Zootaxa 3774 (3): 265–274 www.mapress.com /zootaxa / Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press
Article
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
ZOOTAXA
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http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3774.3.3 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:77DB9ADC-8CD1-4D72-B01B-862C4DE43CFF
Two new species of the family Niphatidae van Soest, 1980 from Northeastern Brazil (Haplosclerida: Demospongiae: Porifera) GEORGE GARCIA SANTOS1, LOYANA DOCIO2 & ULISSES PINHEIRO1,3 1
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Zoologia, Av. Nelson Chaves, s/n Cidade Universitária CEP 50373-970, Recife, PE, Brazil. 2 Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus IX, Departamento de Ciências Humanas, Colegiado de Ciências Biológicas. rod. Br 242, km 4. CEP 47806-972, Barreiras, BA, Brazil. 3 Corresponding author. E-mail:
[email protected]
Abstract This paper deals with niphatid sponges from the coast of the Bahia State, northeastern coast of the Brazilian shelf (southwestern Atlantic). Two new species are described, Amphimedon estelae sp. nov. and Niphates luizae sp. nov. A taxonomic study of those samples is given, including description and illustrations. Both species were compared with their congeners present in the Atlantic Ocean. Keywords: Porifera, Amphimedon, Niphates, new species, Bahia State, taxonomy, Brazil
Introduction Niphatidae contains nine valid genera (Amphimedon Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864; Cribrochalina Schmidt, 1870; Dasychalina Ridley & Dendy, 1886; Gelliodes Ridley, 1884; Haliclonissa Burton, 1932; Hemigellius Burton, 1932; Microxina Topsent, 1916; Niphates Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 and Pachychalina Schmidt, 1868) and a large account of nominal species with a worldwide distribution (Desqueyroux-Faúndez & Valentine 2002). It is defined by the three dimensional ectosomal skeleton of multispicular fibres, choanosomal skeleton of multispicular fibres, cored by oxeas, often strongylote or stylote and microscleres if present, sigmas or microxeas. The niphatid sponges are usually found in shallow waters, although Hartman (1982) stated that some species of genus Amphimedon could occur in depths up to 2400 m. Over 100 species are included in this worldwide family and in the Brazilian coast only 11 species have been recorded to four genera: Amphimedon (5 species); Gelliodes (1); Niphates (4) and Pachychalina (1) (Muricy et al. 2011). However, the number of unidentified niphatids recorded along the Brazilian coast is more than 20 (Muricy et al. 2011) due to its taxonomy be difficult. Among the genera of Niphatidae, Amphimedon is the most representative with 52 valid species and of these, 15 are present in the Atlantic Ocean (van Soest et al. 2013). The genus is poorly represented in Brazil with only five species formally recorded: A. caribica (Pulitzer-Finali, 1986) (by Campos et al. 2005); A. complanata (Duchassaing, 1850; as Spongia complanata, by Sarmento & Correia 2002); A. compressa Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 (e.g. Muricy et al. 2008; as A. aff compressa); A. erina (de Laubenfels, 1936; 1956) and A. viridis Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 (e.g. Muricy & Ribeiro 1999). The genus Niphates has 19 valid species (van Soest et al. 2013) with seven records from the Atlantic Ocean and only four species from Brazil: Niphates alba van Soest, 1980 (by Mothes et al. 2006); Niphates amorpha Wiedenmayer, 1977 (e.g. Muricy & Moraes 1998); Niphates erecta Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 (e.g. Muricy & Moraes 1998); and Niphates lutea Lehnert & van Soest, 1999 (by Campos et al. 2005). In this paper, we describe two new species of the family Niphatidae collected in Northeastern Brazil.
Accepted by Dirk Erpenbeck: 16 Jan. 2014; published: 6 Mar. 2014
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Material and methods Specimens were collected by free diving during a faunistic survey conducted near Camamu Bay (13º52′41′′S, 39º00′32.1′′W), situated in the coastline of Bahia State (Fig. 1). Observations in situ was recorded and specimens were photographed in the field after collection. Dissociated spicule mounts and skeletal sections were made using classical procedures for Demospongiae (Hajdu et al. 2011). Photos of spicules were combined on a black or gray background, aligned, and cleaned using Photoshop. Eletromicrographs were obtained by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) following the procedures outlined in Hajdu et al. 2011. All the specimens were preserved in ethanol 80% and deposited in the Porifera Collection of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPEPOR). The classification used in this work follows Hooper & Van Soest (2002) in Systema Porifera. Taxonomic comparisons were made with data tabulated for all species of Amphimedon and Niphates in the Atlantic available in the World Porifera Database (van Soest et al. 2013).
Results & Discussion Systematics Class Demospongiae Sollas, 1885 Order Haplosclerida Topsent, 1928 Family Niphatidae van Soest, 1980 Genus Amphimedon Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 Definition: Niphatidae with an optically smooth surface, regular tangential ectosomal network with rounded meshes of a single size. Ends of choanosomal longitudinal primary fibers barely protruding. Spongin abundant. Microscleres absent (Desqueyroux-Faúndez & Valentine 2002). Type species: Amphimedon compressa Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 (by subsequent designation, de Laubenfels 1936).
Amphimedon estelae sp. nov. (Figures 1–3; Tables 1–2) Type Locality: Brazil, Bahia State, Maraú, Taípus de Fora (near Camamu Bay). Type Specimens: Holotype—UFPEPOR 695, Taípus de Fora (13º53’49”S, 38º55’45”W), Maraú (near Camamu Bay), Bahia State, Brazil, intertidal 0.5 m depth, col. U. Pinheiro, 25.XI.2007. Paratype—UFPEPOR 689, Taípus de Fora (13º53’49”S, 38º55’45”W) Maraú (near Camamu Bay), Bahia State, Brazil, intertidal 0.5 m depth, col. U. Pinheiro, 20.V.2007. Diagnosis. Amphimedon estelae sp. nov. is the only Amphimedon in the Atlantic with strongyles, styles or oxeas covered by lumped swellings. External morphology of holotype (Fig. 2A). Massive with volcano-shaped oscular projections, 2 x 1.6 cm (height x length). Surface punctate due to regularly distributed subdermal cavities, microconulose. Oscules circular, 5 mm in diameter. Ectosome a translucent membrane, not easily detachable. Consistency firm and relatively compressible, but difficult to tear. Color in life is dark green, turning beige after preservation in ethanol 80%. Paratype. Massive, 3.5 x 1 cm (height x length). Consistency firm. Color in life is dark green, turning beige after preservation in ethanol 80%.
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FIGURE 1. Map indicating the type locality of the new species of niphatids. The black circle indicates the position of the new species. For details about the collecting positions of individual samples of the new species cf. the description of these.
TABLE 1. Spicule dimensions of Amphimedon estelae sp. nov. and Niphates luizae sp. nov. Values are in micrometers (µm), expressed as follows: minimum–mean–maximum length/width. N = 30. Specimens
Color in life
Spicules Oxeas
Thin oxeas
Strongyles*
Amphimedon estelae sp. nov. (Holotype UFPEPOR 695)
Dark green
158–167.1–184 / 7.1–8.9–10.7
100–112.2–153 / 1.0–1.2–1.6
115–130.3–154 / 5.9–7.6–9.3
Amphimedon estelae sp. nov. (Paratype UFPEPOR 689)
Dark green
143–168.6–189 / 5.7–7.3–9.5
117–129.7–141 / 1.0–1.2–1.5
124–133.6–146 / 8.1–9.2–10.7
Niphates luizae sp. nov. (Holotype UFPEPOR 690)
Beige-pink
155–204.2–253 / 7.2–10.9–14.3
-
-
Niphates luizae sp. nov. (Paratype UFPEPOR 694)
Beige-pink
155–219.5–270 / 9.3–12.8–18
-
-
* The strongyle can vary also in styles and oxeas.
Skeleton. The ectosomal skeleton consists of an irregular paratangential reticulation of uni-paucispicular (Fig. 2B). Producing rounded meshes (150–500 μm in diameter), covered by a fine membrane, which is lost in preserved specimens. Rounded meshes (240–750 µm in diameter) parallels to the surface (subectosomal), which may be poorly defined or masked by abundant free spicules (Fig. 2C–D). Choanosomal skeleton is isotropic in some parts with multispicular tracts (36–100 µm in diameter), these being regularly distributed and cored by 6–20 spicules. Spongin not abundant, but always present cementing tracts and joining free spicules (Fig. 2D). Spicules (Figure 3; Table 1–2). Three categories of spicules were observed: (1) Strongyles (89%) can also vary in styles (7%) and oxeas (4%) with just one category of size (115–154 / 6–9 µm). Theses spicules show surfaces lumped swellings, generally in the middle region, but sometimes occur near the tips (Fig. 3A–B). Few spicules do not have surface with lumped swellings. (2) Oxeas smooth, robust, straight to slightly curved (158–184 / 7–11 µm) were observed. Tips short and sharp (Fig. 3C). (3) Thin oxeas smooth, slender, slightly curved and pointed at both tips were observed (100–153 / 1–1.6 µm). The finest oxeas are raphidiform (Fig. 3D).
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31–80 Not recorded 2–3 12–20 Not recorded Not recorded Not recorded Not recorded Not recorded Intertidal 7–23 2–35 Not recorded
Maranhão State (Brazil) Bermuda Netherlands Antilles (St. Martin) U.S. Virgin Islands (St. Thomas) Bermuda Bermuda Panama (Fort Randolph) (10) Virgin Islands Bermuda Mar del Plata (Argentina) Porto Rico Caribbean Sea Turk’s Island (Bahamas)
Amphimedon caribica (12)
Amphimedon cellulosa (2)
Amphimedon complanata (3)
Amphimedon compressa (4)
Amphimedon dura (2)
Amphimedon elastica (2)
Amphimedon erina (10) (11)
Amphimedon leprosa (5)
Amphimedon micropora (2)
Amphimedon minuta (6)
Amphimedon mollis (7)
Amphimedon rubens (3)
Amphimedon spiculosa (8)
Green (5) (9)
Yellowish grey
Reddish brown
Grayish-brown
Pink
Yellowish White
Orange
Dark green (11)
Yellowish brown
Not recorded
Red-purple tinge
Dark purple to black
Lighter red
Light brown
Violet, greenish grey
Pale Orange
Green (in vivo); beige (fixed)
Color
110–175 / 1.3–10 (9)
138 / 6
116–145 / 4–6
140 / 7
60–110 / 6–7
100–150 / 6.6–9.4
-
-
-
-
-
-
Not recorded
-
135–270 / 5–12 (11) Not recorded
-
Not recorded
-
-
-
-
-
Not recorded
100–112.2–153 / 1–1.2–1.6
Thin oxeas
Spicules (µm)
150–200
Not recorded
56–112–132 / 3.3–5.3–7.3
-
100–180
103.5–156.4–186.3 / 4.6–5.9–6.9
150–205 / 6.5–10.5
229–259–289 / 1.4–5.8–9.2
158–167.1–184 / 7–8.9–11
Oxeas
Strongyles*
-
-
-
140 / 2–3 (oxea strongylate)
-
-
Not recorded
152–188 (styles and strongyles) (11)
-
Not recorded
83–106 / 4.0–4.6 59–109 / 3.6–5.9 (styles)
70–120 / 0.5–3
-
-
-
-
115–130.3–154 / 6–7.6–9
References: (1) Pulitzer-Finali (1986); (2) Verrill (1907); (3) van Soest (1980); (4) Hartman (1955); (5) Duchassaing & Michelotti (1864); (6) Cuartas (1988); (7) Wilson (1902); (8) Dendy (1887); (9) Muricy & Hajdu (2006); (10) Muricy et al. (2011); (11) Hechtel (1965); (12) Campos et al. (2005); (13) Goodwin et al. (2011). * In Amphimedon estelae sp. nov. the strongyle can vary also in styles and oxeas.
1–8 (9)
20–30
Puerto Rico (off La Parguera)
Amphimedon caribica (1)
U.S. Virgin Islands (St. Thomas) (10)
20
Falkland Islands
Amphimedon calyx (13)
Amphimedon viridis (5) (9) (10)
Intertidal
Bahia State (Brazil)
Amphimedon estelae sp. nov.
Depth (m)
Locality
Species
TABLE 2. Summary of characters of Atlantic sponges belonging to genera Amphimedon Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864. Values are in micrometers (µm), expressed as follows: minimum–maximum or minimum–mean–maximum length/width. References are numbered in parentheses and listed after the table.
FIGURE 2. Amphimedon estelae sp. nov. A, fresh holotype (UFPEPOR 695) taken out of water, upper view showing oscule; B, tangential section of ectosome; C, thick section showing skeletal organization of ectosome; D, thick section showing the ectosome, choanosome and circular meshes. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B = 500 µm; C = 150 µm; D = 500 µm.
Ecology. The species is sciophilous and was collected at 0.5–1 m deep. Distribution (Fig. 1). Northeastern coast of Brazil, Bahia State, Brazil. The distributions of others species of Amphimedon from Brazilian coast are available in Muricy et al (2011) Etymology. The chosen specific name honors the senior author’s wife Maria Estela de Souza Alagão. Remarks. Amphimedon estelae sp. nov. differs from all other species of the genus because it is the only that has one category of spicules with surfaces lumped swellings, varying among strongyles, styles and oxeas (see Table 2, Fig. 3). Among the five species recorded for the Brazilian coast, A. viridis is the most similar to A. estelae sp. nov. in the spicules size (see Table 2), color green and massive shape. The new species differs from A. viridis in the skeleton: A. estelae sp. nov. presents ectossomal skeleton with paratangential reticulation of uni-paucispicular tracts against the ectosomal skeleton with a tangential reticulation of multispicular tracts of A. viridis (Pinheiro et al. 2005). However, the principal difference between the species is the type of spicules. Despite A. viridis be one of the most known species of the Brazilian cost and Caribbean (Zea 1987; Muricy & Ribeiro 1999; Pinheiro et al., 2005; Muricy & Hajdu 2006; Moraes 2011; Muricy et al. 2011), it always had only oxeas and never was record strongyles and styles for this species or the presence of spicules with surface lumped swellings. Other species whose oxeas have lumped swellings is Dendroxea adumbrata Corriero, Scarela Liace & Pronzato (1996) from Mediterranean Sea. The authors used this characteristic as main diagnostic character of this species. Despite ecophenotypic variation had seen in the spicules of marine sponges (e.g. Uriz 1983; Uriz et al. 2003), nobody indicated the spicules with surface lumped swellings as consequence of silica concentration ranges in the environment. Finally, other sponges collected in the same locality of A. estelae sp. nov. did not present modifications in its spicules. Thus, we believe that the spicule with surface lumped swellings is a reliable character. De Laubenfels (1956) recorded A. erina to São Paulo State (Brazil) without describing it. However, this species never been collected again, even after several studies carried out in this region (e.g. Muricy & Ribeiro 1999; Santos & Hajdu 2003; Pinheiro et al. 2005). We believe that the specimen reported by De Laubenfels is A. viridis, which is very common in the region, here synonymized. It is plausible that A. erina be a junior synonym of A. viridis requiring further studies for confirmation (Alcolado 1984; Zea 1987; Muricy & Ribeiro 1999; Muricy et al. 2011). Amphimedon caribica was recorded in Brazil by Campos et al. (2005) from Maranhão State. However, when we compared to the original description (Pulitzer-Finali 1986: 170) and this record differs in the shape of spicules, as well as the dimensions. Spicules vary between oxeas and styles with mucronate tips in Brazilian material, which are different from those present in Puerto Rican material, because the latter has only oxeas with simple tips. In addition, spicules of Caribbean material are larger and thicker (Tab. 2). Thus, we consider invalid the report A. caribica for Brazil, which requires a review to define the taxonomic status of these specimens. Sarmento & Correia (2002) made the only record of Amphimedon complanata for Brazil (from Alagoas State), providing a list of species. This material was revised and identified as Halichondria sp. (Hajdu E. pers. com.) therefore we also invalidate this record.
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FIGURE 3. Spicule composition of Amphimedon estelae sp. nov., holotype (UFPEPOR 695) in SEM. A, strongyles, including variation in styles, strongyles and styles showing variations of these; B, detail of one tile and of the lumped swellings; C, oxea; D, thin oxeas. Scale bars: A = 50 µm; B = 7 µm; C, D = 50 µm.
Amphimedon compressa from Virgin Islands differs of new species by presents ramose to flabelliform shape, dark red color, surface smooth and, small oxeas (Tab. 2). In addition, A. compressa has skeleton like A. viridis with multispicular tracts against uni-paucispicular tracts of A. estelae sp. nov. According Moraes (2011), the skeleton characteristics of Brazilian specimens of A. compressa were not different from the Caribbean specimens. However, no ramose specimens were found in Brazil and the spicules size of Brazilian specimens was lower than Caribbean specimens. A systematic study with revision of Brazilian populations is necessary to confirm the co-specific status between both populations. Thus, only three valid species are considered to occur in Brazil: Amphimedon estelae sp. nov., A. compressa and A. viridis.
Genus Niphates Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 Definition. Niphatidae with a paratangential ectosomal reticulation of fibers or tracts, obscured by the conulose surface produced by ends of primary longitudinal fibers (Desqueyroux-Faúndez & Valentine 2002). Type species. Niphates erecta Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 (by subsequent designation; Wiedenmayer 1977).
Niphates luizae sp. nov. (Figures 1, 4, 5; Table 1, 3) Type Locality: Brazil, Bahia State, Maraú, Taípus de Fora (near Camamu Bay). Type Specimens: Holotype—UFPEPOR 690, Taípus de Fora (13º53’49”S, 38º55’45”W), Maraú (near
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Camamu Bay), Bahia State, Brazil, intertidal 0.5 m depth, col. U. Pinheiro, 20.V.2007. Paratype—UFPEPOR 694, Taípus de Fora (13º53’49”S, 38º55’45”W), Maraú (near Camamu Bay), Bahia State, Brazil, intertidal 0.5 m depth, col. M. Amorim, 25.XI.2007. Diagnosis. Niphates luizae sp. nov. is the unique Niphates in the Atlantic with robust spicules (270 / 18 µm) that might be oxea (majority) or vary in strongyles to styles. External morphology of holotype. Massive, with volcano-shaped oscular projections (Fig. 4A), 2.2 x 1.1 cm (height x length). With terminal spiculo-spongin fibers forming minute conulose projections on the surface microconulose. Texture easy to compress but difficult to tear. Oscules apical usually 3 to 4 mm in diameter. Beigepink color in vivo and after preservation (ethanol 80%) is dark beige.
FIGURE 4. Niphates luizae sp. nov. A, fresh holotype (UFPEPOR 690) taken out of the water, upper view showing oscules; B, tangential section of ectosome; C, thick section showing skeletal organization of ectosome; D, thick section showing the choanosome. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B, C = 150 µm; D = 200 µm.
Paratype. Massive, with volcano-shaped oscular projections, 3.5 x 2.0 cm (height x length). Surface microconulose, oscules apical 3 mm (diameter) and beige-pink color in vivo and after preservation is dark beige. Skeleton. Ectosome rather regular quadrangular or circular meshes of secondary multispicular fibers, surface protruded by upright spicule brushes originating from the choanosomal primaries (Fig. 4B–C). Choanosome with irregular reticulations of primary multispicular fibers with irregular branches ascending to surface. In some parts, primary fibers connect to secondary ones forming rounded to irregular meshes (Fig. 4D). Meshes average between 152–400 µm in largest diameter. Primary fibers are 60–144 µm in diameter, cored by 10–30 spicules. Secondary or interconnecting fibers are 35–60 µm in diameter, cored by 6–15 spicules. Abundant spongin may cover the spicules. Spicules. Oxeas (155–270 / 7–18 µm). Slightly curved, smooth, stylote and strongylote forms are present (Fig. 5). Juveniles may be smaller and thinner (100 / 3 µm). Ecology. The species is sciophilous and it was collected at 0.5–1 m deep. Distribution (Fig. 1). Northeastern coast of Brazil, Bahia State, Brazil. The distributions of others species of Niphates from Brazilian coast are available in Muricy et al (2011). Etymology. The chosen specific name honors the senior author’s daughter Maria Luíza Alagão Pinheiro. Remarks. The new species described here belongs to the genus Niphates as it is defined (see DesqueyrouxFaúndez & Valentine 2002). Niphates luizae sp. nov. differs from all four species recorded from Brazil (N. alba; N. amorfa; N. erecta and N. lutea) by the presence of long and robust oxeas which can vary for strongyles or styles. The beige-pink color in Niphates luizae sp. nov. is not found in other Brazilian species (see Table 3). The absence of microscleres differ Niphates luizae sp. nov. from the four species recorded in the Atlantic Ocean: N. amorfa; N. caycedoi (Zea & van Soest, 1986); N. erecta and N. recondita (Wiedenmayer, 1977). Among these sponges, N. erecta is the one that most resembles Niphates luizae sp. nov. in the size of megascleres (Tab. 3). However, N. erecta has a blue-green color, erect ramose shape, presence of sigmas and predominance of strongyles (Tab. 3).
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20–35 400 (3) 4 not recorded 62–72 (6)
72 (7) 6–10
Puerto Rico
Bahamas (Bimini) (3)
Islas San Bernardo (Colombian Caribbean)
Floridian
U.S. Virgin Islands (2)
Jamaica (Discovery Bay) (2)
Turtle Rock (Western Bahamas)
Niphates alba (1)
Niphates amorpha (1) (3)
Niphates caycedoi (4)
Niphates digitalis (5)
Niphates erecta (2) (4) (6) (8)
Niphates lutea (2) (7)
Niphates recondita (3)
Dark purplish-brow or purplish-grey
Light-brown (7)
Pink or light blue (6)
Pale brown
Vivid blue to light violet
Purplish grey (3)
Grey white
beige-pink (in vivo) and beige (fixed)
Color
100–133–160 / 1.5–4.9–7 (oxeas-strongyles)
-
-
105–155 / 6 (oxeas I) 120 / 3 (oxeas II)
199–238–285 / 4.7–14.5–19.0
90–149–195 / 2–3.4–5 (3)
-
155–210.3–270 / 7–11.6–18
Oxeas
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Thin oxeas
-
Strongyles
-
160–210.2–250 / 2.5–4.9–7.5 (7)
165–203.5–256 (6)
-
-
-
169–190.9 / 5.5–6.8–9 (strongyles-styles)
Spicules (µm)
17–29–39 / 1–2.5–3.5 (stigmata)
-
13–16.1–20 (sigmas) (4) (8)
17–18.7–22 (sigmata) (3)
11.5–16.9 (small toxa)
12–15.4–18 (thin sigmata) (1)
-
-
Microscleres
References: (1) van Soest (1980); (2) Muricy et al. (2011); (3) Wiedenmayer (1977); (4) Zea & van Soest (1986); (5) de Laubenfels (1936); (6) Muricy et al. (2008); (7) Campos et al. (2005); (8) Zea (1987).
Intertidal
Bahia State (Brazil)
Niphates luizae sp. nov.
Depth (m)
Locality
Species
TABLE 3. Summary of characters of Atlantic sponges belonging to genera Niphates Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864. Values are in micrometers (µm), expressed as follows: minimum–maximum or minimum–mean–maximum length/width. References are numbered in parentheses and listed after the table.
FIGURE 5. Spicule composition of Niphates luizae sp. nov., holotype (UFPEPOR 690) in light microscopy. Scale bar: 30 µm.
The presence of sigmas, even rare, is diagnostic of some Niphates (e.g.: N. amorfa, N. digitalis (Lamarck, 1814), N. erecta and N. recondita). In the case of N. erecta and N. digitalis, the rarity or non-existence of microsclera is normal (van Soest 1980). This presence or absence of sigma microscleres in Niphates is considered an unreliable generic character (see van Soest 1980; Fromont 1993). In this matter, the proposal of Niphates luizae sp. nov. is not only based on absence of this character, but it considers the difference in shape, color and spicule morphology, as well as the size of spicules among others species as discussed above. This description of Niphates luizae sp. nov. increased to eight the number of Niphates for the Atlantic Ocean, becoming the more diverse ocean to this genus.
Acknowledgements. The authors wish to express their gratitude to Rob van Soest (Zoological Museum of Amsterdam), Eduardo Hajdu (Museu Nacional Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro) and Toufiek Samaai (University of the Western Cape) by the useful advices and/or bibliography, to the anonymous reviewers and the Zootaxa Editor for helpful comments about the manuscript. We are grateful to Francisco Rangel and Maurício Paiva (Centro Tecnológico do Nordeste CETENE) for technical assistance with samples preparation and scanning electron microscopy. We thank to Lucas Lima, Lydia Vieira and Thaynã Cavalcanti for their technical assistance. We further thank CAPES, CNPq, and FACEPE, for providing grants and/or fellowships.
References. Alcolado, P.M. (1984) Nuevas especies de esponjas encontradas en Cuba. Poeyana, 271, 1–22. Campos, M., Mothes, B., Eckert, R. & van Soest, R.W.M. (2005) Haplosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the coast of Maranhão State, Brazil, Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa, 963, 1–22. Corriero, G., Scalera Liaci, L. & Pronzato, R. (1996) Two new species of Dendroxea Griessinger (Porifera: Desmospongiae) from the Mediterranean Sea. Bulletin van het Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut Voor Natuurwetenschappen, Biologie, 66, 197–203.
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SANTOS ET AL.
Zootaxa 3793 (5): 600–600 www.mapress.com /zootaxa / Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
Erratum
ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3793.5.9 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FE7E5406-1D09-4473-835E-995778D39AC0
GEORGE GARCIA SANTOS, LOYANA DOCIO & ULISSES PINHEIRO (2014) Two new species of the family Niphatidae van Soest, 1980 from Northeastern Brazil (Haplosclerida: Demospongiae: Porifera). Zootaxa, 3774, 265 –274.
On page 265, line 34, “taxonomy be difficult” replace by: “difficult taxonomy” On page 267, line 99, insert “tracts” after “uni-paucispicular”. Line 99, connect this with the precious sentence: “producing rounded meshes”. Line 101, “parallels” replace by: “are parallel”. Line 108, “surfaces lumped swellings” replace by: “surfaces with lumped swellings”. Line 108, “occur” replace by “occurring”. Line 110, insert “a” after “have”. On page 269, line 122, insert “with” after “surfaces”. Line 125, “color green” replace by: “green colour”. Line 126, “ectossomal” replace by: “an ectosomal”. Line 130, “be” replace by: “being”. Line 130, insert “the” after “cost and”. Line 132, “was recorded strongyles and styles” replace by: "strongyles or styles were recorded". Line 132, “had” replace by: “contains”. Line 133, “surface lumped swellings” replace by: "lumped swellings on the surface". Line 134, “other” replace by: “another”. Line 136, “had seen in the” replace by: “is known from”. Line 138, insert “yet” after “nobody”. Line 138, “the spicules with surface lumped swellings” replace by: "lumped swellings on the spicule surface”. Line 140, “its” replace by: “their”. Line 140, “the spicule with surface lumped swellings is” replace by: “spicules with lumped swellings are”. Line 143, insert “has” after “this species”. Line 146, insert “is” after “here”. Line 150, delete “when”. Line 150, “to” replace by: “this specimen with”. Line 152, insert “the” after “tips in”. Line 153, insert “the” after “present in”. Line 154, insert “the” after “spicules of”. Line 155, remove “invalid”. Line 155, insert “of” after “report”. Line 155, insert “as invalid” after “Brazil”. On page 270, line 161, insert “the” after “from”. Line 161, “of” replace by: “to the”. Line 161, “presents” replace by: “its”. Line 162, “surface smooth” replace by: “smooth surface”. Line 162, remove comma after “and”. Line 163, insert “a” after “has”. Line 167, “spicules” replace by: “spicule”. Line 167, insert “in” after “than”. On page 271, line 208, “deep” replace by: “depth”. Line 220, “differ” replace by: “distinguishes”. On page 273, line 233, “others” replace by: “other”. Line 234, “increased” replace by: “increases”. Line 234, delete “to eight”. Line 234, insert “to eight” after “Atlantic Ocean”. Line 234, “becoming the more diverse ocean to this genus” replace by: "making the Atlantic the ocean with the highest diversity of species for this genus."
600 Published: 2 May 2014 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
