LTE/EPS Overview LTE/EPS Fundamentals Course

LTE/EPS Overview LTE/EPS Fundamentals Course

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LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

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Module Objectives After completing this module, the participant should be able to:

• Understand the reasons driving to the LTE/EPS project. • List the LTE/EPS main requirements. • Discuss the future of wireless communications. • Compare LTE/EPS capabilities with other mobile technologies. • Review the 3GPP specification work concerning LTE/EPS. • Identify the major steps in the Network Architecture Evolution

towards an LTE/EPS network. • Underline the LTE/EPS key features. • Briefly explain the basics of the LTE Air Interface. • Name the Standardisation bodies around LTE/EPS. • Introduce IMT-Advanced and LTE-Advanced For public use – IPR applies 3 © Nokia Siemens Networks

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

Module Contents

• Why LTE? • LTE main requirements • LTE versus other Mobile technologies • LTE Specification work • Network Architecture Evolution • LTE key features • Basics of the LTE Air Interface • Standardisation around LTE • IMT-Advanced • LTE Summary

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Module Contents

• Why LTE? • LTE main requirements • LTE versus other Mobile technologies • LTE Specification work • Network Architecture Evolution • LTE key features • Basics of the LTE Air Interface • Standardisation around LTE • IMT-Advanced • LTE Summary

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A little bit of History •New technologies developed in the last 15

years in telecommunication brought available transmission rates to a total new level. •Two systems have affected the life of nearly everyone: – mobile communication via 2G network like GSM – Wired & wireless data connectivity (xDSL & WLAN IEEE 802.11/a/b/g standards) •3G networks the first step towards a convergence between both networks

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•Number of mobile subscribers worldwide has exceeded 4 billion by the end of 2008, that means 60% penetration. •It is foreseen that by 2015, 5 billion people will be connected to Internet •The introduction of flat data rate pricing, high speed radio capabilities (HSPA) and simple application installation have made that in certain operators the data volume has exceeded the voice volume, assuming 12 Kbps data rate for a voice call. WIRELINE & WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES EVOLUTION • Wireline Networks provide the highest data rates, although wireless networks are continuously evolving. •The data rates offered by both types of networks have evolved in parallel. The difference in terms of maximum data rates has been a constant: wireline networks offering 30 times more bit rates than the corresponding state-of-the-art wireless solution. •Wireless networks must make data rates higher in order to match with the user experience provided by a wireline network. •Wireless networks offer on the other hand the mobility advantage (“connected everywhere!”) •A wireless solution can also provide low cost broadband coverage compared to new wireline network, if there is not pre- existent infrastructure. •It makes wireless broadband access and attractive option for new growth market. •

The way to LTE: 3 main 3G limitations 1.- The maximum bit rates still are factor of 20 and more behind the current state of the art systems like 802.11n and 802.16e/m. Even the support for higher mobility levels is not an excuse for this. 2.- The latency of user plane traffic (UMTS: >30 ms) and of resource assignment procedures (UMTS: >100 ms) is too big to handle traffic with high bit rate variance efficiently. 3.- The terminal complexity for WCDMA or MC-CDMA systems is quite high, making equipment expensive, resulting in poor performing implementations of receivers and inhibiting the implementation of other performance enhancements.

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OPEN THE DISCUSSION Based on the participants experience with 3G networks, initiate a brainstorm and collect 3G limitations and weak points.

The way to the Long-Term Evolution (LTE): a 3GPP driven initiative •LTE is 3GPP system for the years 2010 to 2020

and beyond. •It shall especially compete with WiMAX 802.16e/m •It must keep the support for high mobility users like in GSM/UMTS networks •The architectural changes are big when comparing to UMTS • First LTE commercial deployments are expected in 2010.

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•The work towards the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) was started in 2004 with the definition of the targets. •It takes on average 5 years from setting the system targets to commercial deployments using interoperable standards.

LTE Drivers Wireline Evolution: pushes higher data rates

Wireless Data extensively used: Pushes more capacity

Driving to clear LTE Targets

Other Wireless technologies: Competition pushes new capabilities For public use – IPR applies 9 © Nokia Siemens Networks

Flat Rate pricing: pushes cost efficiency

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

LTE Drivers: 1.- Wireline technologies keep improving, a similar evolution is required in the wireless domain to make sure that the applications run smoothly independently of the access network. 2.- More capacity demanded 3.- Operator cost must be reduced to maintain profitability when flat rate services are offered. 4.- Other wireless technologies compiting with LTE (i.e. WiMAX promising high data capabilities)

What are the LTE challenges? The Users’ expectation…

..leads to the operator’s challenges

• Best price, transparent flat rate • Full Internet • Click-bang responsiveness

• reduce cost per bit • provide high data rate • provide low latency

User experience will have an impact on ARPU

Price per Mbyte has to be reduced to remain profitable

Throughput

Latency

Fa cto r1 0

-3 r2 c to Fa

HSPA

Cost per MByte

LTE

HSPA

LTE

UMTS

HSPA

I-HSPA

LTE

LTE: lower cost per bit and improved end user experience For public use – IPR applies 10 © Nokia Siemens Networks

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

Reduction of network cost is necessary to remain profitable

Traffic volume

Traffic

Revenues and Traffic decoupled

Profitability Network cost

Voice dominated

Data dominated

Source: Light Reading (adapted) For public use – IPR applies 11 © Nokia Siemens Networks

€/bit

Revenue

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

Time

Module Contents

• Why LTE? • LTE main requirements • LTE versus other Mobile technologies • LTE Specification work • Network Architecture Evolution • LTE key features • Basics of the LTE Air Interface • Standardisation around LTE • IMT-Advanced • LTE Summary

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LTE Main Requirements • Next step for

GSM/WCDMA/HSPA Networks, but also for cdma2000 operators

A true global roaming technology

• Peak data rates to

exceed 100 Mbps in DL / 50 Mbps in UL • Low latency 10-20 ms

Enhanced consumer experience

• Scalable bandwidth: from 1.4MHz up to 20 MHz

Easy to introduce on any frequency band

• OFDM technology • Spectral efficiency increased (2-4 times compared with HSPA Rel6) • Flat Architecture, optimized PS • IP based interfaces For public use – IPR applies 13 © Nokia Siemens Networks

Decreased cost / GByte

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

Schedule for 3GPP releases • Next step for

GSM/WCDMA/HSPA Networks, but also for cdma2000 operators

A true global roaming technology

3GPP Specification work: IMS HSDPA UMTS UMTS Rel Rel 99/4 99/4 2000

• •

• •

UMTS UMTS Rel Rel 55 2003

MBMS WLAN IW HSUPA

IMS Evolution LTE Studies

LTE & EPC

UMTS UMTS Rel Rel 66

UMTS UMTS Rel Rel 77

UMTS UMTS Rel Rel 88

2005

2007

2008

2009

year

LTE have been developed by the 3GPP, the same standardization organization responsible fro WCDMA/HSPA. The target has been simple multimode implementation and backwards compatibility. HSPA and LTE have in common: – Sampling rate using the same clocking frequency – Same kind of Turbo coding The harmonization of these parameters is important as sampling and Turbo decoding are typically done on hardware due to high processing requirements. WiMAX and LTE do not have such harmonization. For public use – IPR applies 14 © Nokia Siemens Networks

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

Comparison of Throughput and Latency (1/2) Enhanced consumer experience:

• Peak data rates to

- drives subscriber uptake

exceed 100 Mbps in DL / 50 Mbps in UL

- allow for new applications - provide additional revenue streams

Max. peak data rate 350 300

Mbps

250

Downlink

173 Mbps in DL

Uplink

57 Mbps in UL

200 150 100 50 0 HSPA R6

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Evolved HSPA (REL. 7/8, 2x2 MIMO)

LTE 2x20 MHz (2x2 MIMO)

LTE 2x20 MHz (4x4 MIMO)

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

Following settings and requirements apply when obtaining LTE max bit rate in Downlink: •173 Mbps on the physical layer •FDD with 20MHz bandwidth carrier •2x2 MIMO (2 antennas for TX, 2 Antennas for RX) •64QAM modulation •The bit rate refers to User plane only, meaning that it is already excluded: •Control overhead (7.1%) •Reference symbol overhead (7.7%) Following settings and requirements apply when obtaining LTE max bit rate in Uplink: •57 Mbps on the Physical layer (just user plane) •Single stream transmission with 64QAM assumed • Reference symbol overhead (14.3%), already excluded •FDD with 20 MHz bandwidth carrier

Comparison of Throughput and Latency (2/2) Enhanced consumer experience:

• Reduce Latency:

- drives subscriber uptake

•User Plane 10-20 ms •Control Plane < 100 ms

- allow for new applications - provide additional revenue streams

USER PLANE Latency:

CONTROL PLANE Latency:

Latency (Roundtrip delay)* GSM/ EDGE HSPA Rel6

ACTIVE “ECM_ Connected” (EPS Bearer allocated)

IDLE “ECM_Idle” (no resources)

HSPAevo (Rel8) LTE 0

20

40

60

* Server near RAN

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80

100

120

140

160

mi ma n x 180 200 ms

DSL (~20-50 ms, depending on operator)

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

< 100 ms

Scalable Bandwidth Scalable bandwidth

Easy to introduce on any frequency band: Frequency Refarming (Cost efficient deployment on lower

• Scalable bandwidth: from 1.4MHz up to 20 MHz

frequency bands supported) Urban 2.6 GHz

LTE UMTS

2.1 GHz

or 2.6 GHz

LTE LTE

UMTS

2.1 GHz 2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2018

2020

Rural UMTS

900 MHz GSM

LTE

or

For public use – IPR applies 17 © Nokia Siemens Networks

2006

LTE

GSM

900 MHz

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

Scalability of bandwidth Urban areas: Most likely LTE will be deployed. Stepwise deployment in UMTS 2.1 bands will be possible at a later stage. Rural areas: Option 1: deploy UMTS in 900 MHz band. Advantage: rollout can start now Disadvantage: a block of 5 MHz need to be taken out of the GSM band. Not a lot of operators can afford to take out this much of spectrum due to heavy usage in this band Option 2: Introduce LTE in 900 MHz band Advantage: reuse of GSM 900 Sites. with smaller granularity (1.4 / 3 / 5 /…MHz).

step by step introduction of LTE

Increased Spectral Efficiency •LTE target is to increase 2-4 times the HSPA R6 spectral efficiency •HSPA R7 and WiMAX have Similar Spectral Efficiency

• OFDMA technology increases Spectral efficiency

bps/Hz/cell

• All cases assume 2-antenna terminal reception • HSPA R7, WiMAX and LTE assume 2-antenna BTS transmission (2x2 MIMO) 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

ITU contribution from WiMAX Forum shows downlink 1.3 and uplink 0.8 bps/Hz/cell

Downlink Uplink

HSPA R6

HSPA R6 + UE equalizer

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HSPA R7

WiMAX

LTE R8

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

Reference: - HSPA R6 and LTE R8 from 3GPP R1-071960 - HSPA R6 equalizer from 3GPP R1-063335 - HSPA R7 and WiMAX from NSN/Nokia simulations

Simulations show LTE can provide:  >3 times HSPA R6 spectral efficiency in DL  >2 times HSPA R6 spectral efficiency in UL

Reduced Network Complexity • Flat Architecture: 2 nodes

architecture

• Flat Architecture,

• IP widely used as the network layer

Optimized PS Domain

in the protocol stack of all interfaces (both for the control and user plane)

• IP based Interfaces

Flat, IP based architecture Access

Core

Control

MME

IMS

HLR/HSS

Internet Evolved Node B

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Gateway

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

Cost per MByte decreases with introduction of new technologies. From HSPA to LTE, the cost per MByte will reduce with more than 70% Why? -Flat architecture. -All-IP transmission network -Increased spectral efficiency > bits per Hz per cell for LTE (2X2 MIMO) ~ 1.7 -Reuse of spectrum > Refarming of existing 900 MHz band in rural areas possible. For urban larger bandwidth expected in 2.6 GHz

LTE Requirements Summary 1.- Simplify the RAN: - Reduce the number of different types of RAN nodes, and their complexity. - Minimize the number of RAN interface types. 2.- Increase throughput. 3.- Reduce latency (which is a prerequisite for CS replacement). 4.- Improve spectrum efficiency. 5.- Provide greater flexibility with regard to the frequency bands in which the system may be deployed (Frequency Refarming) 6.- Migrate to an optimized PS domain, with no CS domain in the core network. 7.- Provide efficient support for a variety of different services. Traditional CS services will be supported via VoIP, etc. 8.- Minimise the presence of single points of failure in the network above the evolved Node Bs (eNBs). 9.- Support inter-working with existing 3G systems and non-3GPP specified systems in order to support handover to/from these systems. 10.- All-IP transport network. 11.- Improve terminal power efficiency. For public use – IPR applies 20 © Nokia Siemens Networks

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

•A more detailed list of the requirements and objectives for Evolved UTRAN can be found in TR25.913 from 3GPP. •3GPP TR 36.913 provides de requirements for the EUTRAN within LTE-Advanced.

Module Contents

• Why LTE? • LTE main requirements • LTE versus other Mobile technologies • LTE Specification work • Network Architecture Evolution • LTE key features • Basics of the LTE Air Interface • Standardisation around LTE • IMT-Advanced • LTE Summary

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History and Future of Wireless 1990

mobility

2000

2005

2010 time

WCDMA/cdma2000 HIGH

GSM/IS95

3G

LTE

HSPA

3G Enhacements

3G Evolution

2G

AMPS

1G

WiMAX Family 802.16e 802.16e Mobile Mobile WiMAX WiMAX 802.16a/d 802.16a/d Fixed Fixed WiMAX WiMAX

LOW

WLAN Family

< 200 kbps

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802.11 < 1 Mbps

< 10 Mbps

802.11a/b/g 802.11a/b/g < 50 Mbps

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

802.11n < 100 Mbps

data rates < 1 Gbps

WiMAX and HSPA/LTE Technology Positioning Spectrum • • •

HSPA for paired FDD spectrum LTE initially for paired FDD spectrum WiMAX initially for unpaired TDD spectrum

Licenced Licenced FDD FDDband band

HSPA/LTE HSPA/LTE

Licenced Licenced TDD TDDband band

WiMAX WiMAX

Interworking •

•

Tight interworking between 3GPP technologies (HSPA, LTE) including common network management and handovers Loose interworking between 3GPP and WiMAX

GSM WCDMA LTE

Terminals and services • LTE terminals include GSM/HSPA for full coverage • WiMAX/LTE initially in USB modems and embedded •

in laptops while GSM/HSPA supports also CS voice HSPA/LTE/WiMAX for broadband IP services

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•The 3GPP technologies are designed for smooth inter-working and co-existence. •LTE will support bidirectional handover t/from the GSM and UMTS networks. •GSM, UMTS and LTE will share a number of network element, especially in the PS core network. •It is also expected that some 3G network element can be upgraded to provide the LTE capability. •The subscriber management and authentication will be based on existing procedures for GSM/WCDMA networks. •However in LTE the system access requires to use the Universal SIM (USIM) card, more modern and secure that the former 2G SIM card.

Module Contents

• Why LTE? • LTE main requirements • LTE versus other Mobile technologies • LTE Specification work • Network Architecture Evolution • LTE key features • Basics of the LTE Air Interface • Standardisation around LTE • IMT-Advanced • LTE Summary

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3GPP LTE specification work completed so far • • • • • • • •

End 2004 Beginning 2005 December 2005 March 2006 September 2006 December 2007 December 2008 March 2009

3GPP workshop on UTRAN Long Term Evolution Study item started Multiple Access selected Functionality split between radio and core Study item closed & approval of the work items 1st version of all radio specs approved 3GPP REL. 8: content Finalized Protocol Freezing (Backwards compatibility starts) Standardization

LTE Workshop

Start of the Study

2004

2005

Multiple Access Decision

Close Study and Start Work Item

1st full set of specifications

Content Finalized

Protocol Freezing¡

2007

2008

2009

2006

RAN/CN functional split

PDCP moved from CN to EUTRAN

FDD/TDD Frame Structure Alignment

Technology For public use – IPR applies 25 © Nokia Siemens Networks

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•First LTE Workshop took place in Canada in November 2004, where the LTE work was started as a study in the 3GPP. First set of requirements was presented, together with proposals for technology selection. Both vendors and operators contributed to the workshop. •June 2005: first approved version of LTE Requirements •OFDMA and SCFDMA multiple access selection for Downlink and Uplink respectively was close by th end of 2005 •The study item was closed in September 2006, and detailed work item started to make LTE part of the 3GPP Release 8 Specification. •March 2009 Protocol Specification Freezing: starting backwards compatibility; it defines the first version of the protocol that can be used as the baseline to develop the commercial implementation. • Specification “deep” freeze: any changes in the specs are not allowed. Typically the system is commercial, its key functionalities are running. Potential improvement will come only as part of a new release. This is expected for LTE in 2010.

3GPP Release 9 and beyond During 2008 the 3GPP has analyzed topics to be included in the Release 9 . Examples of those topics are: •LTE MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast System): operation of a broadcast carrier. •Self Optimized Networks (SON) •Network Sharing •Enhanced VoIP support in LTE •Requirements for LTE Multi-band and Multi-Radio base stations

2008

Demonstrate LTE Air Interface Japan Performance For public use – IPR applies 26 © Nokia Siemens Networks

2009

Operator Trials. Friendly-use networks

2010

LTE Networks Launch: commercial solution available

2011 & beyond

Large Scale LTE Networks. VoIP service optimized. 3GPP R9

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

•LTE MBMS: in a synchronized network, several base stations can transmit an OFDMA based broadcast signal with identical content. Receiver can combine the signal coming for those base stations. •Requirements for LTE Multi-band and Multi-Radio. The idea is the future RF modules can be used for GSM, WCDMA and LTE transmission. 3GPP to defined the requirements for the emissions on the adjacent cells (for both intrasystem and intersystem cases)

Module Contents

• Why LTE? • LTE main requirements • LTE versus other Mobile technologies • LTE Specification work • Network Architecture Evolution • LTE key features • Basics of the LTE Air Interface • Standardisation around LTE • IMT-Advanced • LTE Summary

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NSN Network Architecture Evolution (1/4) 3GPP Rel 6 / HSPA Internet Node B

RNC

SGSN

GGSN User plane Control Plane

• Original 3G architecture. • 2 nodes in the RAN. • 2 nodes in the PS Core Network. • Every Node introduces additional delay. • Common path for User plane and Control plane data. • Air interface based on WCDMA. • RAN interfaces based on ATM. • Option for Iu-PS interface to be based on IP. For public use – IPR applies 28 © Nokia Siemens Networks

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NSN Network Architecture Evolution (2/4) 3GPP Rel 7 / HSPA

SGSN GGSN

Internet Node B

RNC

Direct tunnel User plane Control Plane

• Separated path for Control Plane and User Plane data in the PS

Core Network. • Direct GTP tunnel from the GGSN to the RNC for User plane data: simplifies the Core Network and reduces Signalling. • First step towards a flat network Architecture. • 30% core network OPEX and CAPEX savings with Direct Tunnel. • The SGSN still controls traffic plane handling, performs session and mobility management, and manages paging. • Still 2 nodes in the RAN. For public use – IPR applies 29 © Nokia Siemens Networks

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

•The PS Core Network is streamlined by separating the control plane and the user plane. •The SGSN becomes a pure control entity. •The user plane bypasses the SGSN directly to the GGSN

NSN Network Architecture Evolution (3/4) 3GPP Rel 7 / Internet HSPA

SGSN GGSN

Internet Node B (RNC Funct.)

Direct tunnel User plane Control Plane

• I-HSPA introduces the first true flat architecture to WCDMA. • Standardized in 3GPP Release 7 as: “Direct Tunnel with collapsed RNC”. • Most part of the RNC functionalities are moved to the Node B. • Direct Tunnels runs now from the GGSN to the Node B. • Solution for cost-efficient broadband wireless access. • Improves the delay performance (less node in RAN). • Deployable with existing NSN WCDMA base stations. • Transmission savings For public use – IPR applies 30 © Nokia Siemens Networks

Node B functionalities: •All radio Protocols •Mobility Management •Header Compression •Packet Retransmission

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

NSN Network Architecture Evolution (4/4) 3GPP Rel 8 / LTE

MME SAE GW

Internet Evolved Node B

Direct tunnel User plane Control Plane

• LTE takes the same Flat architecture from Internet HSPA. • Air interface based on OFDMA. • All-IP network. • New spectrum allocation (i.e 2600 MHz band) • Possibility to reuse spectrum (i.e. 900 MHZ)

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NSN Network Architecture Evolution - Summary 3GPP Rel 6 / HSPA Internet Node B

RNC

3GPP Rel 7 / HSPA

SGSN

GGSN

SGSN GGSN

Internet Node B

3GPP Rel 7 / Internet HSPA

RNC

Direct tunnel SGSN GGSN

Internet Node B (RNC Funct.)

3GPP Rel 8 / LTE

Direct tunnel MME SAE GW

Internet Evolved Node B For public use – IPR applies 32 © Nokia Siemens Networks

Direct tunnel

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

Module Contents

• Why LTE? • LTE main requirements • LTE versus other Mobile technologies • LTE Specification work • Network Architecture Evolution • LTE key features • Basics of the LTE Air Interface • Standardisation around LTE • IMT-Advanced • LTE Summary

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LTE/SAE Key Features EPS ( Evolved Packet System ) / SAE ( System Architecture Evolution ) / LTE ( Long Term Evolution ) EUTRAN EUTRAN (( Evolved Evolved UTRAN UTRAN ))

EPC EPC (( Evolved Evolved Packet Packet Core Core ))

IP IP Network Network IP IP Network Network

IP IP Network Network

OFDMA/SC-FDMA MIMO ( beam-forming/ spatial multiplexing)

Evolved Node B / No RNC

PS Domain only, No CS Domain

HARQ

IP Transport Layer

IP Transport Layer

Scalable bandwidth

UL/DL resource scheduling

(1.4, 3, 5, 10, .. 20 MHz)

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QoS Aware

QoS Aware

3GPP (GTP) or IETF (MIPv6)

Self Configuration

Prepared for Non-3GPP Access

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

LTE/SAE Key Features – EUTRAN 1/2 Evolved NodeB •No RNC is provided anymore •The evolved Node Bs take over all radio management functionality. •This will make radio management faster and hopefully the network architecture simpler IP transport layer

•EUTRAN exclusively uses IP as transport layer UL/DL resource scheduling •In UMTS physical resources are either shared or dedicated •Evolved Node B handles all physical resource via a scheduler and assigns them dynamically to users and channels •This provides greater flexibility than the older system For public use – IPR applies 35 © Nokia Siemens Networks

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LTE/SAE Key Features – EUTRAN 2/2 QoS awareness •The scheduler must handle and distinguish different quality of service classes •Otherwise real time services would not be possible via EUTRAN •The system provides the possibility for differentiated services Self configuration •Currently under investigation •Possibility to let Evolved Node Bs configure themselves •It will not completely substitute the manual configuration and optimization.

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LTE/SAE Key Features – EPC (Evolved Packet Core)

Packet Switched Domain only •No circuit switched domain is provided •If CS applications are required, they must be implemented via IP •Only one mobility management for the UE in LTE. 3GPP (GTP) or IETF (MIPv6) option •The EPC can be based either on 3GPP GTP protocols (similar to PS domain in UMTS/GPRS) or on IETF Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) Non-3GPP access •The EPC will be prepared also to be used by non-3GPP access networks (e.g. LAN, WLAN, WiMAX, etc.) •This will provide true convergence of different packet radio access system

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Module Contents

• Why LTE? • LTE main requirements • LTE versus other Mobile technologies • LTE Specification work • Network Architecture Evolution • LTE key features • Basics of the LTE Air Interface • Standardisation around LTE • IMT-Advanced • LTE Summary

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Multiple Access Methods • Frequency Division

• Time Division

User 3

User ..

OFDMA

CDMA

TDMA

FDMA

User 2

User 1

• Frequency Division

• Code Division

• Orthogonal subcarriers

f

t

co

t

f

f

f

f

s de

f

t

t

f

OFDM is the state-of-the-art and most efficient and robust air interface For public use – IPR applies 39 © Nokia Siemens Networks

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

f

LTE/SAE Air Interface 1/3 OFDMA •Downlink multiplexing •OFDMA stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access •Receiver complexity is at a reasonable level •it supports various modulation schemes from BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM to 64 QAM. SC-FDMA •Uplink multiplexing •SC-FDMA stands for Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access, a variant of OFDMA •The advantage against OFDMA to have a lower PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio) meaning less power consumption and less expensive RF amplifiers in the terminal.

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64QAM Modulation

LTE/SAE Air Interface 2/3 MIMO •Multiple Input Multiple Output •LTE will support MIMO as an option, •It describes the possibility to have multiple transmitter and receiver antennas in a system. •Up to four antennas can be used by a single LTE cell (gain: spatial multiplexing) •MIMO is considered to be the core technology to increase spectral efficiency. HARQ •Hybrid Automatic Retransmission on reQuest •HARQ has already been used for HSDPA and HSUPA. •HARQ especially increases the performance (delay and throughput) for cell edge users. • HARQ simply implements a retransmission protocol on layer 1/layer 2 that allows to send retransmitted blocks with different coding than the first one. For public use – IPR applies 41 © Nokia Siemens Networks

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

TX

RX Tx

MIMO Channel

HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

Rx

LTE/SAE Air Interface 3/3 Scalable bandwidth • LTE air interface allows to drive cells with 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10MHz, 15MHz & 20 MHz. •This gives the required flexibility for operators to use spectrum allocations not available to a non-scalable wide-band or ultra-wide-band system.

scalable

DL: OFDMA UL: SC-FDMA

For public use – IPR applies 42 © Nokia Siemens Networks

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

Requirements for LTE Air Interface OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) HSDPA (Rel6)

Target

SAE/LTE

Peak Bit Rate (Mbps)

14.4

> 100

173

Spectral Efficiency (bps/Hz/cell)

0.75

2 - 4 times HSDPA

1.84

DOWNLINK UPLINK UPLINK SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access)

For public use – IPR applies 43 © Nokia Siemens Networks

HSUPA (Rel6)

Target

SAE/LTE

Peak Bit Rate (Mbps)

5.67

> 50

57

Spectral Efficiency (bps/Hz/cell)

0.26

2 - 4 times HSUPA

0.67

SC-FDMA is technically close to OFDMA, but is more power efficient LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

Module Contents

• Why LTE? • LTE main requirements • LTE versus other Mobile technologies • LTE Specification work • Network Architecture Evolution • LTE key features • Basics of the LTE Air Interface • Standardisation around LTE • IMT-Advanced • LTE Summary

For public use – IPR applies 44 © Nokia Siemens Networks

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

Standardisation around LTE Collaboration agreement established in December 1998. The collaboration agreement brings together a number of telecommunications standards bodies: ARIB, CCSA, ETSI, ATIS, TTA, and TTC. More in www.3gpp.org Next Generation Mobile Networks. Is a group of mobile operators, to provide a coherent vision for technology evolution beyond 3G for the competitive delivery of broadband wireless services. More in www.ngmn.org LTE/SAE Trial Initiative. Is was founded in may 2007 by a group of leading telecommunications companies. Its aim is to prove the potential and benefits that the LTE technology can offer. More in http://www.lstiforum.com/ For public use – IPR applies 45 © Nokia Siemens Networks

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

3GPP List of Specification Series

36 Series contains most part of LTE related specifications for Radio

For public use – IPR applies 46 © Nokia Siemens Networks

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

•All 3GPP specifications have a specification number consisting of 4 or 5 digits. (e.g. 09.02 or 29.002). •The first two digits define the series, followed by 2 further digits for the 01 to 13 series or 3 further digits for the 21 to 55 series.

NGMN Alliance

LTE /SAE approved by the NGMN as first technology which broadly meets NGMN requirements For public use – IPR applies 47 © Nokia Siemens Networks

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

NGMN Vision & Mission •The vision of the NGMN Alliance is to provide a platform for innovation by moving towards one integrated network for the seamless introduction of mobile broadband service •The mission of the NGMN Alliance is to provide a set of recommendations to enhance the ability of mobile operators, who are buyers of infrastructure, in offering cost-effective wireless broadband services for the benefits of their customers. •The participating network operators represent more than half of all mobile phone users worldwide (June-2009)

LSTI (LTE-SAE Trial Initiative) - joint test bed for LTE worldwide

…….. active parties within LSTI LSTI initiatives goals/objectives

Schedule & Program Office:

• demonstrate feasibility and capabilities of 3GPP LTE-SAE technology under real world conditions. Indoor & outdoor tests

• accelerate development of 3GPP specification by identifying shortcomings out of test phases

• reduce risk of market introduction of new LTE-SAE technology

2007

2008

IODT

2010

Interoperability

IOT Friendly customer trials Public Relation work

For public use – IPR applies 48 © Nokia Siemens Networks

2009

Proof of Concept Test of OFDM Air Interface Test of basic functions

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

Trials PR

Module Contents

• Why LTE? • LTE main requirements • LTE versus other Mobile technologies • LTE Specification work • Network Architecture Evolution • LTE key features • Basics of the LTE Air Interface • Standardisation around LTE • IMT-Advanced • LTE Summary

For public use – IPR applies 49 © Nokia Siemens Networks

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

LTE Advanced Mobility HIGH

IMT-2000

IMTAdvanced

IMT-2000 Evolution

LOW

1 Mbps WCDMA

10 Mbps HSPA

100 Mbps LTE

1 Gbps

data rates

LTE-Advanced

•IMT-Advanced is a concept for mobile systems beyond IMT-2000 •During 2009, ITU will submit a request for IMT-Advanced candidates. Radio

interface submission deadline is expected October 2009. •IMT Target bit rates: – 100Mbps for high mobility users – 1Gbps for low mobility users •3GPP has already started to work on the IMT-Advanced targets under the name: LTE-Advanced. To be part of 3GPP REL 10. For public use – IPR applies 50 © Nokia Siemens Networks

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

•LTE-Advanced is expected to be ready for commercial deployment in 2013 or later. •3GPP is considering bandwidths of up to 100MHZ to support LTE-Advanced. •LTE-Advanced will require different spectral efficiencies, depending on the environment. •3GPP requirements for LTE-Advanced were approved in May 2008 (TR 36.913) •A key issue for LTE-Advanced is the backwards compatibility with LTE Release 8, as well as with GSM/WCDMA/ HSPA and also with cdma2000. •Some of the items from the LTE-Advanced studies to be postponed for 3GPP releases beyond Release 10.

Module Contents

• Why LTE? • LTE main requirements • LTE versus other Mobile technologies • LTE Specification work • Network Architecture Evolution • LTE key features • Basics of the LTE Air Interface • Standardisation around LTE • IMT-Advanced • LTE Summary

For public use – IPR applies 51 © Nokia Siemens Networks

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

Overview of LTE/SAE design benefits New Architecture • Flat Architecture: 2-node architecture • PS Core Network optimized • No CS Core Network Improved Radio Principles • peak data rates [Mbps ]: 173 DL , 57 UL • Scalable Carrier Bandwidth: • 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz • Short latency: 10 – 20 ms • 2 - 4 times better spectral efficiency that

Access

Core

LTE BTS (eNodeB)

MME/GW

RF Modulation: • OFDMA in DL • SC-FDMA in UL

RAN

HSPA Rel. 6

New Interfaces Design • Simplified Protocol Stack • Simple, more efficient QoS • IP network layer For public use – IPR applies 52 © Nokia Siemens Networks

eUtran

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

MME

GW

Control

IMS

HLR/HSS

Appendix

For public use – IPR applies 53 © Nokia Siemens Networks

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

The right solution for each segment WiMAX

W-CDMA/HSPA For operators with 3G spectrum

LTE

Broad terminal eco system

Fixed or mobile network operators with WiMAX spectrum

Mainstream; 3G evolution – leverage large installed 3G base

High data security and QoS

Device eco system started to evolve

Quick and cost-effective upgrade of existing networks

Optimized wireless-DSL services

Utilizes 2G and 3G spectrum – efficient refarming with flexible bandwidth

High capacity and low latency

Broad terminal eco system expected

Seamless 2G/3G handover – global coverage, global roaming

Flat and IP based architecture

Highest capacity, lowest latency

Short term availability

Very flat and IP based architecture

Proven technology

Economy of scale

Spectrum availability and cost impact

Variety of terminals

IPR regime

Compatibility with existing standards Lean architecture

Voice performance Broadband data performance

High speed data rates with full mobility For public use – IPR applies 54 © Nokia Siemens Networks

Economy of scale

Spectrum availability and cost impact Variety of terminals

IPR regime

Compatibility with existing standards Lean architecture

Voice performance Broadband data performance

High speed data with limited mobility

Economy of scale

Spectrum availability and cost impact Variety of terminals

IPR regime

Compatibility with existing standards Lean architecture

Voice performance

Broadband data performance

Broadband multimedia with full mobility

LTE/EPS Overview / Jose Maria Anarte / v 2.0 / Document Number

Comments concerning IPR: -UMTS: high number of essentials and many IPR holders, very aggressive licensing policy (Qualcomm) by holders without product business, no effective IPR regulation (forming licensing pools) in place -LTE /SAE: also many patents and IPR holders, but aggressive ones are not so dominant, most patents hold by infrastructure & terminal vendors, increased IPR awareness /lessons learned from 3G), additional IPR regulations planed via NGNMN (early declaration of IPR licensing fees, forming licensing pools possible) -WIMAX: nearly same number of patents and patent holders as for LTE, but many of them will not provide Wimax products, expectation of aggressive licensing (Qualcomm, Wi-Lan), licensing pool initiated by INTEL up till now not successful, slightly lower number of essential patents expected than for LTE Economy of scale: -UMTS/HSPA: designed for evolution of GSM networks, therefore new terminals will contain UMTS/HSPDA too  leverage of GSM footprint, same is for Basestations (site and component sharing) /and Core network entities -Wimax: mainly driven from Notebook market (INTEL Chipsets will include

WIMAX),i.e. datacards. dedicated handsets expected to follow, but extend unclear (probably technically more difficult due to shorter battery lifetimes) -LTE: GSM and UMTS network footprint can be leveraged. High terminal volumes can be expected (GSM/UMTS/LTE multimode terminals from beginning), also platform sharing in Basestations.

Spectrum availability and cost impact: -UMTS/HSPA: paired spectrum assign in 2GHz band in many regions, in Europe partly high costs due to auctions, continuous 5MHz bandwith required -Wimax: currently suited for TDD spectrum, in 3,5 Ghz band and in some

regions probably also in 2,5 Ghz band as well as in unlicensed bands, more cost intensive due to 3,5 Ghz band

-LTE: planned for 2,6 Ghz band (W-Cdma extension bands) and refarming of GSM frequency bands (scalable bandwitdth) Terminal variety: -UMTS/HSPA: designed for evolution of GSM networks, therefore also broad availability of GSM/UMTS multimode terminals -Wimax: currently starting with datacards of Notebooks only, but terminals

planned, unsure how many terminals vendors will provide Wimax terminal, especially which multimode capabilities exist -LTE: as evolution of GSM and UMTS network a wide variety of terminals can be expected, probably most of them supporting GSM/UMTS as well

Voice performance: -UMTS/HSPA: Circuit switched was as well as Voice over HSPA in future -Wimax: No circuit switched voice, VOIP only, pure QoS management

-LTE: VoIP only, but lowest latency in Air-I/F and network due to flat architecture and QoS mechanism, at the beginning also directing of voice traffic to GSM/UMTS overlay network possible Broadband data performance: -UMTS/HSPA: up to 14 Mbit/s DL, 5,6 UL -Wimax: high data performance upt to 50 Mbits/s

-LTE: highest data performance up to 160 Mbit/s (DL) and 50 Mbit/s UL, high spectral efficiency Lean Architecture: -UMTS/HSPA: 4 Node architecture (Node-B, RNC; SGSN, GGSN) -Wimax: 3 Node architecture (AP, ASN-GW, CSN-GW)

-LTE: Ultra flat architecture 2 Nodes only (eNodeB, SAE-GW)

Compatibility with existing systems: UMTS/HSPA: internat. roaming, HO to GSM systems Wimax: currently no IW to other systems, difficult to implement LTE: Full IW with GSM /UMTS networks will be defined and implemented, also IW to other systems like WIMAX /CDMA2000 planned