New Stenella and Parastenella species from the Brazilian cerrado

Mycologia, 99(5), 2007, pp. 753–764. # 2007 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897

New Stenella and Parastenella species from the Brazilian cerrado Denise Dornelo-Silva Rita de Ca´ssia Pereira-Carvalho Jose´ Carmine Dianese1

Abstract: Five new Stenella species were found on native cerrado plants. Stenella erythroxyli-campestris, S. erythroxyli-suberosi and S. erythroxylicola were associated with plant species belonging in the family Erythroxylaceae; S. cyrtopodii was found infecting the rare Cyrtopodium eugenii (Orchidaceae), and S. ocoteae occurred on Ocotea sp. (Lauraceae). Finally Parastenella callisthenis-fasciculatae was collected on a Vochysiaceae (viz. Callisthene fasciculate) endemic to the cerrado. Key words: Cercosporoid fungi, Erythroxylaceae, Erythroxylum, tropical microfungi

lose, catenate or single conidia with conspicuous, dark, slightly thickened hila (Deighton 1979, Hsieh and Goh 1990, Guo and Hsieh 1995, Braun 1998, Crous and Braun 2003). Parastenella J.C. David is similar morphologically in the superficial secondary mycelium and verruculose conidiophores, but the conidiogenous loci and conidial hila are neither thickened nor dark. Crous and Braun (2003) expressed doubts that Parastenella is distinct from Stenella, but we still consider Parastenella a distinct genus based on clear morphological differences between the two taxa and because consistent molecular evidence is lacking to support including this genus in Stenella. During a recent study of cercosporoid fungi deposited in the Mycological Collection of the Herbarium UB (Herb. UB [Mycol. Col.]) a number of Stenella-like species were encountered. Five new species of Stenella and one Parastenella species are described as a result of that study.

INTRODUCTION

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cercosporoid fungi are plant pathogenic organisms and are abundant in the cerrado region of central Brazil. They have been the object of a number of studies in the past 13 y (Dianese and Caˆmara 1994, Medeiros and Dianese 1994, Santos and Dianese 1995, Ina´cio et al 1996, Dianese et al 1997, Furlanetto and Dianese 1998, Ina´cio and Dianese 1999, Furlanetto and Dianese 1999, Dianese et al 1999, Dianese 2000, Herna´ndez-Gutierrez 2000, Dornelo-Silva and Dianese 2003–2004). Crous and Braun (2003) defined ‘‘true cercosporoid’’ fungi as being Mycosphaerella anamorphs and included Cercospora Fresen., Pseudocercospora Speg., Passalora Fr. and Stenella Syd. Many other generic names were considered of doubtful or uncertain status or as ‘‘cercosporoid sensu lato’’ because they were not anamorphs of Mycosphaerella. Stenella currently includes about 170 taxa (according to www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp) and species appear to be host specific (Braun 1998). The genus Stenella accommodates Cercospora-like fungi with verruculose, superficial secondary mycelium, solitary conidiophores arising mostly laterally or terminally from superficial hyphae, conidiogenous cells with conspicuous, thickened and darkened conidiogenous loci, giving rise to smooth or verrucu-

Specimens of cercosporoid fungi collected on plants in cerrado natural reserves and deposited at the Herbarium UB (Mycol. Col.) initially were studied with a stereomicroscope. Samples were placed on microscope slides and squash mounted or sectioned by a freezing microtome to be used for the morphological studies and microphotography. Semipermanent mounts of fungal samples were prepared and stained with lacto-glycerol-cotton blue or glycerol-KOHphoxine B and the slides sealed with nail polish. For scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pieces of leaves with one or more lesions showing representative samples of each specimen were fixed in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 2% glutaraldehyde, for at least 24 h. The samples were dehydrated in an aqueous series with increasing acetone concentrations from 15, 30, 50, 75 up to 100% acetone, for 15 min in each concentration. Leaf pieces were dried at the critical point before being covered by a thin layer of gold in a sputter coater for 2 min (Souza 1998). Finally the samples were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Jeol, model JSM 840-A E). Morphometric data obtained by light microscopy and sometimes SEM were used to characterize the specimens studied.

Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade de Brası´lia, 70910-900 Brası´lia, DF, Brasil

TAXONOMY

1.

Stenella erythroxyli-campestris Dornelo-Silva, R.C. Pereira-Carvalho & Dianese sp. nov. FIGS. 1–7

Differt a S. erythroxylicola stromatibus bene evolutis, conidiis solitariis, fusiformibus vel cylindraceis, brevioribus, ad 65 mm longis.

Accepted for publication 26 June 2007. 1 Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Leaf lesions amphigenous, 3–7 mm diam, solitary, 753

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FIGS. 1–7. Stenella erythroxyli-campestris (UB Mycol. Col. 7508) on leaves of Erythroxylum campestre (Erythroxylaceae). 1. Lesions shown as dark abaxial spots (bar 5 2.5 mm). 2. Verruculose superficial mycelium (bar 5 20 mm). 4. Conidiophore fascicle (bar 5 10 mm). 5, 6. Conidiphores and cicatrized conidiogenous cells (bars 5 10 mm). 7. Conidia with dark hila (bars 5 10 mm).

DORNELO-SILVA ET AL: STENELLA AND PARASTENELLA circular with dark brown borders and light gray center. Colonies amphigenous, velutinous, grayish. External mycelium with hyphae 3–4 mm wide, branched, septate, subhyaline to light brown, verruculose. Internal mycelium 2–4 mm wide, branched, septate, subhyaline to brown, forming stromata. Stromata 55–72 mm diam, light brown, subcuticular to intradermal, textura globosa. Conidiophores 20–40(30) 3 4–5(5) mm, fasciculate, subhyaline to light brown, cylindrical, erect, 1– 6(4) septate. Conidiogenous cells terminal, subhyaline, cylindrical, sympodial, polyblastic, cicatrized at the base. Conidia 25–65(60) 3 3–6(3) mm, cylindrical, subcylindrical to widely obclavate, subhyaline to light brown, smooth, 3–6(5) septate, cicatrized with a dark hilum, seldom with dichotomous apex. Specimen examined. BRAZIL. DISTRITO FEDERAL: ´ guas Emendadas, on Planaltina, Estac¸a˜o Ecolo´gica de A living leaves of Erythroxylum campestre St Hil., 14 Mar 1995, AS Alves 82 (UB Mycol. Col. UB 7508, HOLOTYPE).

Notes: S. erythroxyli-campestris is morphologically similar to the new species S. erythroxylicola described in this paper. The two species are characterized by having smooth conidia and conidiophores, but S. erythroxylicola is distinguished by its longer, cylindrical, catenate conidia. 2.

Stenella erythroxyli-suberosi Dornelo-Silva, R.C. Pereira-Carvalho & Dianese sp. nov. FIGS. 8–15

Differt a S. erythroxyli-campestris et S. erythroxylicola conidiis verruculosis.

Leaf lesions amphigenous, elliptical or irregular, solitary or coalescent. Colonies amphigenous, initially olivaceous to dark brown, velutinous. External mycelium 4 mm wide, branched, septate, light brown, verruculose. Internal mycelium 3–4 mm wide, branched septate, light brown, giving rise to stromata bearing conidiophores. Stromata brown, adaxial, textura angularis, partially immersed, erumpent, becoming superficial. Adaxial conidiophores 15–90(65) 3 4–6(5) mm, macronematous, cylindrical, erect or flexuous, light brown to brown, unbranched, smooth, fasciculate. Abaxial conidiophores 10–67(35) 3 4–6(5) mm, macronematous, cylindrical, erect or curved, light brown to brown, unbranched, smooth, laterally distributed on the verruculose superficial mycelium. Conidiogenous cells mono- or polyblastic, cylindrical, terminal, sympodial, cicatrized, light brown, smooth. Conidia 20– 110(60) 3 3–5(4) mm, solitary or in unbranched chains becoming intermixed with trichomes, cylindrical to oblong with a truncate base and round apex, light brown to brown, verruculose with a dark hilum. Specimens examined. BRAZIL. DISTRITO FEDERAL: ´ guas Emendadas, on Planaltina, Estac¸a˜o Ecolo´gica de A living leaves of E. suberosum, 14 Mar 1993, M Sanchez 481 ´ S: Road from (UB Mycol. Col. 7504, ISOTYPE). GOIA Brası´lia to Pirino´polis, on living leaves of E. suberosum, 23

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Apr 1993, JC Dianese 802 (UB Mycol. Col. 3675, PARATYPE). MINAS GERAIS: Fazenda Sebastia˜o Filgueiras right margin of the road from Divino´polis to Marilaˆndia, on living leaves of Erythroxylum suberosum St Hil. 28 Jun 1995, CA Ina´cio 397 (UB Mycol. Col. 9153, HOLOTYPE).

Notes: S. erythroxyli-suberosi differs from the two other species of Stenella on Erythroxylum and described herein, in having verruculose conidia. 3.

Stenella erythroxylicola Dornelo-Silva & Dianese sp. nov. FIGS. 16–21 Differt a S. erythroxyli-campestris stromatibus inconspicuis vel nullis, conidiis catenatis, cylindraceis, longioribus, ad 125 mm longis. Leaf lesions hypophyllous, brown, circular, isolated or coalescent, spread on the entire leaf blade. External mycelium, abundant; hyphae 3–5.5 mm wide, branched, septate, verruculose, subhyaline to light brown. Internal mycelium branched, septate, light brown. Stromata inconspicuous or absent. Conidiophores 34–115(78) 3 5–6(5) mm, cylindrical, macronematous, simple or branched, laterally or at the apex of superficial hyphae, rarely grouped in fascicles, light brown to brown. Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, sympodial, cicatrized. Cicatrices conspicuous, slightly thickened, brown. Conidia 25–125(50) 3 4–5(5) mm, 1–14(7) septate, solitary or on short chains, erect, sometimes branched, cylindrical, subhyaline to light brown, smooth; hilum dark. Specimen examined. BRAZIL. DISTRITO FEDERAL: ´ guas Emendadas, on Planaltina, Estac¸a˜o Ecolo´gica de A living leaves of E. campestre, 6 Mar 1995, M Sanchez 437 (UB Mycol. Col. 7364, HOLOTYPE).

Notes: S. erythroxylicola shares with S. erythroxylicampestris, described in this paper, smooth conidiophores and conidia, but it is distinct from the latter species by having catenate, cylindrical, longer conidia, up to 125 mm, and inconspicuous stromata or none at all. The three Stenella species on Erythroxylum show characteristics typical of this genus, such as verruculose superficial mycelium, cicatrized conidiogenous cells, smooth or verruculose pigmented conidia. However the three species are well distinguished (see TABLE I) and can be identified easily based on their morphometric features with the following dichotomous key. KEY TO STENELLA SPECIES ON ERYTHROXYLUM

1. Conidia verruculose, on leaves of Erythroxylum suberosum . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stenella erythroxyli-suberosi 19. Conidia smooth; on leaves of Erythroxylum campestre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Conidia catenate, cylindrical, 25–125 3 4–5 mm; stromata inconspicuous or absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stenella erythroxylicola 29. Conidia noncatenate fusoid to cylindrical, 25–65 3 3–6 mm, on conidiophores formed on well developed stromata . . . Stenella erythroxyli-campestris.

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FIGS. 8–15. Stenella erythroxyli-suberosi (UB Mycol. Col. 9153) on leaves of Erythroxylum suberosum. (Erythroxylaceae). 8. Dark irregular leaf spots (bar 5 2 cm). 9. Colonies on abaxial leaf surface (bar 5 100 mm). 10, 11. Verruculose superficial mycelium, conidiophores and conidia (bars 5 10 mm). 12, 13, 14. Cicatrized conidiophores (bars 5 15, 15, and 10 mm, respectively). 15. A typical conidium (bar 5 10 mm). This is the first record of Stenella species on members of the family Erythroxylaceae, although about 170 species are known (Retrieved 11 Sep 2006 from http://www. speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp and retrieved 11 Sep 2006 from Farr et al 2006).

4.

Stenella cyrtopodii Dornelo-Silva, R.C. PereiraCarvalho & Dianese sp. nov. FIGS. 22–30

Differt a S. orchidacearum conidiophoris longioribus et latioribus, 60–228(154) 3 5–7(5) mm, conidiis brevioribus et latioribus, 17–55(35) 3 5–6(5) mm.

Leaf lesions 5–25 3 3–10 mm, amphigenous, elliptical, sometimes coalescent, dark brown. Colonies amphigenous, olivaceous, olive brown to brown, velutinous, downy. Superficial mycelium 3–4 mm wide, copious, branched, septate, light brown to brown, verruculose. Internal mycelium, 5–7 mm wide, transmesophyllic, intercellular, sometimes moniloid, dark brown, branched, septate. Stromata 26–48(36) 3 17– 36(22) mm, subcuticular, partially immersed, erumpent, brown, textura angularis; stromatal cells 3–9 3 4– 9 mm. Primary conidiophores 60–228(154) 3 5–7(5)

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FIGS. 16–21. Stenella erythroxycola (UB Mycol. Col. 7364) on leaves of Erythroxylum campestre (Erythroxylaceae). 16. Brown to dark brown leaf spots (bar 5 5 cm). 17. Network of superficial hypha (bar 5 10 mm). 18. Verruculose hypha (bar 5 10 mm). 19. Fasciculate smooth conidiophores (bar 5 10 mm). 20. Conidiophores with cicatrized conidiogenous cells (bar 5 10 mm). 21. A typical conidium (bar 5 10 mm).

TABLE I.

Summary of the main characteristics of the new Stenella species on Erythroxylum hosts

Species

Stromata diameter (mm)

Conidiophores (mm)

Conidia (mm)

Conidial septation

S. erythroxylicampestris S. erythroxyi-suberosi S. erythroxylicola

55–72 40–50 absent

20–40 3 4–5 15–90 3 4–6 34–115 3 5–6

25–65 3 3–6 20–110 3 3–5 25–125 3 4–5

3–6 3–13 1–14

Conidial surface

Host species

smooth E. campestre verruculose E. suberosum smooth E. campestre

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MYCOLOGIA

FIGS. 22–30. Stenella cyrtopodii (UB Mycol. Col. 15854) on leaves of Cyrtopodium eugenii. (Orchidaceae). 22. Conidiophorebearing stroma and internal mycelium (bar 5 40 mm). 23. Conidiophores on stroma originated from an abundant network of sinuous brown hyphae (bar 5 40 mm). 24. Fascicle of conidiophores (bar 5 20 mm). 25. Verruculose superficial mycelium (bar 5 10 mm). 26, 27. Sympodial cicatrized smooth conidiogenous cells (bars 5 10 mm). 28, 29, 30. Verruculose conidia (bars 5 10 mm).

DORNELO-SILVA ET AL: STENELLA AND PARASTENELLA mm, on stromata, smooth, caespitose, cylindrical, erect or slightly curved. Secondary conidiophores on superficial mycelium, lateral or terminal. Conidiogenous cells 9–28(15) 3 5 mm, terminal or intercalary, polyblastic, geniculate, olivaceous, cicatrized; scars thick, dark, 1– 8(5) scars per conidiogenous cell. Conidia 17–55(35) 3 5–6(5) mm, solitary or short catenate, straight, 2–7 septate, verruculose, with an obconical truncate base, and a basal scar.

Specimens examined. BRAZIL. DISTRITO FEDERAL: ´ guas Emendadas, on Planaltina, Estac¸a˜o Ecolo´gica de A living leaves of Cyrtopodium eugenii Reichb.f, (Orchidaceae), 23 Jan 1998, D Dornelo-Silva 9 (UB Mycol. Col. 15854, HOLOTYPE). Reserva Ecolo´gica do IBGE, co´rrego do Roncador, on living leaves of C. eugenii, 27 Jan 1999, M Sanchez 3383 (UB Mycol. Col. 17322, ISOTYPE). Parque Nacional de Brası´lia, on living leaves of C. eugenii, 21 Dec 1995, ZM Chaves 289 (UB Mycol. Col. 10570, ISOTYPE).

Several cercosporoid fungi (e.g. Pseudocercospora dendrobii Goh & W.H Hsieh [Hsieh and Goh 1990], Ramularia epipactidis U. Braun & Rogerson [Braun and Rogerson 1993], Cercospora odontoglossi Prill. & Delacr., C. cypripedii Ellis & Dearness, C. angraeci Feuilleb. & Roum.) were reported on hosts belonging to the Orchidaceae. Braun and Sivapalan (1999) described Stenella orchidacearum Braun & Sivapalan on Vanda sp. (Orchidaceae) with conidiophores that are shorter and thinner (3–80 3 1.5–5 mm) but forming longer and thinner conidia (4–140 3 1– 4 mm) than those of S. cyrtopodii. The new Stenella species can be differentiated further from S. orchidacearum based on its ability to extensively colonize the entire depth of the host mesophyll forming a dark, thick-walled, nodose, intercellular mycelium. 5.

Stenella ocoteae Dornelo-Silva & Dianese sp. nov. FIGS. 31–47

Differt a S. litseae-glutinosae conidiophoris longioribus et latioribus, 77–324(180) 3 5–7(5) mm, cellulis conidiogenis plerumque proliferantibus, conidiis longioribus et latioribus, 20–204(84) 3 5–7(5) mm.

Leaf lesions hypophyllous, irregular, nonnecrotic, grayish to brown. Colonies 3–5(4) mm diam, hypophyllous, irregular, effuse, velutinous, grayish to light brown. External mycelium 3–5 mm wide, branched, septate, verruculose, light brown to brown, sometimes forming structures suggesting appresoria. Internal mycelium branched, septate, brown. Stromata poorly developed, substomatal. Conidiophores 77–324(180) 3 5–7(5) mm, cylindrical, macronematous, geniculate, erect or flexuous, solitary when borne on secondary superficial hyphae or primarily as fascicles on stromata, smooth, light brown to brown. Conidiogenous cells terminal, integrated, cylindrical, sympodial, polyblastic, cicatrized. Conidial scars flat, thick and

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dark. Conidia 20–204(84) 3 5–7(5) mm, solitary, cylindrical, 5–26(8) septate, verruculose, brown, with a dark hilum. ´ S: Santa Rosa, FaSpecimen examined. BRAZIL. GOIA zenda Sussuarana, on living leaves of Ocotea sp., 7 Nov 1998, AB Teixeira 8 (UB Mycol. Col. 17070, HOLOTYPE).

Among 15 species of Cercospora-like fungi known on members of the family Lauraceae; two have been described previously in Stenella. Stenella litseae-glutinosae was found on Litsea glutinosa C.B. Rob and on L. japonica Mirb (Chupp 1954, Hsieh and Goh 1990, Braun 1995). That species possesses conidiophores and conidia smaller than those of S. ocoteae, which also differs from S. litseae-glutinosae because most of the conidiophores of S. ocoteae have frequently proliferating conidiogenous cells that are formed characteristically on the superficial verruculose mycelium. The second previously described species occurred on leaves of Ocotea puberula and originally was described as Napicladium laurinum Speg. and later recombined as S. laurina (Speg.) M.B. Ellis (Ellis 1976). This species is clearly different from the new S. ocoteae due to its smooth, smaller conidia (17–37 3 4– 6 mm) that are 1–4 septate, and shorter conidiophores (,50 mm). 6.

Parastenella callisthenis-fasciculatae Dornelo-Silva, R.C. Pereira-Carvalho & Dianese sp. nov. FIGS. 48–60

Differt a P. magnoliae conidiophoris et conidiis longioribus et leviter anguistioribus (60–252[180] mm vel 27– 85[65] 3 3–4[3] mm) et a P. aequatoriensis conidiis longioribus et leviter anguistioribus, 27–85(65) 3 3–4(3) mm, crassitunicatis.

Leaf lesions amphigenous, irregular, grayish brown, sometimes delimited by dark brown borders. Colonies hyphophyllous, effuse, velutinous, olivaceous-brown to grayish. External mycelium 3–4 mm diam, branched, light brown, verruculose. Internal mycelium 2–4 mm wide, branched, brown, giving rise to small stromata. Stromata 48–60 mm, diam, textura angularis, poorly developed, erumpent, substomatal, partially immersed, light brown. Primary conidiophores 96– 252 mm, mononematous, septate, solitary, verruculose, dark brown. Secondary conidiophores 60–252(180) mm, formed laterally or terminally on the superficial hyphae, verruculose, brown. Conidiogenous cells terminal or intercalary, polyblastic, sympodial, cicatrized, smooth. Conidia 27–85(65) 3 3–4(3) mm, cylindrical to slightly fusoid, straight to slightly curved, 1–7(5) septate, light brown, thick-walled, verruculose, solitary or short (2–3 conidia) catenate, with a thick hilum. Specimen examined. BRAZIL. RO: Alto Alegre Municipality, Chapada dos Parecı´s, 24 km from Alto Alegre at the

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FIGS. 31–38. Stenella ocoteae (UB Mycol. Col. 17070) on leaves of Ocotea sp. (Lauraceae). 31. Leaf spots on Ocotea sp. leaf (bar 5 10 mm). 32. Hypophyllous velutinous colonies (bar 5 1 mm). 33. Verruculose superficial mycelium (bar 5 5 mm). 34. SEM view of the verruculose superficial mycelium (bar 5 2 mm). 35. A conidiophore fascicle (bar 5 20 mm). 36. Appressoriumlike structure formed by a lateral branch of the superficial mycelium (bar 5 5 mm). 37. Primary conidiophores (bar 5 10 mm). 49. Group of secondary conidiophores (bar 5 20 mm).

cross between P40 and Px highways, on living leaves of Callisthene fasciculata, 10 Jun 1998, M Sanchez 3383 (UB Mycol. Col. 19432, HOLOTYPE).

The morphological characters of this specimen,

such as noncicatrized verruculose conidia and conidiophores and the presence of a verruculose superficial mycelium, are typical of the genus Parastenella (David 1991, Morgan-Jones G 1998, Crous and

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FIGS. 39–47. Stenella ocoteae (UB Mycol. Col. 17070) on leaves de Ocotea sp. (Lauraceae). 39, 40, 41. Geniculate cicatrized conidiophores (bars 5 25, 10, and 10 mm, respectively). 42. SEM view of a conidiophore with integrated cicatrized conidiogenous cells (bar 5 5 mm). 43. Polyblastic conidiogenous cell (bar 5 5 mm). 44. Conidiophore apex with holoblastic conidiogeneous cell (bar 5 5 mm). 45, 46. Conidium (bar 5 10 mm). 47. Conidia SEM view (bar 5 5 mm).

Braun 2003). Parastenella was previously a monotypic genus with P. magnoliae (Weedon) J.C. David (David 1991) as type species. Parastenella callisthenis-fasciculatae however is easily separable from P. magnoliae by its conidiophores and conidia, which are slightly thinner but about twice as long as those produced by the type species. Schubert and Braun (2005) recently transferred Cladosporium aequatoriense Petr., known from Ecuador on Mikania sp. (Asteraceae), to Parastenella. The latter species is distinguishable from the P. callisthenis-fasciculatae by the shorter, somewhat wider, thin-walled conidia of P. aequatoriense. Comparing this specimen with the other two cercosporoid fungi known on Vochysiaceae shows clear differences from Cercospora vochysiae (with hyaline, acicular, multiseptate conidia) and Passalora

qualeae (with obclavate light brown conidia) both species with smooth mycelium and conidia (DorneloSilva and Dianese 2003). Thus the new P. callistenisfasciculatae is the second Parastenella and fourth cercosporoid species found on hosts in the Vochysiaceae, a predominant plant family of cerrado flora.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank Prof. Mariza Sanchez for herbarium support, CAPES Brazilian Ministry of Education for a MSc fellowship granted to the first author, and CNPq/Brazil for a doctoral fellowship and a 1A-Research Fellowship granted respectively to the second and third authors. Also credit is given to Fundac¸a˜o Banco do Brasil for a grant supporting the Cerrado Fungi Project at Universidade de Brası´lia.

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FIGS. 48–56. Parastenella callisthenis-fasciculatis (UB Mycol. Col. 19432) on leaves of Callisthene fasciculata. (Vochysiaceae). 48. Leaf spot (bar 5 3 mm). 49. Colony view in SEM (bar 5 100 mm). 50. SEM view of the verruculose superficial mycelium (bar 5 5 mm). 51. Superficial mycelium with secondary conidiophores (bar 5 20 mm). 52. Detail of a secondary conidiophore (bar 5 10 mm). 53. Stroma and connecting superficial mycelium (bar 5 50 mm). 54, 55. Short lateral conidiogenous cells on a secondary conidiophore (bars 5 10 mm). 56. Conidium still connected to a conidiogenous cell (bar 5 10 mm).

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FIGS. 57–60. Parastenella callisthenis-fasciculatis (UB Mycol. Col. 19432) on leaves of Callisthene fasciculata. (Vochysiaceae). 57, 58. Conidia (bars 5 10 mm). 59, 60. Short catenate conidia (bar 5 10 mm).

LITERATURE CITED

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Microfungi. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p 367–417. Dornelo-Silva D, Dianese JC. 2003. Hyphomycetes on the Vochysiaceae from the Brazilian cerrado. Mycologia 95: 1239–1251. ———, ———. 2004. New hyphomycete genera on Qualea species from the Brazilian cerrado. Mycologia 96:879– 884. Farr DF, Rossman AY, Palm ME, McCray EB. Fungal databases, Systematic Botany & Mycology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved 11 Sep 2006 from hhtp:// nt.ars.grin.gov/fungal databases/ Furlanetto C, Dianese JC. 1998. Some Coelomycetes from central Brazil. Mycol Res 102:19–27. ———, ———. 1999. Some Pseudocercospora species and a new Prathigada species from the Brazilian cerrado. Mycol Res 103:1203–1209. Guo Y-L, Hsieh WH. 1995. The genus Pseudocercospora in China. Beijing: International Academic Publishers. Mycosyst Monograph Ser 2:1–388. Herna´ndez-Gutie´rrez A. 2000. Fungos cercosporo´ides em plantas nativas do Cerrado [Doctoral thesis]. Brası´lia: Universidade de Brası´lia. 272 p. Hsieh WH, Goh TK. 1990. Cercospora and similar fungi from Taiwan. Taipei: Maw Chang Book Co. 376 p. Ina´cio CA, Furlanetto C, Hernande´z-Gutierrez A, Dianese JC. 1996. Some Cercospora species originally described by Ahme´s Pinto Vie´gas. Fitopatol Brasil 21:405–409. ———, Dianese JC. 1999. A new Mycovellosiella species on Myracrodruon urundeuva. Mycotaxon 72:251–263. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, David JC. 2001. Ainsworth and Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi. 9th ed. UK: CAB International. 655 p. Medeiros RB, Dianese JC. 1994. Passalora eitenii sp. nov. on Syagrus comosa in Brazil and a key to Passalora species. Mycotaxon 5:509–513.

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Morgan-Jones G. 1998. Notes on Hyphomycetes LXXIV. Concerning Parastenella magnoliae, its phylogenetic affinity and the relationship between it and its host, Magnolia grandiflora. Mycotaxon 66:421–428. Santos LTP, Dianese JC. 1995. New Stenella species on living leaves of Andira cuiabana. Fitopatol Brasil 20(Supplement):314.

Schubert K, Braun U. 2005. Taxonomic revision of the genus Cladosporium s. lat. 1. Species reallocated to Fusicladium, Parastenella, Passalora, Pseudocercospora and Stenella. Mycol Progr 4:101–109. Souza W. 1998. Te´cnicas ba´sicas de microscopia eletroˆnica aplicadas a`s cieˆncias biolo´gicas. Rio de Janeiro: Sos. Bras. de Microscopia. 179 p.