Volume 2 (3) July–Sept. 2013
Date of Publication : 18-9-2013
HORTFLORA RESEARCH SPECTRUM
ISSN : 2250-2823
Volume 2(3), July-Sept. 2013
Contents 1. 2.
3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9. 10.
11. 12.
13.
14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
Effect of LEDs on flower bud induction in Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Zembla Effect of different levels on nitorgen, phosphorus and potash on growth and flowering of chrysanthemum cultivars Fluctuation of fruit fly oriented damage in mango in relation to major abiotic factors Study on the biochemical, sensory and microbial contamination of custard apple RTS beverage Studies on genetic variability, heritability and character association in dolichos bean (Lablab purpureus) Effect of plastic mulch on growth, yield and economics of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thumb.) Matsum and Nakai] under Nimar plains Production and marketing of marigold lowers in Uttar Pradesh with special reference to Kannauj district Vegetable type faba bean lines indentified-suitable for eastern region of India Self help groups boost turmeric production in Meghalaya—A success story Explant surface sterilization technique for micropropagation of Banana (Musa sp.) cv. Dwarf Cavendish Effect of biocides and sucrose on vase life and quality of cut gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) cv. Maron Dementine Evaluation of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex. Hooker F.) genotypes for vegetative and flower quality under polyhouse Effect of various post harvest treatments on percentage of shrinkage and spoilage of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Efficacy of novel insecticides against shoot and fruit borer (Earias vittella Fabr.) in okra crop Effect of planting density on earliness and fruit and seed yield of muskmelon Studies on processing and storage stability of aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) nectar Effect of bio-fertilizers on yield and economic traits of potato at two fertility levels Effect of post harvest application of calcium chloride on storage life of mango var. Dushehari fruits Effect on IBA concentration on growth and rooting of Citrus limon cv. Pant Lemon cuttings Regeneration of kagzi lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) through stem cuttings with the AID of IBA and PBH Heritability and genetic advance in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) under Lucknow condition
Mam C. Singh, Wim van Ieperen and E.P. Heuvelink
185-188
N.S. Josi, A.V. Barad, D.M. Pathak and Nilima Bhosale
189-196
K.B. Patel, S.P. Saxena and K.M. Patel
197-201
Virendra Singh, Rita Markam, Pramod Uikey and 202-207 Vinayak Shinde Vijay Bahadur, Pavan Kumar and Devi Singh 208-214 S.K. Tyagi and M.L. Sharma
215-219
Arun Kumar, S.C. Verma, Shilpi Chaurasia and S.B. Saxena Anil Kumar Singh and B.P. Bhatt
220-224 225-229
N.A. Deshmukh, R.K. Patel, Bidyut C. Deka, V.K. Verma, 230-234 A.K. Jha and J.E. Pathaw Vartika Srivastava, Anand Kumar Singh and S.P. Singh 235-238
Prathamesh Vaidya and John P. Collis
239-243
Rajiv Kumar and D.S. Yadav
244-246
Bibhuti Bhusan Sahoo, Bhaskar Chandra Das, Purandar Mandal and Dheerendra Katiyar
247-250
Ram Singh Umrao, Siddarth Singh, Jitendra Kumar, D.R. Singh and D.K. Singh Deepak Arora, P.S. Brar, Rajinder Singh and V.K. Vashisht Purandar Mandal, Bibhuti Bhusan Sahoo, Bhaskar Chandra Das and Dhirendra Katiyar U.N. Singh
251-254
B.S. Dhillon and Sukhjit Kaur
265-267
K.K. Singh, T. Choudhary and Prabhat Kumar
268-270
Diwaker and P.N. Katiyar
271-273
Shweta Soni, Sanjay Kumar, Sutanu Maji and Awadhesh Kumar
274-276
255-258 259-261 262-264
HortFlora Research Spectrum, 2(3): 185-188 (July-Sept. 2013)
ISSN : 2250-2823
EFFECT OF LEDs ON FLOWER BUD INDUCTION IN Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. ZEMBLA Mam C. Singh1*, Wim van Ieperen and E.P. Heuvelink Horticultural Production Chains Group, Plant Sciences, Droevendaalsesteeg-1, 6708 PB Wageningen,Wageningen University, The Netherlands 1 Present address: Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, I.A.R.I. Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India *E-mail:
[email protected] ABSTRACT: The effect of LEDs was studied to induce flower under artificial long days (LD) in Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Zembla plants, using light emitting diodes (LED) @ PAR m-2 s-1 80% Red / 20% Blue maintained @ 100 µ mol m-2 s-1 using royal blue light @ 455 nm and red light @ 640 nm wavelengths and compared with short day (SD) length. Difference in growth and flowering response were also investigated. Stem length is determined as a function of internode length which could be the function of attaining minimum number of leaves required for expressing the diurnal response using LEDs. Chrysanthemum plants exhibited a strong diurnal response attained in leaves and transmitted to the apex and took minimum (28 days) and maximum time (61 days) with an exposure to LEDs with (15h) and without (11h) additional blue spectrum, respectively. However, bud induction was possible earliest due to low red/far ratio in the extended exposure of plants with blue LEDs.
Keywords : Chrysanthemum morifolium, LEDs, bud induction, diurnal reponse. formation and stomata opening (Senger, 15). The Chrysanthemum induces flowering as a shortplant growth is significantly influenced by light day plant and requires long, un-interrupted dark intensity (Khattak et al., 7) and quality (Appelgren, period for flowering. It will not flower until the 1) in terms of spectral distribution. Several studies day-length is above critical value (Furuta, 5). Under investigating how the light quality influences plant artificial conditions, flowering can be induced by growth and development using different colours shortening the day length to 11h. However, the including blue and red (Runkle and Heins, 13; plants grown under long-day conditions has been Shimizu et al., 16) have been reported. This shown to produce the generative terminal meristem experiment was attempted to determine, if the but with aborted flower buds even when the stem plants exposed to long days (LD) with red and blue growth was attained with certain number of leaves LEDs alone or in combination, can support the along with formation of side shoots (Cockshull and normal growth and flower bud induction without Kofrank, 3). Chrysanthemum has a determinate affecting the dark period in chrysanthemum. To growth pattern (Pearson et al., 11) with a basipetal induce flower a signal is achieved in leaves and progression of flower initiation (Langton, 9). The transmitted to let the emerge a bud at apex of the application of artificial PAR (photo-synthetically stem. Therefore, the aim of this study was to see the active radiation) is restricted because of SD (short effect of smart LEDs treatments on growth day) period. Various experiments have been differences for flower bud induction in conducted to see the effect of spectral quality by Chrysanthemum under artificial PAR lighting. applying LED lighting in several horticultural plants including the role of red light on accumulation of starch through photosynthesis (Saebo et al., 14) and blue light on individual cell length (Fukuda et al., 4), phytochrome activity (Cathey, 2), chloroplast development, chlorophyll Received : 16.06.2013
Accepted : 20.7.2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In the experiment conducted on Chrysanthemum morifolium, plants of cv. ‘Zembla’ were grown in 14 cm pots using pot mix and
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fertigated on alternate days in a growth chamber (1.2m x 1m x 1m) in a micro climate, maintained with an optimal temperature (20-22°C) and relative humidity (60-65% RH), ensuring a perfect air circulation inside the growth chamber and outside. 20 plants per treatment were grown under different growth chambers with four different light treatments using light emitting diodes (LED) @ PAR. m-2.s-1 80% Red/20% Blue viz., short day (SD) for 11h, long days (LD) for 15h, SD+B (Blue) i.e. SD for 11h + B additional 4h and B (Blue) for 11h. A light intensity was maintained @ 100 µ mol m-2 s-1 using royal blue light @ 455 nm and red light @ 640 nm wavelengths for all the treatments. To maintain the plants with similar illumination effects of light intensity inside growth chambers their position was changed from side to centre every fourth day. The light intensities were standardized every week since all the plants reached to higher levels of intercepted light. Growth differences were measured for the treatments and stem samples were taken after three weeks of growth assuming that the plants may be achieving the signal of bud induction. Terminal shoot apexes were dissected and put under electron microscopic observation to see if there is any bud emerging inside the stem. Observation was repeated every day except for LD treatments. Plant growth measurements were taken at first visible signs of flower induction at 28 days in all the treatments at the time showing visible sign of bud induction in more than 5 plants in each treatment if emerged buds are developed normally under the influence of LEDs. Ten plants per treatment were harvested for further measurements on growth (stem length and leaf number) including microscopic evaluation of end meristems. The same observation was repeated with 5 plants at 41days and 56 days ((plants under long days with LEDs) based visible sign of bud induction was apparent based on the previous experiment. The whole experiment was repeated in time (except for treatment B) for morphogenetic differences for growth and flower bud induction and data was
subjected to analysis of variance and T-test (P £ 0.05). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Stem length (cm)
There was a significant effect on stem elongation and internode length in the plants exposed to the different light treatments (Fig. 1) recorded 28 days after start of the experiment. The maximum plant height (57.37 cm) and internode length (2.96 cm) was attained in the plants exposed with blue (B) followed by plants in SD+B (53.4 cm and 2.38 cm, respectively) and LD (46.18cm and 1.98 cm, respectively). However, the plants exposed with SD period had the least elongated stem (41.06 cm) and shortest internodes (1.89 cm) to reach the stage of bud induction except in case, the plants exposed under long days. It was noted that the periods of 100% B during the 24h cycle increased stem length at 11h day length (SD) and at 15h day length (LD) as compared to the other treatments. The differences in the stem length and
elongated intenodes were due to low red/far red ratio in an extended exposure with blue LEDs in the plants exposed to SD+B and B compared to those exposed with LD and SD having an effect to induce more lateral branching (Rosario et al., 12) reflecting the shade avoidance phenomenon at SD+B and B treatments as consistent (Shimizu et al., 16). Leaf number
The significant differences were observed for the leaf number and leaf area attained in the plants
Effect of LEDs on flower bud induction in Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Zembla
Fig. 2. Number of leaves per stem.
exposed under different treatments (Fig. 2). Until the period of first visual bud induction (28 days) it was noticed that the leaf number recorded were highest (34.4) in LD plants (without bud induction stage achieved) followed by the plants exposed with SD+B (31.1) and SD (28.2) exposed. Whereas the lowest leaf number was recorded in the plants exposed with only B (19.9). The comparative increase in leaf number and corresponding leaf area expansion was probably higher due to the higher net photosynthetic rate under extended exposure of blue light component (Kim et al., 8) in the entire duration of the treatments. Time taken for bud induction (days) Based on visual sign observed for bud induction in at least 5 plants per treatments, a microscopic evaluation of the end meristem was done (Fig 3 & Plate1) and it was apparent from the results that the bud induced was prominent in plants
Fig. 3. Time taken for bud induction (days)
187
Plate 1. Bud induction under different light treatments.
exposed to the SD+B and took 30.8 days as long day treatment with LEDs as compared to the plants exposed to short day treatments i.e. SD (80 % red + 20% blue) and Blue (100%) taking 28 and 30.5 days, respectively to induce the flower bud. However, it was interesting note that the plants exposed under LD (11h SD with additional 100 % blue LEDs for 4 h) exposure, could induce flower at 61 days only after attaining the final leaf number 43.The results obtained in the experiment proved the hypothesis that the dark period was not disturbed by long day treatment using LEDs (and induction of flowering under short day plants can still be possible after attaining the certain number of leaves (Mc Daniel, 10; Irish and Jegla, 6). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The exposure of the plants with combined LEDs (red and blue) kept at @ 100 µ mol m-2 s-1 for long days (SD+B) did not disturbed the flower induction (dark period) and proven the principle of reaching at certain stage (minimum number of attained leaves) a short day plant can induce flower bud. Therefore, it was imperative that the induction of flowering in the SD-plant Chrysanthemum is possible under LD conditions with smart LED treatments. Similarity with shade avoidance phenomenon was observed as in case of exposure of the plants with B and SD+B remained consistent to grow with elongated stems. It if further concluded that there is a possibility that flower induction may diagnosed to know the reaction time
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to bud induction process with help of electron microscopic observations.
9.
REFERENCES 1.
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Appelgren, M. (1991). Effects of light quality on stem elongation of Pelargonium in vitro. Scientia Hort., 45: 345-351. Cathey, H.M. (1974). Participation of phytochrome in regulating internode elongation of Chrysanthemum moriflolium (Ramat) Hemsl. J. American Soc. Hortic. Sci., 99: 17-23. Cockshull, K.E. and Kofrank, A.M. (1985). Long day flower initiation by Chrysanthemum. HortSci., 20:296-298. Fukuda, N., Nishimura, S., Nogi, M. and Sase, S. (1993). Effects of localized light quality from light emitting diodes on geranium peduncle elongation. Acta Hort., 580:151-156 Furuta T. (1954). Photoperiod and flowering of Chrysanthemum morifolium. Proc. American Soc. Hortic. Sci., 63: 457-461. Irish E. and Jegla, D. (1997). Regulation of extent of vegetative development of the maize shoot meristem. The Plant Jour., 11: 63–71 Khattak, A.M., Pearson , S. and Johnson, C.B. (2004). The effects of far red spectral filters and plant density on the growth and development of chrysanthemums. Scientia Hortic., 102(3): 335.341. Kim, Sun-Ja; Eun-Joo Hahn, Jeong-Wook Heo and Kee-Yoeup Paek (2004). Effects of LEDs on net photosynthetic rate, growth and leaf stomata of chrysanthemum plantlets in vitro. Scientia Hortic., 101(1-2):143-151.
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Langton, F.E. (1992). Interrupted lighting of chrysanthemums: monitoring of average daily light integral as an aid to timing. Scientia Hortic., 49: 147-157. McDaniel, C.N. (1980). Influence of leaves and roots on meristem development in Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Wisconsin 38. Planta, 148: 462–467. Pearson, S., Hadley P. and Wheldon, A.E. (1995). A model of the effect of day and night temperatures on the height of chrysanthemums. Acta Hort., 378: 71–79 Rosario, Muleo Shimizu, H. and Stefano Morini (2008). Physiological dissection of blue light regulation of apical dominance and branching in M9 apple rootstock growing in-vitro. J. Plant Physio. (article in Press, Corrected Proofavailable online Since April 2008-Note to users). Runkle, E.S. and R.D. Heins (2003). Photocontrol of flowering and extension growth in the long-day plant pansy. J. Amer. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 128: 479-485. Saebo, A., Krekling, T. and Appelgren, M. (1995). Light quality affects photosynthesis and leaf anatomy of birch plantlets in vitro. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 41: 177–185. Senger, H. (1982). The effect of blue light on plants and microorganisms. Phytochem. Photobiol., 35: 911–920. Shimizu, H., Ma, Z., Tazawa, S., Douzono ,M., Runkle, E.S. and Heins, R.D. (2006). Blue light inhibits stem elongation of Chrysanthemum, Acta Hort., 711: 363-368.
HortFlora Research Spectrum, 2(3): 189-196 (July-Sept. 2013)
ISSN : 2250-2823
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASH ON GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF CHRYSANTHEMUM CULTIVARS N.S. Joshi, A.V. Barad*, D.M. Pathak and Nilima Bhosale Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh (Gujarat)-362 001 *E-mail :
[email protected] ABSTRACT: Field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years on medium black calcareous soil of Horticultural Instructional Farm, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with twenty four treatments replicated three times. The treatments consisted of two varieties of chrysanthemum viz., IIHR-6 (V1) and Shyamal (V2), three levels of nitrogen (100, 200 and 300 N kg ha-1), two levels of phosphorus (100 and 150 P2O5 kg ha-1) and two levels of potash (100 and 150 K2O kg ha-1). Both the varieties significantly influenced growth and flowering parameters, where, plant height, number of branches per plant and leaf area were observed higher in the variety IIHR-6 during both the years and in pooled results; whereas higher fresh and dry weight of plant, weight of 10 flowers, flowering span and dry weight of flowers were recorded in the variety Shyamal. The later variety also took more days for first flower bud initiation and first flower open. Application of nitrogen at 300 kg ha-1 recorded significantly highest plant height, number of branches per plant, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of plant, flowering span, total fresh and dry weight of flower, weight of 10 flowers and diameter of flower during the first year, second year and in pooled data. The dose @ 300 N kg ha-1 also took less days for first flower bud initiation and first flower open. Phosphorus also played a significant role in improving all of these attributes at higher level except, leaf area, fresh weight of plant, number of days taken for first flower open and flowering span. Effect of potash was failed to influence all of these growth and flowering parameters during both the years and in pooled results also.
Keywords: Nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, Chrysanthemum morifolium, cultivars, growth, flowering. and Lynch, 9). It is evident from the literature that Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morivery little research work has been carried out on folium, Ramat) is a popular flower crop for response of chrysanthemum varieties to different commercial importance belonging to family levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash for Asteraceae. The bloom of the Asteraceae appears growth and flowering parameters in Gujarat state, on capitulum’s inflorescence. It consists of a large especially in South Saurashtra region. With this number of small florets in very close formation. view, the present study was under taken to find out The florets are of two types, ray florets and disc optimum level of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash florets. The ray florets are large, attractive, and on growth and flowering parameters of colorful and of various shapes which give beauty to chrysanthemum cultivars (IIHR-6 and Shyamal). head, whereas disc florets are smaller and centrally placed. The chrysanthemum is mainly grown for its cut flower for making bouquets, garlands, veni and for decoration during religious and social functions. Some species of chrysanthemum are also cultivated as source of pyrethrum, an important insecticide (Carter, 5; Chittenden, 6). Manure schedule of N, P and K plays a major role in successful production of chrysanthemum (Lunt and Kofranek, 15; Hansen Received : 4.4.2013
Accepted : 5.5.2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2003-04 and 2004-05 at Horticultural Instructional Farm, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. The soil of experiment site was medium black having 7.6 and 7.5 pH, 0.27 and 0.24 dS/m E.C, 0.67 and 0.69 organic carbon, 235 and 240 kg ha-1 available
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nitrogen, 31.5 and 28.30 kg ha-1 available phosphorus and 225.78 and 231.67 kg ha-1 available potash content during the year 2003-04 and 2004-05, respectively. The treatments consisted of three levels of nitrogen (100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1), two levels of phosphorus (100 and 150 kg ha-1) and two levels of potash (100 and 150 kg ha-1) in chrysanthemum cultivars viz., IIHR-6 and Shyamal were tested in factorial randomized block design with three replications. The actively growing herbaceous top portion of stem was selected for cutting. The cuttings were taken from the healthy and disease free mother plants of chrysanthemum varieties IIHR-6 and Shyamal. General recommended cultural practices were given to the experimental plot. All the observations were recorded as mentioned in results and the data obtained were averaged and computed. The experiment was repeated for second year and data of two years as well as pooled were used for analysis. Standard statistical procedure was followed for analysis of variance to interference the results. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect of Varieties
In the variety IIHR-6 significantly more plant height, number of branches and leaf area were recorded during both the years and in pooled results also (Table 1) as compared to the Shyamal variety. Whereas, fresh and dry weight of plant, flowering span, fresh and dry weight of flowers (Table 2), weight of 10 flowers and diameter of flowers (Table 3) were significantly higher in variety Shyamal. This variety had also taken more days for flower bud initiation and for first flower open in both the years and in pooled data also (Table 2). The higher increase in plant height, branches and leaf area in variety IIHR-6 as compared to variety Shyamal might be due to difference in genetical make-up in the varieties. The significant variation in number of branches in chrysanthemum varieties is also supported by the findings of Gondhali et al. (8). Whereas significant difference in fresh and dry weight might be as arrangement and angle of leaves
in Shyamal in such way that it remained direct to the sun and so process of photosynthesis occur more and maximum accumulation of photosynthates occurred. Secondly it has vigorous growth and more number of secondary branches so ultimately fresh and dry weight might be increased. The result is in accordance with those of Yadav et al. (24) reported in tuberose. Significant effect was also observed between both the varieties for flowering parameters such as number of days taken for flower bud initiation, for open to first flower, duration of flowering, weight of 10 flowers, diameter of flower, fresh and dry weight of flowers during the 2003-04 and 2004-05 and in pooled results (Table 1 to 3). Significantly earlier flower bud initiation and flowering were observed in IIHR-6 as compared to Shyamal, while longer flowering span was recorded in variety Shyamal in both the years and in pooled also (Table 2). The flowering characters in different varieties are dependent on proper amounts of stored carbohydrates which are necessary for inducing the plant from vegetative phase to flowering (Kosengarten and Mengel, 13). Same trend was also found by Kanamadi and Patil (11) who reported that the variety Sharad Mala took 121 days for opening of first flower. Katawale and Patil (15) reported that the variety Sharad Mala has a long flowering period and variety Vasantika had a shorter flowering period. Variety Shyamal also recorded higher flower diameter, weight of 10 flowers, and total fresh and dry weight of flowers as compared to variety IIHR-6 in the year 2003-04, 2004-05 and in pooled data (Table 2 and 3). This might be due o difference in their genetic make-up of particular variety. Shyamal has vigorous growth, so more photosynthesis occurred at the source (leaves) and used in sink (flower), this might have been increased the weight of flowers. Likewise, higher cell expansion process in flowers of Shyamal might have increased the size of flowers. The results are in full conformity with the results of Mishra (17) who observed that the variety Shyamal followed by
Effect of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash on growth and flowering of chrysanthemum
Puja and Suneel produced significantly bigger flowers, whereas variety Vasantika gave the smallest flowers. Similarly in the present experiment, the weight of flowers per plant was recorded maximum in variety Shyamal. Gondhali et al. (8) also reported that varieties Flirt, Puja and IIHR-6 produced moderate number of flowers and gave highest weight of flowers. Effect of Nitrogen
The results indicated that plant height, number of branches, leaf area and fresh and dry weight were significantly influenced by different levels of nitrogen. The highest dose of nitrogen (300 kg ha-1) had recorded highest plant height, number of branches, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of plant during the year 2003-04, 2004-05 and in pooled results also (Table 1). The increase in plant height at the higher dose of nitrogen (N3) might be due to the increase in transport of metabolites and rate of photosynthesis in the plant, which enables the plant to have quick and better upward vegetative growth. These results are in agreement with the findings of Belgaonkar et al. (2) and Lodhi and Tiwari (14). At higher nitrogen level, early flowering occurred and terminal vegetative bud converted in to flower might have broken down the apical dominance of plant resulting in more number of auxiliary shoots. Secondly, the nitrogen supply to the roots is responsible to stimulate the production and export of cytokinin to the shoots (Wagner and Michael, 23). The increased levels of cytokinin in plants due to higher nitrogen application rate might have caused the lateral buds to sprout producing more number of lateral branches. Leaf area at full bloom stage was increased with increasing the nitrogen level in both the years and in pooled (Table 1). In chrysanthemum leaf area was increased when nitrogen fertilizer was raised from 80-160 mg per liter (Schuch et al., 21). Nitrogen, as an elementary constituent of amino acid, nucleic acid, proteins, nucleotides, chlorophyll and numerous secondary substances such as alkaloids, thus, an important constituent of
191
the protoplasm. It also acts as constitute of enzymes. Nitrogen is implicated in all enzymatic reactions taking place in the cells and, thus, plays an active role in energy metabolism (Bergmann, 3). Photosynthates transported to site of growth are used predominately in the synthesis of nucleic acid and protein, hence during the vegetative stage, N level of plants to a large extent, controls the growth of the plant (Mengel and Kirkby, 18). Thus, increase in dose of nitrogen from 100 to 300 kg ha-1 had improved cell division, which resulted in greater plant height, number of branches per plant, leaf area and fresh weight of plant. The highest level of nitrogen has significantly taken least days for flower bud initiation and flowering (Table 2). This might be due to that the nitrogen gave vigorous growth and so it produces maximum photosynthates that are enough for flowering and this way plant could enter early in reproductive phase. These results are in agreement with the findings of Vijayakumar and Shanmugavelu (22), who observed that the increase in nitrogen level stimulated early flowering in chrysanthemum. In the present study, the fresh and dry weight of vegetative part of the plant was increased with increasing the levels of nitrogen. This increase in vegetative growth (fresh weight of plant) may be due to increase in plant height, number of branches and leaf area. The increase in dry weight of plant might be due to increase in the availability of nutrients with increasing nitrogen levels. These findings are in full conformity with the results reported by Gangwar et al. (7) and Ravindra et al. (20). Magnifico et al. (16) found that highest fresh and dry weight of chrysanthemum plants were obtained with N fertilizers applied every two weeks @ 190 kg N/100 m2. Highest level of nitrogen also recorded highest fresh weigh of flowers, weigh of 10 flowers and dry weight of flowers. Abundant supply of nitrogen at higher level might have accelerated the photosynthetic activities of plants and thus, more assimilates might have been available for flowers to
53.99
2.44
V2-Shyamal
C.D.(P=0.05)
58.14
61.30
2.98
N2-200
N3-300
C.D. (P=0.05)
3.34
62.32
57.42
53.41
2.73
55.63
59.80
200405
58.60
2.44
P2-150
C.D. (P=0.05)
56.49
58.08
NS
9.04
K1-100
K2-150
C.D. (P=0.05)
CV%
Potash (kg K2O ha-1)
55.97
P1-100
10.18
NS
58.29
57.15
2.73
59.18
56.26
Phosphorus (kg P2O5 ha-1)
52.40
N1-100
Nitrogen (kg N ha-1)
60.57
200304
9.48
NS
57.17
55.82
1.81
58.89
56.11
2.21
60.29
57.04
52.16
1.80
53.80
59.19
Pooled
Plant height (cm)
V1-IIHR-6
Variety (V)
Treatment
9.98
NS
12.63
12.40
0.59
12.92
12.11
0.73
13.97
12.44
11.14
0.59
11.92
13.11
200304
10.29
NS
12.15
12.03
0.81
12.27
11.91
0.72
13.67
11.90
10.69
0.59
10.85
13.32
200405
10.13
NS
12.39
12.21
0.41
12.59
12.01
0.51
13.82
12.17
10.91
0.41
10.98
13.62
Pooled
Number of branches
10.23
NS
33.19
33.08
NS
33.14
33.13
1.97
35.00
33.18
31.23
1.61
32.03
34.24
200304
8.52
NS
33.26
32.07
NS
32.79
32.53
1.64
34.08
32.25
31.66
1.36
31.36
33.96
200405
9.47
NS
33.22
32.57
NS
32.96
32.83
1.27
34.54
32.72
31.44
1.03
31.69
34.10
Pooled
Leaf area (cm2)
9.19
NS
167.67
167.15
NS
169.09
165.73
8.95
189.66
160.09
152.48
7.31
172.06
162.76
2003-04
9.72
NS
166.76
163.57
NS
165.83
164.50
9.34
183.22
161.63
150.84
7.52
169.51
160.81
2004-05
9.46
NS
167.21
165.36
NS
167.46
165.12
6.39
186.44
160.76
151.66
5.21
170.79
161.79
Pooled
Fresh wt. of plant (g)
Table 1: Effect of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash on vegetative traits of chrysanthemum varieties.
7.82
NS
63.78
62.87
2.35
64.63
62.02
2.88
72.46
62.90
54.62
2.35
65.00
61.65
200304
7.40
NS
62.31
61.48
NS
62.49
61.30
2.67
70.47
60.34
54.87
2.18
63.73
60.05
05
2004-
7.62
NS
63.04
62.17
1.58
63.56
61.66
1.94
71.46
61.62
54.57
1.58
64.37
60.85
Pooled
Dry wt. of plant (g)
192 Joshi et al.
62.18
2.82
V2-Shyamal
C.D. (P=0.05)
58.62
55.81
3.45
N2-200
N3-300
C.D. (P=0.05)
57.27
0.99
2.82
P2-150
S.Em.±
C.D. (P=0.05)
58.94
58.68
NS
10.08
K1-100
K2-150
C.D.(P=0.05)
CV%
Potash (kg K2O ha )
-1
60.35
P1-100
8.11
NS
56.52
56.72
NS
0.77
56.21
57.07
2.67
54.16
56.29
59.40
2.18
60.16
53.07
200405
Phosphorus (kg P2O5 ha-1)
62.00
N1-100
Nitrogen (kg N ha-1)
55.43
200304
9.19
NS
57.60
57.83
1.76
0.63
56.74
58.89
2.15
54.98
57.46
60.70
1.76
61.17
54.25
Pooled
Plant height (cm)
V1-IIHR-6
Variety (V)
Treatment
11.58
NS
74.97
76.47
NS
1.46
75.17
76.28
5.10
70.96
77.33
78.88
4.16
78.32
73.13
200304
10.22
NS
74.56
77.94
NS
1.30
74.86
77.64
4.53
71.29
76.21
80.75
3.70
78.83
73.67
200405
10.92
NS
74.76
77.21
NS
0.98
75.01
76.96
3.37
71.13
77.02
79.81
2.75
78.58
73.40
Pooled
Number of branches
11.22
NS
70.95
68.87
NS
1.31
70.80
69.02
4.56
76.40
68.34
64.99
3.72
73.42
66.40
200304
10.00
NS
72.53
69.79
NS
1.03
72.05
70.27
3.59
76.02
70.59
66.87
2.93
73.71
68.61
200405
10.00
NS
71.12
69.94
NS
0.83
71.42
69.64
2.86
76.21
69.46
65.93
2.34
73.56
67.50
Pooled
Leaf area (cm2)
8.59
NS
6.36
6.17
0.26
0.09
6.53
6.01
0.31
6.77
6.45
5.59
0.26
6.45
6.08
200304
8.05
NS
6.29
6.10
0.24
0.08
6.38
6.01
0.29
6.73
6.34
5.52
0.24
6.38
6.01
200405
8.33
NS
6.33
6.14
0.17
0.06
6.46
6.01
0.21
6.75
6.40
5.55
0.17
6.42
6.05
Pooled
Fresh wt. of plant (g)
Table 2: Effect of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash on flowering traits of chrysanthemum varieties.
9.84
NS
67.44
67.07
3.34
1.10
68.96
65.55
3.85
79.35
67.26
55.15
3.14
69.22
65.29
200304
8.85
NS
66.14
65.40
NS
0.97
66.90
64.64
3.38
78.66
68.10
50.55
2.76
68.01
63.53
200405
9.36
NS
66.91
66.19
2.07
0.73
68.09
65.01
4.81
79.13
68.90
52.63
2.07
68.70
64.41
Pooled
Dry wt. of plant (g) Effect of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash on growth and flowering of chrysanthemum 193
32.11 1.36
V2-Shyamal
C.D. (P=0.05)
30.83 36.20 1.66
N2-200
N3-300
C.D. (P=0.05)
32.90 1.36
P2-150
C.D. (P=0.05)
30.71 31.50 NS 9.19
K1-100
K2-150
C.D. (P=0.05)
C.V.%
Potash (kg K2O ha-1)
29.31
P1-100
Phosphorus (kg P2O5 ha-1)
26.28
N1-100
Nitrogen (kg N ha-1)
30.10
2003-04
7.12
NS
30.49
30.19
1.03
32.21
28.46
1.26
35.07
29.91
26.03
1.03
31.41
29.26
2004-05
8.25
NS
30.99
30.45
0.84
32.55
28.89
1.03
35.64
30.37
26.16
0.84
31.76
29.68
Pooled
Weight of 10 flowers (g)
V1-IIHR-6
Variety (V)
Treatments
12.61
NS
236.73
231.24
14.01
236.73
224.89
17.16
306.85
232.46
162.64
14.01
247.76
220.21
2003-04
12.61
NS
231.41
225.05
13.18
236.08
220.38
16.14
298.31
227.69
158.70
13.18
242.40
214.07
2004-05
12.39
NS
234.07
228.24
9.50
239.58
222.64
11.63
302.58
230.08
160.67
9.50
245.08
217.14
Pooled
Total fresh weight of flowers/plant (g)
9.84
NS
67.44
67.07
3.34
68.96
65.55
3.85
79.35
67.26
55.15
3.14
69.22
65.29
2003-04
8.85
NS
66.14
65.40
NS
66.90
64.64
3.38
78.66
68.10
50.55
2.76
68.01
63.53
2004-05
9.36
NS
66.91
66.19
2.07
68.09
65.01
4.81
79.13
68.90
52.63
2.07
68.70
64.41
Pooled
Dry weight of flowers/plant (g)
Table 3: Effect of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash on yield and yield attributing characters of chrysanthemum varieties.
194 Joshi et al.
Effect of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash on growth and flowering of chrysanthemum
195
develop, resulting in increased flower weight per plant. Butters (4) observed that high level of N application increased the size of flower in chrysanthemum. Rao et al. (19) obtained significantly increased weight of flowers per plant in chrysanthemum with increasing N application from 50 to 200 kg ha-1. The nitrogen at N3 level might have accelerated the photosynthetic activities by increasing the source size (number of branches and leaf area) there by providing facility to develop more flowers with more photosynthates, which might have resulted in increased cell division and cell expansion of flower tissue, the ultimate effect of which had increased in flower size the terms of flower diameter.
chrysanthemum and Anuradha et al. (1) in marigold. The highest level of phosphorus resulted in significantly maximum diameter of flower, weight of 10 flowers and total fresh weigh of flower (Table 2 and 3) in both the years and in pooled results. The improvements in these characters might be due to enhancement in vegetative growth like plant height and number of branches per plant, which are likely to be responsible for more accumulation of photosynthates, hence resulted in giving maximum value in these characters. These findings are very similar to the findings of Belgaonkar et al. (2) and Jhon and Paul (10) in chrysanthemum and Gangwar et al. (7) in tuberose.
Effect of Phosphorus
Effect of different levels of potash was found to be non-significant on growth and flowering characters during both the years and in pooled results. The lack of response of applied potash in chrysanthemum may be due to enough availability of potash in the experimental plot (Table 1 to 3 ).
The growth characters improved significantly with increase in phosphorus application rates, except leaf area and fresh weigh of plant (Table 1) in both the years and in pooled. Phosphorus is an essential constituent of cell component such as phosphoproteins and phospholipids, are indispensable constituents of the various cell membranes, that are also important for the maintenance of cell structure. The storage and liberation of the energy budget and energy metabolism are controlled by the alternate synthesis and break down of energy rich adenosite diphosphate and triphosphate ions. The energy level of organic compound raised by synthesis is phosphate ester and thus, prepared for subsequent reactions such as starch synthesis or respiration (Bergmann, 3). The higher levels of phosphorus (P2) was found to be significant on flowering parameters. The higher level of phosphorus P2 recorded the minimum days for appearance of first flower bud in the year 2003-04 and in pooled but it was non-significant in 2004-05. (Table 2). The earliness of flower bud initiation might be due to rapid vegetative growth i.e number of branches per plant and commencement of early reproductive phase. These results are in agreement with the results of Vijayakumar and Shanmugavelu (22) in
Effect of Potash
REFERENCES 1.
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3.
4.
5. 6.
Anuradha, K.; Pampapathy, K. and Narayana, N. (1990). Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on flowering, yield and quality of marigold. Indian J. Hort., 47(3): 363-357. Belgaonkar, D.V.; Bist, M.A. and Wankade, M.B. (1996). Effect of levels of nitrogen and phosphorus with different spacing on growth and yields of annual chrysanthemum. J. Soil and Crop, 6(2): 154-158. Bergmann, W. (1992). 'Nutritional Disorders of Plants-Development, Visual and Analytical Diagnosis.' Gustav Fischer, Jena and New York, 741 p. Butters, R.E. (1971). An experiment progrmamme on year round chrysanthemum. Comm.Grow. No. 3879:598-599 Carter G.D. (1980). An Introduction to Floriculture. Academic press. Ind. USA. Chittenden F.T (1956) Dictionary of Gardening. Royal Horticultural Society, Oxford Uni. Press, England.
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Gangwar, A.P.S., Singh, J.P., Umrao, V.K. and Singh, I.P. (2012). Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus with nitrogen sources on vegetative attributes of tuberose. HortFlora Res. Spectrum, 1(4): 348-353. Gondhali, B.V., Yadava, E.D. and Dhemre (1998). Evaluation of chrysanthemum cultivars for growth and yield. South Indian Hort., 46(3-6):164-166. Hansen, C.W and Lynch, J. (1998). Response of phosphorus availability during vegetative and reproductive growth of chrysanthemum. II. Biomass and phosphorus dynamics, J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 123 (2):223-229. Jhon, A.Q. and Paul, T.M. (1999). Response of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat to different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. App. Biol. Res., 1(1): 35-38. Kanamadi, V.C and Patil, A.A. (1993). Performance of chrysanthemum varieties in the transitional track of Karnataka. South Indian Hort., 41:1. Katawate, S.M. and Patil, M.A. (1992). Performance of newly evolved cultivars of chrysanthemum. J.MAU., 17(1):152-153 Kosegarten, H. and Mengel, K. (1995). Carbohydrate metabolism and partitioning in crop production. In: Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, (B.B. Singh and Kanrad Mengel eds.). Panima Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, pp. 1-49. Lodhi, A.K.S. and Tiwari, G.N. (1993). Nutritional requirement of chrysanthemum under field condition. Fert. News, 38(3): 39-45. Lunt O.R and Kofranek, A.M. (1958). Nitrogen and potassium nutrition of chrysanthemum. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 72:487-497. Magnifico, N.; Talia, M.A.C.; Mininni, M. and Cordella, S. (1986). Yield, uptake of N, P, K and leaf analysis of carnation cultivar ‘Astor’ with
or without the application of water soluble fertilizers. Colture protette, 14(3): 47-54. 17.
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24.
Mishra, H. P. (1999). Evaluation of small flowered varieties of chrysanthemum for calcareous belt of North Bihar. Indian J. Hort., 56 (2): 184-188. Mengel, K. and Kirkby, E.A. (1982). ‘Principles of Plant Nutrition’ (Third ed.). International Potash Institute, Bern, pp. 1-198. Rao, D.V.R., Balasubramanyam, S.A., Reddy, K.B.and Suryanarayana, V. (1992). Effect of different spacings and nitrogen levels on growth and flower yield of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum L.) cv. Kasturi. South Indian Hort., 40(6): 323-328. Ravindran, D.L.V., Rama Rao R. and Reddy, E. (1986). Effect of spacing and nitrogen levels on growth and yield of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.). South Indian Hort., 34(5): 320-323. Schuch, U.K., Redak, R.A. and Bethke, J.A. (1998). Cultivar, fertilizer and irrigation affect vegetative growth and susceptibility of chrysanthemum to Western flower thrips. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 123(4): 727-733. Vijayakumar, M. and Shanmugavellu, K.G. (1978). Studies on the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on chrysanthemum (C. indicum L.) cv. Yellow I. Flowering and yield. Madras Agric. J., 65(4): 247-252. Wagner, H. and Michael, G. (1971). The influence of varied nitrogen supply on the production of cytokinins in sunflower roots. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz. 162:147-158. Yadav, B.S., Singh, Sukhbir; Ahlawat, V.P. and Mallik, A.S. (2002). Studies on removal of macro and micro nutrients by tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa Linn.), Haryana J. Hortic. Sci., 31 (1/2):44-46.
HortFlora Research Spectrum, 2(3): 197-201 (July-Sept. 2013)
ISSN : 2250-2823
FLUCTUATION OF FRUIT FLY ORIENTED DAMAGE IN MANGO IN RELATION TO MAJOR ABIOTIC FACTORS K.B. Patel*, S.P. Saxena and K.M. Patel Department of Agricultural Entomology, N.M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agriculture University, Navsari (Gujarat) 396 450 *E-mail:
[email protected] ABSTRACT: A field experiment was carried out at Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari during 2009-11. Population of fruit fly was observed during 13 (26 March –1 April) - 30 (23-29 July) Standard Week (SW) in 2009-10, 2010-11 and pooled, respectively. Highest fruit fly infestation (36.67 %) was observed on 22nd SW coinciding with ripening cum harvesting period of mango which increased with increase in temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity and evaporation.
Keywords: Fruit fly, abiotic factor, population dynamics, mango. experimental tree at fortnightly interval during Mango is one of the most important fruit crops April to July. Simultaneously, number of damaged grown in India. Besides mango hopper, it is fruits out of ten plucked fruits was also counted. severely damaged by fruit flies. Most common Thus, based on average of both the damages, per species attacking the mango crop is Bactrocera cent fruit infestation was assessed. Important dorsalis (Verghese and Devi, 12). The incidence of meteorological data viz., temperature (maximum fruit fly not only reduces the yield and quality but and minimum), relative humidity (morning and also cause considerable economic loss. In India, it evening), rainfall, rainfall days, sun shine and wind has been reported to cause crop loss up to Rs. velocity were recorded at weekly interval during 29,460 million per annum in mango, guava, sapota October 2009- June 2011. The weekly weather data and citrus (Mumford, 8; Mishra et al., 7); whereas recorded at agro-meteorological observatory of in south Gujarat, damages to the tune of 16 to 40 NAU, Navsari proceeding the week of observation and 4 to 2 per cent have been reported in mango and were correlated with the incidence of mango fruit sapota, respectively (Patel and Patel, 9). Kannan fly to study their relation with pest incidence. and Rao (4) reported peak incidence of fruit fly, B. dorsalis on mango during last week of May whereas, correlation between incidence of fruit fly population, temperature (maximum and minimum) was significant and positive while it was negative with rainfall and relative humidity. Ranjitha and Viraktamath (10) reported that relationship of fruit fly population was positive with minimum temperature and relative humidity. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A field experiment was carried out at Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari during 2009-11. Twelve experimental trees were randomly selected and were kept free from insecticide application. For recording observations, number of damaged and total dropped fruits was counted on each Received : 08.04.2013
Accepted : 05.05.2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Population dynamics of mango fruit fly
Fruit fly oriented damage was assessed on the basis of fruit infestation (%). It is evident from the results (Table 1) that infestation of fruit fly varied from 6.62-34.92, 4.24-38.42 and 5.43-36.67 per cent during 13th (26 March –1 April) to 30th (23-29 July) SW in 2009-10, 2010-11 and pooled results, respectively. The highest (34.92, 38.42 and 36.67 %) fruit infestation was observed on 22nd SW (28 May-3 June) during both the years and pooled results, respectively which coincided with ripening cum harvest period of the crop. Looking to the above results, it is evident that higher fruit fly infestation (>30 %) coincided with
Patel et al.
198
Table 1: Seasonal abundance of mango fruit fly during 2009-11. Std. week
Std. period
48
26 Nov- 2 Dec 2009 3-9 Dec 10-16 Dec 17-23 Dec 24-31 Dec 1-7 Jan 2010 8-14 Jan 15-21 Jan 22-28 Jan 29 Jan- 4 Feb 5-11 Feb 12-18 Feb 19-25 Feb 26 Feb-4 March 5-11 March 12-18 March 19-25 March 26 March-1 Apr 2-8 Apr 9-15 Apr 16-22 Apr 23-29 Apr 30 Apr-6 May 7-13 May 14-20 May 21-27 May 28 May-3 June 4-10 June 11-17 June 18-24 June 25 June-1 July 2-8 July 9-15 July 16-22 July 23-29 July 30 July-5 Aug 6-12 Aug 13-19 Aug 20-26 Aug 27 Aug-2 Sep 3-9 Sep 10-16 Sep 17-23 Sep 24-30 Sep 1-7 Oct 8-14 Oct 15-21 Oct 22-28 Oct 29 Oct- 4 Nov 5-11 Nov 12-18 Nov 19-25 Nov
49 50 51 52 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 41 43 44 45 46 47
Crop State Bud/bud burst Bud/bud burst Bud/bud burst Bud/bud burst Bud/bud burst In Flowering In Flowering In Flowering In Flowering Peak Flowering Peak Flowering Pea/Marble Pea/Marble Pea/Marble Pea/Marble Stone Size Stone Size Stone Size Stone Size Stone Size Stone Size Stone Size Stone Size Fruiting Fruiting In Ripening Rip/Harvest Harvest Harvest Vegetative Vegetative Vegetative Vegetative Vegetative Vegetative Vegetative Vegetative Vegetative Vegetative Emerge New Flush Emerge New Flush Emerge New Flush Emerge New Flush Emerge New Flush Emerge New Flush Emerge New Flush Emerge New Flush Emerge New Flush New twigs New twigs New twigs New twigs
2009-10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.58 16.22 14.72 11.24 24.12 25.28 28.56 32.38 32.98 34.92 34.22 26.38 22.26 18.56 14.46 10.34 7.78 6.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fruit infestation (%) 2010-11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.72 18.00 15.34 19.24 16.68 16.00 28.32 30.16 33.34 38.42 36.38 29.20 19.22 13.56 10.12 8.92 6.82 4.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Pooled 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.65 17.11 15.03 15.24 20.40 20.64 28.44 31.27 33.16 36.67 35.30 27.79 20.74 16.06 12.29 9.63 7.30 5.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fluctuation of fruit fly oriented damage in mango in relation to major abiotic factors
199
Table 2: Correlation and regression coefficients of mango hopper population with meteorological factors.
Weather parameters Maximum temperature
(X1)
Minimum temperature
(X2)
Average temperature
(X3)
Morning Relative humidity (X4) Evening Relative humidity (X5) Average Relative humidity (X6) Wind Velocity
(X7)
Sunshine Hours
(X8)
Rainfall
(X9)
Evaporation
(X10)
R2 Variation explained (%) R Constant (A value)
Correlation coefficient (‘r’) 2009-10 2010-11 Pooled 0.5324** 0.4255** 0.4731** -0.1140 -0.1147 -0.1057 0.1643 0.0866 0.1250 -0.0154 -0.1522 -0.0778 -0.3036* -0.2401 -0.2628* -0.2287 -0.2233 -0.2163* -0.2004 -0.2832* -0.2262* 0.5209** 0.3714** 0.4322** -0.2806* -0.1858 -0.1781 0.3785** 0.3756** 0.3723** -
Regression coefficient 2009-10 2010-11 Pooled 0.4075 0.1067 0.2100 0.0092 -0.0469 0.1111 -0.3898 -0.1643 0.4471 -0.1612 0.2478 0.0059 -0.3682 1.0412 0.1386 0.3216 0.3873 0.3126 32.16 38.73 31.26 0.6230 0.6598 0.5938 -12.2407 -2.2229 -10.4438
*Significant at 5 % level, **Significant at 1 % level
fruit ripening cum harvest period i.e. May to July which proves selective preference of the pest to the appropriate crop stage. When fruits were physiologically mature, the female fly seemed to oviposit on the fruit surface. Thereafter, the emerging maggots made their entry inside the fruit pulp and deteriorated and ultimately made it unfit for human consumption. Prior to the fruit ripening stage, the pest might have avoided oviposition on immature fruits particularly at the stone sized fruit stage while the fruit surface was too hard for oviposition. The population of D. correctus in south Gujarat remained considerably high during March July coinciding with the fruiting season of mango (Anon., 1). Similarly, Jhala et al. (3) reported that population of D. correctus started increasing from March and reached peak in April; thereafter a second peak was observed in June. They further reported that maximum activity of fruit fly coincided with fruiting and harvesting period of mango. Kumar et al. (5) reported that B. correctus adults were trapped throughout the year but their population remained high during March - June (fruiting and harvesting period), exhibiting peak in May, thereafter it declined gradually. The peak
activity of Bactrocera spp. was recorded during May to June in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh (Sarada et al., 11). However, Dwivedi et al. (2) indicated that fruit fly was first observed in April with 3 per cent infestation thereafter, it gradually increased in May (8.2%) and June (9.8%) and slightly declined in July (8.3%). Kannan and Rao (4) and Mahmood and Mishkatullah (6) reported peak population of fruit fly last week of May. In the present investigation, peak infestation of 36.67 per cent of mango fruits was observed during 22nd SW (28 May - 3 June). So, the results obtained in the current investigation are more or less the same as obtained in the above reports which conforms the present findings. Effect of abiotic factors on population build-up of mango fruit fly
During 2009-10, the fruit fly infestation (Y) showed significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (maximum, minimum and average) (X1 to X3) (‘r’ = 0.4769, 0.5814 and 0.7004), relative humidity (X5 and X6) (‘r’ = 0.2802 and 0.2856), wind velocity (X7) (‘r’ = 0.6890) and evaporation (X10) (‘r’ = 0.6724). Similarly, in the subsequent year, fruit infestation (Y) indicated
Patel et al.
200
significant positive correlation with temperature (maximum, minimum and average) (X1 to X3) (‘r’ = 0.3758, 0.5407 and 0.6132), wind velocity (X7) (‘r’ = 0.6718) and evaporation (X10) (‘r’ = 0.7234). None of the factor indicated significant negative relationship with the fruit fly oriented fruit damage (Table 2). In pooled results, fruit fly infestation (Y) indicated highly significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (X1) (‘r’ = 0.4240), minimum temperature (X2) (‘r’ = 0.5525), average temperature (X3) (‘r’ = 0.6482) and evaporation (X10) (‘r’ = 0.6926), evening relative humidity (X5) (‘r’ = 0.2647), average relative humidity (X6) (‘r’ = 0.2447 ) and wind velocity (X7) (‘r’ = 0.6695) None of the factor indicated significant negative relationship with the fruit fly oriented fruit damage (Table-2). These findings are in consonance with the reports of Mishra et al. (7). The multiple correlation coefficients (R) were significant in 2009-10 (R = 0.9043), 2010-11 (R = 0.8776) as well as in pooled results (R = 0.8756). The regression equations developed for build-up of fruit fly infestation were : 2009-10: ^ Y = - 36.5602 - 59.7268 (X1) -59.6835 (X2) + 120.5675 (X3) + 0.2238 (X5) - 0.2818 (X6) + 1.2585 (X7) + 3.0626 (X10)
2010-11:
^ Y = 4.0929 + 18.4730 (X1) + 20.6162 (X2) 39.5787 (X3) + 0.2959 (X7) + 6.4071 (X10)
Pooled:
^ Y = -9.9651- 41.3926 (X1) - 40.3043 (X2) + 81.7669 (X3) + 0.1412 (X5) - 0.1509 (X6) + 0.7939 (X7) + 4.7506 (X10)
Where, ^ Y = Fruit infestation, X1 = Maximum temperature, X2 = Minimum temperature, X3 = Average temperature, X5 = Evening relative humidity, X6 = Average relative humidity, X7 = Wind velocity, X10 = Evaporation The total impact of major abiotic factors on fluctuation of fruit fly infestation was 78.88, 74.51 and 74.96 per cent in 2009-10, 2010-11 and pooled results, respectively. This interpretation is sustained by the fact that fruit fly oriented fruit infestation or damage was higher from April to July during 2009-10 and 2010-11, which coincided with fruiting and harvesting periods of mango fruit, when temperature (19.01 to 39.03oC) and relative humidity (39.57 to 95.71%) were also gradually increasing were. The period also witnessed high wind velocity causing extensive fruit dropping where the fallen fruits were conducive to fruit fly infestation. Increasing relative humidity caused high evaporation. The positive correlation between temperature and fruit fly population was reported by Kumar et al (7) in south Gujarat and Mihsra et al. (7) in Lucknow. Further, Verghese and Devi (12) in Karnataka found positive correlation between wind speed and fruit fly population in mango orchard. Kannan and Rao (4) showed significant positive relationship with maximum and minimum temperature and negatively correlated with rainfall and relative humidity. Ranjitha and Viraktamath (10) reported that relationship of fruit fly population was positive with minimum temperature and relative humidity. In the present investigation, the damage caused by fruit fly remained higher during 17th-25th SW (23 April to 24 June) when temperature and wind velocity were also high and relative humidity reached to its high level due to pre-monsoon showers or early commencement of rains. So, looking to the earlier findings, all the workers have demonstrated almost similar relationship between fruit fly infestation and
Fluctuation of fruit fly oriented damage in mango in relation to major abiotic factors
weather factors. Thus, the present findings are said to be in close agreement with the earlier investigations.
Bactrocera in BARI, Chakwal (Punjab). Pakistan J. Zool, 39 (2): 123-126. 7.
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HortFlora Research Spectrum, 2(3): 202-207 (July-Sept. 2013)
ISSN : 2250-2823
STUDY ON THE BIOCHEMICAL, SENSORY AND MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION OF CUSTARD APPLE RTS BEVERAGE Virendra Singh, Rita Markam*, Pramod Uikey and Vinayak Shinde
Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh *E-mail :
[email protected] ABSTRACT: The effect of juice extraction method and recipe and in combination was studied on the microbial, sensory and chemical attributes of the custard apple RTS beverage stored at ambient condition for 180 days with an interval of 30 day. Mean score of taste panel for colour, taste and overall acceptability significantly (p
