KURDISH MOVEMENT IN SYRIA AS NEW CONFLIC.pptx

Syrian Kurds
Kurds are the largest ethnic minority in Syria

Kurds make up between 7 and 15 percent of the Syrian population as of 2011—between 1.6 and 2.5 million people
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CAUSES AND ROOTS
The Kurdistan region was scheduled to have a referendum to decide its fate, which, according to Section III Articles 62–64, was to include the Mosul Province.

This caused controversy among other Kurdish nationalists, as it excluded the Van region. Emin Ali Bedir Khan proposed an alternative map which included Van and an outlet to the sea via Turkey's present Hatay Province. Amid a joint declaration by Kurdish and Armenian delegations, Kurdish claims on Erzurum vilayet and Sassoun were dropped but arguments for sovereignty over Ağrı and Muş remained.

Neither of these proposals was endorsed by the treaty of Sèvres, which outlined a truncated Kurdistan located on what is now Turkish territory (leaving out the Kurds of Iran, British-controlled Iraq and French-controlled Syria).However, even that plan was never implemented as the Treaty of Sèvres was replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne. The current Iraq-Turkey border was agreed in July 1926.
Also article 63 grants explicitly full safeguard and protection to the Assyro-Chaldean minority. This reference was later dropped in the treaty of Lausanne.

Who are Kurds?
The Kurdish people live in the historical Kurdistan region, which today is split among Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Syria, and was ruled by the Persian and the Ottoman Empire since the 16th century The estimated population is 35 million.
A rough estimate by the CIA Fact book has populations of 14.5 million in Turkey, 6 million in Iran, about 5 to 6 million in Iraq, and less than 2 million in Syria, which adds up to close to 28 million Kurds in Kurdistan or adjacent regions.



Arman Mahmoudian
Group : GMMA-1
Subject : International conflict of new generation and its settlement





Moscow - 2016

SYRIAN KURDISH AS NEW CONFLICT FOR TURKEY AND SERIOUS CHALLENGE BETWEEN TURKEY AND GLOBAL POLICY

The predictable way of settlement
Taking Turkey's side and pushing on Kurds for discharging their territory: losing truthfully and the only secular ally on the Syrian allay.

Taking Kurd's side: Undermine military cooperation with Turkey and also Undermine cooperation with Turkey about Syrian refuges .

Neutrality: Upset the balance in favor of Turkey

Compromise:-Extremely low probability but The most reasonable- Forming militia composed of Kurds and Arabs for control of the area of conflict By ensuring of international and regional powers that needs Compromise between Russia-USA and Saudi/turkey/Qatar-Iran

Treaty of Lausanne, forgotten Kurds

Treaty of Peace with Turkey Signed at Lausanne- 6 August 1924-.

Following ratification by Turkey and any three of the British Empire, France, Italy and Japan, the treaty would come into force for those "high contracting parties" and thereafter for each additional signatory upon deposit of ratification.
Operation Euphrates Shield

The emergence of new crisis
Operation Euphrates Shield
since 24 August 2016.Turkish military intervention in the Syrian Civil War, code-named by Turkey as Operation Euphrates Shield is an ongoing cross-border operation in the region between the Euphrates river to the east and the rebel-held area around Azaz to the west, conducted by Turkish military and Turkey-backed Syrian rebel groups against forces of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) as well as against the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF).
Operation Euphrates Shield, became to international conflict
 Syria: The Syrian foreign ministry on 25 August condemned "this blatant breach to its sovereignty" by Turkey. Syria said: "Fighting terrorism on Syrian territory from any side should have been coordinated with Syrian government and the Syrian army that has been fighting in these battles for five years. Also, added that "substituting (ISIS) with other terrorist organizations backed directly by Turkey" is not "fighting terrorism. "

 United States: US vice-president Joe Biden in the early days of the Turkish offensive publicly warned YPG forces in Syria that they would lose US support if they fail to "go back across the river" (east of the Euphrates). Biden arrived in Turkey instead of John Kerry in a move seen as an 'upgraded' of the U.S. diplomatic mission. As Turkey launched a major attack against the SDF on 28 August, the Pentagon refused to comment, other than stating that the SDF remained an important partner in the war against ISIL. On 29 August, CENTCOM clarified that it had no involvement in Turkish or Turkish backed rebel activities against the SDF. On the same day, the U.S. military voiced its "concern" over the clashes between Turkey and Kurdish-aligned forces in Syria. On 31 August, the U.S. said Turkey's actions after taking Jarablus were "unacceptable" and CENTCOM commander Joseph Votel said that the U.S. will continue to support the YPG.

Russia: Russia's foreign ministry on 24 August said in a statement that Moscow was deeply worried by the escalation of tension on the Turkish-Syria border. On 6 September, Russian President Vladimir Putin speaking at a press conference following the G20 Hangzhou summit in China said that: "Turkey's operation in Syria was not something unexpected for us. Foreign Affairs and Intelligence exist so that we face fewer unexpected developments. We understood what was going on and where things would lead."
 France: On 30 August president Francois Hollande criticized Turkey's "contradictory" military operation in Syria, saying he could understand Turkey's concern about protecting its borders and fighting ISIL, but criticized Ankara's actions against the People's Protection Units (YPG) allied with the U.S.-led coalition who are fighting ISIL
 Iran: Iranian foreign ministry spokesman Bahram Ghasemi on 31 August urged Ankara to quickly wrap up its military intervention in Syria, saying it was an "unacceptable" violation of Syrian sovereignty.
Operation Euphrates Shield
On 26 August, al-Masdar News claimed that all YPG forces had actually withdrawn to the east of the Euphrates as result of the continued Turkish pressure, leaving all territory around Manbij under control of their allies within the SDF, though rebel forces later released photos of YPG ID cards and weapons allegedly taken in Amarna, suggesting that at least some YPG fighters remained around Manbij, if not all. On the next day Turkish planes bombed the SDF-aligned Jarabulus Military Council positions in the village of Amarna, 10 km south of Jarabulus. According to the SDF civilian homes were also hit and the SDF avoided moving north to prevent escalation of the clashes. Turkish-backed rebel forces then attacked and captured the SDF-held villages of Maz'alah and Yousif Bayk, while also attempting to advance against the strategic significant hilltop of Amarna. In response to the attacks, mostly Arab SDF groups such as the Northern Sun Battalion announced that they would send reinforcements to help the Jarabulus Military Council.
Also, later on the same day, one Turkish soldier was killed and three were wounded in an anti-tank missile attack on a Turkish tank south of Jarabulus. According to Turkish military sources the missile was fired from territory held by the SDF. The soldier's death is the first reported fatality on the Turkish side. Turkish forces retaliated with artillery fire.
Meanwhile, the Free Syrian Army cleaned Jarablus of mines and explosives planted by ISIL militants before their withdrawal from the town. The Turkish Red Crescent started distributing food after landmines and other explosives had been cleared from the border between Karkamis in Turkey and Jarabulus in Syria. The humanitarian movement handed out various food supplies for around 5,000 people in the town. Taking advantage of the conflict between SDF and FSA, ISIL launched a massive counteroffensive and captured al-Rai according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights .
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