13
PO319
The Media and Politics of Contemporary Japan
Module Convenor:
Dr Mitsutoshi Horii
Email:
[email protected]
Teaching Period:
Spring 20011/12
Lectures/seminars:
Lecture: Wed 10-11
Seminar: Wed 11-12
Room:
CGUS
Introduction:
The role of the mass media as a 'key' ideological state apparatus, informing and perpetuating political debate and opinion, is one that is often left under-analysed by degree programmes in Politics and International Relations.
The media-saturated and technologically advanced nature of Japan provides the basis for this module's critical engagement with a range of theoretical approaches to Media Studies. This module discusses a variety of contemporary issues and debates within the media of Japan. It pays particular attention to the discourse and ideological implications in media representation, the comparative examination of the political economy and the historical development of media institutions as well as the analysis of the media's role in the social construction of the nation, historical memory, and cultural identities.
The module will be divided into three sections. The first section will introduce students to 'key' theoretical concepts in Media Studies. Students will encounter theoretical approaches and concepts, such as semiotics, discourse and ideology. Students will analyse a range of media 'texts' using the theoretical approaches they have learnt. In particular, students will focus on representations of 'Japan' in Anglo-American media and representations of the 'West' in Japanese media. The second section of the module will explore the media's role in the social construction of the nation and cultural identities. This section refers to various kinds of representations from nuclear explosions to gender in contemporary Japanese media including manga/anime. Students will analyse these in the context of globalisation and national/cultural identities. The third section will discuss a range of contemporary issues and debates about the media institutions of Japan. This section of the module will be organised around specific case studies of the political economy including the issue of censorship.
Course Schedule
Media and representation: Semiotics, Discourse and Ideology
'Japan' in Anglo-American Media
The 'West' and 'Others' in Japanese Media
'Japan' in the Japanese Media
Representing Nuclear Explosions
Reading Week
Manga and Anime
Sex and Gender
The Political Economy of Japanese Media
Representation and Japanese Politics
Media Censorship in Contemporary Japan
Course Summary
Inductive Reading List
Freeman, L. 2000 Closing the shop: information cartels and Japan's mass media. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
Hammond, P. (ed) 1997. Cultural Differences, Media Memories: Anglo-American Image of Japan. London: Cassell.
ESSAY 1 (Deadline – Monday 25 February)
An analysis of a printed image with the theme of Japan (no more than 1,000 words)
Weighting for the module = 20%
Students will produce a 1000-word analysis of a printed image with the theme of Japan. The analysis should include the following:
Make use of semiotic terminology (i.e., sign, signifier, signified, denotation, connotation etc…) wherever possible.
Consider the ideological values promoted by the advert (What beliefs/values are promoted by your advert?) and how have they been promoted (what kind of discourse it used?).
Refer to academic sources wherever possible to back up argument of your analysis.
Attach the printed material of your choice to your written analysis.
ESSAY 2 (Deadline – Tuesday 2 April)
Choose one essay title from the below (no more than 2,000 words)
Weighting for the module = 30%
Essay Titles:
1) Compare and contrast representations of nuclear explosions in the American and Japanese media?
2) How are manga and anime related to Japanese politics?
3) What do representations of sex and gender in the contemporary Japanese media tell you about the international relations of Japan?
4) How far do media texts in contemporary Japan reflect the interests of the government?
5) Critically discuss the ways in which the Japanese state is portrayed by the Japanese media. What kind of imagery of the Japanese state is constructed?
FINAL EXAM:
Weighting for the module = 50%
Week 1 3
Media and representation: Semiotics, Discourse, and Ideology
This lecture explains what is meant by the media in this module, and explores the process by which the media constructs 'reality'. It introduces Hall's concept of 'representation', and examines the nature of 'reality': how it represents ideologies, how it becomes 'true' through discourse, and what the media's role is in this process. This lecture also explains how to 'decode' media texts, especially images, and introduces some Japanese examples.
Essential Reading:
Hall, S. 1997 'The work of representation', in Hall, S. (ed) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage.
Befu, H. 2009. Concepts of Japan, Japanese culture and the Japanese, in Y. Sugimoto ed. The Cambridge Companion to Modern Japanese Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Further Reading:
Chandler, D. 2012. Semiotics for beginners. http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/semiotic.html (Chapter 7, Denotation, Connotation, and Myth)
Barthes, R. 1982 [1970]. Empire of Signs. New York: Hill and Wang. [Trans. By Richard Howard].
Johansson, J. K. 1994. The Sense of "Nonsense": Japanese TV Advertising. Journal of Advertising 23(1): 17-26.
Namba, K. 2002. Comparative Studies in USA and Japanese Advertising During the Post-War Era. International Journal of Japanese Sociology 11: 19-34.
O'Shaughnessy, M. & Stadler, J. 2005 Media and Society: an introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Chapters 4-13, 20-23)
Painter, A. 1993. 'Japanese daytime television, polupar culture, and ideology', Journal of Japanese Studies, 19(2): 295-325.
Tanaka, K. 1994. Advertising Language: a pragmatic approach to advertisements in Britain and Japan. London: Routledge. (esp. Chapter 6)
Winther-Tamaki, B. 2003. Oil painting in Postsurrender Japan: Reconstructing Subjectivity through Deformation of the Body. Monumenta Nipponica, 58(3): 347-396.
Week 15
:
'Japan' in Anglo-American Media
Who constructs the image of other cultures? In the case of 'Japan' in the media, who exercise power over the construction of its image? How has it been constructed historically? The 'West' may be imposing its stereotype of Japan. The image of 'Japan' may be the reflection of the western stereotype. This lecture investigates the construction of 'Japan' in the Anglo-American media.
Essential Reading:
Ben-Ami, D. 1997. 'Is Japan Different?' Phil Hammond (ed) Cultural Differences, Media Memories: Anglo-American Image of Japan. London: Cassell.
Hammond, P. and Stirner, P. 1997. Fear and Loathing in the British Press. Phil Hammond (ed) Cultural Differences, Media Memories: Anglo-American Image of Japan. London: Cassell.
Further Reading:
Alison, A. 2006. Millennial Monsters: Japanese Toys and the Global Imagination. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Cooper-Chen, A. 1997. Mass communication in Japan. Ames: Iowa University Press. (Part 1, Chapter 1)
Iwabuchi, K. 2003. Recentering Globalization: Popular Culture and Japanese Transnationalism. Durham and London: Duke University Press. (Chapter 1)
Littlewood, I. 1996. The Image of Japan: Western Images, Western Myth. London: Secker & Warburg.
Mayes, T. and Rowling, M. 1997. The Image Makers: British Journalists on Japan. Phil Hammond (ed) Cultural Differences, Media Memories: Anglo-American Image of Japan. London: Cassell.
Ota, C. 2007. Relay of Gaze: Representations of Culture in the Japanese Televisual and Cinematic Experience. Lexington Books. (Chapter 3-5)
Owens, G. 1997. The Making of the Yellow Peril: Pre-War Western Views of Japan. Phil Hammond (ed) Cultural Differences, Media Memories: Anglo-American Image of Japan. London: Cassell.
Revell, L. 1997. Nihonjinron: Make in the USA. Phil Hammond (ed) Cultural Differences, Media Memories: Anglo-American Image of Japan. London: Cassell.
Suvanto, M. 2008. Images of Japan and the Japanese: The Representation of the Japanese Culture in the Popular Literature Targeted at the Western World in the 1980s – 1990s. VDM Verlag Dr. Muller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG
Tsutsui, W. and Ito, M. (ed). 2006. In Godzilla's Footsteps: Japanese Popular Culture Icons on the Global Stage. Palgrave Macmillan.
Week 16
'West' and 'Others' in Japanese Media
This lecture investigates the construction of the 'West' and 'Others' in Japanese media. The lecture outlines the construction of particular imagery of the 'West' and 'Others' in Japan in the historical context, and discusses the ideology in the imagery of the 'West' and 'Others' in the contemporary Japanese media.
Essential Reading:
Creighton, M. R. 2003. 'Imagining the Other in Japanese Advertising Campaigns' James G. Carrier (ed) Occidentalism: Image of the West. Oxford: Clearendon Press.
Further Reading:
Bailey, K. 2006. Marketing the eikaiwa wonderland: ideology, akogare, and gender alterity in English conversation school advertising in Japan. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 24(1): 105–130.
Cooper-Chen, A. 1997. Mass communication in Japan. Ames: Iowa University Press. (Part 1, Chapter 1)
Cornyetz, N. 1994. 'Fetishized Blackness: Hip Hop and Racial Desire in Contemporary Japan' Social Text, 41(4): 113-139.
Darling-Wolf, F. 2003. 'Media, class, and western influence in Japanese women's conceptions of attractiveness'. Feminist Media Studies 3(2):153-172.
Goldstein-Gidoni, O. and M. Daliot-Bul 2002. 'Shall We Dansu?': Dancing with the 'West' in contemporary Japan. Japan Forum, 14(1): 63-75.
Hayashi, K. and Lee, E. 2007. The Potential of Fandom and the Limits of Soft Power: Media Representations on the Popularity of Korean Melodrama in Japan. Social Science Japan Journal 10(2): 197-216.
Iwabuchi, K. 2003. Recentering Globalization: Popular Culture and Japanese Transnationalism. Durham and London: Duke University Press. (Chapter 5)
Iwashita, C. 2006. Media representation of the UK as a destination for Japanese tourists. Tourist Studies 6(1): 59-77.
Nakar, E. 2003. Nosing around: Visual representation of the Other in Japanese society. Anthropological Forum, 13(1): 49-66.
Ota, C. 2007. Relay of Gaze: Representations of Culture in the Japanese Televisual and Cinematic Experience. Lexington Books. (Chapter 2)
Russell, J. 1991. 'Race and Reflexivity: The Black Other in Contemporary Japanese Mass Culture'. Cultural Anthropology 6(1): 3-25
Yoshimi, S. 2003. 'America' as desire and violence: Americanization in postwar Japan and Asia during the Cold War, Inter-Asia Cultural studies 4(3): 433-450.
Week 17
'Japan' in the Japanese Media
If one applies Benedict Anderson's famous term 'imagined communities', the nation can be seen as a social construction. In the process of constructing a nation, the media plays a crucial role. This lecture explores the media's role in the construction of the Japanese nation.
Essential Reading:
Yoshimi, S. 2003. 'Television and Nationalism: Historical Change in the National Domestic TV Formation of Postwar Japan', European Journal of Cultural Studies, 6: 459-487.
Revell, L. 1997. Nihonjinron: Made in the USA. Phil Hammond (ed) Cultural Differences, Media Memories: Anglo-American Image of Japan. London: Cassell.
Further Reading:
Cazdyn, E. 2000. Representation, Reality Culture, and Global Capitalism in Japan. The South Atlantic Quarterly, 99(4): 903-927.
Darling-Wolf, F. 2004. Post-war Japan in Photographs: Erasing the past and building the future in the Japan Times. Journalism, 5(4): 403-422.
Fujitani, T. 1992. 'Electronic pageantry and Japan's "Symbolic Emperor"', The Journal of Asian Studies, 51(4):824-850.
Gerow, A. 2000. Consuming Asia, Consuming Japan: The New Neonationalistic Revisionism in Japan. In L. Hein and M. Selden (ed.) Censoring History: Citizenship and Memory in Japan, Germany, and the United States. London: M.E. Sharpe.
Hogan, J. 1999. 'The construction of gendered national identities in the television advertisements of Japan and Australis', Media, Culture & Society, 21: 743-758.
Ito, M. 2002. Television and Violence in the Economy of Memory. International Journal of Japanese Sociology 11: 19-34.
Iwabuchi, K. 2003. Recentering Globalization: Popular Culture and Japanese Transnationalism. Durham and London: Duke University Press. (Chapter 2)
Napier, S. 1993. 'Panic Sites: The Japanese Imagination of Disaster from Godzilla to Akira.' Journal of Japanese Studies, 19(3): 327-351.
Oblas, P. 1995. Perspectives on Race and Culture in Japanese Society: The Mass Media and Ethnicity. The Edwin Mellen Press.
Yoshimi, S. 1999. 'Made in Japan': the cultural politics of 'home electrification' in postwar Japan, Media, Culture & Society 21: 149-171.
Yoshimi, S. 2000. 'The cultural politics of the mass-mediated emperor system in Japan', in Gilroy, P., Grossberg, L. and McRobbie, A. (eds) Without Guarantees: in honour of Stuart Hall. London: Verso.
Week 17
Reading Week
Week 18
Representing Nuclear Explosion
Were the nuclear bombings on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 necessary evils to finish the bloody war quickly and save more lives, or were they crimes against humanity by targeting civilian populations? The memories and interpretations of the events of 1945 influences various imagery of nuclear explosions in the contemporary media. This lecture explores the construction of various imagery of nuclear explosions in Japanese and American media.
Essential Reading:
Broderick, M. (ed) 1996. Hibakusha Cinema: Hiroshima, Nagasaki and the Nuclear Image in Japanese Film. London: Kegan Paul International.
Shapiro, J. 2002. Atomic Bomb Cinema. London: Routledge
Further reading:
Boyer, P. 1996. Exotic Resonances: Hiroshima in American Memory. Hogan, M. (ed) Hiroshima in History and Memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Broderick, M. 1988. Nuclear Movies: A Filmography. Northcote: Postmodern Publishing
Dower, J. 1996. 'Three Narratives of our Humanity', in Linenthal, E. and Engelhardt, T. (eds) History Wars: The Enola Gay and Other Battles for the American Past. New York: An Owl Book.
Dower, J. 1996. The Bombed: Hiroshimas and Nagasakis in Japanese Memory. Hogan, M. (ed) Hiroshima in History and Memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hein, L. and Selden, M. 1997. Commemoration and Silence: Fifty Years of Remembering the Bomb in America and Japan. Hein, L. and Selden, M. (eds) Living with the Bomb: American and Japanese Cultural Conflicts in the Nuclear Age. London: M.E. Sharpe.
Hogan, M. 1996. The Enola Gay Controversy: History, Memory, and the Politics of Representation. Hogan, M. (ed) Hiroshima in History and Memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Knight, J. 1997. Japanese War Memories. Hammond, P. (ed) Cultural Differences, Media Memories: Anglo-American Image of Japan. London: Cassell.
Minear, R. 1995. Atomic Holocaust, Nazi Holocaust: Some Reflections. Diplomatic History, 19(2): 347-365.
Mohan, U. 1997. History and the News Media: the Smithsonian Controversy. Hammond, P. (ed) Cultural Differences, Media Memories: Anglo-American Image of Japan. London: Cassell.
Mohan, U. and Maley III, L. 1997. Orthodoxy and Dissent: the American News Media and the Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb against Japan, 1945-1995. Hammond, P. (ed) Cultural Differences, Media Memories: Anglo-American Image of Japan. London: Cassell.
Week 19
Manga and Anime
Manga and Anime are globalised cultural products from Japan. This lecture outlines how they have been developed in Japan, exported from Japan, and received in different countries. It also discusses the cultural politics of manga and anime: e.g. how they represent Japanese cultural identity in the global market, whilst 'hiding' their Japaneseness.
Essential Reading:
Ito, K. 2005. A History of Manga in the Context of Japanese Culture and Society. The Journal of Popular Culture, 38(3): 456-475.
Napier, S. 2005. Anime from Akira to Howl's Moving Castle. New York: Palgrave McMillan.
Further Reading:
Allison, A. 2000. Permitted and Prohibited Desires: Mothers, Comics, and Censorship in Japan. London: University of California Press. (Chapters 2 and 3)
Allison, A. 2006. Millennial Monsters: Japanese Toys and the Global Imagination. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bryce, M. et al. 2010. Manga and Anime: Fluidity and Hybridity in Global Imagery. Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies, http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/articles/2010/Bryce.html
Crawford, B. 1996. Emperor Tomato-Kechupe: Cartoon Properties from Japam. In Broderick, M. (ed) 1996. Hibakusha Cinema: Hiroshima, Nagasaki and the Nuclear Image in Japanese Film. London: Kegan Paul International.
Driscoll, M. 2009. Kobayashi Yoshinori Is Dead: Imperial War / Sick Liberal Peace / Neoliberal Class War. Mechademia, 4: 290-303. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/mec/summary/v004/4.driscoll.html
Freiberg, F. 1996. Akira and the Postmodern Sublime. In Broderick, M. (ed) 1996. Hibakusha Cinema: Hiroshima, Nagasaki and the Nuclear Image in Japanese Film. London: Kegan Paul International.
Galbraith, P. 2009. Moe: Exploring Virtual Potential in Post-Millennial Japan. Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies, http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/articles/2009/Galbraith.html
Kinsella, S. 1997. Adult Manga: culture and power in contemporary Japan. University of Hawai'i Press.
Kinsella, S. 1998. Japanese Subculture in the 1990s: Otaku and the Amateur Manga Movement. Journal of Japanese Studies, 24(2): 289-316.
Mori, Y. 2011. The Pitfall Facing the Cool Japan Project: The Transnational Development of the Anime Industry under the Condition of Post-Fordism. International Journal of Japanese Sociology, 20: 30-42.
Morris-Suzuki, T. and Peter Rimmer. 2002. Virtual Memories: Japanese History Debates in Manga and Cyberspace. Asian Studies Review, 26(2): 147-164.
Morris-Suzuki, T. 2005. The Past Within Us: Media, Memory, History. London: Verso. (Chapter 5)
Nagaike, K. 2010. The Sexual and Textual Politics of Japanese Lesbian Comics: Reading Romantic and Erotic Yuri Narratives. Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies, http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/articles/2010/Nagaike.html
Nakar, E. 2003. Memories of Pilots and Planes: World War II in Japanese Manga, 1957-1967. Social Science Japan Journal, 6(1): 57-76.
Zanghellini, A. 2009. Boys love in anime and manga: Japanese subcultural production and its end users. Continuun: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, 23(3): 279-294.
Zanghellini, A. 2009. Underage Sex and Romance in Japanese Homoerotic Manga and Anime. Social and Legal Studies, 18(2): 159-177.
Week 20
Sex and Gender
Imageries of sex and gender in the contemporary Japanese media often represent wider social, political, and international issues. This lecture 'decodes' imageries of sex and gender in the contemporary Japanese media and discusses ideological implications of narratives constructed by those imageries in the context of politics and international relations.
Essential Reading:
Arima, A.N. 2002. Gender Stereotypes in Japanese television advertisement. Sex Roles, 49(1/2): 81-90.
Skov, L. and B. Moeran (eds.) 1996. Women, Media, and Consumption in Japan. London: University of Hawai'i Press.
Further Reading:
Darling-Wolf, F. 2003. 'Media, class, and western influence in Japanese women's conceptions of attractiveness'. Feminist Media Studies 3(2):153-172.
Ford, F. et al. 1998. Gender Role Portrayals in Japanese Advertising: A Magazine Content Analysis. Journal of Advertising, 27(1): 113-124.
Iles, T. 2005. Female Voices, Male Words: Problems of Communication, Identity and Gendered Social Construction in Contemporary Japanese Cinema. Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies, http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/discussionpapers/2005/Iles.html
Kelsky, K. 1994. Intimate Ideologies: Transnational Theory and Japan's 'Yellow Cabs'. Public Culture, 6:465-478.
Kelsky, K. 1996. The Gender Politics of Women's Internationalism in Japan. International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, 10(1): 29-50.
Kelsky, K. 2001. Women on the Verge: Japanese Women, Western Dreams. Durhan and London: Duke University Press.
Matanle, P., L. McCann, and D. Ashmore. 2008. Men Under Pressure: Representations of the 'Salaryman' and his Organization in Japanese Manga. Organization, 15(5): 636-664.
McLelland, M. 2003. 'A Mirror for Men?' Idealised Depictions of White Men and Gay Men in Japanese Women's Media. Transformations, 6: 1-14.
Miller, L. 2003. Male Beauty work in Japan. In J.E. Roberson and N. Suzuki (ed) Men and Masculinities in Contemporary Japan: Dislocating the salaryman doxa. London: Routledge Curzon.
Miller, L. 2004. Those Naughty Teenage Girls: Japanese Kogals, Slang, and Media Assessments. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 14(2): 225-247.
Miller, L. 2011. Cute Masquerade and the Pimping of Japan International Journal of Japanese Sociology, 20: 18-29.
Tanaka, K. 2003. The language of Japanese men's magazines: young men who don't want to get hurt. In B. Benwell. (ed) Masculinity and Men's Lifestyle Magazines. London: Blackwell.
Yamaguchi, T. 2006. 'Loser Dogs' and 'Demon Hags': Single Women in Japan and the Declining Birth Rate, Social Science Japan Journal 9(1): 109–114.
Week 21
The Political Economy of Japanese Media
This lecture explores the political and economic connections to major media corporations, including NHK, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation which is Japan's public service broadcasting organization. It also discusses Japan's Kisha kurabu (press club) system and critically analyses economic and political relationships to media organisations.
Essential Reading:
Akhavan-Majid, R. 1990 'The Press as an Elite Power Group in Japan', Journalism Quarterly 67 (4):1006-1014
Pharr, S. and Krauss, E. (eds) 1996. Media and Politics in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Further Reading:
Cooper-Chen, A. 1997. Mass communication in Japan. Ames: Iowa University Press. (Chapter 2-4, 7-8)
Freeman, L. 2000. Closing the shop: information cartels and Japan's mass media. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. (esp. Chapter 3)
Kelly, W., T. Matsumoto and D. Gibson. 2002. Kish kurabu and koho: Japanese media relations and public relations. Public Relations Review, 28: 265-281.
Krauss, E. 2000. Broadcasting Politics in Japan: NHK television news. Cornell University Press. (esp. Chapters 1 and 9, and Part II)
Krauss, E. 1996. Portraying the State: NHK Television News and Politics. In Pharr, S. and Krauss, E. (eds) Media and Politics in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Morris-Suzuki, T. 'Free Speech – Silenced Voices: The Japanese Media and the NHK Affair.' AsiaRights Issue Four 2005. http://rspas.anu.edu.au/asiarightsjournal/Morris-Suzuki.pdf
O'Dwyer, J. 2005. Japanese Kisha clubs and the Canberra Press Gallery: Siblings or strangers. Asia Pacific media Educator, Issue 16.
Pharr, S. 1996. Media as Trickster in Japan: A Comparative Perspective. In Pharr, S. and Krauss, E. (eds) Media and Politics in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Sugiyama, M. 2000. 'Media and power in Japan', in Curran, J. & Myung-Jin, P. (eds) De-Westernising Media Studies. London: Routledge. Pp.191-201
Tasker, P. 1987. Inside Japan: Work, Wealth and Power in the New Japanese Empire. (Chapter 5)
Tracey, M. 1998. The Decline and Fall of Public Service Broadcasting. Clarendon Press.
Westney, D.E., 1996. Mass Media as Business Organizations: A U.S.-Japanese Comparison. In Pharr, S. and Krauss, E. (eds.) Media and Politics in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Week 22
Representation and Japanese Politics
This lecture examines relationships between political power and media organizations, including NHK, which often claims to be politically 'neutral'. Considering the political economy, media texts can be influenced by political power, whereas politics is also influenced by the media.
Essential Reading:
Ito, M. 2002. Television and Violence in the Economy of Memory. International Journal of Japanese Sociology 11: 19-34.
Pharr, S. and Krauss, E. (eds) 1996. Media and Politics in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Further Reading:
Altman, K.K. 1996. Television and Political Turmoil: Japan's Summer of 1993. In Pharr, S. and Krauss, E. (eds) Media and Politics in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Farley, M. 1996. Japan's Press and the Politics of Scandal. In Pharr, S. and Krauss, E. (eds) Media and Politics in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Feldman, O. 2005. Talking Politics in Japan Today. Sussex Academic press. (Chapter 7)
Iida, Y. 2003a. Media Politics and Reified Nation: Japanese Culture and Politics under Information Capitalism. Japanese Studies 23(1): 23-42.
Iida, Y. 2003b. Japanese Nationalism under Information Capitalism. International Journal of the Humanities 1: 697-710.
Kostic, Z. 2008. 'The relationship between the Japanese State and the public broadcaster NHK.' ANZCA08 Conference, Power and Place. Wellington, July 2008. http://anzca08.massey.ac.nz
Krauss, E. 2000. Broadcasting Politics in Japan: NHK television news. Cornell University Press. (esp. Chapters 1 and 9, and Part I)
Krauss, E. 1996. The Mass Media and Japanese Politics: Effects and Consequences. In Pharr, S. and Krauss, E. (eds) Media and Politics in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Krauss, E. and B. Nyblade. 2005. 'Presidentialization' in Japan? The Prime Minister, Media and Elections in Japan. British Journal of Political Studies, 35: 357-368.
McCargo, D. and L. Hyon-Suk. 2010. Japan's Political Tsunami: What's Media Got to Do with It? International Journal of Press/Politics, 15(2): 236-245.
Takiguchi, Masaki. 2007. Changing Media, Changing Politics in Japan. Japanese Journal of Political Science 8(1): 147-166.
Tkach-Kawasaki, L. 2003. Politics@Japan: Party Competition on the Internet in Japan. Party Politics, 9: 105-123.
Week 23
Censorship in Contemporary Japan
Media texts are often subject to legal restrictions. While obscene and violent images are often censored, some argue that censorship goes against the constitutional principle of freedom of speech. This lecture explores the issue of censorship in contemporary Japan and public debates surrounding it.
Essential Reading:
Dashiell, E. 1997. Law and regulation. In A. Cooper-Chen. Mass communication in Japan. Ames: Iowa University Press. (Part 3, Chapter 10)
Further Reading:
Alexander, JR. 2003. Obscenity, Pornography and the Law in Japan: Reconsidering Oshima's In the Realm of the Senses. Asian-Pacific law & policy journal, 4: 144-168.
Allison, A. 2000. Permitted and Prohibited Desires: Mothers, Comics, and Censorship in Japan. London: University of California Press. (Chapter 9)
Diamond, M. and A. Uchiyama. 1999. Pornography, Rape, and Sex Crimes in Japan. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 22 (1): 1-22.
Hirano, K. 1992. Depletion of the Atomic Bombings in Japanese Cinema during the US Occupation Period. In Broderick, M. (ed) 1996. Hibakusha Cinema: Hiroshima, Nagasaki and the Nuclear Image in Japanese Film. London: Kegan Paul International.
Hori, H. 2005. Representing a Women's Story: Explicit Film and the Efficacy of Censorship in Japan. In Sarai Collective (ed.) Sarai Reader 05: Bare Acts. Delhi: Autonomedia, pp.457-464. http://www.sarai.net/publications/readers/05-bare-acts/05_hikari.pdf
Mathew, C. 2011. Manga, Virtual Child Pornography, and Censorship in Japan. In Centre for Applied Ethics and Philosophy, Hokkaido University (ed.) Applied Ethics: Old Wine in New Bottles. http://ethics.let.hokudai.ac.jp/ja/files/appliedethics_2011.pdf
McCormack, G.2000. The Japanese Movement to 'Correct' History. In L. Hein and M. Selden (ed.) Censoring History: Citizenship and Memory in Japan, Germany, and the United States. London: M.E. Sharpe.
Minamizono, S. 2007. Japanese Prefectural Scapegoats in the Constitutional Landscape: Protecting Children from Violent Video Games in the Name of Public Welfare. San Diego international law journal, 9: 135-165.
Morris-Suzuki, T. 'Free Speech – Silenced Voices: The Japanese Media and the NHK Affair.' AsiaRights Issue Four 2005. http://rspas.anu.edu.au/asiarightsjournal/Morris-Suzuki.pdf
Nozaki, Y. and H. Inokuchi. 2000. Japanese education, Nationalism, and Ienaga Saburo's Textbook Lawsuits. In L. Hein and M. Selden (ed.) Censoring History: Citizenship and Memory in Japan, Germany, and the United States. London: M.E. Sharpe.
Trager, R. and Y. Obata. 2004. Obscenity Decisions in Japanese and United States Supreme Courts: Cultural Values in Interpreting Free Speech. University of California Davis Journal of International Law and Policy, 247-275.
Yamaguchi, I. 2002. Beyond De Facto Freedom: Digital Transformation of Free Speech Theory in Japan. Stanford Journal of International Law, 38: 109-122.
Week 24
Course Summary
