Internal Parasites of Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis) from Etosha National Park, Namibia
Descrição do Produto
Journal
Internal Parasites of Giraffes (Giraffa from Etosha National Park, Namibia R. C. Krecek,’
J. Boomker,2
B. L. Penzhorn,
Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Medunsa 0204, Republic National Park, P.O. Okaukuejo via Outjo, Namibia 9000
ABSTRACT:
asitological raffes
During
three
seasonal
periods,
samples
were
collected
from
(Giraffa
Etosha
canielopardalis
National
recovered
sp.
abundances 18
to this
of
may
531
region
preferred
host
Key
because
for
these
a ugolensis,
helm
to the the
was
ranged
rainfall is
not
a
sons
species
of
Giraffe,
Giraffa
camelopardalis
i nths,
heniatozoa,
helminths. survey,
ranching studies
asites infecting wildlife is further underlined
by
prey-
cross-transmission wildlife and
parasites livestock.
Although
of domestic there
is some
This of
only
semi-quantitative
on
(Kelly
et
rainfall
is 300
records
described
for
January female);
subadult prepared
to 350
of the
mm
DepartNathe Both are
Etosha
(Berry,
1980):
to April), and dry and
1986 July
male). Thin at necropsy,
and Nofe-
(subadult male, sub1986 (adult female, blood fixed
smears were in methanol,
stained in 10% Giemsa stain and examined for protozoans in immersion oil at 1,000 x magnification. Small intraerythrocytic trophozoites (=piroplasms) resembling Cy-
the internal parasites of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis), most studies have either included only one or two animals or have been
are
male); adult
between
information
Ecological
Faculty of Department Institute, Etosha 2
Two giraffes were selected randomly shot during each of the three seasons: vember 1985 (adult female, subadult
in southon the par-
in this area. the potential
of South Africa;
Africa;
these are wet and hot (January dry and cold (May to August) hot (September to December).
abundance.
The growth of game ern Africa necessitates
of South
available to wildlife; seasonal waterholes are filled after rains, while boreholes provide water during dry periods. Three sea-
from
low
giraffe
1990
Association
of Parasitology,
Republic
annual
pp. 395-397
1990.
Disease
ment of Water Affairs, Windhoek, mibia). The annual rainfall during 1985-1986 study period was 233 mm. natural and artificial water sources
mean
low
which
be attributed or
the
sp.
The
helminths
in
‘Department 0110,
26(3).
angolensis)
unpublished
(1977
helminths
Cytauxzoon
found.
gi-
skrjabini, ni itchelli and
us
larvae;
all
words:
alence,
Haenionch
hematozoan
only
The
Pa rabronerna
spp.,
Echinococcus
of
Namibia.
incltlde(l
Skrjabinenza the
angolensis)
Park,
predicted
par-
six
Diseases, © Wildlife
camelopardalis
L. Scheepers,3
and
of Wildlife
a!.,
1968; Round, 1968; Pester and Laurence, 1974; Boomker et al., 1986). The present study examines quantitatively the parasites in giraffes near Otjovasandu (19#{176}15’S, 14#{176}31’E)in the west of Eto-
tauxzoon sp. were seen on blood smears on two giraffes. He!minth parasites were recovered following procedures described by Horak et a!. (1983). Representative specimens of nematodes recovered in this study are deposited in
sha National Park, Namibia, seasonal periods. This is the on the parasite community
the U.S. National (Beltsville, Maryland sion numbers 80857
cies The ern
during three first such study of the subspe-
Giraffa ca melopardalis range of giraffe extends Namibia.
mibian giraffes (Joubert The
of the
One-quarter
population occur
in
of approximately Etosha National
and Mostert, 1975). vegetation of the study
pane (Colophospermu na (Joubert and
m Mostert,
Onderstepoort tion (Onderstepoort
angolensis. across north-
mopane) 1975)
area
total
Na-
South
4,000 Park
Africa;
S.2348).
Blood
Parasite 20705,
to 80859)
Helminthological 0110,
accession smears
Collection USA; accesand in the CollecRepublic
numbers are
deposited
of
S.2346
to
in the
Onderstepoort Protozoological Collection (accession numbers 6143 and 6144). The specimens of larval stages of Echinococcus were inadvertently lost and therefore can
is Mosavanand the
not 395
be
deposited
in a collection.
396
JOURNAL
1.
TABLE
OF WILDLIFE
Helminths
DISEASES,
of giraffes
VOL. 26, NO. 3, JULY
(n
6) from
=
the
1990
Etosha
National
Park,
Namibia,
1985-1986.
Abundance Prevalence Parabronema
skrjabini
Skrjabinema
adults
spp.
Haemonchus
Mean
100
SD
528
Range
653
9-1,747
L,
17
adults
83
L,
17
9
22
0-53
33
18
41
0-102
mitchelli larvae
Echinococcus
%
3
6
327
17
0-17
480
-
0-1,135
-
-
L,, fourth stage larvae.
The follow
terms prevalence the definitions
mitchelli
and abundance Margolis et
of
a!.
Three a
nematode
found
new
host
Haernonchus skrjabini
and
(Table record
have
subspecies
cestode
species
for
the
mitchelli been
and reported
giraffe
(Round,
spp.
giraffe;
is
both
Parabronerna from other 1968;
Sachs
Boomker et al., 1986). to previously published
par-
of
et al., 1973; In contrast
one
1). Skrjabinerna
asite lists, Boomker et a!. (1986) provided the first quantitative study of helminths from the giraffe. Their study included two giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa) from Kruger National Park (Republic of South minths
Africa) with intensities at 2,621 and 19,157
These
greatly
exceeded
of total he!respectively.
the
numbers
may that
occur.
However,
cross-transmission
artificial waterholes Skrjabinerna spp.
(1982).
were
likely
of
nematodes browsers, nematode
it
is more
occurs
at the
in this habitat. are not considered
of browsers. mixed feeders did not occur
In a study of and grazers, this in browsers (grey
duiker, Sylvicapra grirnrnia) but did occur predominantly in the grazers (Boer goats and Angora goats, Capra hircus; grysbuck, Raphwerus rnelanotis) (Boomker et a!., 1989a). Greater siceros), another ferred host for a!., 1989b). Parabronerna with an indirect termediate
host.
intermediate
kudu (Tragelaphus browser, also is not this
nematode
(Boomker
skrjabini, life cycle, In
strepa preet
a nematode requires an
in-
Africa,
the
southern
host is thought to be HaeHowever, whether the species in southern Africa are the suitfor this nematode is unknown
helminths found in the present study. The lower rainfall in our study area as compared to the predicted annual rainfall of
rnatobia
600 to 650 mm in the Park, may have been the tor resulting in the lower
(Boomker et a!., 1986). It was not possible to determine seasonal differences in the abundance of helminths. This resulted from the small host sample size collected in this study.
these ground
species moisture
of
Kruger National contributing facprevalence since
nematodes for transmission
third-stage larvae. This for the low prevalence H. mitchelli. The low
depend on of their
may be one reason and abundance of abundance of H.
mitchelli in giraffes also may be related to the eland (Taurotragus oryx) sharing the habitat with giraffes. Eland are thought to be the preferred host (J. Boomker, pers. comm.) for this he!minth species. Although giraffes are predominantly browsers both This
and
eland
reported suggests
are to that
mixed
feeders,
graze (Smithers, cross-transmission
they
are
1983). of H.
sp.
of this fly able vectors
The nematodes found in this study are not known to infect cattle. Therefore, there is no risk of cross-transmission between co-occur
cattle and giraffes where the same habitat.
they
Morphological traerythrocytic
between Cytauxzoon
and/or
distinction stages of
Theileria
sp.
is difficult.
era have been reported Kenya (Brocklesby and the absence experimental
of serological transmission
from Vidler,
in insp.
Both
gen-
giraffes 1966).
examination of the
in In or
giraffe
SHORT
parasite to established sp. such as grey bushbuck
hosts duiker,
(Tragelaphus
(Neitz,
1957;
previous
Martin
the
have
giraffe
was
in
reported
to northern
not
in
Natal
search
a giraffe
from
to
African
nature
be
BROCKLESBY,
and
hepatocytes,
these
as well
parasitized
to become
cells
multinuclear
their and
of
Agriculture South West
syncy-
operation
and
disposal;
the
placing late
Wyk
expertise sion.
in
H.
H.
taurinus) Ph.D.
at
Republic
of
Etosha
South
J., I. C.
BOO\IKER,
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ince. search
and
K.
M.
DE
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of
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Boer
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eco-physio-
National
R. BROWN.
Connochaetes
and
West
MARGOLIS,
(Connochaetes
University
HORAK,
1989a.
common the
the
Dissertation.
M. wild
P. K. N. MOSTERT.
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and
order
of Epizootic
and and
AND
,
Fertile
CITED
1980. Behavioural on blue wildebeest
studies
Hae-
the
AND
E.
Journal
logical
Vos,
patterns
RoUND,
BERRY,
Bulletin
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J. D., J. C.
KELI.Y,
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of
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of
South
of the
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examining
Africa. 14:
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members
Journal
bution
our
and for arranging transport during the first author’s I. B. J. van Rensburg for
South Journal
93-102.
black
and
poort
helminth some
\‘IDLER.
Helminth
and
taurinus
also for his cooperation; R. Bartlett, T. E. Krecek
R. Stroud for for advice
the cestode specimens sence; and
van
at
53: B. 0. wild
Africa
XVI.
JOUBERT.
was that of the
Conserfor co-
animals
Theuns
above institution K. Stevens, Miss and Mrs. A. Verster
and Nature Africa/Namibia
in
V. DE
blue
The from
255.
disease and could consequently have lacked immunity. Our records indicate that Cytauxzoon sp. occur naturally in giraffe in the center of their range. The authors wish to thank the Department vation,
Re-
Onderstepoort
of domestic
Africa.
of
tendency
form
found in
Parasites
of
tia. The exact origin of the giraffe unknown, but the authors speculated it may have come from an area free
AND
I. C.,
HORAK,
as enlargement and
D. W.,
in East
Diseases
(McCully
National
Veterinary
1986.
.
reserves.
Artiodactyla
et a!., 1970). The diagnosis was based on the presence of small intraerythrocytic piroplasms, schizogony in the Kupffer cells
Kruger
of
artiodactylids
Research
matozoa
translocated
Namibia
AND
,
of various
of Veterinary
may not cytauxzoono-
in the
Journal
397
56: 111-121.
,
specifically.
giraffes Fatal
strepsiceros,
Onderstepoort
parasites
attempted
parasite
Cytauxzoonosis without consequence. sis
Tragelaphus Park.
scriptus) and eland and Brocklesby, 1960),
authors
identify
of Cytauxzoon greater kudu,
COMMUNICATiONS
1989.
f#{252}r
467-475. of of 736
the Prepp.
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