Marine natural resources as a MPA

MARINE NATURAL RESOURCES as MPA strategies for Fish Marine Sanctuary in SITIO BALADINGAN Anggreini D.N. Rupidara 2nd Sem. 2013 – 2014. NMR presentation

Introduction Philippines known as a maritime nation with 7,100 islands and 18,000 km of shoreline; based on a major extent on a healthy coastal environment.  The coastal zone defined as the extend 1 km inland from the shoreline at high tide and to seaward areas covered within the 200-m isobath.  Also of the areas seaward of the low water mark, the marine waters out to 15 km are under local government jurisdiction, while the national jurisdiction extends from 15 km from the shore up to 200 nautical miles. 

(DENR, DA-BFAR, DILG, CRMP. 2001. no.1)

The global trends at coastal area loss of the ocean and coastal life support systems in the Philippines where unsustainable use of natural resources, pollution, and habitat destruction.  Fish harvests supported up to 30 t/km2/year by healthy coral reefs (Alcala 1981, 1988; Alcala and Russ 1990; Christie and White 1994) and 89 million tons of the world catch of marine life in 1989, was declined (Weber 1993; McGinn 1998). 

Trends at Sitio Baladingan coastal 

over fishing can be exploit by using net and dynamite and effects on habitat destruction and pollution that will become more evident, particularly in Sitio Baladingan coastal area.

Threats to Estuaries

Wetland drained

http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz

Habitat destructions It took and continues to take many forms: (1) the replacement of entire habitats by settlements, harbors, and other human constructions, by cropland, grazing land, and plantations, and by mines and quarries; (2) the effects of dams (blocking spawning migrations, drowning habitats, and altering chemical or thermal conditions) (Figure 5) (3) drainage, channelization, and flood control; (4) pollution and solid waste disposal (from domestic, agricultural, industrial, and mining sources); overuse of groundwater aquifers (for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes); (5) Removal of materials (such as vegetation, gravel, and stones) for timber, fuel, construction, and so on; Interactions Among Three (6) dredging and dumping; Major Tropical Habitats (7) erosion and siltation. of the Coastal Area. 

(Lucas and Synge, 1978; Allen and Prescott-Allen, 1978).

www.fao.org

Typical Coastal Water Pollutants and Their Effects POLLUTANT Petroleum Hydrocarbons

SOURCE Fuel exhausts Motor oil and grease Power plant emissions Industrial discharges Spills and dumping Leaking underground storage containers Urban runoff

Chlorine Nutrients

Water treatment plants Swimming pool backwash Agricultural, forestry, and urban runoff Industrial and boat discharges Sewage treatment and package plants Septic tanks Animal feedlots

Fresh Water

Water running off impervious surfaces Land clearing Draining wetlands Channelization of streams

Bacteria and Viruses

Septic tanks that are spaced too densely, placed on porous soils, located Contaminates shellfish waters, so consumption of shellfish may cause in high water tables, or that leak disease. Sewage treatment or package plants Boat discharges Contaminate groundwater, so using for drinking or bathing may cause Animal feedlots disease. Urban runoff Contaminates surface waters, so swimming may cause disease or wound infections.

Sediment

Land clearing Dredging Erosion

Clogs marine waters. Covers marine habitats, smothering some organisms. Causes turbidity in water, shading out producer organisms and altering the food chain.

Temperature

Factories Electric generating plants Urban runoff

Alters reproduction of fish. Reduces dissolved oxygen which may then cause fish kills. Contaminates fresh water supplies used for drinking, irrigation, and the like.

Heavy Metals

Fuel and exhaust of motorboats and automobiles Industrial emmissions and effluent Sewage treatment plant effluent Landfill wastes/leachate Urban runoff Naturally in soil Hazardous waste spills and disposal

Accumulate in fish tissues and are passed on to humans. Contaminate drinking water, causing brain damage, birth defects, miscarriages, and infant deaths.

Synthetic Organic Chemicals Forestry, urban, and agricultural runoff Industrial and municipal effluent Spills or dumping

Division of Coastal Management (1986) fao.org

EFFECT ON COASTAL WATERS Spills can kill aquatic life, damage beaches, and permanently destroy wetlands. Runoff can be toxic to marine organisms - causing death, disease and reproductive problems. Kills aquatic life. Enrichment of rivers and sounds (eutrophication) resulting in algae blooms. Blooms can alter the food chain then decay, depleting oxygen and causing fish kills. Eutrophication is also suspected of causing some fish disease problems. Changes salinity patterns in estuarine habitats, causing slowed growth or death of juvenile organisms, or poor reproduction.

Create an MPA 

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formed by a part of the sea and (often) shorelands habitat that elected by the owner or upholder as a conservation area. has boundaries and a declaration of permitted and non-permitted uses within it. The owner or upholder (public or private) grants authority to a specific entity to manage the area within the MPA boundaries according to the purposes for which the MPA was created.

The Nature Conservancy and WWF, Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas & NOAA’s National Marine Sanctuary Program

Salm, R.V., Clark, J & Siirila, E. (2000).

MPA Designated for any one or a combination of reasons (multiple use): (1) it is the best example of an important ecosystem or habitat type; (2) it is needed for sustainability of fisheries such as through “notake” zones; (3) it has high species diversity; (4) it is a location of intense biological activity; (5) it is a “natural wonder or a tourist attraction; (6) it provides a critical habitat for particular species or groups of species); (7) it has special cultural values (such as historic, religious, or recreational sites); (8) it protects the coastline from storms (9) it facilitates necessary research or determination of “natural” baseline conditions. 

Salm, R.V., Clark, J & Siirila, E. (2000).

Important component of CRM at community level

DENR, DA-BFAR, DILG, CRMP. 2001. no.1V

Objective of MPAs 

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should be designed to simultaneously accomplish as many conservation objectives as possible. Multiple-objective programs applied to broader management schemes that incorporate one or more protected areas. Limiting, as necessary, particular exploitative uses of coastal and marine waters and their resources Protecting particular vital parts of coastal or ocean ecosystems Salm, R.V., Clark, J & Siirila, E. (2000).

Objective of MPAs 

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Restoring earlier conditions Enhancing certain economically important activities such as fishing or tourism Defining sustainable levels of use and appropriate management structures and implementing activities to monitor and control these Defining sustainable levels of use and appropriate management structures and implementing activities to monitor and control these Over all for conserving the diversity of life Salm, R.V., Clark, J & Siirila, E. (2000).

DENR, DA-BFAR, DILG, CRMP. 2001. no.1V

http://ctatlas.reefbase.org/pdf/Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Philippines.pdf

When MPA ? Efforts in the Philippines MPAs began in the 1970s.  1974 and 1979, Silliman Universityinitiated the establishment of marine reserves off Sumilon and Apo Islands in the Central,Visayas. 

◦ Apo Island came with actual establishment of a marine sanctuary in 1982. The fishermen selected an area along 450 meters of shoreline and extending 500 meters from shore as the sanctuary site.

Buffer zone where only certain forms of human activities and traditional fishing are allowed.

in the municipal waters where fishing and other forms of extractive activities are strictly regulated and human access may be restricted. Courtesy Calumpong

Maypa, et.al. (2012)

Planning process Marine protected areas (MPAs) 

provides the basis for decisions on how resources are to be allocated and protected, ◦ the analysis and selection processes ◦ the design or zoning (boundary demarcations) ◦ Management programs

Planning a strategy involves all the preliminary investigation, data collection, issues analysis, dialogue, negotiation, and draft writing that is necessary to define the problems, to understand the options and to lay the foundation for the Management Plan.  document approval by policy makers, administrators, and stakeholders to create an acceptable management format 

Salm, R.V., Clark, J & Siirila, E. (2000).

Sitio Baladingan, Ticao, Masbate

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The Core Zone or No-take Zone shall consist of 24 hectares (From Corner 1 to 5): From Corner To Corner 2 To Pt. 3 To Corner 4 To Corner 5 To Pt.

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N 12.622261 latitude, E 123.710985 longitude N 12.624431 latitude, E123.712520 longitude N 12.626377 latitude, E123.711083 longitude N 12.629329 latitude, E123.707077 longitude N 12.627026 latitude, E123.705628 longitude N 12.624163 latitude, E123.709425 longitude

The Buffer Zone shall consist of 16 hectares (From Corner 7 to 11): From Corner 7 To Pt. 8 To Pt. 9 To Corner 10 To Corner 11

N 12.625220 latitude, E 123.713136 longitude N 12.627108 latitude, E123.711616 longitude N 12.629999 latitude, E 123.707640 longitude N 12.630837 latitude, E 123.706197 longitude N 12.627918 latitude, E 123.703993 longitude

Strategies 

to implement the policies stated in by delegating to the board, assisted by the appropriate staff of the land office, certain responsibilities and duties with respect to the management of the surface estate in coastal public land.

Marine Sanctuary Management Committee (MSMC)

The creation of the MSMC- Sitio Baladingan Marine Sanctuary or SBMS is solely for the purpose :  management,  conservation,  development,  rehabilitation and  protection of the SBMS. It shall formulate its own internal rules and guidelines, set its regular meetings, elect its officers, and draw up its organizational structure. Republic Act of 7160, known as the Local Government Code of 1991, empowers the local government to protect, conserve and rehabilitate its fishery and aquatic resources, and enforce all fishery laws within the local waters 

DENR, DA-BFAR, DILG, CRMP. 2001. no.1V

Maypa, et.al. (2012)

Advisory committees  

established prior to or during site planning utilized for periodic consultation, for evaluation of the effectiveness of a plan, to review progress and approve work plans

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Advisory committee members are usually appointed by the MPA administration, Some selected from among the local community serve a useful function in keeping the local population informed of activities within the protected area provide management with useful information and recommendations

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(DENR, DA-BFAR, DILG, CRMP. 2001. no.1V)

Function and benefit 

A management intervention to ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

Conserve ecosystem such as coral reef Improved fish stock Converse biodiversity Increase income

Courtesy from Calumpong

Salm, R.V., Clark, J & Siirila, E. (2000).

Benefit of MPA

Data sources 1983 : White, 1984 1992 : White & Calumpong, 1992 1995: Reboton & Divinagracia, in Calumpong et.al. eds, 1997 1999-2000 : Reboton & Calumpong, 2001 2003-2004 : Calumpong, Cadiz & Reboton, 2006

Coral cover maintained at least in sanctuary.

Benefits of MPA 

FISH STANDING STOCK in sanctuary increasing over time

Benefits of MPA Fish catch composition: MORE VALUABLE FISH

Sphyraenidae Serranidae Others 2% 4% (19 fam) Caesionidae 5% 4% Scombridae 9% Carangidae 31%

Acanthuridae 45%

Service Learning in Ticao

Rupidara, 2014

 Conduct

by IEMS  Funded by UBCHEA

◦THANK YOU Rupidara, 2014

References 

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Departement of environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources of The Department of The Agriculture (DA – BFAR), Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) and Coastal Resource Management Project (CRMP). Philippines. 2001. Book 1 : Coastal management orientation and overview. Departement of environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources of The Department of The Agriculture (DA – BFAR), Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) and Coastal Resource Management Project (CRMP). Philippines. 2001. Book IV : Involving communities in Coastal management. Maypa, A. P., White, A.T., Caňares, E., Martinez, R., Eisma-Osorio, R.S., Aliňo, P. & Apistar, D. (2012). Marine Protected Area Management Effectiveness: Progress and Lessons in the Philippines. Coastal Management, 40:510–524, 2012. ISSN: 0892-0753 print / 1521-0421 online. DOI: 10.1080/08920753.2012.709465

References Salm, R.V., Clark, J & Siirila, E. (2000). Marine and Coastal Protected Areas: A guide for planners and managers. IUCN. Washington DC. Xxi. + 371pp.  The Nature Conservancy and World Wildlife Fund, Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas & NOAA’s National Marine Sanctuary Program. Marine Protected Area Management Capacity Building For the Gulf of California. http://kdid.org/sites/kdid/files/casestudy/files/MPA Capacit...  Excerpt from the minutes of the regular session of the barangay kagawad held at the barangay hall on february 25, 2014  Office of the sangguniang bayan : excerpt from the minutes of the session of the sangguniang bayan of the municipality of monreal held at the session hall on february ____, 2014 