Madam Raini Hassan Office: C5 - 23, Level 5, KICT Building Department: Computer Science Emails:
[email protected],
[email protected] Semester II 2014/2015
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Du’a for Study
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LECTURE 01 Introduction (Chapters 1 & 2)
Outlines 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Organization and Architecture Structure and Function A Brief History of Computers Designing for Performance Required Reading Recommended Reading and Web Sites Others Semester II 2014/2015
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1. Organization and Architecture (1) • Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer – Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. – e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
• In other words, those attributes that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program. Semester II 2014/2015
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1. Organization and Architecture (2) • Organization is how features are implemented – Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. – e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?
• Also includes those hardware details transparent to the programmer. • The organizational decision may be based on the anticipated frequency of use of the multiply instruction, the relative speed of the 2 approaches, and the cost and physical size of a special multiply unit. Semester II 2014/2015
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1. Organization and Architecture (3)
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1. Organization and Architecture (4) Computer Processor
Devices Memory
Control
Input
Datapath
Output
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1. Organization and Architecture (5) • Many computer manufacturers offer a family of computer models, all with the same architecture but with differences in organization. • This gives code compatibility – At least backwards
• The different models in the family have different price and performance characteristics. • A particular architecture may span many years and encompass a number of different computer models, its organization changing with changing technology. Semester II 2014/2015
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1. Organization and Architecture (6) • Example: the IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture. • This architecture was first introduced in 1970 and included a number of models. • The customer with modest requirements could buy a cheaper, slower model and, if demand increased, later upgrade to a more expensive, faster model without having to abandon software that had already been developed. Semester II 2014/2015
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1. Organization and Architecture (7) • The characteristics of a family are as follows:
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2. Structure and Function (1) • Structure is the way in which components relate to each other. • Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure.
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2. Structure and Function (2) Function • All computer functions are: – Data processing – Data storage – Data movement – Control
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2. Structure and Function (3)
A functional view of a computer
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2. Structure and Function (4)
Operation 1: Data movement
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2. Structure and Function (5)
Operation 2: Storage
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2. Structure and Function (6)
Operation 3: Processing from/to storage
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2. Structure and Function (7)
Operation 3: Processing from storage to I/O
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2. Structure and Function (8) Structure • The computer interacts in some fashion with its external environment. The Computer Semester II 2014/2015
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2. Structure and Function (9) Computer
Peripherals
Central Processing Unit Computer
Main Memory
Systems Interconnection
Input Output
Communication lines
Structure: Top Level Semester II 2014/2015
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2. Structure and Function (10) • Central Processing Unit (CPU) – controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions; often simply referred to as processor. • Main memory – stores data. • Input Output (IO) – moves data between the computer and its external environment. • System Interconnection - some mechanism that provides for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O. Semester II 2014/2015
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2. Structure and Function (11) CPU Computer
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Registers
I/O System Bus
CPU
Internal CPU Interconnection
Memory
Control Unit
Structure: The CPU Semester II 2014/2015
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2. Structure and Function (12) • Control Unit (CU) – controls the operation of the CPU and hence the computer • Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) – performs the computer’s data processing functions. • Registers – provides storage internal to the CPU. • Internal CPU Interconnection - some mechanism that provides for communication among the control unit, ALU, and registers. Note: Each of the components will be examined in detail in later chapters. Semester II 2014/2015
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2. Structure and Function (13) Control Unit CPU
Sequencing Logic
ALU Internal Bus
Control Unit
Control Unit Registers and Decoders
Registers
Control Memory
Structure: The Control Unit Semester II 2014/2015
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2. Structure and Function (14) • There are several approaches to the implementation of the control unit; one common approach is a microprogrammed implementation. • In essence, a microprogrammed control unit operates by executing microinstructions that define the functionality of the control unit. Note: Each of the components will be examined in detail in later chapters. Semester II 2014/2015
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3. A Brief History of Computers (1) • The evolution of computers has been characterized by increasing processor speed, decreasing component size, increasing memory size, and increasing I/O capacity and speed. • One factor responsible for the great increase in processor speed is the shrinking size of microprocessor components; this reduces the distance between components and hence increases speed. • However, the true gains in speed in recent years have come from the organization of the processor, including heavy use of pipelining and parallel execution techniques and the use of speculative execution techniques (tentative execution of future instructions that might be needed). Semester II 2014/2015
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3. A Brief History of Computers (2) • A critical issue in computer system design is balancing the performance of the various elements so that gains in performance in one area are not handicapped by a lag in other areas. • In particular, processor speed has increased more rapidly than memory access time. • A variety of techniques is used to compensate for this mismatch, including caches, wider data paths from memory to processor, and more intelligent memory chips. Semester II 2014/2015
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3. A Brief History of Computers (3) Computer Architecture: Changing Definition • 1950s: – Computer Arithmatic
• 1960s:
– OS support, especially memory management.
• 1970s and 1980s:
– ISA appropriate for compilers – Vector processing and shared memory multiprocessors.
• 1990s:
– Design of CPU, memory system, I/O system, Multiprocessors, Networks, and VLSI.
• 2000s: – Special purpose architectures, Functionally reconfigurable, Special considerations for low power/mobile processing, highly parallel structures. Semester II 2014/2015
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3. A Brief History of Computers (4)
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3. A Brief History of Computers (5) Gen.
Approx. Dates
Technology
Typical Speed (OPS)
Example ENIAC, EDVAC (J. Von Neumann), UNIVAC
1
1946–1957 Vacuum tube
40,000
2
1958–1964 Transistor
200,000
PDP 1, IBM 700 Series,
3
1965–1971
1 MOPS
IBM SYSTEM/360
4
1972–1977 Large scale integration
10 MOPS
1K comp/chip, P
5
1978–1991 Very large scale integration
100 MOPS
10K comp/chip, P
1 GOPS
Microprocessor (P)
Small and medium scale integration
6
1991-
Ultra large scale integration
7
2003 -
HPC
7
2000
MPC
Multicore, MIC, GPU, GPGPU 55 PFLOPS Semester II 2014/2015
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3. A Brief History of Computers (6) Von Neumann Architecture
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3. A Brief History of Computers (7) • A main memory, which stores both data and instructions. • An arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) capable of operating on binary data. • A control unit, which interprets the instructions in memory and causes them to be executed. • Input and output (I/O) equipment operated by the control unit Semester II 2014/2015
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3. A Brief History of Computers (8) What does Computer Architecture Do?
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4. Designing for Performance (1) • Year by year, the cost of computer systems continues to drop dramatically, while the performance and capacity of those systems continue to rise equally dramatically. • Desktop applications that require the great power of today’s microprocessor-based systems include: – – – – – –
Image processing Speech recognition Videoconferencing Multimedia authoring Voice and video annotation of files Simulation modeling
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4. Designing for Performance (2) Clock Speed: • The speed of sequential computers has steadily increased to match the needs of increasing computation power. • The limitation imposed by speed of light makes it impossible to achieve indefinite speed. • The performance is already saturated.
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4. Designing for Performance (3)
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4. Designing for Performance (2) Improvement in Chip Organization and Architecture: • Multiple processor in the same chip with a large shared cache. • Many integrated core (MIC). • Multicore and MICs are used homogeneous core called general purpose processors. • Graphics processing units (GPU) is used for parallel operations on graphics data. • General purpose GPUs (GPGPUs). Semester II 2014/2015
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5. Required Reading • Stallings (textbook) – Chapter 1: Introduction – Chapter 2: Computer Evolution and Performance
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6. Recommended Reading and Web Sites (1) Websites: • http://WilliamStallings.com/COA6e.html – – – –
links to sites of interest links to sites for courses that use the book errata list for book information on other books by W. Stallings
• http://WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.html – – – –
Math How-to Research resources Misc Semester II 2014/2015
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6. Recommended Reading and Web Sites (2) Websites to look: • WWW Computer Architecture Home Page • CPU Info Center • ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Architecture • IEEE Technical Committee on Computer Architecture • Intel Technology Journal • Manufacturer’s sites – Intel, IBM, etc. Semester II 2014/2015
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6. Recommended Reading and Web Sites (3) Usenet News Group: • comp.arch • comp.arch.arithmetic • comp.arch.storage • comp.parallel
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7. Others (1) Memory:
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7. Others (2) Some Values: 1 Bit = Binary Digit, 4 bits = 1 Nibble, 8 Bits = 1 Byte
1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte 1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte 1024 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte 1024 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte 1024 Terabytes = 1 Petabyte 1024 Petabytes = 1 Exabyte 1024 Exabytes = 1 Zettabyte 1024 Zettabytes = 1 Yottabyte 1024Yottabytes = 1 Brontobyte 1024 Brontobytes = 1 Geopbyte 1024 Geopbyte=1 Saganbyte 1024 Saganbyte=1 Pijabyte Semester II 2014/2015
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7. Others (3) 1st fast computer: TIANHE 2: 54.9 Petaflops
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7. Others (4) 2nd fast computer:
TITAN Cray XK7 Supercomputer,
27.1
Petaflops (27.1 x 1015 Flops)
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7. Others (4) 3rd fast computer:
Lawrence Livermore’s Supercomputer, 16.32 Petaflops (16.32 x 1015 Flops)
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Sequoia
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