1988e1986),! the! ASARCO! copper! smelter,! located! in! Ruston,! Washington,! released! significant! amounts! of! lead! and! arsenic! and! into! the! air.! According! to! the! Seattle! and! King! County! Environmental! Health! Services,! West! Seattle! and! the! Highline! neighborhood! are! ‘soil! safety’! areas! affected! by! these! potentially! dangerous! pollutants.!The!lead!that!settled!into!soil!from!the!smelter!operation!is!linked!to!developmental! disabilities!in!children!and!lower!intelligence!scores.!Arsenic!is!linked!to!cancer!later!in!life!and! is! believed! to! contribute! to! heart! disease.! Any! disturbance! of! soil! in! the! contamination! area! may!release!these!toxins,!exposing!the!community.! Impact!on!Health! The!mental!and!physical!health!of!a!community!is!directly!impacted!by!access!and!exposure!to! green! space! and! vegetation.6! Healthy! soils! produce! healthier! vegetation! and! trees,! which! absorb!carbon!dioxide,!provide!shade,!and!prevent!unwanted!runoff.4!! Roughly! half! the! homes! in! Delridge! were! built! before! 1980,! and! may! contain! lead! paint,! asbestos,! polychlorinated! biphenyl! (PCB)! or! chlorinated! hydrocarbons,! and! other! potentially! harmful! toxins! used! before! modern! construction! regulations.8! Children! are! at! an! especially! high! risk! for! exposures! as! they! play! near! the! ground! and! regularly! consume! more! soil! than! adults! due! to! handetoemouth! behaviors.! Children! are! also! more! vulnerable! to! the! neurotoxic! effects!of!lead!exposure.!Careful!control!of!how!soil!is!handled!can!significantly!reduce!the!risk! of!permanent!brain!injury!and!disease!transmission.! Assessment! Delridge!is!in!a!unique!watershed!that!directly!impacts!the!health!of!the!superfund!site!around! the! Duwamish! River! and! Elliot! Bay.! This! area! has! been! battling! environmental! health! issues! since!industry!first!moved!into!the!bay!over!150!years!ago.!Recently!the!waterways!have!seen! an!overall!improvement!of!aquatic!health,!and!with!proper!soil!management!in!Delridge,!this! trend! can! continue.9! Using! bioremediation! and! biofiltration! techniques! on! the! soil! in! the! corridor,! will! improve! the! ability! of! Delridge! CSOs! to! handle! major! storm! water! events! and! reduce! overflow! events,! which! pollute! local! water! sources.! The! improved! health! of! local! waterways!will!reduce!the!risk!of!waterborne!illness.!With!less!reliance!on!CSOs,!Delridge!will! also!save!money!by!reducing!the!need!for!maintenance!and!upgrade!to!their!sewage!and!storm! water!systems.!When!moving!any!dirt!or!soil,!the!presence!of!toxins!should!be!considered!and! tested! for! as! these! actions! could! put! workers! and! the! community! at! risk.! Best! management! practices!should!be!exercised!and!all!soils!should!be!tested!before!any!project!is!initiated.! !

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Recommendations! 1. Work! with! the! City! of! Seattle! Green! Stormwater! Infrastructure! program! and! refer! to! the! Seattle! RighteofeWay! Improvement! Manual! subechapter! 4.17! on! Street! Drainage,! Storm! Drains!and!Sewers!to!prioritize!the!use!of!biofiltration!during!street,!housing!and!industrial! redevelopment!designs.! 2. Assess!the!current!conditions!and!health!of!the!soil!in!the!proposed!project!areas!and!also! assess! the! potential! impacts! to! the! soils! in! the! project! area! by! focusing! on! compaction,! degradation!of!nutrients,!and!release!of!toxic!materials.! a. Consider!“uncompacting”!the!soil!under!Delridge!Corridor!roads!and!mitigating!any! toxins!stored!in!the!soil! 3. Hire!appropriate!professionals!to!test!structures!for!toxic!materials!such!as!PCBs,!asbestos,! and!lead.! 4. Use! best! practice! methods! during! demolition! or! deconstruction! as! well! as! proper! toxins! containment!for!road!redevelopment.! 5. Monitor!effectiveness!of!biofiltration!impacts!on!the!CSOs!and!perform!compaction!tests! on!sites!undergoing!redevelopment.! 6. Develop! relationships! between! the! King! County! Local! Hazardous! Waste! Management! Program!and!Delridge,!and!educate!residents!on!the!proper!disposal!of!toxic!waste.!

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Water! As!one!of!the!four!largest!urban!streams!in!Seattle,!Longfellow!Creek!is!one!of!the!most!visible! connections! urban! residents! in! the! Delridge! corridor! have! with! an! iconic! Pacific! Northwest! resource.!After!more!than!a!decade!of!community!effort!and!volunteerism,!Longfellow!Creek! has! been! restored! to! the! point! that! salmon! now! return! yearly! after! an! absence! of! over! 60! years.10! Healthy! streams! provide! numerous! benefits! to! the! urban! community! aside! from! immediate! environmental! benefits,! including:! reconnecting! adults! with! and! introducing! children! to! nature;! increasing! opportunities! for! inner! city! environmental! stewardship,! education! and! awareness;! providing! an! outdoor! laboratory! for! schools;! increasing! property! values,!and;!creating!vibrant!spaces!that!attract!customers!to!local!businesses.11e13!! Current!Conditions!in!the!Delridge!Corridor! Urban!streams!provide!opportunities!for!recreational!and!subsistence!fishing.!Unhealthy!urban! streams! have! the! potential! to! harm! human! health! when! toxic! polyaromatic! hydrocarbons! (PAHs)!from!urban!areas!are!deposited!into!streambeds,!and!then!scoured!out!to!waterways! and! consumed! by! fish! and! shellfish,! and! subsequently! humans.! Toxic! PAHs! are! ubiquitous! in! urban!environments.14!“PAHs!have!many!urban!sources,!including!used!motor!oil,!automobile! exhaust,!industrial!atmospheric!emissions,!tire!particles,!and!asphalt.”14!PAHs!have!been!found! to!be!present!in!the!receiving!waters!of!urban!streams,!e.g.,!the!Duwamish!Waterway.15!Due!to! the!human!health!impacts!of!PAH,!PAHs!are!considered!pollutants!of!concern.!PAHs!have!been! found!to!adversely!impact!developing!fetuses.!Adverse!developmental!outcomes!include!low! birth!weight,!premature!birth,!heart!malformation,!and!DNA!damage!associated!with!cancer! and! lower! IQ! and! asthma.16–18! Best! management! practices! during! construction! can! minimize! the!risk!of!depositing!sediment!into!Longfellow!Creek.19! Many!pollutants!migrate!attached!to!sediments,!and!soil!particles!are!also!considered!potential! pollutants.!Streambed!contamination!occurs!when!toxic!PAHs!bound!to!sediments!migrate!by! storm!water!runoff,!CSO!spills!and!atmospheric!dust!into!urban!streams.14!Toxic!PAHs!can!be! found!in!wastewater!and!sewage!released!from!urban!areas.20!When!discharged!untreated!into! to!stream!waters,!they!can!pose!problems!for!human!health.!Traffic!activities!have!been!found! to! negatively! impact! PAH! levels! in! streams! up! to! 500! meters! away.20! Delridge! Corridor! construction!activities!are!expected!to!occur!well!within!this!range.!PAHs!can!potentially!enter! the! environment! and! the! streambed! when! construction! activities! disturb! bounded! sediments.!Any!rain!or!storm!event!during!construction!can!cause!migration!of!these!bounded! sediments.!! Impact!on!Health! Human! PAH! consumption! occurs! indirectly! through! movement! up! the! food! chain.! PAHs! are! ingested! by! macroinvertebrates,! the! base! of! the! food! chain.! Juvenile! salmon,! krill! and! other! feeder! fish! consume! the! macroinvertebrates.! Shellfish! live! and! feed! in! contaminated! sediments.! Despite! the! danger! of! eating! contaminated! fish! and! shellfish,! the! Duwamish! Waterway! is! the! site! of! much! recreational! and! subsistence! fishing! and! shellfish! collection,! particularly!among!loweincome!local!Cambodian!and!Vietnamese!populations.21! ! 38!

! Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Assessment! To! protect! Seattle’s! waterways,! the! City! of! Seattle! has! charged! SPU! to! oversee! a! plan! managing! storm! water! runoff! using! green! infrastructure.! The! Delridge! Natural! Systems! Drainage!Project!(DNSDP)2!is!one!element!of!this!overall!objective.2!Where!SDOT!construction! overlaps!SPU’s!Natural!Drainage!project,!care!should!be!taken!that!construction!activities!do! not! damage! the! water! quality! of! Longfellow! Creek.! One! very! visible! public! (and! scientific)! indicator! of! the! stream’s! health! has! been! the! return! of! salmon.23! Therefore,! a! best! management! practice! plan! for! construction! and! a! monitoring! plan! should! be! developed! to! minimize! related! pollution! of! local! waterways.! One! of! the! critical! indicators! of! watershed! health! is! sediment! levels.23! Heavy! construction! can! contribute! to! sediment! erosion.! The! Department!of!Permitting!and!Environmental!Review!handles!plans!to!mitigate!soil!erosion!at! construction! sites! and! should! be! heavily! involved! in! redevelopment! plans! in! the! Delridge! Corridor.24! A!monitoring!program!that!utilizes!turbidity!measurements!would!be!an!appropriate!indicator! of!water!quality.25!Daily!turbidity!measurements!should!be!made!before!construction!begins!in! order! to! establish! baseline! background! readings! or! retrieved! from! Washington! State! Department! of! Ecology! (WDOE)! records.! During! construction! WDOE! personnel! should! take! turbidity!measures.!Collection!of!samples!should!be!made!according!to!the!guidelines!located! in! Chapter! 4! of! A! Citizen’s! Guide! to! Understanding! and! Monitoring! Lakes! and! Streams.26! As! Longfellow!Creek!is!considered!a!Class!A!stream!a!water!quality!standard!for!turbidity!is!based! on!the!amount!of!increase!over!background!conditions.!Violations!attributable!to!construction! activities!would!be!investigated!and!mitigated!by!Best!Management!Practices.! Recommendations! To! preserve! water! quality! in! the! Delridge! community,! SDOT! should! consider! the! following! recommendations:! 1. Work!with!SPU!to!implement!a!monitoring!program!that!utilizes!turbidity!measurement!as! an!indicator!of!water!quality!and!evaluate!changes!in!trends!over!time.! 2. Build! or! maintain! relationships! between! stakeholder! groups! that! utilize! the! surrounding! waterways!for!fishing!and!cultural!purposes.!

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Air! Air!quality!has!a!significant!impact!on!the!health!of!a!community.!A!growing!body!of!evidence! links!air!pollution!with!premature!deaths!from!lung!cancer,!and!cardiovascular,!and!respiratory! diseases.! In! addition,! air! pollution! may! contribute! to! the! development! of! chronic! bronchitis,! acute! respiratory! illness,! development! or! exacerbation! of! asthma,! coronary! disease,! and! impairment! of! lung! function.28! The! proposed! Delridge! Corridor! Project! involves! road! construction! and! redevelopment! of! the! area! that! may! result! in! demolition! and! construction! activities! and! changes! to! traffic! patterns.! Because! construction,! demolition! and! traffic! emissions! are! known! contributors! to! air! pollution,! it! is! important! to! consider! the! potential! health!impacts!of!such!plans!for!the!Delridge!community.!! Current!Conditions!in!the!Delridge!Corridor! Based! on! national! and! regional! air! monitoring! data,! King! County! is! well! below! federal! standards!for!ambient!air!levels!of!carbon!monoxide,!sulfur!dioxide,!nitrogen!dioxide!and!lead.! However,!particle!pollution!and!ozone!are!still!pollutants!of!concern!for!the!area.29!According! to! the! Washington! State! Department! of! Ecology,! King! County! exceeded! the! EPA! clean! air! standards! for! fine! particulate! matter! (PM)! on! five! out! of! 365! days! in! 2013.! The! Ozone! Air! Quality! Index! in! King! County! never! exceeded! standards! monitoring! and! never! ranked! higher! then!“moderate”!risk!on!the!air!quality!index!ranking.!However,!SeattleeTacoma!ranked!18th!for! U.S.! cities! most! polluted! by! shorteterm! particle! pollution.! While! smoke! from! wood! and! garbage! burning! is! thought! to! be! the! greatest! contributor! to! these! short! term! exposures,! construction! and! traffic! emissions! could! be! a! significant! source! of! temporary! exposures! to! airborne!PM!to!those!living!in!close!proximity.! According! to! the! American! Lung! Association,! people! with! asthma,! chronic! bronchitis! or! emphysema,!diabetes,!cardiovascular!disease,!children!under!the!age!of!18!and!adults!over!the! age!of!65,!and!people!of!low!socioeconomic!status!and!those!living!in!poverty!are!at!increased! risk! of! harm! from! airborne! pollution.30! Compared! to! other! neighborhoods! in! Seattle,! the! Delridge!neighborhood!has!the!highest!percentage!of!residents!under!the!age!of!18!(20%),!the! highest! rate! of! obesity! (a! risk! factor! for! developing! heart! disease! and! stroke),! the! lowest! life! expectancy!(79.2!years),!and!the!highest!percentage!of!individuals!with!general!health!rankings! of!fair!to!poor!(16%).!In!addition,!28%!of!residents!live!below!200%!of!the!federal!poverty!level.! The!leading!causes!of!death!are!cancer,!heart!disease,!chronic!lower!respiratory!disease,!and! stroke.31! The!disproportionate!level!of!poverty!and!poor!health!within!the!Delridge!community!warrants! even!closer!consideration!to!air!quality!as!a!growing!body!of!research!suggests!that!the!chronic! stressors!of!poverty!may!negatively!affect!the!way!the!body!reacts!to!pollutants,!especially!in! young! children.! For! instance,! studies! show! more! asthma! symptoms! in! children! with! simultaneous!exposure!to!air!pollution!and!socioeconomic!problems.32! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Impact!on!Health! Traffic! emissions! include! Volatile! Organic! Compounds! (VOCs)! and! nitrogen! oxides.! These! pollutants!react!with!sunlight!to!form!ozone.!When!inhaled,!ozone!causes!inflammation!of!the! lungs.33!In!the!short!term,!this!can!exacerbate!heart!and!lung!conditions!increasing!the!risk!for! heart! attacks,! strokes! and! asthma! attacks.! Over! time,! the! damage! caused! by! ozone! can! decrease!lung!function!and!lead!to!permanent!lung!disorders.34!Traffic!emissions!also!increase! airborne! PM.! PM! is! solid! or! liquid! particles! in! the! air! that! are! so! small! that! they! penetrate! deeply!into!the!lungs,!causing!damage!to!the!lungs!that!may!lead!to!illness,!hospitalizations,! and! premature! death.! One! study! looking! at! the! long! term! health! effects! of! PM! on! children! found! a! 20%! decrease! in! expected! lung! function! for! developmental! age,! a! finding! similar! to! that!of!a!child!who!grow!up!in!a!home!with!parents!who!smoked.33! Health!effects!that!have!been!associated!specifically!with!proximity!to!roads!include!onset!and! aggravation! of! asthma,! cardiovascular! disease,! reduced! lung! function,! impaired! lung! development! in! children,! preeterm! and! lowebirth! weight! infants,! childhood! leukemia,! and! premature! death.35! Children! are! most! susceptible! to! harm! because! their! respiratory! systems! are!still!developing,!they!breathe!more!air!(and!air!pollution)!per!pound!of!body!weight!than! adults!and!are!more!likely!to!be!playing!outdoors.33! As!with!traffic!emissions,!the!primary!pollutants!of!concern!from!road!construction!or!building! demolition!and!construction!are!PM!and!VOCs.!Unlike!traffic!emissions,!pollution!from!these! sources! is! likely! to! be! more! localized,! more! intense,! and! of! far! shorter! duration.! In! addition,! airborne! lead! is! a! potential! concern! if! construction! or! demolition! is! being! done! on! structures! built!before!1980!that!may!contain!lead!paint.!Lead!containing!dust!from!construction!can!be! inhaled! and! the! lead! absorbed! into! the! bloodstream.! Lead! exposure! is! especially! harmful! to! children.! Even! low! levels! of! lead! in! the! blood! of! children! is! associated! with! behavior! and! learning! problems,! lower! IQ! and! hyperactivity,! slowed! growth,! hearing! problems,! and! anemia.36! Assessment! Delridge!Way!SW!is!considered!a!principal!arterial!roadway!in!Seattle!with!an!estimated!19,600! vehicles! traveling! on! it! per! day.! Sanislo! Elementary! School,! Seattle! High,! the! Delridge! Community!Center!and!several!community!green!spaces!are!located!in!close!proximity!to!the! road! and! could! be! impacted! by! pollution! from! road! construction.! In! addition,! many! family! residences! are! located! directly! on! or! in! close! proximity! to! the! road.! It! is! unlikely! that! there! would!be!a!significant!difference!in!temporary!air!pollution!between!the!proposed!plans!for!the! road! reconstruction.! Construction! as! a! result! of! efforts! to! increase! density! and! multiuse! land! zoning! could! be! a! significant! source! of! temporary! air! pollution! to! those! in! close! proximity! to! the! projects.! While! short! term! increases! in! air! pollution! can! be! expected! during! road! reconstruction!and!demolition!or!new!construction!projects,!the!proposed!plan!for!the!Delridge! Corridor!may!actually!improve!longeterm!air!quality!if!it!successfully!slows!traffic,!increases!use! of!transit!or!other!modes!of!transportation!and/or!reduces!the!number!of!vehicles!traveling!on! the!road.!! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Recommendations! 1. Reduce!the!risk!of!exposure!to!air!pollution!from!any!new!construction!or!demolition.!!

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a. Give! preferential! hiring! or! incentives! to! use! (private)! construction! companies! that! are! affiliated! with! the! U.S! Green! Building! Council,! have! experience! in! LEED! (Leadership! in! Energy! and! Environmental! Design),! or! who! present! a! plan! for! an! Environmental!Management!System.37! 2. Mitigate!contributions!from!traffic!to!air!pollution.! a. Encourage!use!of!public!transit!and!nonemotorized!transportation!modes.! b. Design! roads! with! low! speed! limits! and! efficient! travel! without! frequent! stops/accelerations!to!reduce!emissions.38! 3. Reduce!risk!of!exposure!to!vulnerable!populations.! a. Follow! EPA! recommendations! for! building! where! children! or! other! vulnerable! populations!live!or!spend!time!as!far!from!high!traffic!areas!as!possible,!a!minimum! of!500!feet.35! b. Outfit! existing! public! facilities! close! to! roadways! or! construction! areas! with! air! filtration!systems!to!reduce!indoor!exposures!to!PM!and!other!pollutants.! c. Send! public! notices! prior! to! conducting! activities! where! creation! of! PM,! VOCs! or! other!pollutants!is!unavoidable!that!includes!recommendations!for!reducing!risks!of! exposure.! 4. Monitor!air!quality!in!parks,!near!schools,!or!other!areas!where!vulnerable!populations!may! spend!time!to!establish!any!change!in!air!quality,!especially!near!construction.!! a. Use! air! quality! monitors! to! determine! compliance! with! National! Ambient! Air! Quality!Standards!for!pollutants!that!are!emitted!from!oneroad!mobile!sources!for! nitrogen!dioxide,!carbon!monoxide,!and!fine!PM.!! b. Collaborate/engage!with!existing!resources!for!monitoring!and!assessing!impact!on! air! quality! such! as! such! as! the! UW,! the! Puget! Sound! Clean! Air! Agency,! and! the! Washington!Department!of!Ecology.! !!

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Healthy!Housing! According! to! Maslow’s! hierarchy! of! needs,! air,! food,! water,! and! shelter! are! among! the! most! basic! requirements! to! sustain! human! life.40! Often! overlooked,! the! quality! of! housing! and! crowding!of!individuals!within!individual!units!can!lead!to!poor!health!outcomes.!Transmission! of!infectious!diseases!can!occur!through!poor!water!quality,!rodent!infestation!and!poor!waste! disposal.! Crowded! living! conditions! also! may! lead! to! the! transmission! of! infectious! diseases! such!as!tuberculosis.!Injuries!are!also!often!sustained!through!substandard!housing1!including! falls! and! burns! from! exposed! heating! sources,! missing! screens,! slippery! surfaces! and! poor! lighting.!Chronic!illness!has!also!been!linked!to!poor!housing!quality.!For!instance,!indoor!air! pollution!and!damp!environments!may!lead!to!mold,!mites,!and!dust!that!can!result!in!chronic! respiratory! illnesses.! Substandard! housing! has! multiple! definitions;! however,! it! is! usually! viewed!as!housing!that!is!not!only!unsightly!or!wornedown,!but!also!poses!significant!threat!to! health!and!wellbeing.!Substandard!housing!occurs!most!frequently!in!areas!where!the!majority! of!individuals!are!of!lower!SES,!and!is!often!concentrated!among!people!of!color.42! Current!Conditions!in!the!Delridge!Corridor! A!large!proportion!of!the!Delridge!population!consists!of!people!of!color.!Fortyesix!percent!of! Delridge!residents!rent!their!homes!compared!to!48%!citywide!for!Seattle.!Of!available!rental! properties,!only!6.6%!are!unoccupied!compared!to!7.1%!citywide.!Forty!percent!of!residential! units!are!owned!with!a!mortgage!while!6%!are!owned!free!and!clear.!The!U.S.!Department!of! Housing!and!Urban!Development!suggests!that!people!and!families!who!pay!more!than!30%!of! their! income! to! housing! costs! are! considered! cost! burdened.3,4! About! 43%! of! Delridge! residents!are!classified!as!cost!burdened.!! DPD! maintains! the! quality! and! safety! of! housing! stock! in! the! city! of! Seattle.! DPD! enforces! Building! Code,! Residential! Code,! Electrical! Code,! Energy! Code,! Mechanical! Code! and! most! importantly!Housing!and!Building!Maintenance!Code!and!Land!Use!Code.44!In!conjunction!with! Public! Health! –! Seattle/King! County! Department,! Division! of! Environmental! Health! Services,! nuisance!rodents!are!kept!under!control!through!an!enforcement!program,!and!the!spread!of! disease! through! controlling! indoor! and! outdoor! triggers! is! kept! to! a! minimum! through! comprehensive!education!programs!that!assist!residents!seeking!changes!to!their!dwellings!or! information!on!potential!hazards!in!the!home.45! Impact!on!Health! Many!poor!health!outcomes!may!be!attributable!to!poor!housing!quality,!but!among!the!most! notable! is! asthma.! Asthma! has! been! a! continuous! problem! in! the! damp! Pacific! Northwest.! Seattle/King!County!has!been!a!leader!in!reducing!the!number!of!asthmaerelated!emergency! room!visits!by!developing!and!sustaining!a!research!program!helping!loweincome!families!with! children!diagnosed!with!asthma!to!learn!how!to!prevent!triggers!in!their!home!environments.46! Public! Health! –! Seattle! and! King! County! also! has! a! longestanding! lead! poisoning! prevention! program!that!assists!families!with!understanding!the!dangers!of!lead!in!the!environment.! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1

!Here!substandard!housing!refers!to!housing!that!does!not!conform!to!minimal!criteria!for!habitability! according!to!the!code!that!was!written!and!enforced!at!the!time!of!the!construction!of!the!unit.!

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Assessment! Public!Health!–!Seattle/King!County!publishes!guidelines!for!how!to!maintain!a!healthy!home! including!controlling!pests!and!triggers!such!as!dust,!dust!mites,!moisture!and!mold,!roaches,! and! rodents.! Additionally,! they! also! produce! guidelines! that! help! families! choose! the! correct! protocols! for! cleaning,! lead! and! asbestos,! as! well! as! environmental! control! checklists.! Substandard! housing! is! defined! differently! for! different! areas! of! the! country.! Seattle! has! determined!the!minimum!threshold!for!safety!and!health!as!defined!by!the!inspection!criteria! for!the!Rental!Registration!and!Inspection!Ordinance!program.!! Community! groups! such! as! the! Tenants! Union! of! Washington! State,! Got! Green?,! and! Puget! Sound! Sage! have! been! influential! in! encouraging! the! passage! of! legislation! that! encourages! healthy!and!safe!communities.!In!2012,!the!Rental!Registration!and!Inspection!Ordinance!was! enacted!requiring!all!rental!units!to!be!inspected!every!five!years!for!basic!health!and!safety.! Prior!to!the!passage!of!this!ordinance,!collecting!reliable!data!on!the!number!of!substandard! rental!units!in!the!city!of!Seattle!was!difficult!because!DPD!only!investigated!properties!that! had!been!reported!to!their!code!enforcement!hotline.!While!this!is!an!effective!way!to!identify! some! unsafe! properties,! it! requires! knowledge! of! the! system! and! bravery! in! the! face! of! potentially!punitive!landlords!and!neighbors.! Recommendations! To! keep! the! available! housing! stock! in! Delridge! not! only! livable,! but! also! healthy! for! its! occupants,! partners! in! the! Delridge! Corridor! Project! should! consider! the! following! recommendations:! 1. Build! relationships! with! Public! Health! –! Seattle! and! King! County! Department! Division! of! Environmental!Health!Services!and!community!members!to!guide!considerations!of!what! makes! a! healthy! home,! and! mindfully! plan! to! help! reduce! pollution! along! Delridge! Way! SW.! 2. Build!and!maintain!relationships!with!The!City!of!Seattle!DPD!Code!Enforcement!Agency! for!assistance!with!problematic!houses!and!rental!units.!! 3. Engage!key!stakeholders!such!as!community!groups!like!the!Tenants!Union!of!Washington! who! have! an! education! program! targeted! to! renters! living! in! areas! with! chronically! bad! landlords!or!negligent!property!owners.! 4. Practice! mindful! planning! to! prevent! displacement! of! low! income! and! communities! of! color,!and!work!toward!increasing!social!capital!by!engaging!residents!in!decisions!that!will! impact!the!quality!of!their!homes!with!respect!to!corridor!planning.! 5. Assure! that! healthy! housing! stock! is! maintained! and! increased! by! periodic! monitoring! of! reports! of! negligent! homes! to! DPD.! Compare! locations! of! complaints! that! come! to! the! Education!Services!Division!of!the!Tenants!Union!of!Washington!State!to!monitor!trends!in! calls!for!healthy!housing.!! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Noise! One!of!the!goals!of!the!Delridge!Corridor!project!is!to!create!a!healthier!public!space.!In!order! to!achieve!this,!the!health!impacts!of!noise!pollution!must!be!considered.!Noise!is!defined!as!a! class! of! sounds! that! are! considered! unwanted! and! may! adversely! affect! the! health! and! wellbeing! of! individuals! or! populations.1! As! the! focus! of! The! Delridge! Corridor! Project! is! transportation,!it!is!important!to!consider!trafficerelated!noise!and!its!effects!on!mental!health.! Trafficerelated! noise! pollution! may! affect! the! mental! health! status! of! Delridge! community! members,! especially! of! those! that! live! on! or! near! Delridge! Way! SW.! It! is! important! that! the! health! outcomes! related! to! trafficerelated! noise! pollution! are! considered! in! order! to! lessen! their!potential!adverse!health!effects!on!Delridge!community!members.!! Current!Conditions!in!the!Delridge!Corridor! One! limitation! in! assessing! noise! pollution! in! the! Delridge! Corridor! is! that! baseline! levels! of! noise! pollution! have! not! been! measured! in! the! area.! However,! previous! research! has! shown! significant!associations!between!road!traffic!noise!levels!and!traffic!flow!rates;!thus,!traffic!flow! rates! can! provide! insight! into! levels! of! traffic! noise! pollution.2! The! speed! of! vehicles! and! the! nature! of! the! road! surface! also! contribute! to! noise! levels.1! In! 2011,! SDOT! determined! that! 19,600!vehicles!per!week!drive!on!Delridge!Way!SW.!The!2006e2010!U.S.!Census!found!that!of! workers!16!years!of!age!and!older!in!the!Delridge!community,!78%!relied!on!a!car,!truck,!or!van! to!get!to!work.!These!estimates!of!traffic!in!the!Delridge!Corridor!indicate!that!noise!pollution! due! to! high! traffic! volumes! is! a! cause! for! concern! and! should! be! considered! during! the! decisionemaking!process!of!the!Delridge!Corridor!project.!! Impact!on!Health! Noise! adversely! impacts! mental! health! by! increasing! psychosocial! stress! and! annoyance.3! People!bothered!by!noise!may!experience!a!variety!of!negative!mental!health!responses,!such! as! anger,! disappointment,! dissatisfaction,! withdrawal,! helplessness,! depression,! anxiety,! distraction,! agitation! or! exhaustion.4! Environmental! noise! can! also! cause! tinnitus,! or! the! inability! to! perceive! silence! due! to! a! roaring,! hissing! or! ringing! in! one’s! ear.! It! is! known! that! tinnitus! can! cause! adverse! mental! health! effects! in! some! patients! including! anxiety,! psychological! distress,! depression,! suicide,! frustration,! irritability,! tension! and! restricted! participation! in! social! life.4! Noise! pollution! can! also! lead! to! chronic! diseases! such! as! cardiovascular!disease.!Exposure!to!noise!causes!physiological!activation!including!increases!in! heart!rate!and!blood!pressure.5!! Noise!pollution!can!negatively!impact!sleep.!Many!people!experience!sleep!disturbances!due! to!noise.! These!sleep!disturbances!include!alterations! in! sleep!pattern! or! depth,! awakenings,! and!difficulty!falling!asleep.1!Studies!in!both!adults!and!children!suggest!that!sleep!problems! may! contribute! to! development! of! some! psychiatric! disorders.! Sleep! disturbances! are! also! more! likely! to! affect! patients! with! a! diagnosed! mental! illness,! further! exacerbating! the! disease.6!! !

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The! effect! of! noise! pollution! on! children’s! mental! health! should! especially! be! considered,! as! they!are!a!population!more!sensitive!to!adverse!effects.!Children!in!noisy!environments!have! poor! school! performance,! which! leads! to! stress! and! misbehavior.! They! also! have! decreased! learning! capacity,! lower! reading! comprehension! and! concentration! deficits.3! Not! only! does! noise! pollution! affect! learning,! research! has! shown! that! chronic! noise! exposure! creates! both! physical! and! psychological! stress! that! manifests! as! elevated! blood! pressure,! learned! helplessness!and!annoyance.1! Assessment! Although! noise! has! not! been! measured! along! the! Delridge! Corridor,! previous! research! has! shown!traffic!flow!rates!can!be!a!strong!predictor!of!noise.!Due!to!the!significant!traffic!flow! rate! through! the! Delridge! Corridor,! trafficerelated! noise! pollution! may! directly! impact! the! mental! health! of! Delridge! community! members.! The! Washington! Department! of! Transportation’s!website!(www.wsdot.wa.gov)!states!that!traffic!noise!is!not!a!serious!problem! for!people!who!live!100e200!feet!away!from!lightly!traveled!roads,!however!a!majority!of!the! residences! along! the! Delridge! Corridor! are! within! the! 100e200! feet! zone.7! Therefore,! those! community! members! that! reside! along! Delridge! Way! SW! may! experience! levels! of! noise! pollution!that!cause!adverse!effects.!Noise!during!the!Delridge!Corridor!Improvement!Project! construction! period! may! contribute! to! shorteterm! noise! pollution.! As! previously! described,! there!is!a!large!body!of!evidence!describing!associations!between!noise!pollution!and!adverse! mental! health! impacts.! SDOT! should! consider! noise! abatement! strategies! for! both! when! designing!the!project!and!also!during!the!construction!phase!of!the!project.!! Recommendations! To! minimize! adverse! mental! health! impacts! from! noise! pollution,! SDOT! should! consider! the! following!actions:! 1. Increase! vegetation! along! roadways! to! decrease! traffic! noise! levels;! if! dense! vegetation! already!exists!alongside!the!roadway!it!should!be!preserved.!! 2. Ensure! that! all! pedestrian! zones! meet! the! sixefoot! width! requirement! stipulated! in! the! Seattle! RighteofeWay! Improvements! manual! in! order! to! increase! the! distance! between! traffic!noise!and!residences!along!Delridge!Way!SW.! 3. Reduce!the!speed!limit!on!Delridge!Way!SW!to!decrease!trafficeinduced!noise!pollution.! 4. Update!the!current!roadway!pavement!to!quieter!pavement!designs!and!materials.! 5. Limit! construction! activities! to! appropriate! hours! in! line! with! the! Seattle! Noise! Code! and! Best!Construction!Practices.!! 6. Notify!residents!of!planned!potentially!affected!areas!prior!to!construction!activities!well!in! advance! following! the! guidance! set! forth! in! the! “Community! Notification! for! City! Construction!Projects:!A!Guide!for!Seattle’s!Elected!Officials”!handbook.8!

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Safety! The! following! section! addresses! how! the! Delridge! Corridor! Project! affects! safety! in! the! Delridge! community.! The! assessment! covers! three! main! areas:! traffic! safety,! crime! and! personal!safety,!and!disaster!preparedness.!Safety!plays!a!vital!part!in!the!health!of!individuals! and! the! community! by! diminishing! harm! and! stress.! Safety! can! also! foster! a! sense! of! community! by! instilling! trust! and! respect! among! neighbors.! When! the! North! Delridge! Neighborhood!Council!prepared!a!policing!plan!with!the!Seattle!Police!Department!in!October! 2014,! they! gathered! community! input! on! top! neighborhood! crime! concerns.! Unsafe! driving! along!Delridge!Way!SW!ranked!at!the!top!of!this!list,!reflecting!the!importance!of!traffic!safety! to! local! residents.! Property! crime! ranked! #2! and! an! overall! sense! of! safety! related! to! highe profile! crimes! (gangs,! gunshots,! etc.)! ranked! #4,! indicating! the! concern! of! local! citizens! for! their! own! personal! safety! in! terms! of! crime.! While! not! included! on! the! list,! disaster! preparedness!is!always!an!important!part!of!safety,!especially!given!Seattle’s!predisposition!for! landslides,!earthquakes,!flooding,!and!volcanic!activity.!! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Traffic!Safety! Seattle’s! Complete! Streets! Ordinance! requires! SDOT! to! “design,! operate! and! maintain! Seattle's! streets! to! promote! safe! and! convenient! access! and! travel! for! all! userseepedestrians,! bicyclists,! transit! riders! and! people! of! all! abilities,! as! well! as! freight! and! motor! vehicle! drivers.”! 1! Ensuring! the! safety! of! these! respective! users! is! a! critical! element! of! effective! transportation! and! community! planning! and! design.! Traffic! ns! are! a! major! cause!of!fatality!and!serious!injury,!and!are!also! linked! to! poorer! health! outcomes,! and! lower! quality! of! life! and! community! comfort! levels.2! SDOT!should!prioritize!safety!considerations!in! the! transportation! plan! for! the! Delridge! Corridor! Project! to! improve! health! outcomes! for! Delridge! residents! and! those! traveling! through!the!area.! Current!Conditions!in!the!Delridge!Corridor! Delridge! Way! SW! is! a! major! arterial! road! in! West! Seattle! that! travels! northesouth! through! the!Delridge!neighborhood!and!is!roughly!four! miles! in! length.! Currently,! there! are! ! inconsistencies! in! traffic! flow! along! Delridge! Way! SW,! with! lane! patterns! changing! four! to! Map!5:!Vehicle!Collisions!on!Delridge!Way! five! times! throughout! this! fouremile! stretch.! The! current! proposed! Plan! considers! reformatting! the! roads! to! ensure! consistent! lane! use! designations!throughout!the!Corridor.!! Historically,!there!have!been!a!high!number!of!vehicle!collisions!along!Delridge!Way!SW,!with!a! total!354!vehicle!collisions,!9!bicycle!collisions!and!14!pedestrian!collisions!occurring!between! January! 2012! and! April! 2015.! The! highest! number! of! vehicle! collisions! occurred! in! the! lower! southern! section! of! Delridge! Way! SW! (see! Map! 5).! Most! bicycle! collisions! occurred! between! Juneau! St.! and! 24th! Ave.! SW! (see! Map! 6)! with! four! out! of! the! nine! total! bicycle! collisions! occurring!during!the!study!time!period!along!a!single!block.!This!area!is!notably!lacks!bicycle! travel!markings.!Several!other!bicycle!collisions!have!occurred!at!the!far!north!and!south!ends! of! the! Delridge! Way! SW.! Pedestrian! collisions! with! vehicles! occurred! relatively! evenly! throughout!the!corridor,!with!a!slightly!higher!incidence!toward!the!south!end!of!Delridge!Way! SW,!as!shown!in!Map!7.!! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Health!Outcomes!&!Causal!Pathways! Injuries!and!trauma!resulting!from!traffic!collisions!of!any!transportation!mode!can!have!severe! and! lasting! effects! on! individuals! and! communities.! Costs! incurred! from! trafficerelated! injury! include! immediate! and! longeterm! medical! costs,! lost! productivity,! legal! and! court! costs,! and! workplace! losses.! Serious! trafficerelated! injuries! in! Washington! State! caused! an! estimated! societal!cost!of!over!$850!million!in!2011.2!For!the! affected! individual,! increased! healthcare! costs! and! lost! productivity! due! to! trafficerelated! injury! may! also! reduce! the! funds! available! for! other! basic! needs! such! as! food! and! housing,! and! may! further! reduce! quality! of! life.! In! addition,! traffice related! collisions! may! cause! psychological! trauma!and!limit!travel!from!the!home!or!use!of! different!modes!of!transportation,!such!as!biking! and!walking,!due!to!fear!of!further!injury.!! Assessment!

!

Evidence! supports! that! increased! driver! speed! is! positively! correlated! with! increased! risk! of! collision!and!severity!of!collision!outcomes.!While! the!current!speed!limit!along!Delridge!Way!SW!is! 35! miles! per! hour! (MPH),! 40%! of! deaths! from! Map! 6:! Bicycle! Collisions! on! Delridge!!!! fatal! traffic! collisions! in! Washington! State! Way! between! 1994! and! 2011! occurred! in! areas! with! speed! limits! of! 35MPH! or! less.! A! 2012! survey! of! ! Washington!drivers!reported!that!67%!of!drivers!report!they!would!rarely!or!never!travel!faster! than! 30mph! in! a! 25mph! zone! and! 26%! reported! they! would! “sometimes”! do! so.3! Reducing! speed!limits!may!work!to!reduce!the!number!of!traffic!collisions!occurring!on!Delridge!Way.! Research!supports!that!driver!speed!is!also!influenced!by!roadway!design.4!Narrowing!streets! and! increasing! the! presence! of! islands,! crosswalks! and! designated! bike! lanes! can! improve! drivers’! attitudes! toward! roadway! sharing! and! encourage! drivers! to! slow! down.! Automated! speed!enforcement!cameras!also!increases!compliance!with!posted!speed!limits.2!These!speed! cameras,!especially!when!placed!in!school!and!high!pedestrian!traffic!zones,!can!significantly! reduce!trafficerelated!injury!to!drivers,!pedestrians,!and!cyclists.!The!presence!of!sidewalks!has! also!been!shown!to!improve!pedestrian!safety.5! Cyclist!safety!should!also!be!considered!in!roadway!design.!According!to!the!literature,!marked! bicycle! lanes! reduce! bicycle! traffic! incidents! and! are! the! most! protective! means! of! bicycle! travel.!When!protected!bike!lanes!were!installed!in!New!York!City!in!2011,!injury!from!collisions! for! bicyclists,! drivers,! and! pedestrians! dropped! by! an! average! of! 40%.7! Protected! bike! lanes! have!also!been!shown!to!reduce!bike!intersection!injuries!by!as!much!as!75%!posteintallment.8!

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Recommendations! 1. SDOT!should!analyze!the!collision!reports!for! the! Delridge! Corridor! to! identify! collision! hotspots! and! patterns! to! target! areas! for! trafficerelated!safety!changes!! 2. SDOT! should! consider! the! following! improvements!to!road!conditions!to!improve! safety!for!all!forms!of!traffic:! a. Reduce! the! current! speed! limit! from! 35!MPH!to!25e30!MPH.!! b. Narrow! streets! to! encourage! speed! reduction.! c. Install! automated! speed! monitoring! cameras,! especially! near! schools,! parks!and!other!high!traffic!areas.! d. Create! consistency! in! traffic! flow! by! maintaining! roadway! layout! throughout!the!corridor.! e. Create! crosswalks! midway! between! intersections.!

Map!7:!Pedestrian!Collisions!on!Delridge! Way!

f. Ensure! that! all! bus! stops! have! an! adjacent!crosswalk.!

!

g. Make!crosswalks!more!visible!by!installing!flashing!inepavement!lights!and!mide road!pedestrian!crossing!signs.! h. Create!marked!bike!lanes!for!each!direction!of!travel!along!Delridge!Way!SW.! i.

Create!marked!bike!routes!on!lower!traffic!streets!parallel!to!Delridge!Way!SW! to!encourage!bicycling!among!groups!of!all!experience!and!comfort!levels.!!

!

!

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Crime!&!Crime!Prevention! Safety!plays!a!vital!role!in!health,!both!at!the!individual!and!community!levels.!When!the!North! Delridge!Neighborhood!Council!prepared!a!policing!plan!with!the!Seattle!Police!Department!in! October!2014,!they!gathered!community!input!on!top!neighborhood!crime!concerns.!Property! crime!ranked!the!second!priority!and!an!overall!sense!of!safety!related!to!higheprofile!crimes! (gangs,!gunshots,!etc.)!ranked!fourth,!indicating!local!residents!concerns!for!their!own!personal! safety!in!terms!of!crime.1!Crime!presents!a!risk!of!physical!harm!and!also!results!in!significant! financial! costs.! In! addition,! people!who!feel!unsafe!in!their! neighborhood! may! also! have! higher! levels! of! anxiety! and! other! adverse! mental! health! issues.!People!who!live!in!highe crime! and! loweincome! neighborhoods! are! at! greater! risk! of! drug! abuse,! unwanted! pregnancy,! and! relationship! problems.2! Increasing! foot! and! bike! traffic! on! city! streets! through! pedestrian! and! cycling! infrastructure! improvements! creates! a! stronger! natural! surveillance! system.3! Traffic! calming! measures! and! walkability! infrastructure! such! as! shade! trees! and! sidewalk! improvements! can! increase! perceptions! of! cyclist! and! pedestrian! safety! and! improve! usage! rates.3,4! More! people! moving! around! in! an! area! means! more! observers! to! ! Map!8:!Neighborhoods!in!Delridge9! dissuade! and! intervene! on! criminal! acts.! This! effect! is! what! Jane! Jacobs! calls,! “eyes! on! the! streets.”5! Developing! an! infrastructure!to!increase!the!rate!of!foot!and!cycle!traffic!at!all!times!of!day!is!an!important! component!of!crime!prevention!through!environmental!design.6! Current!Conditions!in!the!Delridge!Corridor! Delridge!has!slightly!higher!crime!rates!than!the!Seattle!metropolitan!area!as!a!whole.!Delridge! has!a!higher!assault!hospitalization!rate!than!Seattle!(36.6!cases!vs.!31.8!per!100,000!residents! [2008e2012]).!Delridge!also!has!more!homicidal!deaths!(6.7!vs.!3.4!per!100,000!residents),!and! more! firearm! deaths! than! Seattle! as! a! whole! (11.8! vs.! 6.4! per! 100,000! residents);! however,! 51!

Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

these!rates!are!based!on!few!overall!cases!so!should!be!interpreted!with!caution.7!Data!were! not!available!on!North!Delridge!in!particular,!but!according!to!some!estimates!South!Delridge! has!a!17%!higher!crime!rate!than!Seattle!and!North!Delridge!has!a!13%!lower!crime!rate!than! Seattle.8! Regardless,! the! proximity! of! the! two! sections! of! Delridge! indicates! that! crime! is! an! issue!of!concern!both!for!areas!(see!Map!8).! Property! crime! is! also! deserves! consideration,! as! it! is! typically! much! more! prevalent! than! violent! crime! and! still! poses! safety! concerns.! Property! crime! may! also! escalate! into! violent! crime.!In!2012,!the!FBI!reported!a!property!crime!rate!in!Seattle!of!5,094!counts!per!100,000! residents.10!Delridge!has!15%!less!property!crime!than!Seattle;!however!it!is!important!to!note! that!Seattle’s!crime!rate!is!138%!above!the!national!average.11! Drug! and! alcohol! use! can! be! linked! to! crime.! There! are! currently! no! recreational! marijuana! dispensaries! in! North! Delridge! or! the! wider! West! Seattle! area.! A! recreational! marijuana! dispensary! was! planned! in! North! Delridge! with! construction! beginning! in! May! 2014,! but! was! later! abandoned.12! Currently! no! policy! exists! to! control! the! density! of! alcohol! outlets! in! Delridge,!though!the!area!does!not!appear!to!have!a!higher!density!of!alcohol!retail!than!the! rest! of! Seattle.! Furthermore,! out! of! 11! western! states,! Washington! currently! has! the! second! lowest!density!of!liquor!retail!outlets!at!one!store!per!20,502!inhabitants.13! Health!Outcomes!and!Causal!Pathways! Marijuana)and)Crime) Should!a!recreational!marijuana!dispensary!open!in!North!Delridge!in!the!future,!it!will!likely! not! affect! area! crime! or! safety.! The! State! of! Colorado,! which! opened! its! first! recreational! marijuana!store!on!January!1,!2014,!has!not!since!experienced!an!increase!in!crime!or!injury.!In! fact,! the! state! capital! of! Denver! reported! a! decrease! in! crime! in! 2014;! stateewide,! traffice related!fatalities!also!decreased!in!2014.14!! Urban)Contexts)and)Crime) Large!cities!have!higher!crime!rates!than!suburban!and!rural!areas,!owing!to!increased!humane human!interactions!and!a!breakdown!of!family!structure,!among!other!factors.15!The!increased! traffic!brought!about!by!the!Delridge!Corridor!Project!could!increase!crime!by!increasing!the! flow!of!people!and!goods!through!the!area,!and!by!increasing!humanetoehuman!interactions.! Unemployment,)Poverty)and)Crime) Conversely,!such!a!project!could!foster!a!sense!of!community!and,!by!improving!transportation! options,!provide!for!more!employment!opportunities.!Research!shows!a!!link!between!poverty,! unemployment,!and!crime!rates.16!The!unemployment!rate!in!North!Delridge!is!higher!than!the! city!of!Seattle!as!a!whole!(9.4%!vs.!6.3%;!2006e2010).!Furthermore,!in!North!Delridge,!10%!of! families!are!living!under!the!poverty!line.17!The!employment!opportunities!that!are!facilitated! by!the!Delridge!Corridor!Project!could!potentially!decrease!poverty!and!crime.! )

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Lighting) Lighting!and!visibility!have!a!significant!impact!on!individuals’!perceptions!of!danger!and!risk! when!using!streets!and!sidewalks.!Pedestrians!feel!more!at!ease!when!they!can!easily!see!their! surroundings!and!be!seen!by!others,!and!feel!safest!in!wellelit!open!spaces!with!visible!sources! of!refuge.18!Improving!perceived!safety!will!increase!use!of!streets!and!in!turn!enhance!natural! surveillance!by!putting!more!eyes!on!the!street.3! Real)and)Perceived)Crime)Rates)) Crime!rates!are!also!associated!with!perceptions!of!safety!and!perceptions!of!high!crime!can! dissuade! use! of! public! infrastructure! for! recreation,! active! transit,! and! socializing.18,19! Those! living!in!areas!with!high!observed,!and!perceived,!crime!are!less!inclined!to!use!public!spaces.! By!reducing!both!real!and!perceived!crime,!residents!will!be!more!likely!to!walk,!bike,!and!visit! amenities! in! their! neighborhoods—and! by! putting! more! eyes! on! the! street,! increased! use! of! community!infrastructure!and!facilities!will!help!to!further!reduce!crime.!3,5! MixedPUse)Developments) Mixedeused!developments!blend!residential!and!commercial!usages,!placing!restaurants,!cafes! and! shopping! amenities! alongside! multiefamily! homes! and! apartment! complexes.! Mixedeuse! development! reduces! the! need! for! vehicle! travel! and! encourages! walking! and! biking.! With! more!people!using!the!streets!and!sidewalks!throughout!the!day!and!night,!natural!surveillance! rates!will!increase!and!crime!rates!should!decrease.19,20! Public)Art) Excessive! graffiti! can! create! the! appearance! of! lawlessness! or! lack! of! law! enforcement! in! an! area.21,22! The! presence! of! graffiti! signals! that! there! is! not! sufficient! surveillance! to! prevent! tagging! and! that! public! authorities! are! not! actively! engaged! in! maintaining! public! space.! In! contrast,!controlled!and!permitted!graffiti!or!public!art!can!create!a!sense!of!community!and! unique! neighborhood! culture.21,22! Community! art! projects! also! divert! potential! taggers! from! illegally!defacing!property!and!reduce!the!number!of!blank!canvases!available!for!defacement.! Chronic/Metabolic)Health)Impacts)of)Crime)) Both!real!and!perceived!crime!has!a!demonstrated!impact!on!health.!Communities!with!higher! violent!crime!rates!have!higher!rates!of!heart!attack!and!anxiety!after!controlling!for!income! and!community!resources.23!Neighborhood!crime!rates!are!also!associated!with!elevated!body! mass! index! and! cardiovascular! risk! in! adolescents.! High! levels! of! crime! increase! stress! levels! among!residents!and!contribute!to!perceived!neighborhood!disorder,!which!can!lead!to!chronic! stress.! Health! issues! linked! to! chronic! stress! include! cardiovascular! disease,! poor! endocrine! regulation,! cancer,! and! psychological! disorders.24–28! Finally,! high! crime! rates! discourage! physical!activity!both!for!utilitarian!and!recreational!purposes!in!children!and!adults.!Metabolic! disorders,! cardiovascular! disease,! and! carcinogenesis! are! all! complications! of! low! physical! activity.29–32! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Assessment! Developments! proposed! for! the! Andover,! Brandon,! and! Sylvan! nodes! (see! Map! 1)! in! the! Delridge! Multimodal! Corridor! Study! all! carry! potential! crime! prevention! measures! through! improvements!to!neighborhood!use!and!amenities.! Andover) Andover’s! public! sports! fields! offer! a! strong! asset! for! crime! prevention,! putting! eyes! on! the! streets! when! fields! are! in! use.! Powerful! field! lights! illuminate! the! fields! and! the! surrounding! area!at!night,!while!field!usage!places!people!in!the!area!all!day.! The! Youngstown! Cultural! Arts! Center! at! the! Andover! Node! has! a! plain! brick! face! and! the! adjacent!overpass!is!a!utilitarian!concrete!and!steel!structure.!The!overpass!shows!some!rust! and!other!damage,!which!conveys!neglect.!This!could!discourage!use!of!the!space.! Brandon) Public! greenways,! Pepatch! community! gardens,! and! food! trucks! all! play! an! important! role! in! preventing!crime!by!putting!more!people!on!the!streets!to!provide!natural!surveillance.!Public! art! around! this! node! creates! a! sense! of! place,! which! serves! to! deter! crime.! Traffic! calming! interventions!in!the!Brandon!node,!such!as!narrow!streets!and!traffic!humps!increase!use!of!the! streets!for!activity!and!play!by!children!and!adults.! While! there! are! mixedeuse! developments! in! this! node! along! Delridge! Way! SW! that! include! businesses,! cafes! and! residential! buildings,! their! street! visibility! and! sidewalks! could! be! improved!to!encourage!additional!use.! Recommendations) Overall) 1. Increase!pedestrian!lighting!on!the!city!righteofeway!and!on!structures!owned!and!operated! by! the! city! throughout! the! Delridge! Corridor,! in! particular! along! high! collision! and! crime! incident! areas! of! Delridge! Way! SW,! in! line! with! the! Seattle! Pedestrian! Lighting! Citywide! Plan!and!Crime!Prevention!through!Environmental!Design!principles.! Andover)Node) 1. Install! an! ategrade! crosswalk! on! Delridge! Way! SW! adjacent! to! the! overpass! to! increase! pedestrian!usage!on!both!sides!of!the!street!and!slow!motor!traffic.!! 2. Add!murals!and!public!art!installations!throughout!this!node,!and!improve!maintenance!of! the! Youngstown! Arts! Center! to! enhance! the! quality! of! the! neighborhood! environment,! strengthen!a!sense!of!place,!and!improve!pedestrian!use!of!the!area.!! Brandon)Node) 1. Strengthen! neighborhood! businesses—especially! cafes,! restaurants,! groceries,! and! other! food! industry! establishments—through! zoning! and! business! incentives! to! improve! food! access!and!use!of!local!businesses!residents.!

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

2. Build!additional!trail!connections!to!increase!foot!and!bike!traffic,!drawing!more!potential! customers!to!neighborhood!businesses,!and!putting!more!eyes!on!the!streets.! Sylvan)Node) 1. Ensure! that! all! pedestrian! zones! meet! the! Seattle! RighteofeWay! Improvements! Manual! width! requirement! of! six! feet,! introduce! trail! connectors,! and! zone! for! infill! retail! to! increase! usage! of! the! streets! throughout! the! day—putting! more! eyes! on! the! street! and! reducing!opportunities!for!crime.! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Disaster!Response!&!Resilience! The! following! section! addresses! how! the! proposed! Delridge! Corridor! Project! may! affect! disaster! response! and! resilience! in! the! Delridge! community.! This! assessment! focuses! on! natural! disasters! specific! to! the! Pacific! Northwest! and! Seattle! in! particular,! including! landslides,!earthquakes,!floods,!volcanic!activity!and!the!possible!impacts!of!climate!change.! This! analysis! draws! on! examples! and! lessons! learned! from! other! community! disasters,! and! offers!recommendations!designed!to!improve!resilience!in!the!Delridge!community.! Current!Conditions!in!the!Delridge!Corridor! Landslides! are! a! common! problem! along! hillsides,! shorelines,! and! roadways! and! have! frequently!created!emergency!situations!in!the!Seattle!area!over!the!past!20!years.1!They!are! complex!and!unpredictable,!and!are!most!often!triggered!by!prolonged!or!higheintensity!rain! events,! earthquakes,! fires,! raineonesnow! events,! and! human! influences.! In! the! Delridge! Corridor,!most!land!is!classified!as!‘highly!modified!by!human!activity’,!particularly!along!the! West!and!East!Waterway!of!the!Duwamish.2!These!land!modifications!create!an!unpredictable! slope!response!to!natural!processes!and/or!human!activities.!However,!most!of!this!potential! hazard! is! located! just! north! of! the! corridor! project! and! is! unlikely! to! pose! any! danger! to! the! Delridge!community.! Earthquakes!pose!a!much!larger!risk!with!as!many!as!1,000!occurring!in!Washington!State!each! year.1! Most! damage! from! earthquakes! occurs! from! amplification! of! seismic! waves! or! soil! liquefaction.!Along!the!Delridge!corridor,!the!hazard!from!ground!shaking!is!extremely!low;!in! fact,!this!area!of!the!city!appears!to!be!at!the!lowest!hazard!from!earthquake!damage!relative! to! the! rest! of! Seattle.! However,! most! of! the! corridor! does! fall! into! the! zone! of! buried! sedimentary! rocks! in! the! Seattle! basin! (which! may! prolong! seismic! shaking)! and! possible! ground!rupture!along!the!Seattle!fault.4!As!there!are!major!sewer!pipelines!in!the!area!and!a! liquid!fuel!pipeline!just!east!of!the!Duwamish!Waterway,!the!likelihood!of!damage!in!a!major! earthquake!along!this!fault!is!high.! Floods! are! one! of! the! most! common! natural! disasters,! damaging! communities! after! spring! rains,!heavy!thunderstorms!or!winter!storm!thaws.!King!County!is!at!a!high!risk!for!flooding,!as! 2.7%! of! the! county! is! located! on! a! flood! plain,! and! typically! sees! a! flood! resulting! in! major! damages!every!three!years.6!Communities!at!greatest!risk!of!this!danger!are!those!located!in! lowelying!areas!near!water,!which!is!descriptive!of!the!Delridge!area.!The!Longfellow!Creek!is! considered!to!be!a!flood!hazard!area,!however,!actual!flood!risk!is!low!to!moderate,!meaning! there!is!a!less!than!1%!chance!of!flooding!each!year.7! Volcanoes!are!a!unique!hazard!to!Washington!State,!with!the!most!recent!example!of!potential! damage! being! the! 1980! eruption! of! Mt.! St.! Helens.! Active! volcanoes! still! considered! a! risk! include!Mt.!Baker,!Mt.!St.!Helens,!Mt.!Rainier,!and!Glacier!Peak.8!Most!damage!from!volcanic! eruptions!is!due!to!massive!mudflows!and!ash!blanketing.!Because!Delridge!does!not!lie!along! a! valley! forged! from! glaciers! or! rivers! from! one! of! these! active! volcanoes,! and! has! not! been! inundated! during! past! volcanic! activity,! any! damage! from! a! volcanic! eruption! is! likely! to! be! indirect.!

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Projected! climate! changes! in! Seattle! include! seaelevel! rise,! extreme! precipitation,! extreme! heat!and!impacts!on!hydrology.!Over!the!past!century,!the!water!along!Seattle’s!shoreline!has! risen!more!than!six!inches,!and!climate!change!is!expected!to!contribute!an!additional!seven! inches!by!2050!and!24!inches!by!2100!–!possibly!as!high!as!19!to!56!inches,!respectively,!under! worst! case! emissions! scenarios.9! This! will! result! in! more! frequent! tidal! flooding! events! and! storm! surges,! turning! annual! extreme! events! into! monthly! or! possibly! daily! occurrences.! Extreme!precipitation!is!much!more!difficult!to!model!due!to!the!complex!terrain!in!the!Pacific! Northwest! and! in! Seattle;! however,! the! city! of! Seattle! is! preparing! for! increased! rainfall! intensities!in!the!coming!years.!Due!to!a!changing!climate,!the!scale!and!frequency!of!disasters! are!expected!to!continue!to!increase,!which!makes!it!imperative!to!focus!on!preparedness!and! resilience!of!proposed!projects.! Health!Outcomes!and!Causal!Pathways! Risk! and! vulnerability! to! natural! hazards! and! disasters! are! characteristics! of! populations! that! are! dispersed! unequally,! even! within! small! neighborhoods! and! cities.! The! impact! of! natural! disasters!is!greater!for!those!who!were!already!at!risk!and!vulnerable!before!a!disaster,!such!as! those! of! lower! socioeconomic! status.10,11! This! is! particularly! evident! in! evacuation! events,! where! vulnerable! populations! are! at! an! even! greater! disadvantage.! The! potential! health! impacts! of! disaster! preparedness! are! therefore! mainly! related! to! evacuation! efficiency! and! resiliency.! Evacuation! may! not! be! feasible! for! every! individual! within! a! community.! Often! times,! evacuation!routes!are!configured!to!optimize!the!number!of!vehicles!and!individuals!that!can! evacuate!the!city!within!a!given!period!of!time.12!However,!to!expect!an!individual!to!evacuate! is!to!make!a!number!of!assumptions,!including!that!the!said!individual:! •

has!access!to!and!speaks!the!language!of!the!evacuation!order;!

•

is!physically!able!to!evacuate;!

•

is!financially!able!to!evacuate;!

•

has!access!to!a!vehicle;!and!

•

has!a!destination,!or!can!afford!to!rent!a!room!in!a!hotel/motel.!

Drawing!on!the!New!Orleans!case!study,!one!of!the!frequently!cited!failures!of!city!officials!in! the! aftermath! of! Hurricane! Katrina! was! the! poor! and! untimely! communication! of! risk! to! vulnerable! populations,! particularly! to! those! of! lowemobility.! Prior! to! the! hurricane,! it! was! estimated! that! 112,000! people! did! not! have! access! to! personal! vehicles! and! would! face! challenges!evacuating.!The!decision!was!still!made!to!rely!on!a!‘neighborsehelpingeneighbors’! policy,!which!likely!contributed!to!approximately!100,000!to!300,000!people!not!being!able!to! evacuate!New!Orleans!during!Hurricane!Katrina.13!The!aftermath!of!this!disaster!accentuates! the! need! for! equitable! emergency! planning! that! considers! those! without! access! to! automobiles,!which!is!often!correlated!with!poverty,!old!age!and!disability.! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Many!urban!areas!in!the!U.S.!with!significant!carless!populations!may!be!just!as!unprepared!for! mass!evacuations.!A!Department!of!Homeland!Security!review!of!large!urban!areas!in!the!U.S.! revealed! that! few! are! adequately! prepared! for! carless! evacuees! and! disadvantaged! populations.14! This! suggests! that! evacuation! plans! should! consider! multimodal! evacuation! planning,!paying!special!attention!to!the!movement!of!people!by!foot,!public!transit,!coaches! and!vans.!In!past!situations,!this!has!proved!to!be!efficient,!such!as!the!emergency!evacuation! that!occurred!in!the!aftermath!of!the!terrorist!attacks!of!September!11,!2001.!Transit!resources! were!used!to!evacuate!approximately!1.2!million!people!out!of!the!affected!lower!Manhattan! area;! such! resources! are! necessary! in! urban! settings! and! should! be! included! in! any! development!plans.15! Assessment! The! Delridge! corridor! is! not! at! any! particular! risk! for! natural! disasters.! Landslides! are! not! a! likely! occurrence,! though! the! highly! modified! land! along! the! mouth! of! the! Duwamish! Waterway! has! the! potential! to! cause! damage! in! localized! areas! should! a! landslide! occur.! Earthquakes!pose!a!greater!risk!for!the!community;!the!proximity!to!the!ground!rupture!zone! and!several!city!lifelines,!including!sewer!and!liquid!fuel,!suggests!possible!catastrophe!during! an!extreme!earthquake.!Flooding!may!occur!in!the!area,!especially!along!the!Longfellow!Creek.! While!the!risk!may!currently!be!low,!climate!change!may!increase!the!likelihood!and!severity!of! such!flooding.!It!is!therefore!important!to!consider!these!potential!natural!disasters!in!planning! for! the! Delridge! Corridor! Project,! and! to! ensure! the! community! is! adequately! informed,! prepared!and!able!to!react!and!evacuate!in!a!natural!disaster!event.! The! Delridge! neighborhood! is! a! racially! and! ethnically! diverse! community,! with! lower! education! levels,! moderate! linguistic! isolation,! high! rates! of! obesity,! and! moderate! health.! Overall,!the!community!is!not!overtly!vulnerable!compared!to!other!neighborhoods!in!Seattle,! but!there!may!be!pockets!of!disadvantaged!groups!to!consider!in!the!event!of!a!catastrophe,!as! well!as!those!with!lowemobility.! It! is! also! important! to! consider! evacuation! routes! out! of! the! area.! Delridge! is! surrounded! by! water! on! three! sides:! the! Duwamish! Waterway! to! the! east,! Elliott! Bay! to! the! north,! and! the! Puget! Sound! to! the! west.! Currently! the! only! evacuation! routes! would! be! to! cross! the! Duwamish!Waterway!using!the!West!Seattle!Bridge!or!the!1st!Avenue!South!Bridge!(Highway! 99/509),! or! to! drive! south! and! connect! with! major! highways! or! alternate! routes.! This! may! create!congestion!as!other!neighborhoods!also!evacuate!West!Seattle!using!the!same!routes! and!bridges.! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Recommendations! SDOT,!DPD,!the!Seattle!Office!of!Emergency!Management,!the!Seattle!Office!of!Sustainability! and! Environment,! and! other! partners! in! the! Delridge! Corridor! Project! should! consider! the! following! recommendations! to! improve! disaster! response! and! resilience! in! the! Delridge! community:! 1. Include! resilience! in! the! planning! and! building! of! the! Delridge! Way! SW! Corridor,! such! as! earthquake! and! flooderesilient! structures! and! open! roadways,! as! detailed! in! the! Seattle! Climate!Action!Plan.! 2. Reinforce!existing!structures,!particularly!public!buildings!such!as!schools!and!community! centers,!against!earthquake!shock!and!flooding.! 3. Include! emergency! planning! as! part! of! the! project,! and! create! deliverables! to! inform! the! community!on!how!to!prepare!for!and!respond!to!natural!disasters!in!languages!that!reflect! the!diversity!of!the!community.! 4. Consider! multiemodal! transportation,! utilizing! existing! mass! transit! as! well! as! shuttles! to! evacuate!those!without!cars!and!with!low!mobility!and!clearly!separating!pedestrians!from! vehicular!traffic!for!safety.! ! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Access!to!Social!&!Community!Services! Social! services,! food,! education,! affordable! housing,! and! wellepaying! jobs! are! critical! to! increasing!the!health!of!any!neighborhood.!Many!studies!have!demonstrated!that!education!is! the!cornerstone!of!living!a!longer,!healthier!life.!During!revitalization!of!an!area,!it!is!important! for! planners! to! recognize! critical! areas! that! affect! the! longeterm! health! of! residents! such! as! access!to!schools,!libraries,!and!green!space!and!assure!that!they!are!easy!to!access.!Mindful! planning! to! assure! that! largeescale! displacement! of! longeterm! residents! does! not! occur! through! revitalization! efforts! is! of! critical! importance! for! maintaining! a! healthy! community! that!reflects!the!diversity!of!Delridge.! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Gentrification! Over!the!past!decade,!Seattle!has!experienced!a!period!of!rapid!growth!and!urbanization.!With! this,!the!city!has!blossomed!into!one!of!the!most!highly!educated!cities!in!the!United!States.! Though!most!economists,!planners,!and!legislators!are!happy!to!hear!this,!the!influx!of!highly! educated!individuals!with!higher!paying!jobs!often!means!longeterm!residents!are!pushed!out! of! their! neighborhoods! to! make! way! for! those! who! can! afford! more! expensive! housing! units! that!replace!older!homes.1!This!process!is!called!gentrification;!it!is!the!process!of!revitalization! accompanied!with!an!influx!of!middle!or!upper!class!residents.!Neighborhoods!most!affected! by!the!development!practices!that!lead!to!gentrification!are!frequently!composed!of!people!of! color,! shifting! from! areas! predominantly! composed! of! people! of! color! due! to! longstanding! discriminatory! housing! and! mortgage! lending! practices,! to! mostly! white! after! desirable! neighborhoods!are!redeveloped.!The!Delridge!Corridor!is!already!experiencing!gentrification.! Combined! with! the! efforts! of! SDOT! through! the! Multimodal! Improvement! Project,! gentrification!for!this!area!is!likely!inevitable,!however!care!can!be!taken!to!avoid!wide!scale! displacement!of!longeterm!occupants.2!Instead!of!trying!to!halt!the!process!of!gentrification,! city! planners! should! consider! incorporating! aspects! of! positive! gentrification! to! support! the! ability!of!loweincome!residents!to!stay!in!Delridge!and!encourage!the!development!of!a!mixede income!community.! Without! proper! planning! and! control,! gentrification! can! lead! to! health! disparities! for! community!residents.!First,!the!process!of!gentrification!may!lead!to!tensions!between!people! from!different!socioeconomic!classes.!Residents!of!lower!socioeconomic!status!may!feel!both! social! and! financial! pressures! to! leave! the! area.! They! may! be! pushed! into! concentrated! neighborhoods,! where! they! can! afford! the! housing! and! have! more! of! sense! of! place.1! This! process!leads!to!an!even!more!extreme!gap!in!health!equity,!as!seen!in!urban!areas!in!many! cities!across!the!United!States.2! Current!Conditions!in!the!Delridge!Corridor! The! Delridge! Corridor! and! surrounding! neighborhoods! are! comprised! primarily! of! families! from!diverse!backgrounds.!As!of!2010,!only!53.5%!of!Delridge!residents!were!white,!with!black,! Asian,! and! Hispanic! the! next! three! highest! represented.3! Compared! to! other! Seattle! neighborhoods,! Delridge! is! a! rich! mixture! of! diversity.! White! Center,! the! city! just! south! of! Delridge,!is!a!hub!of!small!ethnic!restaurants!and!grocery!stores,!providing!a!space!of!diverse! resources! for! the! community.! Unfortunately,! this! area! also! experiences! some! of! Seattle’s! higher! rates! of! adults! below! the! federal! poverty! level,! obesity,! and! markers! of! overall! poor! health.!The!housing!is!a!mixture!of!buildings!from!different!eras,!with!most!consisting!of!older! posteWWII!builds.! Impact!on!Health! Developments! that! contribute! to! gentrification! can! help! improve! the! lives! of! those! already! present! in! the! community! without! creating! largeescale! displacement.! For! example,! more! transit! may! lead! to! better! access! to! healthier! food! and! higher! paying! jobs.! These! improvements! can! lead! to! a! more! stable! lifestyle,! with! healthier! options! on! the! dinner! table! and!lower!stress!from!financial!difficulties.!More!development!in!the!community!can!promote!

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newer! and! higher! quality! of! homes,! thus! fewer! developmental! problems! or! respiratory! diseases!from!homes!with!lead!or!mold!contamination.!Growth!in!this!neighborhood!may!also! bring! a! vested! interest! in! improving! schools,! more! community! outreach! through! targeted! social!services,!and!lower!crime!rates.!All!of!these!efforts!can!help!families!support!children!in!a! welcoming!and!open!environment!to!better!education!and!social!welfare!in!the!future.!! This!process!is!only!beneficial!to!those!who!still!live!in!the!area.!It!is!important!that!the!access! to!all!of!these!benefits!do!not!include!forcing!the!current!residents!out!of!the!neighborhood,! either!by!increased!cost!in!housing,!or!by!losing!the!sense!of!place!that!the!residents!need!to!be! a!part!of!the!community.! Assessment! To! reach! for! positive! gentrification! and! equity,! city! planners! should! focus! on! two! areas:! affordable,! healthy! housing! and! maintaining! the! community! connections! already! present.! If! gentrification!occurs!as!it!has!famously!in!other!cities,!such!as!San!Francisco,!displacing!current! residents! to! other! areas! can! be! detrimental! to! mental! health.! However,! building! up! current! community!values!as!the!neighborhood!develops!will!strengthen!one’s!selfeidentity!and!allow! for!a!better!mental!health,!as!discussed!in!this!report’s!chapter!on!sense!of!place.!City!planners! should! consider! how! local! families! will! be! able! to! afford! to! stay! in! the! neighborhood,! not! be! gradually! replaced! by! those! of! higher! incomes! able! to! afford! more! expensive! housing.4! With! mixed! housing,! resentment! and! differences! between! communities! can! often! become! problematic,!and!can!even!lead!to!increases!in!crossecultural!violence.4!Planning!for!potential! community! tensions! and! building! equity! is! essential! in! increasing! the! health! impacts! of! gentrification.! The! 2014! Action! Plan! for! North! Delridge! should! increase! their! development! scope!to!include!more!equitable!improvements.!! As! the! composition! of! the! neighborhood! changes,! current! residents! should! not! feel! disconnected.! City! planners! are! already! working! on! improving! the! community! resources! by! identifying! cultural! gathering! places! and! increasing! access! to! healthy! food,! these! improvements!should!be!more!conscientious!of!the!diversity!of!the!community!already!preset.! New! grocery! development! must! include! cultural! food! important! to! the! current! residents.! Allowing! local! businesses! to! continue! to! operate! will! encourage! residents! to! stay! in! a! community!in!which!they!are!familiar.4! Recommendations! Stimulate)Affordable)Housing)Development) 1. Mixed!Multifamily!Housing!Rentals!! a. City! planners! should! grant! permits! for! larger! multiefamily! unit! developments! but! carefully!consider!how!and!where!cars!from!new!residents!will!be!parked! b. Permits! with! more! than! 10! units! should! include! a! minimum! of! 10%! affordable! housing,!for!the!lowest!⅓!of!the!income!bracket!of!the!city!of!Seattle! c. Establish!tax!incentives!for!developments!meeting!the!above!requirements! d. Enact!policy!to!assure!mixed!housing!has!equitable!access!to!resources!

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2. Homeownership! a. City! planners! should! work! with! community! groups! to! develop! tax! credits! for! homeowners!with!approved!developments! b. Home! ownership! programs! with! low! down! payments! and! competitive! mortgage! rates!should!be!promoted!in!this!area!with!the!help!of!local!banks! Maintain)Community)Spaces) 3. Culture! a. City!planners!should!continue!working!with!the!Delridge!community!to!identify!and! promote!access!to!cultural!hotspots! b. Ensure! that! local! grocers! and! other! food! retail! stock! culturally! appropriate! foods,! comprising!a!recommended!minimum!of!one!full!aisle! 4. Transportation! a. Continue!to!identify!routes!of!transit!to!and!from!community!centers!in!line!with!the! Seattle!Master!Transit!Plan.!! b. Work!with!SDOT!to!repave!sidewalks!and!ensure!that!all!pedestrian!zones!meet!the! minimum! six! feet! width! requirement! stipulated! in! the! Seattle! RighteofeWay! Improvements!Manual.!! c. Consider! bus! routes! that! provide! residents! with! access! to! key! areas! of! interest! as! identified!by!the!community!in!line!with!the!Seattle!Master!Transit!Plan.! 5. Outreach! ! a. Engage! community! groups! to! develop! aftereschool! programs! for! all! citizens! to! foster!trust!between!different!groups.!!

!

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Social!Services! Social! services! are! basic! services! that! are! provided! to! a! community! usually! through! the! government.! They! include! public! education,! libraries,! subsidized! housing,! food! subsidies,! health! care,! and! job! training.! Social! services! also! include! privately! funded! sources! including! food!banks,!addiction!counseling!services,!and!homeless!shelters.!There!are!several!barriers!to! these! services! that! need! to! be! addressed! in! order! to! assure! that! they! are! available! to! the! community!they!are!intended!to!help.!First,!they!must!be!available!in!an!amount!that!fits!the! needs! of! the! community.! Next,! assuring! that! there! are! no! barriers! to! utilization! so! that! they! can!continue!to!be!available!to!the!community!for!the!future.!Barriers!to!utilization!could!be! financial,!logistic,!cultural,!or!from!lack!of!transportation.!Finally,!available!social!services!must! be!relevant!to!the!population!they!serve.!Meeting!all!three!of!these!criteria!must!occur!in!order! to! state! that! individuals! within! a! community! can! access! the! services! they! need.1! Without! access,! individuals! and! neighborhoods! could! suffer! from! poor! health! outcomes,! significant! problems! accessing! employment! opportunities,! and! create! financial! and! familial! stress.2! Availability,! access! and! utilization! of! social! services! are! themselves! social! determinants! of! health.! Current!Conditions!in!the!Delridge!Corridor! The! Delridge! Corridor! offers! an! array! of! different! social! services! for! a! variety! of! individual! needs.!While!current!data!on!who!is!accessing!and!utilizing!these!services!is!unavailable,!it!is! hoped! that! the! services! target! vulnerable! populations! and! those! of! lower! socioeconomic! status,! many! of! whom! likely! access! them! do! so! through! the! use! of! public! transportation.! Several!organizations!that!offer!social!services!specific!to!the!Delridge!community!include:! ● Navos:!provides!a!variety!of!services!for!people!with!mental!illness!and!addiction! ● SW! Youth! and! Family! Services:! promotes! healthy! family! functioning,! early! childhood! learning,!student!success!and!youth!development.! ● Delridge!Library:!provides!Internet!access,!resources!and!assistance!with!social!services.!! ● Community!Care:!provides!oneeoneone!care!for!children!and!youth!with!special!needs.!! Impact!on!Health! Social! services! impact! health! in! a! number! of! ways.! Access! to! housing,! education,! libraries,! basic!nursing!services,!and!other!services!and!community!building!organizations!allow!people! to! live! longer,! healthier! lives.! Availability,! access! and! utilization! of! social! services! are! all! necessary!components!to!a!thriving!community!that!reflects!the!diversity!of!Delridge.!Access! to! public! education! is! foundational! to! healthy! outcomes,! and! has! recently! been! linked! with! longevity!through!acquisition!of!better!paying!jobs!and!increased!standards!of!living.3!Having! services!available!to!those!in!need!is!key!to!supporting!and!increasing!the!health!of!Delridge! residents.!As!the!Delridge!redevelopment!plans!are!being!made,!consistent!access!to!available! services!and!encouragement!of!building!new!services!that!are!needed!by!community!members! should!be!at!the!forefront!of!redevelopment!plans.!! !

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Assessment! This!outlines!a!framework!for!envisioning!how!the!Delridge!project!will!have!an!impact!on!the! ability!of!vulnerable!populations!to!access!social!and!mental!health!services.!To!the!extent!that! the! people! who! utilize! these! services! access! them! through! public! transportation! the! redevelopment! plans! might! have! a! significant! impact! in! terms! of! access.! In! the! initial! construction! phase! of! the! project! care! needs! to! be! taken! so! that! disruptions! to! public! transportation!services!are!limited.!! Recommendations! 1. Reduce!disruptions!in!access!to!social!services!for!vulnerable!populations!by!coordinating! with! local! social! service! organizations! before,! during,! and! after!the! construction! phase! of! the!Delridge!Corridor!Project.! 2. Gather! data! from! local! social! services! regarding! population! served! and! transportatione related!barriers!to!access!in!order!to!prioritize!access.!! 3. Prior! to! construction! and! using! Transportation! Demand! management! strategies,! communicate!directly!with!vulnerable!populations!through!use!of!culturally!and!language! specific!materials!regarding!relevant!disruptions!in!transportation!services.!! !

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Food!Access! Food!deserts!are!defined!differently!–!some!define!it!as!an!area!more!than!one!mile!away!from! a!grocery!store!in!an!urban!area.!Others!define!it!as!an!area!with!a!population!that!has!limited! access!to!food,!has!limited!mobility,!low!income,!a!higher!calorie!diet,!and!a!reliance!on!small! grocery! stores! that! have! poor! quality! and! high! prices.11! The! common! theme! is! that! a! food! desert! is! a! region! where! access! to! affordable,! healthy! and! culturally! relevant! food! choices! is! difficult,! if! available! at! all.! Supermarkets! are! typically! consolidated! in! suburban! areas,! which! cater!to!the!middlee!and!uppereclass!residents;!access!to!these!locations!is!difficult!without!a! car,! and! expensive! with! one.11! Research! shows! that! the! cost! of! food! is! often! higher! in! urban! areas! than! suburban! areas! because! of! higher! operating! costs.! Other! studies! suggest! that! higher!prices!are!a!result!of!smaller!quantities!of!fresh!foods,!and!a!larger!amount!of!processed! foods!available!in!smaller!stores!in!urban!neighborhoods.8!This!problem!is!compounded!by!the! fact!that!urban!areas!tend!to!have!a!higher!percentage!of!loweincome!households!which!have! greater!financial!constraints!that!limit!their!power!to!purchase!highequality!nutritional!foods.16! Current!Conditions!in!the!Delridge!Corridor! In!order!to!better!address!the!issue!of!food!deserts,!it!is!important!to!understand!its!dynamics! and! the! populations! it! impacts.! Studies! have! shown! that! there! are! often! numerous! factors! involved! in! decisions! made! regarding! purchasing! food! e! the! roots! are! often! culturally! and! geographically! derived.18! Due! to! its! demographics! (see! Introduction),! the! population! in! Delridge! is! especially! susceptible! to! problems! related! to! poor! nutrition.! A! major! repeated! complaint!among!Delridge!residents!is!the!lack!of!a!suitable!grocery!store!close!by.! Impact!on!Health! Food! insecurity! affects! the! most! vulnerable! populations! –! loweincome,! people! experiencing! homelessness,! minorities,! and! rural! populations.10! Access! to! traditional! food! is! vital! for! preserving!cultural!traditions!and!the!health!of!immigrant!communities.!In!many!cultures,!food! preparation!and!consumption!are!integral!parts!of!religious!celebration!and!gatherings.3! Food!deserts!have!a!significant!impact!on!families,!especially!on!children.!Poor!dietary!choices! during!childhood!can!increase!obesity,!the!prevalence!of!chronic!diseases,!and!form!unhealthy! habits! that! are! much! more! difficult! to! break! later! in! life.15! Residents! of! Delridge! also! have! a! higher!rates!of!cancer,!heart!disease,!overweight!and!obesity,!compared!to!the!city!average.! Most!(72.3%)!of!residents!are!not!consuming!5!or!more!fruits!and!vegetables!daily.!! There! are! many! benefits! to! improved! food! access! e! higher! fruit! and! vegetable! consumption,! formation! of! better! habits,! and! family! health! benefits.1! One! of! the! studies! conducted! on! introducing!a!new!supermarket!into!a!food!desert!showed!that!there!was!an!increase!in!fruit! and!vegetable!consumption.2!Another!study!found!that!increased!access!to!supermarkets!was! associated!with!lower!rates!of!obesity.9!In!a!largely!family!environment!the!effect!may!be!the! formation!of!healthy!food!habits!e!teaching!children!to!make!good!choices!with!what!they!eat,! and! improved! family! health! (a! sense! of! togetherness! felt! within! the! family).1! The! effect! of! community!gardens!has!been!studied,!and!interviewees!reported!improved!mental!health,!as! well!as!economic!and!family!health!benefits.1!

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Assessment! The!city!of!Seattle!has!created!goals!to!improve!access!to!healthy!and!fresh!food!in!Delridge.14! These!objectives!include:! ● A! supermarket! within! ½! mile! of! residential! areas! that! accepts! a! food! assistance! program!payment,!or!transportation!within!¼!mile!that!allows!easy!and!frequent!access! to!grocery!stores.! ● One!pepatch/community!garden!for!every!2,500!households.! ● A!farmers!market!in!the!neighborhood!that!accepts!food!assistance!program!payment! or!the!Fresh!Bucks!program.! ● Curbing!the!number!of!fast!food!restaurants!in!the!neighborhood!such!that!they!do!not! exceed!the!citywide!average.! Using! distance! as! a! metric! for! food! availability! has! shortcomings! as! the! numbers! may! not! capture! access! to! nutritionally! and! culturally! appropriate! foods.7! Loweincome! neighborhoods! tend!to!have!fewer!grocery!stores!e!typically!oneethird!less,!and!with!less!selection.!The!result!is! that!residents!often!have!no!choice!but!to!eat!less!nutritional!food!that!is!more!calorie!dense.17! Both! the! Delridge! Action! Plan! and! Seattle’s! Comprehensive! Plan! call! for! development! in! nodes.5!These!areas!have!been!identified!qualitatively!in!the!Neighborhood!Planning!Element! of! the! Comprehensive! Plan,13! and! quantitatively! in! the! proposed! land! use! map.12! More! specifically,!additional!commercial!zoning!will!be!added!around!Delridge!Way!and!SW!Andover! St!and!Delridge!Way!and!SW!Brandon!St!(see!Map!1).!The!intended!outcome!is!an!increase!in! business!activity!and!improved!access!to!healthy!food.5!An!unintended!benefit!and!product!of! increased!commercial!competition!may!be!a!reduction!in!the!number!of!fast!food!restaurants! independent! of! the! city’s! plan! to! control! them.! The! health! effects! are! also! likely! to! extend! beyond!having!more!food!choices!e!one!study!found!that!nearly!oneethird!of!people!who!live!in! a!food!oasis!(an!area!with!a!largeechain!supermarket!with!½!mile!of!the!center!of!the!zip!code)! prefer! to! walk! to! the! grocery! store.18! In! the! meantime,! the! population! should! be! educated! about!bus!lines!and!alternative!transport!to!other!fulleservice!supermarkets.!! While! the! comprehensive! growth! plan! anticipates! future! growth,! the! effect! will! not! be! immediate.!Thus,!it!is!important!that!the!community!also!pursues!other!options!such!as!setting! up! a! food! buying! group! or! grocery! cooperative.! Forming! a! foodebuying! group! would! include! assembling!interested!parties!and!contacting!a!food!distributor.!The!food!could!be!shipped!to!a! community!center!or!convenient!location!to!be!picked!up,!or!distributed!through!community! members.6!The!Delridge!neighborhood!has!already!begun!the!process!of!setting!up!a!Grocery! Coeoperative!(Coeop).!The!Coeop!is!a!customereowned!business!in!which!members!for!capital! expenditures! provide! nonecollateralized! loans.! Over! time,! and! as! the! business! becomes! profitable,!these!loans!are!repaid!in!full.!As!of!spring!2015,!the!Delridge!Grocery!Coeoperative! has!become!a!reality!–!business!is!expected!to!open!in!summer!2015!near!the!Brandon!node!at! 5444!Delridge!Way!SW.!! !

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Recommendations! 1. Use! City! of! Seattle! Delridge! Neighborhood! District! webpage! (http://www.seattlegov/neighborhoods/neighborhoodedistricts/delridge)! and! social! media! platforms! (e.g.,! Facebook,! Twitter,! etc.)! to! alert! residents! to! changes! in! planned! and! existing!healthy!food!access.19! 2. DON!should!consider!assisting!with!development!and!expansion!of!pepatches!community! gardens! to! meet! or! exceed! food! metrics! set! by! the! DPD.! Efforts! and! timeline! for! goal! attainment! should! be! coordinated! between! these! two! departments.! PePatches! should! be! installed!and!a!food!to!table!curriculum!taught!at!local!schools.!! 3. DON! or! DPD! should! consider! supporting! the! establishment! of! a! local! farmer’s! market! by! creating!a!friendly!zoning!area!for!farmers!markets.!Utilize!preferred!locations!such!as!the! parking!lots!at!Home!Depot!or!the!Boren!School!near!the!Brandon!intersection.19! 4. DPD! should! support! planned! zoning! changes! for! Brandon! and! Andover! nodes,! which! include!increased!commercial!zoning!to!support.! 5. Increase!frequency!and!duration!of!service!for!King!County!Metro!lines!120,!128,!and!50!or! seek!funding!to!begin!bus!rapid!transit!along!Delridge!Way!SW!to!improve!mobility.19!

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Employment! Employment! status! and! job! type! have! significant! bearing! on! an! individual’s! health.! Employment! provides! one! with! income! and! can! bring! a! feeling! of! dignity! and! wellbeing.! However,! some! jobs! present! exposure! to! risky! environments,! or! have! other! negatively! associated!factors!such!as!a!long!commute,!insufficient!pay,!discrimination!and!job!insecurity.! Job!loss!can!exacerbate!personal!stress!levels,!and!insufficient!income!can!significantly!impact! all!aspects!of!life.!For!some,!unemployment!payments,!reliance!on!family!or!other!mitigating! factors! help! minimize! health! impacts! associated! with! unemployment.! In! communities! with! high!levels!of!unemployment,!low!rates!of!education,!and!existing!health!disparities,!social!and! economic! support! may! not! be! as! easily! available! as! it! is! to! higher! income! communities! with! generally!more!resources.3! Current!Conditions!in!the!Delridge!Corridor! The!economic!profile!of!the!Delridge!area!of!Seattle!shows!a!higher!unemployment!rate,!lower! educational!attainment!rate!and!lower!income!levels!than!Seattle!as!a!whole.1!Looking!at!retail! activity! in! the! area,! there! are! low! rates! of! neighborhood! retail! completeness,! meaning! small! and! midesize! commercial! establishments! such! as! banks,! places! to! eat,! food! stores! and! retail! entertainment.!These!types!of!stores!can!both!improve!the!quality!of!life!of!the!area!and!also! provide!employment!opportunities!for!residents,!though!concern!should!be!given!to!whether! or!not!the!jobs!provide!an!adequate!living!wage.! Impact!on!Health! The!causal!pathway!of!how!employment!connects!to!health!outcomes!is!diagrammed!below.! On!the!left!side!are!factor!inputs!that!alter!the!employment!prospects,!and!on!the!right,!health! outcomes.!!

Figure!7:!Relationship!Between!Employment!and!Health! !

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Changes!in!employment!status!are!moderated!by!changes!in!zoning!and!land!use.!Delridge!is! currently!zoned!primarily!as!residential!single!and!multiefamily!housing!with!little!commercial! zoning,!therefore!sources!of!employment!have!been!difficult!to!find!in!the!area.!Because!there! are!few!opportunities!nearby,!the!competition!for!those!jobs!is!much!greater.!However!once! employment! is! obtained,! changes! in! income! and! unemployment! likely! increase! healthier! outcomes! by! increasing! access! to! food,! transportation,! housing! and! health! care.! Increases! in! these! lead! to! changes! in! social! capital,! all! of! which! can! lower! the! incidence! of! chronic! and! communicable!disease!and!lower!the!incidence!of!mental!health!problems.! Assessment! Strengthening!the!capacity!for!Delridge!residents!to!benefit!from!the!robust!Seattle!economy! will!help!existing!resident’s!incomes!rise!and!be!resilient!to!the!broader!changes!taking!place!in! Seattle.!Using!a!strategic!community!economic!development!plan!to!respond!to!the!broader! changes! and! opportunities! is! key.! The! most! concrete! way! Seattle’s! Delridge! Multimodal! Transportation! project! could! impact! employment! and! health! related! outcomes! are! by! using! the!project!itself!to!create!jobs!and!apprenticeships!for!local!residents.!Consistent!with!existing! City! of! Seattle! policy! of! developing! project! labor! agreements! for! publicly! funded! capital! projects!of!$5!million.2!Maximizing!the!access!of!Delridge!residents!to!gain!employment!and! training! with! the! street! reconfiguration! project! could! have! lasting! effects! by! helping! people! gain!new!skills!and!work!opportunities!in!the!future.! Recommendations! 1. Prioritize! employment! and! apprenticeship! opportunities! for! local! residents! for! jobs! generated! by! the! street! reconfiguration! project! per! Seattle! Priority! Hire! Ordinance! no.! 124690.! 2. Strengthen! the! economic! vitality! of! the! existing! residents! by! increasing! opportunities! specifically!targeted!to!Delridge!residents,!rather!than!seeking!to!generally!increase!access! to!jobs!in!the!downtown!core.! !

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Education! Education!is!the!basic!foundation!of!human!growth!and!development.!It!prepares!individuals! with! essential! life! skills! and! exposes! students! to! many! diverse! career! opportunities.1! Educational!development!and!attainment!is!an!important!part!of!determining!socioeeconomic! status,!life!expectancy,!and!health!outcomes.! Current!Conditions!in!the!Delridge!Corridor! Access)to)Education) The!Delridge!community!is!home!to!10!primary!and!secondary!schools,!7!preschools,!and!one! community!college.!The!Seattle!Public!Schools!system!is!the!main!educational!hub!in!Delridge,! with! an! enrollment! population! of! over! 5,000! students! in! 2013.2! Seattle! Community! College! hosts!over!14,000!students!on!its!southern!campus,!with!43%!of!students!attending!full!time.3! In! addition! to! the! traditional! educational! establishments! found! in! Delridge,! there! are! several! community! centers! in! the! neighborhood! that! provide! supplemental! educational! support! to! neighborhood! residents.! Centers! such! as! the! Southwest! Youth! and! Family! center! focus! on! promoting! healthy! family! functioning,! early! childhood! learning,! and! student! academic! success.4!! Educational)Attainment) Approximately!nine!thousand!Delridge!residents!are!over!the!age!of!25.!Within!this!population,! only! 35%! of! residents! hold! a! bachelor’s! degree! or! higher,! compared! to! 55%! of! residents! in! Seattle.5!About!36%!of!the!population!obtained!a!high!school!degree!or!less,!compared!to!less! than! 20%! of! Seattle! residents.! The! Delridge! community! has! a! slightly! higher! percentage! of! residents! who! have! completed! some! college/Associates! degree,! compared! to! the! rest! of! Seattle.5!) Impact!on!Health! Causal)Pathways) Those!who!receive!higher!education!have!a!lower!rate!of!joblessness!and!a!higher!standard!of! living,! shaped! largely! by! diversity! in! the! types! of! employment! possibilities.6! These! links! between!higher!education!and!employment!is!more!important!for!good!health;!those!jobs!that! pay! more! often! have! better! health! insurance,! resulting! in! lower! rates! of! chronic! illness.! It! is! estimated!that!if!the!number!of!residents!receiving!at!least!partial!college!education!increased! by! 5%,! over! five! thousand! cases! of! diabetes! could! be! prevented.! As! a! leading! health! care! expenditure,!this!could!result!in!reducing!the!cost!of!diabetes!care!by!$32.8!million!every!year.7! )

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Delridge!Corridor!Health!Impact!Assessment!

Health)outcomes) Loweincome! neighborhoods! have! disproportionately! poor! health! outcomes.! High! Poverty! areas! in! King! County! (including! the! Delridge! Corridor)! face! higher! rates! of! cancer,! heart! disease,! and! chronic! lower! respiratory! diseases.8! In! contrast,! higher! income! areas! have! significantly!lower!rate!of!chronic!diseases!than!communities!such!as!Delridge.8!In!addition!to! higher!rates!of!chronic!disease,!lower!income!communities!such!as!Delridge!face!greater!risk!of! suffering! less! common! health! problems! than! higher! income! areas! in! King! County! including! unintentional!injuries.8! Heart! disease! is! correlated! to! early! exposure! to! poor! nutritional! habits,! physical! activity! practices,! and! obesity.9! Initiatives! geared! to! improve! the! built! environment! and! encourage! physical!activity!among!youth!including!construction!of!bike!trails!and!establishment!of!youth! bike!programs!can!help!support!efforts!to!improve!healthy!lifestyles.10!Aside!from!preventing! chronic! diseases! such! as! heart! disease! and! diabetes,! higher! education! and! access! to! infrastructure! that! increases! physical! activity! may! reduce! the! incidence! of! depression! and! psychiatric!illness.!A!study!of!over!twenty!thousand!schooleaged!children!found!that!walking!or! bicycling! to! school! advanced! mental! alertness! advancing! educational! achievement! by! half! a! school!year.!) Studies!point!to!educational!attainment!and!socioeconomic!status!as!key!indicators!of!greater! life!expectancy.!In!Delridge,!the!average!life!expectancy!is!79.7!years,!compared!to!86!years!in! Northeast!Seattle,!proving!that!education!is!the!key!to!a!longer,!more!productive!life.11) Recommendations! 1. The! Delridge! Community! has! a! wide! range! of! formal! and! informal! systems! in! place! to! maintain!equity!in!access!to!education!and!educational!attainment.!During!construction,!it! is! important! for! SDOT! to! maintain! accessibility! to! community! centers,! preschools,! and! other!afterschool!activities!that!facilitate!continued!educational!growth.!! 2. Comfortable! spaces! and! places! contribute! to! educational! attainment.! DPD’s! redevelopment!plans!should!incorporate!symbols!of!cultural!significance!to!those!that!live! in!Delridge!in!order!to!increase!a!sense!of!belonging.! 3. Safe! access! to! schools! increases! educational! attainment! and! reduces! healthcare! burden.! Therefore,! SDOT! planning! consider! making! the! following! improvements! through! its! Safe! Routes!to!School!program:! a. Install!pedestrian!crossings!at!key!school!facility!access!points;! b. Install! speed! cameras! near! schools! to! enforce! the! 20mph! speed! limit! during! school!hours,!and;! c. Improve! sidewalks! near! schools! per! the! Seattle! Pedestrian! Master! Plan! (e.g.,! widen! and! install! buffer! strips! between! street! and! the! sidewalk)! to! improve! accessibility!and!access.!

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Priority!Recommendations!! The!analysis!of!health!effects!in!this!HIA!led!to!a!set!of!15!priority!recommendations!focusing! on! the! following! key! areas:! (1)! a! complete,! safe! and! connected! network,! (2)! community! engagement,! (3)! safety,! (4)! mitigation! of! construction! impacts,! (5)! the! development! of! community! assets,! (6)! zoning! changes,! and! (7)! monitoring! of! impact.! SDOT! and! DPD! should! consider!incorporating!the!following!recommendations!during!the!planning,!implementation,! monitoring,!and!evaluation!of!the!Delridge!Corridor!Multimodal!Improvement!Project:!! Create!a!Complete,!Safe!and!Connected!Network:!SDOT! 1. Focus!public!transit,!bike!lane,!sidewalk,!and!street!improvements!on!creating!a!complete! network!that!connects!residents!to!community!services,!green!space,!and!other! community!assets!in!line!with!the!Seattle!Transit,!Bicycle,!and!Pedestrian!Master!Plans.! a. Install!a!transiteonly!lane!in!one!direction!throughout!Delridge!Way!SW,!and!in!two! directions!where!right!of!way!allows! Strengthen!Community!Engagement:!SDOT!and!DPD! 2. Establish!robust!communication!lines!with!local!residents!and!engage!the!community!in! each!stage!of!the!project!–!planning,!implementation,!monitoring,!and!evaluation! a. Establish!a!community!coalition!for!oversight,!community!representation,!and! feedback.!The!coalition!should!include!representatives!from!all!stakeholder!groups! b. Provide!translated!materials!and!language!interpretation!at!all!meetings!targeting! groups!who!speak!a!language!other!than!English!! c. Make!concerted!efforts!to!include!vulnerable!and!traditionally!underrepresented! groups!through!partnership!with!the!DON!Public!Outreach!and!Engagement! Liaisons!and!Disability!Rights!Washington! 3. Integrate!communitywide!celebrations!throughout!the!project! a. Celebrate!the!completion!of!the!project!with!a!communitywide!celebration! b. Educate!community!groups!about!free!Neighborhood!Block!Party!Permits!and! encourage!celebrations!at!major!accomplishments!in!the!project!! Ensure!Safety:!SDOT! 4. Ensure!that!all!sidewalks!meet!the!sixefoot!requirement!of!the!Seattle!RighteofeWay! Improvement!Manual!and!repair!existing!sidewalks!to!improve!wheelchair!accessibility!and! general!usability!for!all!residents! 5. Enhance!safety!of!roadways!through!speed!reductions!of!5e10!mph,!narrowed!streets,!and! lanes! to! encourage! speed! reduction! and! installation! of! automated! speed! monitoring! cameras,!especially!near!schools!and!parks! 6. Install!safe,!groundelevel,!protected!pedestrian!crossings!in!communityeidentified! intersections!and!access!points,!as!well!as!those!identified!by!safety!data!!

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Utilize!Construction!Impact!Mitigation:!SDOT! 7. Use!Best!Construction!Practices!for!mitigating!environmental!pollution! Support!the!Development!of!Community!Assets:!SDOT! 8. Work!with!other!City!of!Seattle!departments!to!increase!green!space!in!the!Delridge!area,! including!the!incorporation!of!vegetation!and!natural!materials!into!roadway!design,! expansion!of!existing!parks,!and!addition!of!new!parks!and!parklets!! 9. Together!with!SOAC!and!funding!from!the!DON,!support!communityebased!art!projects!on! retaining!walls,!nonearterial!streets!and!intersections,!pedestrian!overpasses,!and!other! visible!public!spaces,!with!special!emphasis!on!engaging!youth!and!historically! underrepresented!groups!in!these!projects! 10. Use!biophilic!design!–!incorporate!plants,!natural!materials!and/or!public!art!and!décor!that! mimics!natural!elements!–!such!as!trees!and!grasses!as!buffers!between!streets!and!the! sidewalk! 11. Work!with!DON!and!the!Delridge!community!to!identify!subeneighborhoods,!and!provide! wayfinding!signage!and!support!for!communityebased!art!to!identify!each!area!and! promote!a!sense!of!place!and!community!cohesion! Change!Zoning:!DPD! 12. Grant!permits!for!larger!multiefamily!unit!developments,!but!permits!with!more!than!10! units!should!include!a!minimum!of!10%!affordable!housing,!for!the!lowest!third!of!the! income!bracket!of!the!city!of!Seattle! 13. Support!planned!zoning!changes!for!Brandon!and!Andover!nodes,!which!include!increased! commercial!zoning! Monitor!Health!Impacts:!SDOT!and!DPD! 14. Partner!with!Public!Health!–!Seattle/King!County!or!the!UW!to!update!this!HIA!with!a!more! detailed!review!for!health!issues!once!a!clear!proposal!or!potential!options!have!been! identified!for!the!project!! 15. Develop!and!maintain!an!Evaluation!Team!to!evaluate!the!impact!of!this!HIA! !

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Monitoring!&!Evaluation! A! significant! and! often! overlooked! area! of! HIAs! is! the! monitoring! and! evaluation! of! the! recommendations! it! offers.! Evaluating! the! HIA! involves! three! steps:! process! evaluation,! in! which!an!independent!assessor!assess!the!process!by!which!the!HIA!was!produced,!outcome! evaluation,!to!determine!the!HIA’s!influence!on!the!decision!making!processes,!and!outcome! evaluation,!which!investigates!whether!the!recommendations!and!predictions!in!the!HIA!were! accurate.! Because! HIAs! are! relatively! new! tools! for! decisionemaking! processes,! evaluation! is! crucial! to! understanding! the! effectiveness! of! an! HIA,! strengthening! the! HIA! process! through! experimentation,!and!affecting!future!HIAs!by!generating!commitment!to!the!HIA!process.1! ! Process!evaluation! As! with! any! relatively! new! public! health! tool,! producing! an! HIA! costs! time! and! money,! and! understanding! the! resources! that! go! into! producing! an! HIA! will! help! future! HIA! practitioners! understand!how!HIAs!can!be!used!most!effectively.!AN!HIA!that!has!minimal!impact!for!a!small! number! of! people! would! be! unlikely! to! result! in! significant! change.! Therefore! conscientious! scoping! of! a! potential! HIA! is! important! for! its! success! not! only! as! an! exercise! but! to! assure! participants! feel! that! their! time! was! well! worth! the! effort.! Similarly,! economic! evaluation! is! required! to! understand! not! only! the! personnel! costs! associated! with! conducting! an! HIA,! but! the!resource!costs!as!well.!If!the!authors!of!the!HIA!are!taking!time!away!from!valuable!work! projects,! the! HIA! would! at! best! be! a! waste! of! time,! and! at! worst! take! away! from! other! important! projects.! Investigators! should! also! assess! whether! they! worked! well! together! as! a! team.! A! successful! team! will! produce! recommendations! that! are! thoughtful,! actionable,! measurable! and! succinct.! The! process! of! prioritizing! recommendations! is! particularly! important.!Investigators!should!prioritize!recommendations!based!on!potential!economic!and! health! impacts,! and! determine! whether! the! recommendations! are! truly! measurable.! Finally,! evaluators! should! think! specifically! about! how! recommendations! are! presented! to! decision! makers.!Presentation!can!make!an!enormous!difference!in!whether!HIA!recommendations!are! followed!as!projects!are!undertaken.! Impact!Evaluation! Investigators! also! must! evaluate! the! impact! of! the! HIA! by! first! asking! whether! the! HIA! provided!useful!information!to!the!policyemaking!process.!As!with!any!new!public!health!tool,! the! HIA! process! is! under! investigation! for! efficacy.! Should! an! HIA! not! produce! useful! information,!future!HIAs!may!be!approached!with!skepticism.!Successful!HIAs!also!incorporate! the!voices!of!those!who!are!going!to!be!most!deeply!affected!by!the!changes!outlined!in!the! process.!For!instance,!changes!in!a!community!center!in!a!neighborhood!that!is!largely!ethnic! might!not!incorporate!ethnically!important!symbols!or!design!unless!the!community!has!input! into! that! design.! Areas! that! have! been! designed! for! community! members! rather! than! with! them! may! impact! the! number! of! people! who! use! the! redesigned! space! for! its! intended! purpose.! Often,! HIAs! are! performed! at! a! time! when! policy! decisions! are! being! made.! The! measure! of! a! good! HIA! would! be! its! usefulness! during! immediate! policy! decisions! such! as! decisions!that!may!change!the!design!of!a!project.!!

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A!second,!equally!important!step!in!determining!the!impact!of!the!HIA!is!understanding!where! the! process! deviated! from! the! assessment! plans.! Investigators! might! ask! if! the! HIA! led! to! unexpected! or! unnecessary! changes! that! could! be! useful! in! designing! and! evaluating! similar! future! assessments.! Investigators! should! also! be! curious! whether! potential! new! partnerships! have!been!forged!from!the!HIA!process!that!may!influence!future!policy,!particularly!those!that! led! to! successful! coalitions.! And! a! final! broader! question! would! be! asking! whether! the! HIA! influenced! large! scale! planning! processes! for! institutions! outside! of! the! HIA! itself.! Documenting!how!an!HIA!might!have!changed!public!policy!or!institutional!processes!would!be! especially!effective!moving!forward!as!a!means!to!build!a!network!of!strategies.! Outcome!Evaluation! While! process! evaluation! and! impact! evaluation! can! be! relatively! quickly! performed,! determining! longeterm! outcomes! could! take! significantly! longer.! Outcome! evaluations! primarily!assess!whether!the!adoption!of!recommendations!has!resulted!in!quantifiable!health! outcomes,!the!accuracy!of!healtherelated!prediction,!and!investigate!the!assumptions!that!are! made! that! gave! rise! to! particular! recommendations.! Investigators! are! first! going! to! want! to! understand! whether! the! predicted! outcomes! matched! the! actual! outcomes.! Importantly,! depending! on! the! length! of! time! scheduled! for! completion! and! complexity! of! the! HIA,! other! health! impacts! may! have! arisen! that! should! be! addressed! in! similar! HIAs! moving! forward,! particularly!evaluation!of!those!health!impacts!that!were!not!predicted!by!the!HIA!itself.2! Challenges!to!Evaluation! While! HIAs! are! often! necessary! for! assuring! a! thorough! check! for! health! impacts! have! been! undertaken! prior! to! work! on! a! specific! project! or! policy! change,! completing! the! evaluation! metrics!can!be!challenging!both!in!terms!of!time!for!staff!taking!part!and!for!continued!funding! for! completion! of! the! evaluation.! Determining! the! start! and! finish! of! an! HIA! is! of! critical! importance;! this! can! be! managed! though! setting! expectations! for! completion! of! the! evaluation.!Without!defined!beginning!and!ending!points,!the!HIA!may!extend!for!far!longer!or! shorter! than! is! necessary! to! complete! the! assessment.! Additionally,! managing! stakeholders,! especially! if! they! are! diverse! and! have! opposing! definitions! of! success! can! be! particularly! challenging.!Leadership!among!those!producing!the!evaluation!can!also!be!tricky.!Ultimately,! evaluation!planning!occurs!at!the!time!of!inception!of!the!project!as!a!way!to!plan!for!proper! time!and!resource!allocation.2! Logic! models! are! tools! that! are! used! by! program! evaluators! to! visualize! a! link! between! a! decision! at! hand! and! its! potential! impact! on! human! health.! Logic! models! incorporate! environmental,! social,! physical,! biological,! and! behavioral! information! with! theories! and! research! from! a! variety! of! disciplines! in! order! to! understand! all! possible! impacts! on! human! health.!! !

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The!following!model!outlines!a!basic!logic!framework!that!can!be!used!to!evaluate!the!efficacy! of! this! HIA.! Over! time,! this! HIA! will! be! monitored! for! its! influence! on! legislative! decisione making,!environmental!monitoring,!and!ongoing!impacts!on!health!to!assure!that!suggestions! that! have! been! implemented! have! had! the! desired! effect.! This! logic! model! first! outlines! the! reasons! that! require! putting! together! this! HIA.! It! next! investigates! the! inputs! to! the! system! including!financial!resources,!available!data,!time!and!institutional!knowledge!that!are!required! to!perform!outlined!activities.!Community!meetings,!stakeholder!meetings!and!developmental! recommendations!assist!in!the!creation!of!outputs!such!as!this!HIA.!Additional!outputs!include! community!awareness!and!development!and!facilitation!of!new!partnerships.!Finally,!this!logic! model! outlines! several! short,! medium! and! longeterm! outcomes! that! arise! through! the! completion!of!the!recommendations.!!

Figure!8:!Logic!Model!for!the!Evaluation!of!the!Delridge!Corridor!Multimodal! Transportation!Project!Health!Impact!Assessment! ! Finally,!an!implementation!plan!for!how!to!assure!that!these!evaluations!are!carried!out!must! be!determined.!A!team!of!agency!and!community!partners!must!work!together!to!determine! what! is! being! done! in! accordance! with! the! HIA! and! how! it! is! affecting! desired! community! outcomes.!Proper!evaluation!is!a!necessary!and!required!tool!to!determine!effectiveness!of!any! HIA.!It!is!recommended!that!development!of!an!evaluation!implementation!team!representing! all!stakeholders!be!assembled!to!plan!for!and!conduct!the!evaluation!as!a!first!priority.!

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Conclusion! Limitations! This!HIA!has!several!limitations.!The!conceptual!design!for!the!Delridge!Corridor!project!was! still!under!development!when!the!UW!team!conducted!this!assessment.!Therefore,!SDOT! provided!a!series!of!potential!transit!corridor!designs!for!evaluation.!The!city!also!has!yet!to! hold!formal!community!meetings!to!gather!resident!feedback!on!the!plans.!Additionally,!due! to!time!constraints!requiring!completion!this!project!during!the!10eweek!period!of!the!class,! public!engagement,!data!collection,!evaluation!and!monitoring!were!not!possible.!! Conclusion! Seattle’s! Delridge! Corridor! Multimodal! Improvement! project! Health! Impact! Assessment! is! a! collaborative! effort! between! Seattle’s! Department! of! Transportation,! the! Department! of! Planning! and! Development,! and! the! University! of! Washington’s! Environmental! Health! Department! in! the! School! of! Public! Health.! This! work! spans! areas! the! spectrum! of! healthy! redevelopment! including! environmental! health,! social! cohesion,! safety,! transportation,! and! access! to! recreational! space.! Based! on! the! “health! in! all! policies”! framework! outlined! by! Healthy! People! 2020,! the! suggestions! offered! here! are! intended! to! highlight! particular! areas! where! inequitable! policies! could! negatively! impact! vulnerable! populations,! often! people! of! color.! Fifteen!years!ago,!Delridge!completed!a!neighborhood!plan!that!has!aided!the!city!planners!to! address!some!of!the!more!crucial!concerns!of!the!community!with!respect!to!redevelopment,! however! this! plan! is! being! outpaced! by! growth! and! expansion! in! Seattle.! The! Multimodal! Corridors! Program! is! a! citywide! program! that! identifies! areas! that! are! likely! to! be! highly! impacted!by!Seattle’s!continued!growth!and!expansion.! Delridge! is! more! diverse! than! most! neighborhoods! in! Seattle.! Neighborhood! changes! or! improvements!may!negatively!impact!the!health!of!community!members.!The!goal!of!this!HIA! is!to!determine!where!decisionemakers!should!focus!attention!to!assure!that!any!decisions!do! not! inequitably! influence! marginalized! populations! who! have! been! longeterm! residents! of! Delridge.! Careful! policies! and! decisions! can! actively! promote! the! health! and! equity! of! this! population.!Collaborative!efforts!between!all!stakeholders,!including!community!members!and! various! public! policy! departments! and! divisions! will! assure! that! the! health! of! the! Delridge! neighborhood!is!improved!during!redevelopment!and!into!the!future,!fulfilling!the!mission!of! Seattle’s!Race!and!Social!Justice!Initiative!and!increasing!equity!across!all!residents.!

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References! Acronyms!&!Definitions!in!the!HIA! 1. Seattle!Department!of!Transportation!(n.d.)!“Complete!Streets!in!Seattle.”!Retrieved!from! http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/completeStreets.htm.!! 2. Jacobs,!J.!(1961).!The)Death)and)Life)of)Great)American)Cities.!New!York:!Random!House.! 3. SDOT!Blog!(2015,!Feb.)!Parklets!and!“Streateries.”!Retrieved!from! http://sdotblog.seattle.gov/2015/02/23/parkletseandestreateries/.!! 4. United!States!Environmental!Protection!Agency!(2014,!May).!“What!is!Open!Space/Green!Space?”! Retrieved!from!http://www.epa.gov/region1/eco/uep/openspace.html.!!! 5. SDOT!(n.d.)!“Bicycle!Program:!Sharrows.”!Retrieved!from! http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/sharrows.htm.!!

Introduction!! 1. Reece,!J.,!Gambhir,!S.,!Ratchford,!C.,!Martin!M.,!Olinger,!J.!(2010,!April).!The!Geography!of! Opportunity:!Mapping!to!Promote!Equitable!Community!Development!and!Fair!Housing!in!King! County,!WA.!Kirwan)Institute)for)the)Study)or)Race)and)Ethnicity.!Retrieved!from:! http://kirwaninstitute.osu.edu/reports/2010/04_2010_KingCountyWAOpportunityMapping.pdf! ! 2. Malekafzali,!S.,!&!Bergstrom,!D.!(2001).!Healthy)corridor)for)all:)A)community)health)impact) assessment)of)transitPoriented)development)policy)in)Saint)Paul,)Minnesota.! 3. Besser,!L.!M.,!&!Dannenberg,!A.!L.!(2005).!Walking!to!Public!Transit.!American)Journal)of)Preventive) Medicine,!29(4),!273–280.!http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ampre.2005.06.010! 4. City!of!Seattle.!Delridge)Assessment—Background)Analysis)Report.!Department!of!Planning!and! Development.!December,!2014.! 5. Human!Impact!Partners.!(n.d.).!Pathway!diagram!showing!links!between!projects!and!health.! Retrieved!from!http://www.humanimpact.org/downloads/exampleseofepathwayediagramselinkinge projectseplanseandepoliciesetoehealtheoutcomes/!*Modified!by!author/Snare!with!permission!of! HIP.!! 6. San!Francisco!Department!of!Public!Health.!(n.d.).!Pedestrian!Environmental!Quality!Index!(PEQI).! Retrieved!from!http://www.sfhealthequity.org/elements/24eelements/tools/106epedestriane environmentalequalityeindex!! 7. Streetmix.net.!(n.d.).!Streetmix.net.!Retrieved!from!http://streetmix.net.! 8. World!Health!Organization!(n.d.).!“Social!Determinants!of!Health.”!Retrieved!from! http://www.who.int/social_determinants/en/.!! 9. Office!of!Disease!Prevention!and!Health!Promotion,!US!Department!of!Health!and!Human!Services! (2015,!Jun).!“Social!Determinants!of!Health.”!Retrieved!from! http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicseobjectives/topic/socialedeterminantsehealth.!! 10. King!County!Executive!(2015,!Jun).!“Equity!and!Social!Justice.”!Retrieved!from! http://www.kingcounty.gov/elected/executive/equityesocialejustice.aspx.!! !

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Background!and!HIA!Scope! 1. American!Public!Health!Association!(2009,!April).!At!The!Intersection!of!Public!Health!and! Transportation:!Promoting!Health!Transportation!Policy.!American!Public!Health!Association.! Retrieved!from:! http://www.apha.org/~/media/files/pdf/fact%20sheets/at_the_intersection_public_health_and_tra nsportation.ashx! 2. Farber,!N.,!Shinkle,!D.,!Lynott,!J.,!FoxeGrage,!W.,!Harrell,!R.!(2011,!December).!Aging!In!Place:!A! State!Survey!of!Livability!Policies!and!Practices.!National!Conference!or!State!Legislatures.!AARP! Public!Policy!Institute.!Retrieved!from:!https://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/ppi/livecom/agingeineplacee 2011efull.pdf! 3. Delridge!Assessment!–!Background!Report!(2014,!December).!City!of!Seattle,!Department!of! Planning!and!Development.! 4. Delridge!Planning!Committee!(1999).!“Delridge!Action!Plan.”!Retrieved!from! http://www.seattle.gov/documents/departments/neighborhoods/planning/plan/delridgeeplan.pdf.!!

Walkability!&!Multimodal!Transportation! 1. Wilbur!Smith!Associates.!(2007,!May).!Public!Attitude!Survey!of!Bicycle!and!Pedestrian!Planning.! Bellevue,!Washington.!

2. Federal!Highway!Administration.!(2001).!National)Household)Travel)Survey.! 3. City!of!Seattle.!Delridge)Assessment—Background)Analysis)Report.!Department!of!Planning!and! Development.!December,!2014.!

4. U.S.!Department!of!Health!and!Human!Services.!(2008).!2008)Physical)Activity)Guidelines)for) Americans.!Washington,!DC.!

5. King!County.!King!county!city!health!profile!e!seattle.!PDF,!December!2012.! 6. Carver,!A.,!A.!F.!Timperio,!and!D.!A.!Crawford.!2008.!“Neighborhood!Road!Environments!and!

Physical!Activity!among!Youth:!The!Clan!Study.”!Journal!of!Urban!Health:!Bulletin!of!the!New!York! Academy!of!Medicine!85:!532e44.!

7. Sallis,!J.!F.,!B.!E.!Saelens,!L.D.!Frank,!T.L.!Conway,!D.!J.!Slymen,!K.L.!Cain,!J.E.!Chapman,!and!J.!

Kerr.!2009.!“Neighborhood!Built!Environment!and!Income:!Examining!Multiple!Health!Outcomes.”! Social!Science!&!Medicine!68:1285e93.!

8. Saxena,!S.,!M.!V.!Ommeren,!K.!C.!Tang,!and!T.!P.!Armstrong.!2005.!“Mental!Health!Benefits!of! Physical!Activity.”!Journal!of!Mental!Health!14!(5):!445e51.!

9. Berke,!E.B.,!L.M.!Gottlieb,!A.!V.!Moudon,!and!E.!B.!Larson.!2007!“Protective!Association!between!

Neighborhood!Walkability!and!Depression!in!Older!Men.”!Journal!of!American!Geriatrics!Society!55! (4):!526e33.!!

10. Jacobs,!J.!(1961).!The)Death)and)Life)of)Great)American)Cities.!New!York:!Random!House.! 11. Public!Health!Agency!of!Canada!(2014).!“What!is!Active!Transportation?”!retrieved!from! http://www.phaceaspc.gc.ca/hpeps/hlemvs/paeap/atetaeeng.php.!

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Recreation!&!Physical!Activity!! 1. Heath!G,!Brownson!R,!Kruger!J,!et!al.!The!effectiveness!of!urban!design!and!land!use!and!transport! policies!and!practices!to!increase!physical!activity:!a!systematic!review.!J!of!Phys!Activity!and!Hlth! 2006;3(S1):S55eS76.! 2. Coulson!J,!Fox!K,!Lawlor!D,!Trayers!T.!Residents'!diverse!perspectives!of!the!impact!of! neighbourhood!renewal!on!quality!of!life!and!physical!activity!engagement:!Improvements!but! unresolved!issues.!Hlth!Place!2011;17(1):300e310.! 3. Paffenbarger!R!Jr.,!Kampert!J,!Lee!I,!Hyde!R,!Leung!R,!Wing!A.!Changes!in!physical!activity!and! other!lifeway!patterns!influencing!longevity.!Med!Sci!Sports!Exerc!1994;26(7):857e65.! 4. City!of!Seattle.!Delridge!Assessment—Background!Analysis!Report.!Department!of!Planning!and! Development.!December,!2014.! 5. City!of!Seattle.!Delridge!Way!SW!–!Bicycle!Facilities!(Map).!Department!of!Transportation.!April,! 2015.! 6. King!County.!King!County!City!Health!Profile!e!Seattle.!Public!Health,!Seattle!&!King!County.! December,!2012.! 7. Powell!K,!Blair!S.!The!public!health!burdens!of!sedentary!living!habits:!theoretical!but!realistic! estimates.!Med!Sci!Sports!Exerc!1994;26:851e56.! 8. Hu!FB,!Manson!J,!Stampfer!M,!et!al.!Diet,!lifestyle,!and!the!risk!of!type!2!diabetes!mellitus!in! women.!N!Engl!J!Med!2001;345(11):790e7.! 9. Hu!F,!Leitzmann!M,!Stampfer!M,!Colditz!G,!Willett!W,!Rimm!E.!Physical!activity!and!television! watching!in!relation!to!risk!for!type!2!diabetes!mellitus!in!men.!Arch!Intern!Med!2001;161(12):1542e 8.! 10. Allison!D,!Fontaine!K,!Manson!J,!Stevens!J,!VanItallie!T.!Annual!deaths!attributable!to!obesity!in!the! United!States.!JAMA!1999;282(16):1530e38.! 11. Bianchini!F,!Kaaks!R,!Vainio!H.!Overweight,!obesity,!and!cancer!risk.!Lancet!Oncology! 2002;3(9):565e74.! 12. Sesso!H,!Paffenbarger!R,!Jr.,!Lee!I.!Physical!activity!and!coronary!heart!disease!in!men:!The!Harvard! Alumni!Health!Study.!Circulation!2000;102(9):975e80.! 13. Hillson!M,!Panter!J,!Foster!C,!Jones!A.!The!relationship!between!access!and!quality!of!urban!green! space!with!population!physical!activity.!Pub!Hlth!2006;120:1127e32.! 14. Duncan!M,!Mummery!K.!Psychosocial!and!environmental!factors!associated!with!physical!activity! among!city!dwellers!in!regional!Queensland.!Prev!Med!2005;40:363–72.! 15. Berke!E,!Koepsell!T,!Moudon!A,!Hoskins!R,!Larson!F.!Association!of!the!built!environment!with! physical!activity!and!obesity!in!older!persons.!Am!J!Pub!Hlth!2007;97(3):486e92.! 16. Bennett!C,!McNeill!L,!Wolin!K,!Duncan!D,!Puleo!E,!Emmons!K.!Safe!to!walk?!Neighborhood!safety! and!physical!activity!among!public!housing!residents.!PLoS!Med!2007;4(10)1599e606.! 17. Molnar!B,!Gormaker!S,!Bull!F,!Buka!S.!Unsafe!to!play?!Neighborhood!disorder!and!lack!of!safety! predict!reduced!physical!activity!among!urban!children!and!adolescents.!Am!J!Hlth!Promot! 2004;18(5):378e76.!

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18. Harrison!R,!Gemmell!I,!Heller!R.!The!population!effect!of!crime!and!neighbourhood!on!physical! activity:!an!analysis!of!15,461!adults.!J!Epidemiol!Comm!Hlth!2007;61(1):34e39.! 19. Carver!A,!Timperio!A,!Crawford!D.!Playing!it!safe:!the!influence!of!neighbourhood!safety!on! children's!physical!activity:!a!review.!Hlth!Place!2008;14(2):217e27.! 20. Cradock!A,!Kawachi!I,!Colditz!G,!Gortmaker!S,!Buka!S.!Neighborhood!social!cohesion!and!youth! participation!in!physical!activity!in!Chicago.!Soc!Sci!Med!2009;68(3):427e35.! 21. Fish!J,!Ettner!S,!Ang!A,!Brown!A.!Association!of!perceived!neighborhood!safety!with![corrected]! body!mass!index.!Am!J!Pub!Hlth!2010;100(11):2296e303.! 22. National!Recreation!and!Park!Association.!Creating!MinieParks!for!Increased!Physical!Activity.!Issue! Brief.!2012.!

Disability!Access!&!Wayfinding!! 1. King!County!City!Health!Profile!Seattle.!Seattle!&!King!County!Public!Health.!Dec.!2012.!Web.!10! May!2015.! 2. Kinne!S.!King!County!Adults!Age!60+:!Numbers!by!Neighborhood.!Area!Agency!on!Aging!of!Seattle! and!King!County.!17!Jul.!2012.!Web.!10!May!2015.! 3. King!County!City!Health!Profile!Seattle.! 4. Youth!Disability!Screener.!Seattle!Quality!of!Life!Group.!University!of!Washington!School!of!Public! Health.!2011.!Web.!10!May!2015.! 5. Imrie!R.!Responding!to!the!Design!Needs!of!Disabled!People.!Journal!of!Urban!Design! 2000;5(2):199e219.! 6. Clarke!P,!Ailshire!JA,!Bader!M,!Morenoff!JD,!House!JS.!Mobility!Disability!and!the!Urban!Built! Environment.!American!Journal!of!Epidemiology!2008;168(5):506e513.! 7. Carmeli!E,!Coleman!R,!Omar!HL,!BrowneCross!D.!Do!we!allow!elderly!pedestrians!sufficient!time!to! cross!the!street!in!safety?!Journal!of!Aging!and!Physical!Activity!2000;8(1):51–58.! 8. Hirtle!SC,!Jonides!J.!Evidence!of!hierarchies!in!cognitive!maps.!Mem!Cogn!1985;13(3):208–217.! 9. May!AJ,!Ross!T,!Bayer!SH,!Tarkiainen!MJ.!Pedestrian!navigation!aids:!information!requirements!and! design!implications.!Pers!Ubiquit!Comput!2003;7:331e338.! 10. Ibid.! 11. Social!Capital.!UCLA!Health!Impact!Assessment!Clearinghouse!Learning!&!Information!Center.! Web.!28!May!2015.! Gentrification!! 1. Bryson,!Jeremy.!The!nature!of!gentrification.!Geography)Compass!2013;!7/!8:!578e587.! 2. Lin,!Jefferey.!Gentrification!and!transit!in!Northwest!Chicago.!Journal)of)the)Transportation) Research)Forum)2002;!56!(4):!175e191.! 3. Delridge!Assessment!e!Background!Analysis!Report,!City!of!Seattle,!Department!of!Planning!and! Development,!2014.!

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4. Chaskin,!Robert!J.!and!Mark!L.!Joseph.!‘Positive’!gentrification,!social!control!and!the!‘right!to!the! city’!in!mixed!income!communities:!Uses!and!expectations!of!space!and!place.!International)Journal) of)Urban)and)Regional)Research)2013.!37!(2):!480e502.!

Access!to!Social!Services! 1. Gulliford,!Martin,!et!al.!"What!Does'!Access!to!Health!Care'!mean?"!Journal)of)health) services)research)&)policy)7.3(2002):!186e88.! 2. Vohra,!Rini,!et!al.!"Access!to!Services,!Quality!of!Care,!and!Family!Impact!for!Children!with!Autism,! Other!Developmental!Disabilities,!and!Other!Mental!Health!Conditions."!Autism) 18.7!(2014):!815e26.! 3. Syed,!S.T.;!Gerber,!B.S.;!Sharp,!L.K.!“Traveling!Towards!Disease:!Transportation!Barriers!to!Health! Care!Access.”!J!Community!Health.!2013!October;!38(5)!976P993.! 4. Robert!Wood!Johnson!Foundation!(2013,!Mar).!“Why!Does!Education!Matter!So!Much!to!Health?”! Retrieved!from!http://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2012/12/whyedoeseeducationematteresoe muchetoehealthe.html.!!

Employment! 1. City!of!Seattle,!“Delridge!Assessment!e!Background!Analysis!Report,”!Department!of!Planning!and! Development,!2014.! 2. City!of!Seattle,!“Priority!Hire,!Local!Hiring!for!City!Construction!Projects”! http://www.seattle.gov/council/issues/priorityhire/default.html!! 3. McKeeeRyan,!Frances!M.,!et!al.!“Psychological!and!Physical!WelleBeing!During!Unemployment:!A! MetaeAnalytic!Study,”!Journal!of!Applied!Psychology,!2005,!Vol.!90,!No.!1,!53–76.!

Food!Access! 1. Carney!P.!A.,!Hamada!J.!L.,!Rdesinski!R.,!Sprager!L.,!Nichols!K.!R.,!Liu!B.!Y.,!Pelayo!J.,!and!Shannon! J.!Impact!of!a!community!gardening!project!on!vegetable!intake,!food!security!and!family! relationships:!a!communityebased!participatory!research!study.!Journal!of!Community!Health,!37,!4,! 874e81,!January!2011.! 2. Whelan!A.,!Wrigley!N.,!Warm!D.,!and!Cannings!E.!Life!in!a!food!desert.!Urban!Studies,!39:2083– 2100.! 3. 3.!Maria!Elisa!Christie.!Kitchenspace,!fiestas,!and!cultural!reproduction!in!mexican!houselot! gardens.!Geographical!Review,!94(3):368–390,!2004.! 4. King!County.!King!county!city!health!profile!e!seattle.!PDF,!December!2012.! 5. David!Goldberg.!North!delridge!action!plan.!Microsoft!PowerPoint,!March!2015.! 6. Reynolds!John.!Are!you!living!in!a!food!desert.!PDF,!2005.! 7. Grauel!K.!and!Chambers!K.!J.!Food!deserts!and!migrant!farmworkers:!Assessing!food!access!in! oregon’s!willamette!valley.!Journal!of!Ethnobiology,!34(2):228–250,!July!2014.! 8. Morland!K.,!Wing!S.,!Diez!Roux!A.!V.,!and!Poole!C.!Neighborhood!characteristics!associated!with! the!location!of!food!stores!and!food!service!places.!American!Journal!of!Preventive!Medicine,! 22:23–29,!2002.!

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9. Morland!K.,!Diez!Roux!A.!V.,!and!S!Wing.!Supermarkets,!other!food!stores,!and!obesity.!American! Journal!of!Preventive!Medicine,!30:333–339,!2006.!! 10. Morton!L.!and!Blanchard!T.!Starved!for!access:!Life!in!rural!america’s!food!deserts.!PDF,!2007.! 11. Guy!Clifford!M.!and!Gemma!David.!Measuring!physical!access!to!‘healthy!foods’!in!areas!of!social! deprivation:!A!case!study!in!cardiff.!International!Journal!of!Consumer!Studies,!28(3):222–234,! 2004.! 12. City!of!Seattle.!Comprehensive!plan.!future!lane!use!map.!PDF,!May!2013.! 13. City!of!Seattle.!Seattle’s!comprehensive!plan.!neighborhood!planning!element.!PDF,!2013.! 14. City!of!Seattle.!Delridge!assessment!e!background!analysis!report.!PDF,!December!2014.! 15. World!Health!Organization.!Diet,!nutrition!and!the!prevention!of!chronic!diseases.!PDF,!2003.! 16. Kaufman!P.!R.,!MacDonald!J.,!Lutz!S.,!and!D!Smallwood.!Do!the!poor!pay!more!for!food?!item! selection!and!price!differences!affect!loweincome!household!food!costs.!Agricultural!Economics! Report!34065,!1997.! 17. Richards!R.!and!Smith!C.!The!impact!of!homeless!shelters!on!food!access!and!choice!among! homeless!families!in!minnesota.!Journal!of!Nutrition!Education!and!Behavior,!38(2):96–105,!2006.! 18. Walker!Renee,!Craig!Fryer,!James!Butler,!Christopher!Keane,!Andrea!Kriska,!and!Jessica!Burke.! Factors!influencing!food!buying!practices!in!residents!of!a!loweincome!food!desert!and!a!lowe income!food!oasis.!Journal!of!Mixed!Methods!Research,!5(3):247–267,!2011.! 19. City!of!Seattle.!Seattle!Women!and!Food!Access!e!Learning!from!Women!in!Delridge.!PDF,!March! 2014.! Education! 1. Onzima!R.!Parents’!SocioeEconomic!Status!And!Pupils!Educational!Attainment:!Case!Study!Of!St.! Jude!Primary!School!In!Malabatown!CouncileUganda!|!Robert!Onzima!e!Academia.edu.! http://www.academia.edu/407935/parents_socioe economic_status_and_pupils_educational_attainment_case_study_of_st._jude_primary_school_in _malabatown_councileuganda.!Accessed!May!15,!2015.! 2. Seattle!Public!Schools.!Seattle!Public!Schools!e!Growth!BoundarieseMaps!by!year:!2015.! http://www.seattleschools.org/modules/cms/pages.phtml?sessionid=c563dc7bab22e9c1922c379e7 490aa9f&pageid=322613&sessionid=c563dc7bab22e9c1922c379e7490aa9f.!Accessed!May!15,!2015.! 3. Seattle!Colleges!(2015).!Our!Locations.!Retrieved!from:!! http://www.seattlecolleges.com/district/district/locations.aspx?pg=South.!! 4. Southwest!Youth!and!Family!Services!(n.d.).!Mission!e!SWYFS.!Retrieved!from! http://www.swyfs.org/whateweedo/mission/.! 5. Johnnie!McKinley!Associates!L.!Community!Needs!Assessment!of!Seattle!Head!Start,!ECEAP,!&! Step!Ahead!Preschool!Programs.!2014.! http://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/OFE/AboutTheLevy/EarlyLearning/SeattleComm unityNeedsAssessment2014byJMA082514.pdf.!Accessed!May!15,!2015.! 6. Shankar!J,!Ip!E,!Khalema!E,!et!al.!Education!as!a!social!determinant!of!health:!issues!facing! indigenous!and!visible!minority!students!in!postsecondary!education!in!Western!Canada.!Int)J) Environ)Res)Public)Health.!2013;10(9):3908e3929.!doi:10.3390/ijerph10093908.!

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7. Center!for!Community!Health!and!Evaulation!(2015).!Group!Health!Community!Health!Needs! Assessment:!2013e2015.!Retrieved!from!https://www1.ghc.org/static/pdf/public/about/communitye assessmente2013.pdf.! 8. Washington!Department!of!Health!(2013).!Social!and!Economic!Determinants!of!Health.!Retrieved! from!http://www.doh.wa.gov/Portals/1/Documents/5500/ContexteSED2013.pdf.! 9. North!Karelia!Project.!Heart!Attack!Prevention.!http://www.epi.umn.edu/cvdepi/studye synopsis/northekareliaeproject/.!Accessed!May!14,!2015.! 10. SDOT!(2013,!Jun).!Seattle!Bicycle!Master!Plan.!Retrieved!from! http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/bikemaster_materials.htm.!! 11. Washington!State!Department!of!Health!P!and!CHD.!Office!of!Healthy!Communities!Description.! 2013:2.!http://www.doh.wa.gov/Portals/1/Documents/Pubs/140e010ePCHeOHCBrief.pdf.!Accessed! October!6,!2014.! 12. City!of!Seattle,!Department!of!Transporation!(n.d.)!"Safe!Routes!to!Schoool."!Retrieved!from! http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/saferoutes.htm.!!

Community!&!Mental!Health! 1. World!Health!Organization.!(2003).!Investing!in!mental!health.!Retrieved!from! who.int/mental_health.!! 2. Chapman,!D.!P.,!Perry,!G.!S.,!&!Strine,!T.!W.!(2005).!The!vital!link!between!chronic!disease!and! depressive!disorders.!Preventing!Chronic!Disease.!Retrieved!from!http://www.cdc.gov/! pcd/issues/2005/jan/04_0066.htm! 3. Seattle!and!King!County!Assessment,!Policy!Development!&!Evaluation!Unit!(2012)!King!county! city!health!profile!seattle.!

Social!Capital!! 1. Forrest,!R.,!&!Kearns,!A.!(2001).!Social!cohesion,!social!capital!and!the!neighbourhood.!Urban! studies,!38(12),!2125e2143.! 2. Ziersch,!A.!M.,!Baum,!F.!E.,!MacDougall,!C.,!&!Putland,!C.!(2005).!Neighbourhood!life!and!social! capital:!the!implications!for!health.!Social!science!&!medicine,!60(1),!71e86.! 3. Leyden,!K.!M.!(2003).!Social!capital!and!the!built!environment:!the!importance!of!walkable! neighborhoods.!American!journal!of!public!health,!93(9),!1546e1551.! 4. City!of!Seattle,!Department!of!Planning!and!Development!and!Development!(2014,!Dec).!Delridge! Assessment!e!Background!Analysis!Report!(Draft).!! 5. Kritsotakis,!G.,!Vassilaki,!M.,!Melaki,!V.,!Georgiou,!V.,!Philalithis,!A.!E.,!Bitsios,!P.,!...!&!Koutis,!A.! (2013).!Social!capital!in!pregnancy!and!postpartum!depressive!symptoms:!A!prospective!mother– child!cohort!study!(the!Rhea!study).!International!journal!of!nursing!studies,!50(1),!63e72.! 6. Carpiano,!R.!M.!(2007).!Neighborhood!social!capital!and!adult!health:!an!empirical!test!of!a! Bourdieuebased!model.!Health!&!place,!13(3),!639e655.! 7. Communities!Count!(2012).!“Social!Cohesion:!Summary!&!Data!Highlights.”!Retrieved!from:! http://www.communitiescount.org/index.php?page=socialecohesion.! 8. Hu,!F.,!Hu,!B.,!Chen,!R.,!Ma,!Y.,!Niu,!L.,!Qin,!X.,!&!Hu1,!Z.!(2014).!A!systematic!review!of!social! capital!and!chronic!nonecommunicable!diseases.!BioScience)Trends,!8(6),!290e296.!

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9. Sander,!T.,!&!Lowney,!K.!(2006).!Social!capital!building!toolkit!(version!1.2).!Cambridge,)MA:)John)F) Kennedy)School)of)Government,)Harvard)University.! 10. Clark,!C.!J.,!Guo,!H.,!Lunos,!S.,!Aggarwal,!N.!T.,!Beck,!T.,!Evans,!D.!A.,!...!&!EversoneRose,!S.!A.! (2011).!Neighborhood!cohesion!is!associated!with!reduced!risk!of!stroke!mortality.!Stroke,!42(5),! 1212e1217.! 11. Kim,!E.!S.,!Park,!N.,!&!Peterson,!C.!(2013).!Perceived!neighborhood!social!cohesion!and!stroke.! Social)Science)&)Medicine,!97,!49e55.! 12. Murayama,!H.,!Fujiwara,!Y.,!&!Kawachi,!I.!(2012).!Social!capital!and!health:!a!review!of!prospective! multilevel!studies.!Journal)of)Epidemiology,!22(3),!179e187.! 13. Muckenhuber,!J.!M.,!Dorner,!T.!E.,!Burkert,!N.,!Groschädl,!F.,!&!Freidl,!W.!(2015).!Low!Social!Capital! as!a!Predictor!for!the!Risk!of!Obesity.!Health)&)Social)Work,!40(2),!e51ee58.! 14. Choi,!M.,!MesaeFrias,!M.,!Nüesch,!E.,!Hargreaves,!J.,!PrietoeMerino,!D.,!Bowling,!A.,!...!&!Casas,!J.!P.! (2014).!Social!capital,!mortality,!cardiovascular!events!and!cancer:!a!systematic!review!of! prospective!studies.!International)journal)of)epidemiology,!43(6),!1895e1920.! 15. Uphoff,!E.!P.,!Pickett,!K.!E.,!Cabieses,!B.,!Small,!N.,!&!Wright,!J.!(2013).!A!systematic!review!of!the! relationships!between!social!capital!and!socioeconomic!inequalities!in!health:!a!contribution!to! understanding!the!psychosocial!pathway!of!health!inequalities.!Int)J)Equity)Health,!12,!54.! 16. Putnam,!R.!D.!(1995).!Bowling!alone:!America's!declining!social!capital.!Journal)of)democracy,!6(1),! 65e78.! 17. Van!Hooijdonk,!C.,!Droomers,!M.,!Deerenberg,!I.!M.,!Mackenbach,!J.!P.,!&!Kunst,!A.!E.!(2008).!The! diversity!in!associations!between!community!social!capital!and!health!per!health!outcome,! population!group!and!location!studied.!International)Journal)of)Epidemiology,!37(6),!1384e1392.! 18. Eicher,!C.,!and!I.!Kawachi.!"Social!Capital!and!Community!Design."!Making)Healthy)Places:) Designing)and)Building)for)Health,)WellPBeing,)and)Sustainability)Eds.!Dannenberg,!Andrew!L,! Howard!Frumkin!and!Richard!J!Jackson:!Island!Press:!Washington,!DC,!2011.! 19. Bassett,!Emma,!and!Spencer!Moore.!"Mental!Health!and!Social!Capital:!Social!Capital!as!a! Promising!Initiative!to!Improving!the!Mental!Health!of!Communities."!Current)Topics)in)Public) Health.!Ed.!RodriguezeMorales,!AJ.!2013.!! 20. KU!Workgroup!for!Community!Health!and!Development.!Section!8.!Identifying!Community!Assets! and!Resources.!In:!Community!Tool!Box.!Retrieved!from!http://ctb.ku.edu/en/tableeofe contents/assessment/assessingecommunityeneedseanderesources/identifyecommunityeassets/main! 21. Tomita,!A.!&!Burns,!J.!K.!(2013).!A!multilevel!analysis!of!association!between!neighborhood!social! capital!and!depression:!Evidence!from!the!first!South!African!National!Income!Dynamics!Study.! Journal!of!Affective!Disorders,!144!(1e2).!Retrieved!from! http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032712004600! 22. McPherson!et!al.!(2014).!The!association!between!social!capital!and!mental!health!and!Behavioural! problems!in!children!and!adolescents:!an!integrative!systematic!review.!PMC!Psychology,!2(7).! Retrieved!from!http://www.biomedcentral.com/2050e7283/2/7!!

Aesthetics!&!Green!Space! 1. Beatley,!Timothy.!Biophilic)Cities:)Integrating)Nature)into)Urban)Design)and)Planning.!Island!Press,! 2011.!

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2. Sullivan,!WC.,!and!C.!Chang.!"Mental!Health!and!the!Built!Environment."!Making)Healthy) Places:)Designing)and)Building)for)Health,)WellPBeing,)and)Sustainability)Eds.!Dannenberg,!Andrew! L,!Howard!Frumkin!and!Richard!J!Jackson:!Island!Press:!Washington,!DC,!2011.! 3. Frumkin,!H.,!and!J.!Fox.!"Contact!with!Nature."!Making)Healthy)Places:)Designing)and)Building)for) Health,)WellPBeing,)and)Sustainability)Eds.!Dannenberg,!Andrew!L,!Howard!Frumkin!and!Richard!J! Jackson:!Island!Press:!Washington,!DC,!2011.! 4. Hopkins,!Whitney.!"Nature!in!View,!Nature!in!Design:!Reconnecting!People!with!Nature!through! Design."!Nature!and!Cities.!2015.! 5. Kellert,!Stephen!R,!Judith!Heerwagen,!and!Martin!Mador.!Biophilic)Design:)The)Theory,)Science)and) Practice)of)Bringing)Buildings)to)Life.!John!Wiley!&!Sons,!2011.! 6. Design!for!Health.!2007.!Planning)Information)Sheet:)Influencing)Mental)Health)with)Comprehensive) Planning)and)Ordinances.!Version!2.0.!http://designforhealth.net/wpe content/uploads/2012/12/BCBS_ISHealthCompPlanning_082307.pdf! 7. Sharp,!Joanne,!Venda!Pollock,!and!Ronan!Paddison.!"Just!Art!for!a!Just!City:!Public!Art!and! Social!Inclusion!in!Urban!Regeneration."!Urban)Studies)42.5e6! (2005):!1001e23.! 8. United!States!Environmental!Protection!Agency!(2015,!June).!“Indoor!Air.”!Retrieved!from! http://cfpub.epa.gov/eroe/index.cfm?fuseaction=list.listBySubTopic&ch=46&s=343.!!

Art!&!Community!Aesthetics!! 1. Argyle,!Elaine,!and!Gillie!Bolton.!"Art!in!the!Community!for!Potentially!Vulnerable!Mental! Health!Groups."!Health)Education)105.5!(2005):!340e54.! 2. Wandell,!Brian,!et!al.!"Arts!and!Cognition!Monograph:!Training!in!the!Arts,!Reading,!and!Brain! Imaging!"!The!Dana!Foundation! http://www.dana.org/Publications/ReportDetails.aspx?id=44246#sthash.E79tE5nG.dpuf! (2008).! 3. Dinehart,!Laura,!and!Louis!Manfra.!"Associations!between!LoweIncome!Children's!Fine!Motor!Skills! in!Preschool!and!Academic!Performance!in!Second!Grade."!Early)Education)&)Development)24.2! (2013):!138e61.! 4. Semenza,!Jan!C.!"The!Intersection!of!Urban!Planning,!Art,!and!Public!Health:!The!Sunnyside! Piazza."!American)Journal)of)Public)Health)93.9!(2003):!1439e41.! 5. Madyaningrum,!Monica!E,!and!Christopher!Sonn.!"Exploring!the!Meaning!of!Participation!in!a! Community!Art!Project:!A!Case!Study!on!the!Seeming!Project."!Journal)of)Community)&)Applied) Social)Psychology)21.4!(2011):!358e70.! 6. Ball,!Kylie,!et!al.!"Perceived!Environmental!Aesthetics!and!Convenience!and!Company!Are! Associated!with!Walking!for!Exercise!among!Australian!Adults."!Preventive)Medicine)33.5!(2001):! 434e40.! 7. Sharp,!Joanne,!Venda!Pollock,!and!Ronan!Paddison.!"Just!Art!for!a!Just!City:!Public!Art!and! Social!Inclusion!in!Urban!Regeneration."!Urban)Studies)42.5e6! (2005):!1001e23.! 8. Argyle,!Elaine,!and!Gillie!Bolton.!"Art!in!the!Community!for!Potentially!Vulnerable!Mental! Health!Groups."!Health)Education)105.5!(2005):!340e54.!

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9. Wandell,!Brian,!et!al.!"Arts!and!Cognition!Monograph:!Training!in!the!Arts,!Reading,!and!Brain! Imaging!"!The!Dana!Foundation! http://www.dana.org/Publications/ReportDetails.aspx?id=44246#sthash.E79tE5nG.dpuf! (2008).! 10. Dinehart,!Laura,!and!Louis!Manfra.!"Associations!between!LoweIncome!Children's!Fine!Motor!Skills! in!Preschool!and!Academic!Performance!in!Second!Grade."!Early)Education)&)Development)24.2! (2013):!138e61.! 11. Semenza,!Jan!C.!"The!Intersection!of!Urban!Planning,!Art,!and!Public!Health:!The!Sunnyside! Piazza."!American)Journal)of)Public)Health)93.9!(2003):!1439e41.! 12. Madyaningrum,!Monica!E,!and!Christopher!Sonn.!"Exploring!the!Meaning!of!Participation!in!a! Community!Art!Project:!A!Case!Study!on!the!Seeming!Project."!Journal)of)Community)&)Applied) Social)Psychology)21.4!(2011):!358e70.! 13. Ball,!Kylie,!et!al.!"Perceived!Environmental!Aesthetics!and!Convenience!and!Company!Are! Associated!with!Walking!for!Exercise!among!Australian!Adults."!Preventive)Medicine)33.5!(2001):! 434e40.! 14. Sharp,!Joanne,!Venda!Pollock,!and!Ronan!Paddison.!"Just!Art!for!a!Just!City:!Public!Art!and! Social!Inclusion!in!Urban!Regeneration."!Urban)Studies)42.5e6! (2005):!1001e23.! 15. Seattle!Department!of!Transportation!(n.d.)!“SDOT!Art!Plan!Implementation.”!Retrieved!from! http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/artplan_implementation.htm!!

Environmental!Health! 1. Hoorman!JJ,!de!Moraes!Sa!JC,!Reeder!R.!The)Biology)of)Soil)Compaction.!The!Ohio!State!University! Extension;!2009:1e7.!http://ohioline.osu.edu/sagefact/pdf/0010.pdf.! 2. US!EPA.!Combined!Sewer!Overflows!(CSO)!Home.!http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/npdes/cso/.! Accessed!May!29,!2015.! 3. Delridge!Combined!Sewer!Overflow!(CSO)!Retrofit!e!SEPA!Determination!of!NoneSignificance! (DNS)!e!Seattle!Department!of!Planning!and!Development.! http://web1.seattle.gov/dpd/luib/Notice.aspx?BID=849&NID=15935.!Accessed!May!21,!2015.! 4. Delridge!SewereeSeattle!Public!Utilities.! http://www.seattle.gov/util/environmentconservation/projects/delridgesewerimprovement/.! Accessed!May!21,!2015.! 5. KingStat!Environmental!Indicators!and!Performance!Measurese!King!County.! http://your.kingcounty.gov/dnrp/measures/2012/indicators/hsesurfaceewater.aspx.!Accessed!May! 29,!2015.! 6. Mental!Health#::!Green!Cities:!Good!Health.!https://depts.washington.edu/hhwb/Thm_Mental.html.! Accessed!May!29,!2015.! 7. Largeescale!Soil!Amendment:!Surveying!|!Site!Selection!|!Preparation!|!Swales.!One)Community.! http://www.onecommunityglobal.org/soileamendment/.!Accessed!May!29,!2015.! 8. Delridge!neighborhood!in!Seattle,!Washington!(WA),!98106,!98126!subdivision!profile!e!real!estate,! apartments,!condos,!homes,!community,!population,!jobs,!income,!streets.!http://www.citye data.com/neighborhood/DelridgeeSeattleeWA.html.!Accessed!May!21,!2015.!

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9. Local!Hazardous!Waste!Management!Program!in!King!County.! http://www.hazwastehelp.org/default.aspx.!Accessed!May!29,!2015.! 10. West!Seattle!scene:!Salmon!spotted!in!Longfellow!Creek.! http://westseattleblog.com/2013/11/westeseattleesceneesalmonespottedeinelongfellowecreek/.! Accessed!May!16,!2015.! 11. Meyer!J.,!Kaplan!L.,!Newbold!J.,!et!al.!Where)Rivers)Are)Born:)The)Scientific)Imperative)for)Defending) Small)Streams)and)Wetlands.!Sierra!Club!and!American!Rivers;!2003:1e24.! http://criticalzone.org/christina/publications/pub/meyereeteale2003ewhereeriverseareebornethee scientificeimperativeeforedefend/.! 12. Community)Revitalization)Resulting)from)Stormwater)Management)Strategies)P)Case)Studies.! Hamilton!County!Planning!and!Development;!2011.! 13. Wild!TC,!Bernet!JF,!Westling!EL,!Lerner!DN.!Deculverting:!reviewing!the!evidence!on!the! “daylighting”!and!restoration!of!culverted!rivers:!Deculverting:!reviewing!the!evidence.!Water) Environ)J.!2011;25(3):412e421.!doi:10.1111/j.1747e6593.2010.00236.x.! 14. Mahler!BJ,!Metre!PCV,!Crane!JL,!Watts!AW,!Scoggins!M,!Williams!ES.!CoaleTareBased!Pavement! Sealcoat!and!PAHs:!Implications!for!the!Environment,!Human!Health,!and!Stormwater! Management.!Environ)Sci)Technol.!2012;46(6):3039e3045.!doi:10.1021/es203699x.! 15. Browne!E,!Kelley!M,!Zhou!GeD,!et!al.!In!situ!biomonitoring!of!juvenile!Chinook!salmon! (Onchorhynchus!tshawytscha)!using!biomarkers!of!chemical!exposures!and!effects!in!a!partially! remediated!urbanized!waterway!of!the!Puget!Sound,!WA.!Environ)Res.!2010;110(7):675e683.! doi:10.1016/j.envres.2010.06.007.! 16. Exposure!to!Common!Pollutant!in!Womb!Might!Lower!IQ!e!US!News.!US)News)World)Rep.! http://health.usnews.com/healthenews/familyehealth/womense health/articles/2009/07/20/exposureetoecommonepollutanteinewombemightelowereiq.!Accessed! May!21,!2015.! 17. Perera!FP,!Tang!D,!Wang!S,!et!al.!Prenatal!polycyclic!aromatic!hydrocarbon!(PAH)!exposure!and! child!behavior!at!age!6e7!years.!Environ)Health)Perspect.!2012;120(6):921e926.! doi:10.1289/ehp.1104315.! 18. Prenatal!exposure!to!polycyclic!aromatic!hydrocarbons!and!cognitive!dysfunction!in!children.! CCCEH.org.!http://ccceh.org/scientificepapers/prenataleexposureetoepolycyclicearomatice hydrocarbonseandecognitiveedysfunctioneinechildren.!Accessed!May!21,!2015.! 19. US!EPA.!Erosion,!Sediment!and!Runoff!Control!for!Roads!and!Highways.! http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/nps/road_runoff.cfm.!Accessed!May!21,!2015.! 20. Augusto!S,!Gonzalez!C,!Vieira!R,!Máguas!C,!Branquinho!C.!Evaluating!sources!of!PAHs!in!urban! streams!based!on!land!use!and!biomonitors.!Environ)Sci)Technol.!2011;45(8):3731e3738.! doi:10.1021/es1036332.! 21. Person,!D!(2013,!Sept).!The!Duwamish!River’s!Deadly!Catches.!Seattle)Weekly.!Retrieved!from! http://www.seattleweekly.com/home/948747e129/rivereduwamishefisheseattleecleanupeepa.! 22. Delridge!Natural!DrainageeeSeattle!Public!Utilities.! http://www.seattle.gov/util/EnvironmentConservation/Projects/DrainageSystem/DelridgeNaturalD rainage/index.htm.!Accessed!May!19,!2015.!

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23. Healthy)Bugs)=)Healthy)Streams)Stream)Bugs)Tell)An)Important)Story.!Kitsap!County!Surface!and! Stormwater!Management!Promoting!Clean!Runoff!Through!Knowledge!and!Assistance;!:1e12.! http://www.kitsapgov.com/sswm/pdf/7047eHealthy_Bugs.pdf.! 24. Erosion!and!sediment!control.! http://www.kingcounty.gov/property/permits/info/SpecialInterest/ConstructionIndustry/ErosionCo ntrol.aspx.!Accessed!May!29,!2015.! 25. Lloyd!DS.!Turbidity!as!a!Water!Quality!Standard!for!Salmonid!Habitats!in!Alaska.!North)Am)J)Fish) Manag.!1987;7(1):34e45.!doi:10.1577/1548e8659(1987)72.0.CO;2.! 26. How!to!Measure!TSS!and!Turbidity!|!A!Citizen’s!Guide!to!Understanding!and!Monitoring!Lakes!and! Streams!|!Water!Quality!Program!|!Washington!State!Department!of!Ecology.! http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/management/joysmanual/4tss.html.!Accessed!May! 29,!2015.! 27. Stream!Total!Suspended!Solids!and!Turbidity!|!Chapter!3!|!A!Citizen’s!Guide!to!Understanding!and! Monitoring!Lakes!and!Streams!|!Water!Quality!Program!|!Washington!State!Department!of! Ecology.!http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/management/joysmanual/streamtss.html.! Accessed!May!21,!2015.! 28. WHO!|!Ambient!(outdoor)!air!quality!and!health.! http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/.!Accessed!May!25,!2015.! 29. Criteria!Air!Pollutants.! http://www.pscleanair.org/airquality/airqualitybasics/airpollutants/Pages/default.aspx.!Accessed! May!25,!2015.! 30. State)of)the)Air)2011.!American!Lung!Association! http://www.lung.org/assets/documents/publications/stateeofetheeair/stateeofetheeaire2011e report.pdf.! 31. King)County)City)Health)Profile)Seattle.!Public!Health!Seattle!and!King!County;!2012:1e10.! 32. Stress!+!pollution!=!health!risks!for!loweincome!kids!—!Environmental!Health!News.! http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2012/pollutionepovertyeandepeopleeofecolore stressedaye3.!Accessed!May!25,!2015.! 33. BAAQMD!e!Wood!Smoke.!http://www.baaqmd.gov/Divisions/ComplianceeandeEnforcement/Woode Smoke/WoodeSmoke.aspx.!Accessed!May!25,!2015.! 34. ARCHIVED!e!Acid!Rain!FAQ!e!Air!e!Environment!Canada.! https://www.ec.gc.ca/air/default.asp?lang=En&n=7E5E9F00e1#ws2C0E1270.!Accessed!May!25,! 2015.! 35. US!EPA.!Near!Roadway!Air!Pollution!and!Health.!http://www.epa.gov/otaq/nearroadway.htm.! Accessed!May!25,!2015.! 36. US!EPA.!Learn!about!Lead.!http://www2.epa.gov/lead/learneaboutelead#effects.!Accessed!May!25,! 2015.! 37. Getting!to!know!LEED:!Building!Design!and!Construction!(BD+C)!|!U.S.!Green!Building!Council.! http://www.usgbc.org/articles/gettingeknoweleedebuildingedesigneandeconstructionebdc.!Accessed! May!25,!2015.!

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38. Status)of)Research)on)Potential)Mitigation)Concepts)to)Reduce)Exposure)to)Nearby)Traffic)Pollution.! California!Environmental!Protection!Air!Resources!Board;!2012.! http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.348.7275&rep=rep1&type=pdf.! 39. Pollution!From!Construction.!http://www.sustainablebuild.co.uk/PollutionFromConstruction.html.! Accessed!May!25,!2015.! 40. Maslow’s!Hierarchy!of!Needs.!Simply)Psychol.!http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html/.! Accessed!December!10,!2014.! 41. Housing!|!Health!Impact!Assessments!e!UCLA!SPH.!http://www.hiaguide.org/sectorseandecausale pathways/pathways/housing.!Accessed!May!16,!2015.! 42. Krieger!J,!Higgins!DL.!Housing!and!health:!time!again!for!public!health!action.!Am)J)Public)Health.! 2002;92(5):758e768.! 43. Affordable!Housing!e!CPD!e!HUD.! http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_offices/comm_planning/affordablehousing/.! Accessed!May!29,!2015.! 44. Codes!and!Rules!e!Seattle!Department!of!Planning!and!Development.! http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/codesrules/.!Accessed!May!19,!2015.! 45. Animals,!bugs!and!pests.!http://www.kingcounty.gov/healthservices/health/ehs/animals.aspx.! Accessed!May!19,!2015.! 46. Krieger!JW,!Takaro!TK,!Song!L,!Weaver!M.!The!SeattleeKing!County!Healthy!Homes!Project:!A! Randomized,!Controlled!Trial!of!a!Community!Health!Worker!Intervention!to!Decrease!Exposure!to! Indoor!Asthma!Triggers.!Am)J)Public)Health.!2005;95(4):652e659.!doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.042994.!

!Noise! 1. Berglund,!Birgitta,!Thomas!Lindvall,!and!World!Health!Organization.!Community)Noise.!Center!for! Sensory!Research,!Stockholm!University!and!Karolinska! Institute!Stockholm,!1995.! 2. Chang,!TaeYuan,!et!al.!"Road!Traffic!Noise!Frequency!and!Prevalent!Hypertension!in!Taichung,! Taiwan:!A!CrosseSectional!Study."!Environmental)Health)13.1!(2014):!37.! 3. Hammer,!Monica!S,!Tracy!K!Swinburn,!and!Richard!L!Neitzel.!"Environmental!Noise!Pollution!in!the! United!States:!Developing!an!Effective!Public!Health!Response."!Environ)Health)Perspect)122.02! (2014):!115e19.! 4. Fritschi,!Lin,!et!al.!Introduction[Burden)of)Disease)from)Environmental)Noise:)Quantification)of) Healthy)Years)Life)Lost)in)Europe].!World!Health!Organisation,!2012.! 5. Stansfeld,!S.A.!and!Matheson,!M.P.!(2003)!Noise!pollution:!noneauditory!effects!on!health.!Br!Med! Bull!68(1):243e257.!Retrieved!from:!http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/1/243.full! 6. Sleep!and!Mental!Health.!(2009,!July!1).!Harvard!Mental!Health!Letter.!Harvard!Health!Publications.! Retrieved!from:!http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/Sleepeandementalehealth! 7. WSDOT!e!Traffic!Noise.!(2015).!Retrieved!from! http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Environment/Air/TrafficNoise.htm.!!

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8. SDOT!(n.d.).!“Community!Notification!for!City!Construction!Projects:!A!Guide!for!Seattle’s!Elected! Officials.”!Retrieved!from! http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/pdf/Final%20Gde%20Electeds%20Revised.pdf.!!!

Traffic!Safety! 1. City!of!Seattle.!(2010).!Guidance!for!retrofitting!Seattle!streets!to!create!dedicated!bicycle!facilities.! Retrieved!from!http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/docs/bmp/final/AppendixF.pdf.! 2. Washington!Traffic!Safety!Commission.!(2013).!Automated!Speed!Enforcement!Pilot!Project! Evaluation.!Retrieved!from:!http://wtsc.wa.gov/wpe content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2015/03/AutomatedeSpeedeEnforcementePilot_2012.pdf! 3. Washington!Traffic!Safety!Commission.!2014.!Driver!Attitudes,!Knowledge,!and!Awareness!Survey! 2012.!Retrieved!from:!http://wtsc.wa.gov/wpecontent/uploads/dlm_uploads/2014/10/AKA2012.pdf! 4. Monash!University!Accident!Research!Centre,!Transport!Accident!Commission.!2008.!The!Impact! of!lowered!speed!limits!in!urban!and!metropolitan!areas.!Retrieved!from:! http://www.monash.edu.au/miri/research/reports/muarc276.pdf! 5. Washington!Traffic!Safety!Commission.!2003.!Evaluation!of!“Targeted!Pedestrian!Enforcement.”! Retrieved!from:!http://wtsc.wa.gov/wpecontent/uploads/dlm_uploads/2014/11/evaleofetargetede pedeenfefinalereport.pdf! 6. Seattle!Department!of!Transportation.!2015.!Pedestrian!Crossing!Flags.!Retrieved!from:! http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/pedpolicy_pedcrossingflags.htm! 7. Wolfson,!Howard.!2011.!Office!of!the!Mayor!of!New!York,!NY.!Bike!Lanes!Memorandum.!New! York,!NY.!Retrieved!from:!http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/pdf/bike_lanes_memo.pdf! 8. Harris!A,!Reynolds!C,!Winters!M,!Cripton!P,!Shen!H,Chipman!M,Cusimano!M,!Babul!S,!Brubacher! J,Friedman!S,Hunte!G,!Monro!M,Vernich!L,Teschke!K.!Comparing!the!effects!of!infrastructure!on! bicycling!injury!at!intersections!and!noneintersections!using!a!case–crossover!design.!Inj) Prev)2013;19:303e310! 9. LoukaitoueSideris,!a.!(2006).!Is!it!Safe!to!Walk?1!Neighborhood!Safety!and!Security!Considerations! and!Their!Effects!on!Walking.!Journal)of)Planning)Literature,!20,!219–232.!! 10. Kuo,!F.!E.,!&!Sullivan,!W.!C.!(2001).!Environment!and!Crime!in!the!Inner!City:!Does!Vegetation! Reduce!Crime?!Environment)and)Behavior,!33(3),!343–367.! 11. Jacobs,!J.!(1961).!The)Death)and)Life)of)Great)American)Cities.!New!York:!Random!House.! 12. Crowe,!T.!D.,!&!Louisville,!N.!C.!P.!I.!U.!of.!(2000).!Crime)Prevention)Through)Environmental)Design:) Applications)of)Architectural)Design)and)Space)Management)Concepts!(p.!333).!Butterworthe Heinemann.!Retrieved!from!https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=prgIS7CH9F8C&pgis=1!

Crime!&!Crime!Prevention! 1. Safety#»!North!Delridge!Neighborhood!Council.!Available!at:!http://www.ndnc.org/?cat=3.! Accessed!May!28,!2015.! 2. Booth!J,!Ayers!S,!Marsiglia!F.!Perceived!neighborhood!safety!and!psychological!distress:!Exploring! protective!factors.!J)Sociol)Soc)Welf.!2011;39(4):137–156.! 3. LoukaitoueSideris!a.!Is!it!Safe!to!Walk?1!Neighborhood!Safety!and!Security!Considerations!and! Their!Effects!on!Walking.!J)Plan)Lit.!2006;20:219–232.!doi:10.1177/0885412205282770.! 4. Kuo!FE,!Sullivan!WC.!Environment!and!Crime!in!the!Inner!City:!Does!Vegetation!Reduce!Crime?! Environ)Behav.!2001;33(3):343–367.!doi:10.1177/0013916501333002.! 5. Jacobs!J.!The)Death)and)Life)of)Great)American)Cities.!New!York:!Random!House;!1961.!

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6. Crowe!TD,!Louisville!NCPIU!of.!Crime)Prevention)Through)Environmental)Design:)Applications)of) Architectural)Design)and)Space)Management)Concepts.!ButterwortheHeinemann;!2000:333.! Available!at:!https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=prgIS7CH9F8C&pgis=1.!Accessed! April!23,!2015.! 7. King!County!Community!Health!Indicators.!Available!at:! http://www.kingcounty.gov/healthservices/health/data/indicators.aspx.!Accessed!May!14,!2014.! 8. North!Delridge,!Seattle,!WA!Crime!Rates!&!Statistics.!Available!at:! http://www.areavibes.com/seattleewa/north+delridge/crime/.!Accessed!May!28,!2015.! 9. FBI!.!Uniform!Crime!Reporting.!Available!at:!http://www.fbi.gov/abouteus/cjis/ucr.!Accessed!May! 28,!2015.! 10. Delridge,!Seattle,!WA!e!Lifestyle!and!Demographics!e!Realtor.com®.!Available!at:! http://www.realtor.com/local/Delridge_Seattle_WA/lifestyle.!Accessed!May!28,!2015.! 11. Proposed!North!Delridge!store!draws!top!Seattle!spot!in!marijuanaeretailer!license!lottery.! Available!at:!http://westseattleblog.com/2014/05/proposedenorthedelridgeestoreedrawsetope seattleespoteinemarijuanaeretailerelicenseelottery/.!Accessed!May!28,!2015.! 12. Comparison!of!liquor!retail!store!density!for!Western!states!|!Washington!Policy!Center.!Available! at:!https://www.washingtonpolicy.org/blog/post/comparisoneliquoreretailestoreedensityewesterne states.!Accessed!May!28,!2015.! 13. Drug!Policy!Alliance.!Marijuana)legalization)in)Colorado)after)one)year)of)retail)sales)and)two)years)of) decriminalization.;!2015.! 14. Glaeser!EL,!Sacerdote!B.!Why!Is!There!More!Crime!in!Cities?!J)Polit)Econ.!1999;107(S6):S225–S258.! doi:10.1086/250109.! 15. Huang,!C.!C.,!Laing,!D.,!&!Wang,!P.!(2004).!CRIME!AND!POVERTY:!A!SEARCHeTHEORETIC! APPROACH*.!International)Economic)Review,!45(3),!909e938.!! 16. Assessment!Policy!Development!and!Evaluation!Unit.!King)county)city)health)profile:)Seattle.! Seattle,!WA:!Public!Healthe!Seattle!King!County;!2012.! 17. Fotios!S,!Unwin!J,!Farrall!S.!Road!lighting!and!pedestrian!reassurance!after!dark:!a!review.!Light)Res) Technol.!2014:1–21.!doi:10.1177/1477153514524587.! 18. Mair!JS,!Mair!M.!Violence!prevention!and!control!through!environmental!modifications.!Annu)Rev) Public)Health.!2003;24:209–225.!doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.24.100901.140826.! 19. Cozens!P.!Public!health!and!the!potential!benefits!of!Crime!Prevention!Through!Environmental! Design.!NSW)Public)Heal)Bull.!2008;18:232–237.! 20. Erickson!H.!Public!Art:!More!than!Just!a!“Picture!on!the!Wall”—!a!Vehicle!for!Crime!Prevention.! From)Blight)to)Bright.!2005.!Available!at:!http://livable.org/livabilityelive/474epubliceartemoreethane justeaepictureeonetheewalleaevehicleeforecrimeeprevention.!Accessed!May!13,!2015.! 21. Partners!for!Livable!Communities.!Crime!Prevention!Through!Public!Art!e!CPTED!and!Public!Art.! 2010.!Available!at:!http://www.cptedsecurity.com/public_art.htm.!Accessed!May!19,!2015.! 22. Willoughby!MJ.!Neighbourhood!level!impact!of!crime!on!community!health!outcomes.!2012.! Available!at:!http://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/handle/10092/8440.!Accessed!May!27,!2015.!

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23. Sandberg!S,!Paton!JY,!Ahola!S,!et!al.!The!role!of!acute!and!chronic!stress!in!asthma!attacks!in! children.!Lancet.!2000;356(9234):982–7.!doi:10.1016/S0140e6736(00)02715eX.! 24. Thoits!P!a.!Stress!and!health:!major!findings!and!policy!implications.!J)Health)Soc)Behav.!2010;51! Suppl:S41–S53.!doi:10.1177/0022146510383499.! 25. Krieger!N,!Davey!Smith!G.!“Bodies!count,”!and!body!counts:!social!epidemiology!and!embodying! inequality.!Epidemiol)Rev.!2004;26(1):92–103.!doi:10.1093/epirev/mxh009.! 26. Steptoe!A,!Feldman!PJ.!Neighborhood!problems!as!sources!of!chronic!stress:!Development!of!a! measure!of!neighborhood!problems,!and!associations!with!socioeconomic!status!and!health.!Ann) Behav)Med.!2001;23(3):177–185.!doi:10.1207/S15324796ABM2303_5.! 27. Baum!A,!Garofalo!JP,!Yali!AM.!Socioeconomic!Status!and!Chronic!Stress:!Does!Stress!Account!for! SES!Effects!on!Health?!Ann)N)Y)Acad)Sci.!1999;896(1):131–144.!doi:10.1111/j.1749e 6632.1999.tb08111.x.! 28. Doyle!S,!KellyeSchwartz!A,!Schlossberg!M,!Stockard!J.!Active!Community!Environments!and! Health:!The!Relationship!of!Walkable!and!Safe!Communities!to!Individual!Health.!J)Am)Plan)Assoc.! 2006;72(1):19–31.!doi:10.1080/01944360608976721.! 29. Gose!M,!PlachtaeDanielzik!S,!Willié!B,!Johannsen!M,!Landsberg!B,!Müller!MJ.!Longitudinal! influences!of!neighbourhood!built!and!social!environment!on!children’s!weight!status.!Int)J)Environ) Res)Public)Health.!2013;10(10):5083–96.!doi:10.3390/ijerph10105083.! 30. Brown!HS,!Pérez!A,!Mirchandani!GG,!Hoelscher!DM,!Kelder!SH.!Crime!rates!and!sedentary! behavior!among!4th!grade!Texas!school!children.!Int)J)Behav)Nutr)Phys)Act.!2008;5:28.! doi:10.1186/1479e5868e5e28.! 31. Gómez!JE,!Johnson!BA,!Selva!M,!Sallis!JF.!Violent!crime!and!outdoor!physical!activity!among!innere city!youth.!Prev)Med)(Baltim).!2004;39(5):876–81.!doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.03.019.!!

Disaster!Response!&!Resilience!! 1. Washington!State!Department!of!Natural!Resources.!Geologic!Hazards!Overview.! .!Accessed!5/17/2015.! 2. Slope!Stability!Maps!e!Coastal!Zone!Atlas;!King!County!1979.! 3. Frankel!AD,!Stephenson!WJ,!Carver!DL,!Williams!RA,!Odum!JK,!Rhea!S.!Seismic!hazard!maps!for! Seattle,!Washington,!incorporating!3D!sedimentary!basin!effects,!nonlinear!site!response,!and! rupture!directivity.!2007.!77!p.! 4. Lifelines!and!earthquake!hazards!in!the!greater!Seattle!area.!Olympia,!WA:!Washington!Division!of! Geology!and!Earth!Resources;!2012.! 5. Washington!State!Department!of!Ecology.!2011.!Flood!Plain!Management:!Flooding!in!Washington! State.!.!Accessed! 5/17/2015.! 6. Washington!State!Emergency!Management!Division.!2010.!Risk!Maps:!High!Risk!to!Flooding.! Accessed!5/17/2015.! 7. Q3!Flood!Data,!King,!WA.!Washington,!DC:!Federal!Emergency!Management!Agency;!1996.!

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8. Pringle!PT.!Volcanic!hazards!in!Washington!e!A!growth!management!perspective.!Washington! Geology!1994;22(2):25e33.! 9. SeaeLevel!Rise!for!the!Coasts!of!California,!Oregon,!and!Washington:!Past,!Present,!and!Future.! Committee!on!Sea!Level!Rise!in!California!Oregon!and!Washington,!Board!on!Earth!Sciences!and! Resources,!Ocean!Studies!Board,!Division!on!Earth!and!Life!Studies,!National!Research!Council,! editors:!National!Academies!Press;!2012.! 10. Major!D,!Dubovsky!B,!Byrd!B.!Redefining!Disaster,!Preparedness,!and!Resilience.!Foundations:! Stanford!Social!Innovation!Review;!2015.! 11. Zoraster!RM.!Vulnerable!populations:!Hurricane!Katrina!as!a!case!study.!Prehosp!Disaster!Med! 2010;25:74e8.! 12. Wolshon!B.!Evacuation!planning!and!engineering!for!Hurricane!Katrina.!The!Bridge;!Linking! Engineering!and!Society!2006;36(1):1844e1846.! 13. Russell!G.!Nagin!Orders!FirsteEver!Mandatory!Evacuation!of!New!Orleans.!The!TimesePicayune! August!28,!2005.! 14. US!Department!of!Homeland!Security.!Nationwide!Plan!Review!Phase!1!Report!e!A!Report!to! Congress!on!the!First!Phase!of!the!Nationwide!Plan!Review.!Required!by!the!2006!Department!of! Homeland!Security!(DHS)!Appropriations!Act.!Washington,!D.C.!2006.! 15. Naghawi!H,!Wolshon!B.!Operation!of!multimodal!transport!system!during!mass!evacuations.! Canadian!Journal!of!Civil!Engineering!2014;42(2):81e88.!

Monitoring!&!Evaluation!! 1. The!HIA!Process.!http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/about/newseroom/news/2014/08/28/theehiae process.!Accessed!May!26,!2015.! 2. CDC!Module!6!e!Evaluation.!http://www.ph.ucla.edu/hs/healthe impact/training/pdfs/Module6_Evaluation_notes.pdf.!Accessed!May!27,!2015.! 3. Choosing!the!Right!Evaluation!Questions.!http://www.wcasa.org/file_open.php?id=1045.!Accessed! May!27,!2015.! 4. Evaluation!Briefs!No!4.!February!2009!Developing!Process!Evaluation!Questions!e!brief4.pdf.! http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/evaluation/pdf/brief4.pdf.!Accessed!May!27,!2015.! 5. Bekker!MPM,!Putters!K,!van!der!Grinten!TED.!Evaluating!the!impact!of!HIA!on!urban!reconstruction! decisionemaking.!Who!manages!whose!risks?!Environ)Impact)Assess)Rev.!2005;25(7e8):758e771.! doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2005.07.008.! ! ! ! !

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