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K#$!%4+!C&634+S!+"'4R+"+!7&1!C&634!2)&6.&!$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$#BF! ! ! ?A&6/"/"4+!$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$#KP! ! ! O4/*3)1*6"4!$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$#K=! @)3#6'(#=2)!/-.-=#(!$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$#K>! 4)05&(6$7"0"/,18"$9$ $):$-)05&$3*)0+)!$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$#EK! 4)05&(6$7"0"/,18"$;$ $*+*0":$?7)$>*+*0":@!$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$#EE! 4)05&(6$7"0"/,18"$A$ $+," 685/" 2!?A." $2/" )!2" 6$2" )@3" ?$?" 2,?" 4)?$!" )?A" 1?(@" 40@" )32@" 4@" 6:@" $.$!"2C" ?3C"
11. Practique con voz fuerte el deletreo de los nombres del ejercicio 10 de arriba. Por ejemplo:
4,2"B.#""-
(2 Sam 7:3) (Gén 13:13) (Gén 25:25) (Deut 1:1) (Gén 14:7) (Gén 22:23) (Gén 29:6) (Gén 17:5) (Gén 17:15) (Dan 1:7) (Juec 9:6) (2 Sam 12:24) (Gén 9:23) (2 Rey 22:9) (Ezeq 3:15) (Gén 38:6)
CAPÍTULO II 2. Las vocales En el hebreo antiguo no había un sistema de vocales escritas. Las vocales no estaban representadas en la escritura. El idioma era leído y hablado según una tradición oral que era transmitida de generación en generación. Mucho antes de la introducción de los signos que representan las vocales, se hizo necesario que los principales sonidos de las vocales fuesen indicados en la escritura, de modo que las letras !, ", # y $ fueron utilizadas para representar las vocales. De esta manera la ! y la " se usaron para indicar la categoría de vocales “a”. La $ para las vocales “i” y “e”. La # para las vocales “o” y “u”. Los gramáticos antiguos del hebreo denominaron a estas consonantes matres lectionis (literalmente: “madres de lectura”). Las dos consonantes que se usaban más frecuentemente como vocales eran la $ y la #.
Tabla de vocales Nombre
Signo
Qames
&% (&
!'&& !)&&
&* $&+& /&
!+&& $!+&& !0&&
$&3& 3&
$!4&& !4&&
&7 9& %&
!8&& 9!& !'&&
&mesa&
Notas: 2.1. Las vocales arriba mencionadas se llaman vocales llenas para diferenciarlas de las vocales medias (o semivocales), las cuales serán discutidas luego. 2.2. Para efectos gramaticales estas vocales están divididas en vocales largas y vocales cortas. La diferencia es muy importante para nuestra comprensión de la formación de los sustantivos y verbos. (1) Las vocales largas incluyen qames, seré, seré-yod, jíreq-yod, jólem, jólem-waú, y shúrek. Para indicar las vocales largas que incluyen una de las letras vocales (matres lectionis) se usa un acento circunflejo para representar esto sonido. Por eso seré-yod ($&+) se representa como , jíreq-yod ($&3) como , jólem-waú (9) como , y shúrek (&5*para que no
5. Signo del objeto directo Un objeto directo es una palabra que representa a una persona o cosa sobre la cual la acción del verbo cae. El objeto directo puede ser definido o indefinido. Cuando es definido, normalmente es precedido por la partícula ?0#. La partícula sirve solamente como una señal del objeto directo y por lo tanto no se lo traduce. ?0#* puede ser escrito sólo o puede estar unido mediante un con la palabra que sigue. En el segundo caso la seré es acortada a una segol. Por eso encontramos +)I3$*9 1A#I*9
(10) (11) (12)
3. Transcriba las palabras de arriba (ejercicios 1 y 2) y practique su pronunciación. 4. A continuación aparece Éxo 3:1:
R.%PT-4[;*=# inacentuadas, el artículo es escrito "5# (", más segol). Por ejemplo:
Hebreo Bíblico – Capítulo V: Las guturales y el artículo definido
7I>$># &J>%># 7-&K"#>
, sabio , polvo , montañas
7I>$>"5# &J>%>"5# 7-&K">"#5
21 , el sabio , el polvo , las montañas
(3) Cuando el artículo es prefijado a un sustantivo cuyo consonante inicial es -, seguido de un shewá simple (-*), el artículo será escrito normalmente "?# (", más pátaj, y sin el daghesh forte). La misma regla es aplicada a veces a una consonante inicial de un sustantivo que sea @, seguido por un shewá simple. Sin embargo, esto no se aplica en el caso de otras letras del alfabeto que aparezcan con un shewá simple. Por ejemplo:
7-=K9>-#* &!,-#* "H>L/@#M
, niños , río , camino
7-=K9>-*"#? &!,-*"#? "H>L/@M"#?
, los niños , el río , el camino
Pero note estas excepciones con la @ inicial. Por ejemplo: , reyes
7-I/9>@#M E;@.,@#M
7-I/9>NM"#? E;@.,NM"?#
, sitios
, los reyes , los sitios
Note la manera regular en la cual el artículo es prefijado a otras consonantes distintas de la - y la @, cuando éstas son apoyadas por un shewá simple. Por ejemplo:
7-&K2>O#* 7-+/.DP*#
, palabras , ancianos
7-&K2>O*"#? 7-+/.DQ*"?#
, las palabras , los ancianos
(4) Algunos sustantivos en su forma singular tienen cambios internos cuando el artículo es prefijado a ellos. Los más importantes son los siguientes:
R&5!5# &"?# 7%?# B3'# &S?# T$?# B;&!6#
, tierra
R&5!>"#> &">"#> 7%>"#> B30"#? &S>"?# T$>"#5 B;&!>">#
, monte , pueblo , jardín , toro , fiesta , arca
EJERCICIOS 1. Añada el artículo definido a las siguientes palabras.
, la tierra , el monte , el pueblo , el jardín , el toro , la fiesta , el arca
Hebreo Bíblico – Capítulo V: Las guturales y el artículo definido (1)
=-0# &!,-#* &C>=M@/# E-KC?# "U>!/# E%D#
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
(7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
(13)
B4>%#> R&5!5# 7%?# 2&5$5# $'(&# E-&KCM#
(14) (15) (16) (17) (18)
22
9I>-"D# &"?# B3'# T$?# 7-&K"#> 4!&,#
2. Divida las siguientes palabras en sílabas y especifique si las sílabas son abiertas o cerradas y si ellas tienen vocales largas o cortas. Por ejemplo: V45$W"?#- la primera sílaba $"?#es cerrada (la $ es doblada por implicación) y tiene una vocal corta. La segunda sílaba $W# es abierta y tiene una vocal larga. La tercera sílaba V45# es cerrada y tiene una vocal corta.# (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
(6)
V45$,"?# &-4/%>"#5 !-2/X0"?# B;=!>"># B+0%>"5#
(7) (8) (9) (10)
7-"/89!:"#> 7UD"#? 7;F"?# ")0YMN/"?# 7-&K2>O*"#?
3. Todas las palabras en el ejercicio 2 tienen el artículo definido. Explique, por qué cada artículo tiene la forma allí escrita. 4. Marque las palabras que sean femeninas en la siguiente lista. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
&;!# R&5!5# 4-!/# "U>!/# EC?# BCD#
(7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
V45$,# 2&5$5# 4!&,# &-%/# &"?# "+04#>
(13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18)
7;94># E-&KCM# $'(&# 7=>!#> V95@5# E-KC?#
5. Complete la escritura del artículo definido con los siguientes sustantivos. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
R&5!5"# 7;-"# B!Y,"# 9"5!,"# 7%?"# T$>"#
(7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
&!,-*"# B+0%>"# &"?"# 7-"/89!:"# E-&K2M"# E%D"#
VOCABULARIO
(13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18)
4!&,"# 7;94>"# 29D"# &-%/"# E-K2?"# "+04>"#
Hebreo Bíblico – Capítulo V: Las guturales y el artículo definido (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
&;!# R&5!5# &45!#6 E-KC?# E-&KCM# B3'# &2>O># &"?# T$?#
luz
(10)
(f) tierra
(11)
quien, que, cual
(12)
casa
(13)
pacto
(14)
jardín
(15)
palabra, cosa
(16)
monte
(17)
fiesta, festival
(18)
2&5$5# V45$W# 2;Z# 7-'# 7-K@#? V95@5# $'(&# 7;94># "+04#>
23 (f) espada oscuridad, tinieblas bueno mar agua rey (f)y (m) espíritu, viento paz año
CAPÍTULO VI 15. Las preposiciones con sustantivos En comparación con otros idiomas, el hebreo tiene muy pocas preposiciones. Algunas preposiciones son inseparables y son prefijadas al sustantivo, lo mismo que de artículo definido. Otras preposiciones son independientes y funcionan como las preposiciones en castellano. 15.1. Hay tres preposiciones inseparables:
!"## $"## %"##
en, con, por como, a manera de, según, de acuerdo a a, para, de
Ellas son prefijadas según las siguientes reglas: (1) Se escriben con un shewá simple antes de las consonantes que tienen vocales plenas, excepto cuando ellas están antes de la sílaba tónica de la palabra. Por ejemplo:
&'(!"#en un nombre &0%'+%"#para paz
)*+,$+ #" según una palabra *1+!"#con un padre
-./)!"#por un espíritu 2*(!"#con un hijo
(2) Ellas son escritas con una jíreq antes de las consonantes que tienen shewá simple (vocal). Por ejemplo:
34)5*"$6#según un pacto &4)5*+,8!6#con palabras
4)57"%6 %01'"!6
para fruta en Sheol
Sin embargo, note que si la preposición está prefijada a una palabra cuya primera consonante es 4 con un shewá simple ( 48#), entonces ocurren cambios. Primero, el shewá del prefijo se convierte en una jíreq. Esta jíreq es combinado con la 4 y se tiene una jíreq-yod, el cual pierde su valor consonante y el shewá debajo de la 4 desaparece. Por ejemplo:
&45%9'+/)48# :,+/:48#
más más
!" !"
= =
&45%9'+/)4!6 :,+/:4!6
en, a, para, de Jerusalén en, a, para, de Judá
(3) Cuando una preposición inseparable es prefijada a una palabra cuya primera consonante es una gutural que tiene shewá compuesto, la preposición toma la vocal corta correspondiente al shewá compuesto. Por ejemplo:
)';1!;
en verdad
4%6-?%+
para enfermedad
Sin embargo, note que ocasionalmente antes de una 1 que tiene una játef-segol (1>), la preposición toma una seré y la játef-segol desaparece de la 1.
Hebreo Bíblico – Capítulo VI: Las preposiciones y la conjunción
25
Por ejemplo:
&4:6@%1>A%;B# )=C1>A%;B#
= =
&4:6@%1%( )=C1%(
para Dios diciendo
(4) Cuando una preposición inseparable es prefijada a una palabra que tiene el artículo definido, la : del artículo desaparece. Por ejemplo: 1. 2. 3.
'416#un hombre '416:+#el hombre 34)5!"#un pacto 34)5!:" #9 el pacto %D+4:(#un templo %D+4:(:9#el templo
'416%" '416%+ 34)5*"$6 34)5!"$9 %D+4:(!" %D+4:(!9
para un hombre para el hombre según un pacto según el pacto en un templo en el templo
(5) Cuando una preposición inseparable es prefijada a una sílaba tónica (con acento) de la palabra, la vocal de la preposición será a menudo una qames. Esta regla es usada especialmente con palabras monosilábicas de la clase de vocales “a”. Por ejemplo:
,E9%+# a/para eternidad
&45=9%+#
para agua
15.2. Hay otras preposiciones las cuales son llamadas independientes o separadas. Su función es muy semejante a la función de las preposiciones en el castellano. Algunas de las más importantes son:
%1;#a, hacia %E9#sobre, contra &E6#con 24!(#entre ,E9#hasta
4F(7"%6 2=6 3-9G9 4)(-1< 9 %H;1(
antes de desde que, desde, desde entonces debajo, debajo de, bajo después que junto a, cerca de
15.3. La preposición 2=6# “desde que, desde” requiere aclaración adicional. Las reglas de su escritura son diferentes de las reglas de las otras preposiciones inseparables. (1) Antes de una palabra con artículo definido, la preposición generalmente se une a la siguiente palabra mediante un .
2=6# parece en su forma completa y
Por ejemplo:
I);1+:+J2=6#desde la tierra 345!9:9J2=6#desde la casa
&0K:9J2=6 IE(:J+ 2=6
desde el día desde el árbol
(2) Antes de una palabra sin el artículo definido, y que tiene como su primera consonante una letra no-gutural, la preposición 2=6#es escrita con la = más jíreq, y la consonante siguiente va con daghesh forte.
Hebreo Bíblico – Capítulo VI: Las preposiciones y la conjunción
26
Por ejemplo:
2=6# 2=6# 2=6#
antes antes antes
345!9 L%;=; &04
345!=9 6 L%;M;=6 &0K=6
será será será
desde una casa desde un rey desde un día
Sin embargo, note que 2=6# delante de una 4 que tiene un shewá simple se contrae a “desde Judá,” y &45%9'+/)4=6#“desde Jerusalén.”
4=6# como en :,+/:4=6#
(3) Delante de las palabras indefinidas cuya primera consonante es una gutural, la preposición 2=6# es escrita con = más seré. En este caso, la jíreq se extiende a seré para compensar a las guturales no pueden ser duplicadas. Por ejemplo:
2=6# 2=6# 2=6# 2=6# 2=6#
antes antes antes antes antes
'416 ):9 *);-; )4E6 '1)C
'416=( ):9=( *);-;=( )4E6=( '1)C=(
será será será será será
desde un hombre desde una montaña desde una espada desde una ciudad desde una cabeza
(4) La preposición 2=6#puede ser usada para expresar comparación. Por ejemplo:
N';-C:9J2=6#)01:+#*0O# *);E;:+J2=6#)P;!C:9#*0O#
la luz (es) mejor que la oscuridad la mañana (es) mejor que la noche
16. La conjunción waú En hebreo la conjunción “y” no puede ser usada sola, pero es prefijada de manera inseparable a la palabra y su vocalización es similar a la de las preposiciones inseparables. Las reglas de escritura de la conjunción Q son las siguientes: 16.1. Generalmente es escrita Q8#(waú más shewá simple) delante de las consonantes que tienen una vocal plena a menos que éstas sean !, = o R. Por ejemplo:
I);1+:+Q8#y la tierra
N';-CQ8
y oscuridad
N';-C%9Q8
y hasta la oscuridad
16.2. Delante de las labiales !, =, y R (consonantes que son pronunciadas por los labios), y delante de todas las consonantes que tienen un shewá simple, excepto cuando la consonante es una 4, la conjunción es escrita como /. Por ejemplo:
:*+P(F"/#y una mujer 24*(/#y entre 2=6/#y desde
34)5*/" 4)57"/
y un pacto y fruta
Hebreo Bíblico – Capítulo VI: Las preposiciones y la conjunción
27
16.3. Delante de 4"#(yod más shewá simple) la Q8#se contraen con la 48#para formar 4Q5#(waú más jíreq-yod). Por ejemplo:
&45%9'+/)48Q8# :,+/:48Q8# 4:648Q8#
&45%9'+/)4Q5 :,+/:4Q5 4:64Q5
será será será
y Jerusalén y Judá y habrá
16.4. Delante de una consonante que tiene un shewá compuesto la conjunción waú toma la vocal corta que corresponde a la del shewá compuesto. Note que generalmente un meteg es puesto junto a la vocal que precede inmediatamente a un shewá compuesto. Por ejemplo:
4F51QT#y verdad (Gén 24:49)
4%6-?QS
y enfermedad (Ecl 6:2)
16.5. Delante de las palabras monosilábicas o delante de las sílabas acentuadas de las palabras con dos o más sílabas, la conjunción waú a menudo será escrita QS# (waú más qames). La waú generalmente une dos palabras de la misma clase (casi siempre sustantivos o adjetivos) y tiende a reflejar una estrecha relación entre los dos. Por ejemplo:
E)+QS#*0O /:*UQS#/:GU V=;)TQS#:=+:(!"
bien y mal (Gén 2:9) sin forma y vacía (Gén 1:2) bestias y reptiles (Gén 1:24)
16.6. Hay algunas reglas especiales cuando la conjunción waú es prefijada a los nombres divinos.
@ 1># , “Dios,” y :Q:4, YHWH, “Señor.” &4:6% @ 1># es Los nombres más importantes de Dios en el AT son &4:6% una forma plural, pero normalmente funciona como un sustantivo singular. Sin embargo, puede también funcionar como un sustantivo plural, acompañado con modificadores plurales y con formas verbales plurales. Esto ocurre generalmente cuando la referencia bíblica es hecha a los “dioses de las naciones.” &4:6@%1>#puede ocurrir con o sin el artículo definido (esto es &4:6@%1>:)+ . Cuando la conjunción waú es prefijada a &4:6% @ 1>#(&4:6@%1>Q)T , la 1 se torna muda (deja de ser consonante) y pierde @ 1QT. Puesto que la 1 nunca cierra una sílaba, la vocal precedente, su shewá compuesto, resultando en la forma &4:6% que ahora está en una sílaba inacentuada y abierta, debe ser alargada (segol a seré). La forma resultante es &4:6%@ 1QW#“y/pero Dios”.
:Q:4 es el nombre del pacto para el Dios de Israel. En una época muy temprana de la historia judía, llegó a ser considerado como demasiado sagrado para ser pronunciado. Los lectores piadosos evitaron pronunciarlo sustituyéndolo U #< que significa “mi Señor”. Cuando los eruditos masoretas comenzaron a escribir los puntos vocacon la palabra 4F.,1 U #< a las consonantes de :Q:4. Con les en el texto consonantal de los libros bíblicos, ellos pusieron las vocales de 4F.,1 la modificación del shewá compuesto al shewá simple debajo de la yod no-gutural la forma resultante fue :QS:U48# (o . simplemente :QS:48), la cual fue pronunciada siempre como Si no hubiera existido la necesidad de evitar la pronunciación de :Q:4, habría sido tal vez puntuado como :QT:"4.# y pronunciado posiblemente como Yahweh. El intento de transcribir la forma híbrida :QS:U48# como “Yehovah” (o “Je-
Hebreo Bíblico – Capítulo VI: Las preposiciones y la conjunción
28
hová”, puesto que la “y” no existe en el alemán) fue recién hecho durante la Reforma Protestante. A veces los dos nombres divinos :Q:4#4F.,U1. Esto resultó en la forma :Q5:U4X que después fue simplificada a :Q5:48#que debería ser vocales modificadas de &4:6% @ 1># . De esta manera :QS:48#(puntuada con las vocales modificadas de pronunciada como si fuera escrita &4:6% 4F.,1U ) es traducida como “DIOS” (de nuevo con leen tanto que :Q5:48#(puntuada con las vocales modificadas de &4:6% tras mayúsculas), y :Q5:48#4F.,U1 4)5R" ,4S ):9
(10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18)
'1)C I);1> I);1+:+ N';-C N';-C:9 )4E6:+ %D+4:(:9 -./) -./):+
Hebreo Bíblico – Capítulo VI: Las preposiciones y la conjunción
29
3. Una la conjunción waú a las siguientes palabras o frases y dé una traducción a cada forma resultante. Por ejemplo:
&'(!"#= &'(*"/ (1) &'(!"# (2) )*+,+$"# (3) ),+Y$+ #9 (4) 34)5!"# (5) 34)5*% " #6 (6) :,+/:48# (7) :,+/:4!6# (8) 3=;1># (9) 3=;1>=(#
y por/en un nombre (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18)
4. Traduzca las siguientes frases. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18)
:Z+16Q8#'416# I);1+!+#&0%'+ N';-:C Q9 #8 )01:+ N';-U:9#24*(/#)01:+#24!(# :%+48%9QS#&04 :%+48[9*9/#&0K!9 &4:6%@ 1QW#&,+1+ I);1;=(/#&KS=6 &45%9'+/)48J%1; IE(:J+ 2=6#4)5R" %D+4:(*9/#)4E6!+ &4:6@%1*(/#&,+1+!" ):+:+#%H;1( *);E;:+J,E9 &'(QS#,4S 3=;1>QT#&0%'+ E)+QS#*0O 3!9=6/#2!(=6
5. Traduzca las siguientes oraciones. Por ejemplo: 2\+!9#4)6R"#241(# (1) (2)
No hay fruta en el jardín.
345!9!9#:Z+16#241(# )4E6!+#'416#241(#
:Z+16%+# %D+4:(!9# N%;M;=6# IE(:+J2=6# 4)5R#" &0%'+%"# &4:6%@ 1># *[(!9# :FSZ+:9#
Hebreo Bíblico – Capítulo VI: Las preposiciones y la conjunción (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
30
&,+1+%+#2!(#241(# &E+:J+ &E6#34)5!#" 241(# I);1+!+#&0%'+#241(# ):+:J+ %E9#)4E6:+ :Z+16%+#3!9#241( &E+%+#)01#241( 345!9:9#%H;1(#2\S:9 N';-C:9J2=6#)01:+#*0O :%+48[9:9J2=6#&45=9#*0O &0PM+!9#&45=9#241(
VOCABULARIO (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
4)(-1< #9 %1;# 24!(# 4FW7"%6# 2=6# ,E9# &E6# %E9# 3-9G9# 241(#
después que
(11)
a, hacia
(12)
entre
(13)
antes de
(14)
desde
(15)
hasta
(16)
con
(17)
sobre, contra
(18)
debajo, debajo de
(19)
no hay
(20)
)P;!C ,4S &04 '4W 1@% :%+4%8 9 &0P=+ IE( *);E; 4)5R"
mañana (f) mano día hay no noche lugar árbol tarde fruta
CAPÍTULO VII 17. Los sustantivos: derivación Según a su origen o derivación los sustantivos hebreos pueden ser divididos en tres clases. 17.1. Los sustantivos primitivos son aquellos cuya derivación no es conocida. Estos sustantivos son muy pocos. Por ejemplo:
!"#$padre %()$día 01&$hijo
%"& *+#),+2)3
%'# *./ %4&
madre noche mano
sangre boca nombre
17.2. La gran mayoría de los sustantivos hebreos es derivada de los verbos.
5!#'#$“palabra” de 51&'6$“él habló” 75-89$“semilla” de 75:83$“él sembró” ;+/G+CK %)IE7& %)56*# %)56!#', %)56S#KC %)ME+#K$ 5S/K&$ ?:>5$
2. Traduzca las siguientes frases:
%)KE>V*-A,$%)4EN#"L*#$ 5S/V&1-$54/"L$@(ICTE*@)61-1-$54/"L$%)4EW3*%)"E)!EW,*-A,$%)ME+#TC**2/X#1-$*V*-A,$%)KE>V*-
5. Marque cada palabra que parezca estar fuera de un contexto inteligente en cada uno de los grupos siguientes. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
!"#$$$01&$$$K>K %()$$$*+#),+-$$$4S/N9 0)1&$$$)56.C$$$0#/SI&Y David era viejo (1 Cró 23:1) 5S%54I&?@-;-&5)/3/R0:C3 un espíritu malo de parte de Jehová (1 Sam 16:14) )3/&7.-&un nombre malo (Deu 22:14) 74)#A'(con .6'.4(1!O#G3+)?!@#(porque *$+,$-&)(1!F#"'+)( &*.(OG3+'?!@#(porque 1.4(1! ;$5;J ;+5Q(*R ;45O4
51 hijos de días de Dios de (dioses de) caballos de
En los dos últimos ejemplos, jólem y shúrek son vocales largas invariables. (b) Si la desaparición de las vocales largas en una sílaba abierta resulta en dos shewás vocales que van al inicio de la forma masculina plural constructa, el primer shewá vocal debe ser cambiado a una vocal plena. Por ejemplo:
:;D?1=*K& hombres :;./K ;1P6>HJ
;D51J*0 ;.5G>C< ;85G>/0 ;1P6>H<
hombres de
;G5N>IB ;*5;G?1J
estrellas de
palabras de siervos de ancianos de
Ejemplos con vocales largas invariables:
:;G?N%IB& estrellas :;*?;G?1J& profetas
profetas de
(c) El constructo del dual tiene la misma terminación (;&5) tal como el constructo masculino plural. El ;&5 toma el lugar del sufijo dual absoluto (:;& ;*5;G?1J&
(f) Los sustantivos bisilábicos con ambas sílabas cerradas formarán el constructo singular acortando la vocal larga en la segunda sílaba (porque las vocales largas no pueden aparecer en las sílabas cerradas sin acento). Abs. Sing. .7%8J$?&desierto
(C%9J$?&torre .E%4>$?&número @B%D>$?&tabernáculo YE%D>$?&justicia, juicio
Constr. Sing.
.708J$? (C09J$? .E04>$? @B0D>$? YE0D>$?
Abs. Pl. no se usa
:;(?C%9J$? :;.$? !I1B%D>$? :;Y?E%D>$?
Constr. Pl. no se usa
;(5C>9J$?& ;.5E>4>$?& !I1B>D>$?& ;Y5E>D>$?&
Nota: Dos shewás pueden estar en el constructo plural, porque el primero es mudo y solamente el segundo es vocal. (g) En el caso de los segolados, el constructo singular tiene la misma forma que el absoluto singular. Abs. Sing. L.)*)&(f) tierra
-.)C)&camino -()$)&rey ./012&muchacho D3)1#&(f) alma .3)45&libro
Constr. Sing.
Abs. Pl.
L.)*) -.)C) -()$) ./012 D3)1# .3)45
!IM.%*K :;N?.%C> :;N?(%$> :;.$0& ;.5/K12& !ID3>12& ;.53>40&
Hebreo Bíblico – Capítulo X: Los segolados y el estado constructo Abs. Sing.
Constr. Sing.
Abs. Pl.
8G)/)&siervo
8G)/)
:;8/0&
(h) Los sustantivos femeninos que terminan en +&% en el absoluto singular formarán el constructo singular eliminando la +& y reemplazandola con una ! (una terminación femenina antigua) y acortando la & % con una &0, debido a la sílaba cerrada. Abs. Sing. +B%(>$0&reina Note que +Z%*?& es muy irregular.
+"=M>$?&mandamiento +1=D%&año +.=IS&ley +Z%*?&mujer
Constr. Sing.
Abs. Pl.
!B0(>$0 !"2M>$? !12D> !.0IS !D)*5
!IN(%$> !IM>$? :;1$0& !IM>$?& ;1PD>& !I.IS& ;D51J&
(i) Los sustantivos que usan el modelo de !;;&L.)*)7&> -()U)+0&;85G>/0& +"=+;J&8G)/)&+D)$,& [Tenga cuidado con los nombres propios en #5, 10, y 12]
3. Practique la pronunciación de cada una de las frases del ejercicio #1. 4. Traduzca las siguientes oraciones: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
L.)*%+%&;$5;JX(B%& .a%7%X(B%&:C0& ;N?1Q*%&*;G?1=X@G)&*(]"J (*5.%a>;$?&D;*?& :(%?D%O.;G?O&@I\M?&.+07>& ;.%a%&:.%G>*0X!D)*5&:D5& (*5.%a>;&!I$D>&+b)*5"J& :;\& *;+?&-()$)X!G0&;B?&
5. Una las siguientes oraciones.
56
Hebreo Bíblico – Capítulo X: Los segolados y el estado constructo ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
:;INB>& .;/?+%&;D51J*0&!I1G>O& *;+?&-()U)+0&!"2M>$?X;B?& :;*?;G?_J+0X;1PG>&;D5_J$?& :8%*%+%&!.0IS&!*HQ"J& !;CH& :(%?D%O.;$?&+"=+;JX.G08>O& .3)c5+0&;.5G>C":?4#y del sufijo pronominal de la primera persona singular. El significado literal de esta combinación es “palabras de mí.” Un sustantivo constructo con sufijo pronominal será tratado siempre como definido, aunque nunca tome el artículo definido. Por esta razón cualquier adjetivo atributivo puesto después de una forma tal debe ser escrito con artículo definido. 28.1. Los sufijos pronominales para sustantivos singulares (masculinos o femeninos) 1 cs 2 ms 2 fs 3 ms 3 fs
%#&#mi, mío *#"#tu, tuyo .#6#tu, tuyo 0#su, suyo, de él 2#)#su, suyo, de ella
1 cp 2 mp 2 fp 3 mp 3 fp
'(#6 +,-#" /,-#" +#) /#)
nuestro su su su su
Por ejemplo: (a) 1 cs 2 ms 2 fs 3 ms 3 fs
(b) 1 cs 2 ms 2 fs 3 ms 3 fs
$0L### absoluto singular masculino - “voz” $0L constructo singular masculino - “voz de” 1 cp %$&0L#voz de mí '($60L voz de nosotros mi voz *$"0L#voz de ti tu voz .$60L#voz de ti tu voz 0$0L#voz de él su voz 2$)0L#voz de ella su voz
2 mp
+,-$"0L
2 fp
/,-$"0L
3 mp
+$)0L
3 fp
/$)0L
nuestra voz voz de ustedes su voz voz de ustedes su voz voz de ellos su voz voz de ellas su voz
1K:09# absoluto singular femenino - “ley” 7K=09# constructo singular femenino - “ley de” 1 cp %7&K:09#mi ley '(76K:09 nuestra ley 2 mp *7"K:09#tu ley +,-7"K:09 su ley 2 fp .76K:09#tu ley /,-7"K:09 su ley 3 mp 07K:09#su ley +7)K:09 su ley 3 fp 27)K:09#su ley /7)K:09 su ley
Hebreo Bíblico – Capítulo XI: Sufijos pronominales
62
28.2. Los sufijos pronominales para los sustantivos plurales (masculinos y femeninos) 1 cs 2 ms 2 fs 3 ms 3 fs
%#=#mi, mío *%#-#tu, tuyo .%4#=#tu, tuyo I%#)#su, suyo, de él 1)%#-#su, suyo, de ella
1 cp 2 mp 2 fp 3 mp 3 fp
'(%#6 +,-%#6 /,-%#6 +1-%#6 /1-%#6
nuestro su su su su
Por ejemplo: (a) 1 cs 2 ms 2 fs 3 ms 3 fs (b) # 1 cs 2 ms 2 fs 3 ms 3 fs
+%1&M$8N# absoluto plural masculino - “Dios, dioses” %16M$8N# constructo plural masculino - “Dios de, dioses de” 1 cp %1=M$8N#mi Dios '(%16M$8N nuestro Dios 2 mp +,-%16M$8N su Dios *%1-M$8N#tu Dios 2 fp .%41=M$8N#tu Dios /,-%16M$8N su Dios 3 mp +1-%16M$8N su Dios I%1)M$8N#su Dios 3 fp 1)%1-M$8N#su Dios /1-%16M$8N su Dios 70K09 absoluto plural femenino - “leyes” 70K09 constructo plural femenino - “leyes de” 1 cp %7=0K09#mis leyes '(%760K09 nuestras leyes 2 mp +,-%760K09 sus leyes *%7-0K09#tus leyes 2 fp .%47=0K09#tus leyes /,-%760K09 sus leyes 3 mp +1-%760K09 sus leyes I%7)0K09#sus leyes 3 fp 1)%7-0K09#sus leyes /1-%760K09 sus leyes
28.3. Ejemplos adicionales de los sufijos pronominales de los sustantivos - ambos regulares e irregulares. (1)
/!6# /!-# 1 cs 2 ms 2 fs 3 ms 3 fs 1 cp 2 mp 2 fp 3 mp 3 fp
abs. m. sg. - “hijo” const. m. sg. - “hijo de”
%(4!"#mi hijo *(?!&#tu hijo .(D!"#tu hijo 0(!"#su hijo 2(:!"#su hijo '((D!"#nuestro hijo # # # #
1 cs 2 ms 2 fs 3 ms 3 fs 1 cp 2 mp
+%(&!)#abs. m. pl. - “hijos %(6!"# const. m. pl. - “hijos de” %(G!) mis hijos *%(H!) tus hijos .%4(G!) tus hijos I%(:!) sus hijos 1)%(H!) sus hijos '(%(H!) nuestros hijos +,-%(D!" sus hijos
2 fp 3 mp 3 fp
+1-%(D!" /1-%(D!"
sus hijos sus hijos
Hebreo Bíblico – Capítulo XI: Sufijos pronominales
! !
E%&!-F-'+,%G! 4H:! 4K:! 4?:! 4J:!
!2$3,(6,!-&#!@.-! "678#(6,!-&#!$=-&5-! *2$"#(6,!-&#!)#75%! )-$"#(6,!-)5#2#!8-&8#7%!
4L:! 4N:! 4R:! 4S:!
4"56(, 6,!-&#!1*-F%! %-9+,(6,!-&#!'*-.%)%! !':+,(6,!-&#!8#+#O! 4;:"#(6,!-&#!+-!V-2*.%!#!4+45,%*,>/+(?*+,;!-7!1-O!.-!!"#%&'()'*+,$%-.%/0.%1>! !
E%&!-F-'+,%G! 4H:! 4K:! 4?:!
%=>(*&;!-75&#&! A@.('%&*&! ?@"(,-1#75#&)-!
4J:! 4L:! 4N:!
?@-()-&!-,-1#.%;!#,5%! ?+/B(+%7-&;!8%,%8#&! )@*(1%,1-&;!&-@&-)#&!
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
! C:082D6)836E:7:/#("('-.!\6! 0,(E-!]=7! *( /B(! +,(E-!^#WME-!_%.! ! F#(
C:082D6)D/E23! 4H:! 4K:! 4?:! 4J:!
A-$G#(6,!8%&5I! !*$D#(6,!8#/I! )A$G#(6,!-)8&*2*I! !*$.#(6,!&-*7I!
4L:! 4N:! 4R:! 4S:!
2"$D#(6,!1*)*5I! !;$"#(6,!'#5I! )'$*#(6,!)-!#8%)5I! -.$*#(6,!@=#&.I!
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c#,!+-&$-85%;!=7%!.-2-!8%'-7O#&!8%7!,#!�O!1-&2#,!4c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e(!1%8#,;!,#!1%8#,!,#&@#!.-2-!)-&!'#&8#.#!8%7!=7!#8-75%!)-8=7.#&*%! ,,#'#.%!=7!1'+'0>!E%&!,%!5#75%!8=#7.%!-,!)=$*F%!1%8#,! &(#! -)!#A#.*.%!#! -.$*# 75-!-)! &-#.$*#>!Q*-7.%!!_!+=-)5%!!)@>!$-'>!-)! &-#.J*#L &'#! &-)=,5#75-!+%&!-,!c#,!+-&$-85%;!?>!+,>!8>!-)
[email protected]*# ! ! ! 4J:!X%.%)!,%)!)=$*F%)!&-)5#75-)!8%'*-7O#7!8%7!=7#!8%7)%7#75-!.-!'%.%!;!8=#7.%!,%)!)=$*F%)!8%7)%7#75-)!)%7!#A#.*.%)!#!6,>!B,!)3-e(!'=.%!$=78*%7#!8%'%!=7!)-9 +#&#.%&!.-!)0,#2#>!E%&!,%!5#75%!8=#7.%!-,!)=$*F%!8%7)%7#75-!4 H#:!4K>!)@>!'>:!-)!#A#.*.%!#! -.$*#;!6)5-!-)!-)8&*5%!
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!"#$"%&'(#)*+%& &,-.(/0)%&1223&4%5&6"$#%57&8-)&."$9"+/%& !
+&*'-&%!H#-.$*#!/!,=-@%!8%7!,#!#.*8*I7!.-,!)3-e(!'=.%!.-2#F%!.-!,#!5-&8-&#!8%7)%7#75-!.-!,#!�O!8%71*&5*67.%)-! -7! H#-J.$*#>!B)5#!$%&'#!.-2-!)-&!#8-75=#.#!-7!,#!)-@=7.#!)0,#2#!4 H#-J.$*#:!+=-)5%!.)'/0)1234/05)G=)0:;.>.)\#/!.*$-&-75-)!'#7-&#)!.-!5&#.=8*&!-,!+-&$-85%!3-2&-%;!-,!8=#,!.-+-7.-!.-,!8%75-C5%!-7!! !
!
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!
E%&!-F-'+,%G! 4H:! 4K:!
4M#(=.*J(&%#-K"#(4G5N!1$(E(%&!5#75%!-,,#!##"19!)=!7%'2&-!V#7!4[67!?aGN:! O15&#N4.B(+PBN&0,AJ0,(%#V$&$NA%I(!%5-#/J+WN+09)J(@-.J*#! B)5#!&-@,#!)-!#+,*8#!#!5%.#)!,#)!$%&'#)!.-,!+-&$-85%;!*'+-&$-85%;!-!*'+-*1%>! !
E%&!-F-'+,%G!! 4H:! 4K:! 4?:!
&I(@0+A5=)%S(@!EJ0,(]=-)5&%)!+#.&-)!3#7!8#0.%!#!-)+#.#!4K!D&I!K`G`:! &J(!)#0,(-.$%#(V*8-!-,!
L?GKY!hb!L?GH:!
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