Thank you
Drug delivery Applications
Protecting our body cells from pathogens seems to be one of the precious implementations. Nanobots made of diamond coating and fullerene nanocomposites parts shows inertness inside human body from the immune systems.
distinguish between cells, orient their way to desired organs, transmit feedbacks to doctors regarding the conditions of the cell and receive commands from the operator to perform exact medication to that cell.
Could be easily extracted away from body through excretory channels.
Market niche and Global Scenario
IBM's Zurich research lab has a great contribution in establishing self-molecular manufacturing procedure. "Respirocytes" are the artificial mechanical red blood cells. These cells act as a robot to provide extra energy to cells 3 more times than that of normal red blood cells by active glucose combustion
Quantum International Corporation, a Canadian company has gone too far and successfully discovered a way of maneuvering tiny micro-scale robots inside blood vessels of living creatures
with the help of magnetic coils inside a MRI machine these microbots would be guided deep inside human body with onboard wireless-chip technology
. If succeed this can be a real time solution for cancer treatment according to Quantum CEO Robert Federowicz
Intuitive surgical, iRobot Corporation, Dover Corporation etc
In 2000 a combined effort from UCLA and HP could result a nano computing device which is compatible with nano scale memory chips. Mechanically interlinked ring molecules "Catenanes" are being developed.
Diamond mechanosynthesis is one of the best run molecular self-manufacturing techniques. Massive parallel manufacturing is the proposed commercial method to produce nanobots from industries
Powering nanobots/bio molecules
Molecular nano pump/generator
cutaway view of respirocytes
The figure below represents Drexler's overlap repulsion bearing design with ball-stick-space filling
206, 2808, 3557 atoms respectively
NANO SURGERY
Dr. Robert A Freitas – 'first idea of Nano medical surgery i.e. a nanoscale device can perform repair on the arteries of heart was proposed by Dr. Richard P. Feynman (Nobel Physicist) around 1959'
Stress on self manufacturing -Albert R. Hibbs a friend of Feynman –supported this concept
Hypothetical heart surgery by nano-molecules were proposed; but Drexler, a graduate student from MIT introduced the research of molecular manufacturing.
concept of Nano gears and Nano bearings came up. Practically making a nano scale gear or bearing was not possible until 2005.
Prof Harry Atwater's group from Caltech they have established a correlation between nanowaveguides and visible light spectrum by exploiting near field effects-NANO OPTICAL ROBOTICS
Plasmon- excitation of nanoparticles by injection of light wave- actuate nanobots through wave propagation
Drift compensation made possible to control the easy handling of AFMs.
use of Kalman Filtering techniques; this group was able to control the thermal drift flawlessly
self manufacturing was the motivation to this research
Nanocosmetic
For skincare much awaited nano-cosmetics can accomplish those jobs which are beyond our imagination with current technology
Nanobots in creams and body lotions
removing dead skin
managing lubrication in oil deficit and excessively oily skin areas
deep pore cleaning of inner skin layers
providing exact nourishment to affected skin areas
Virus detection & smart dental care
Nanobots designed to distinguish intruder virus cells can prevent diseases by puncturing it.
If the excretions from the invader are determined to be lethal then the whole alien cell has to be isolated from blood and disabled in an inert environment by the nanobots where no risk is impending to our immune system.(smartness).
Can exfoliate the damaged surface of a tooth instead of uprooting it
Bacteria or other infecting food particles stuck onto the gum could be washed away without destroying harmless flora of mouth.
Next generation heart care
Arteries in our body are most sensitive to cholesterol deposit causing deadly heart attack and numerous cardiac problems.
Nanorobotics with the help of nano-cutters can trim out the interior of narrowed blood vessels to widen them for smoother blood flow.
Damaged portions of arteries could be cured and normal functionalization of blood cycle be restored.
The maximum permissible toxic content in human body is expected controlled by accurately measuring different chemical contents i.e. carbon dioxide etc. in blood.
Defense and military use
In adverse weather conditions swarm of nanobots could venture into the enemy fortress and attack their system in various ways i.e. electromagnetic radiation interruption, feeding back live video footage of their warheads and direct attack by interjecting bio-hazards etc.
easy to deploy in any environment through dispersal aerosol or transporting by a larger platform or flying/crawling anatomy.
USAF Unmanned Aircraft Systems Flight Plan and Unmanned Systems Integration Roadmap are two major military programs launched by Department of Defense require micro/nano robots for better maneuvering
Defense and military use
Air command and Staff College from AIR University have predicted to include nanobots practically in field operations of USA military around 2035
a strong believe that the ongoing research would result a biological compound having DNA or proteins to be capable of interacting with environment in an intellectual way
according to Let. Col. Jack A. Jackson office of 1995 chief of staff of air force suggests air attack, aerial espionage and space dominance
an asset for intelligence data gathering, surveillance, indoor/outdoor reconnaissance, sensing of lethal bio weapon, target confirmation, prevention of cyber-attack
Simulated figure of payload release by nanobots onto cancer cell
Cancer antibiotic inside a nanobot
Cancer treatment
Cancer cells grow at faster rate than our normal body cells.
Cancer results in human body when specific portions of DNA in any cell are duplicated a number of times than usual rate and some other parts get deleted.
combined unusual growth and depletion inside a body cell makes it weaker and results in death.
nanobots are structured with DNA origami (DNA chains) by folding them to construct a shape like a barrel which works as the container for cancer-antibiotics.
can navigate towards the correct cancer cell by imitating as the receptor system for each cell.
The on-chip data about the characteristics of particular cancer cell helps to find out the target from the crowd.
After getting close enough towards the cancer cell, nanobot interacts with it while unlocking the 'payload' which is the medication for that cell.
Nanomanipulation & self manufacturing
Under NSF grant researchers at Laboratory for Molecular Robotics from University of southern California before 2003
complex architecture related to this kind of robotic design demands assembling single electron transistors, nanowires and Nano waveguides
(2003), Ari Recquicha- error compensation SPMs to 3D nano constructions by layer wise fabrication (nanolithography
the biggest challenges concerned with nanobots are incorporation of organic/inorganic & biotic/abiotic species with sensors & actuators
sintering instead of previously used chemical gluing or pushing (by AFM tip
latex nanoparticles, sintering could overcome the challenge of positioning/fixing of nanoparticles while assembling nanorobots
graph showing time required v/s target achievement by nanobots respectively
laparoscopic cancer surgery technology with the help of nanorobots
Robotics & Mechatronics Research Lab at Monash University (Melbourne-Australia), CAN center for Automation in Nano biotech (Sap Paulo-Brazil), Department of Urology at Thomas Guy House (Guy's hospital-London) and Department of surgery at Monash medical Centre (Melbourne-Australia)
manufacturing technology from CMOS VLSI design in association with deep ultraviolet lithography.
claimed to be commercially viable and cheaper than other techniques.
VHDL (Verification Hardware Description Language) to validate
Chemical sensors have been used onboard to transmit vital biological environment
RF based resonators and nanoelectronics circuitry claimed to be the power generators (1.7mA at 3.3V) form the inductively coupled vibration waves transferred from outside.
Nano-robotics – a review
Aruntapan Dash
Department of Mechanical Engineering (2nd year)
IGIT, Sarang, Odisha, India
[email protected]
&
Preetam Chandan Mohpatra
School Of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
Washington State University
Pullman, WA, 99164. USA
[email protected]
Introducing Nanorobotics
Robotics is the technology which deals with designing, manufacturing and handling of automated or manually operated machines.
Robotics + Nanotechnology = Nanorobotics
Nanorobotics can simply be defined as the miniaturization of robots to the scale of 100-10000nm having components in the range of 1-100nm.
Conclusion & future work
Still in research phase
Only a few pharmaceutical companies are getting near to the practical medical applications with their simulated design;
human testing is awaiting as the prolong effect is not yet known
Though being a part of robotics lots of aspects are related to biology .
Control mechanism pertains to electronics and control theory
So main focus is needed on control theory and biological compatibility
More no of companies should be interested in spending money on this research for different applications to their own interest other than medical.
Literature survey
miniaturized robots to perform neurosurgery with precision in both positioning as well as targeting.
To surpass this lacuna of human errors Professor Leo Joskowicz & his group from Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Pre-operation tests i.e. CT scan etc. provide the accurate data of brain structure from deep inside
feedback based image guided system.
installed program for exact movement during surgery.
Urology Robotic Surgery
Declan Murphy & Kaspar Althoefer et.al. from department of Urology at the most famous Guy's & St Thomas' NHS foundation trust and King's College School of Medicine
Applications
Biomedical diagnostic equipment
Drug delivery
Cancer treatment
Robotic therapy (advanced laparoscopy)
Nano measurement (AFM, STM, SPM)
Nano-electro-mechanical systems (NEMS)
Communication engineering (Nano electronics)
Defense & espionage (nanorobotic combing operation)
Military field operation (swarm of nanobots deployed in attack plan)
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