Zootaxa 3557: 40–48 (2012) www.mapress.com / zootaxa/ Copyright © 2012 · Magnolia Press
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Octocollis, a new genus and Octocollis setosus, a new species of Cetoniinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from Queensland, Australia CHRISTIAN H. MOESENEDER1 & PAUL M. HUTCHINSON2 1
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Qld 4001, Australia. E-mail:
[email protected] 67 Gravity Street, Beckenham, Perth, W.A. 6107, Australia.
2
Abstract The male of Octocollis new genus and Octocollis setosus new species is described from Queensland, Australia. The species displays primitive cetoniine characters. Octocollis is placed in tribe Schizorhinini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae). The informal name “Polyholcus setosus” is discussed. Key words: flower chafer, Schizorhinini
Introduction The flower chafers, or cetoniines (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae), are a cosmopolitan group of mostly nectar and pollen-feeding scarab beetles with approximately 3900 known species (Mico et al. 2008). In Australia the subfamily is represented by 142 species in 34 genera. New species are still described frequently in this group, often from specimens that were deposited in museums many years ago. Allard (1995), Rigout & Allard (1997), Krajcik (1999) and the Australian Faunal Directory (Calder 2002) are relatively recent, comprehensive publications on the subject. For several decades the informal name “Polyholcus setosus” was used for a cetoniine known only from male specimens from North Queensland, Australia. The species was collected by at least 13 well-known entomologists since 1964 and as recently as 2010. In 2009, a picture was published by Golding (2009). Since determination labels on specimens bear the name of Michael E. Bacchus, it is likely that the name originates with this British entomologist. Specimens in collection drawers were consequently labelled with the informal name “Polyholcus setosus” and it was used amongst entomologists. Thorough literature and database searches and a request to the Museum of Natural History in London have shown that no publication exists which makes the informal name “Polyholcus setosus” available.
Methods Specimen lengths were measured from the anterior of frons to the posterior margin of abdomen; widths were measured at the widest extent of the elytra. Morphological nomenclature follows Krikken (1984) and Holm & Marais (1992). With legs set at natural positions (Fig. 1), the surface of the mesofemur, mesotibia, metafemur and metatibia that is closest to the body is referred to as the proximal surface; the surface that is further from the body is referred to as the distal surface. For profemur and protibia the proximal surface is the surface visible in dorsal view and the distal surface is the surface visible in ventral view. Images of type specimens were taken with a Canon EOS 5D and Canon 100 mm macro lens. Focus stacking was performed with Helicon Focus version 4.48. Ecosystem classification was determined using the Queensland Herbarium Regional Ecosystem Description Database, version 6.0b, updated November 2009 by the Department of Environment and Resource Management, Brisbane, Australia.
40 Accepted by A. Smith: 24 Oct. 2012; published: 21 Nov. 2012
Collections and institutions are abbreviated as follows: AIF—Australian Insect Farm, Jack W. Hasenpusch, Innisfail, Queensland, Australia; ANIC—Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia; CMAR—CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia; CSIRO—Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation; DEEDI—Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia; D.K./DKG—Denis R. Kitchin, Gracemere, Queensland, Australia; MIC—Christian Moeseneder, Redland Bay, Queensland, Australia; PMH—Paul Hutchinson, Beckenham, Western Australia, Australia; QM—Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Other abbreviations: J.H.—Jack W. Hasenpusch, Innisfail, Queensland, Australia; Qld—Queensland; f—female; m—male.
Octocollis gen. n. Differential diagnosis. Males of Octocollis have a unique combination of relevant and easily visible characters that readily distinguish it from other Australian cetoniine genera and species (Table 1).
Schizorhina Kirby, 1825
Pseudoclithria hirticeps Macleay, 1871
Pseudoclithria fossor Lea, 1914
Neoclithria van de Poll, 1886
Clithria Burmeister, 1842
Octocollis
TABLE 1. Comparison of Octocollis males with Australian cetoniine genera that share selected distinctive characters. This table is only valid for males since females of Octocollis are unknown. Remark: 1except in Clithria bacchusi (Allard, 1995).
Mesometasternal process almost absent Antennal club large, at least as long as head Pronotum almost circular Pronotum widest at midlength, base constricted Elongate mesotarsomere and metatarsomere, longer than mesotibia and metatibia
1
Complex genitalia, parameres with appendages Elytra completely and evenly setose Humeral emargination indistinct
Type species. Octocollis setosus new species, here designated. Description. Male (Fig. 1). Head (Fig. 3) Clypeus quadrate, weakly divergent post antennal insertion; gena (lateral declivity) vertical; lateral margins non-parallel, moderately raised and broadly arcuate to apex; clypeus and frons pilose. Antenna with 10 antennomeres; club with 3 antennomeres, at least as long as head. Thorax. Pronotum weakly 8-sided, at distance appearing subcircular, weakly transverse; basal lobe obsolete, weakly sinuate; posterolateral angle obtuse; lateral margin convex, widest at midlength; surface densely punctate, setose. Scutellum slightly longer than wide. Elytron weakly bicostate (not counting sutural costa), covering abdominal sternites; posthumeral emargination shallow, sweeping, only laterally visible; entirely covered in setae. Metacoxa barely exposed. Mesepimeron clearly visible dorsally adjacent to elytra; sutural costa margin linear-punctate terminating adjacent to apex of scutellum. Mesometasternal process (Fig. 5) undeveloped. Metasternum 2.5 times as wide as long. Legs (Fig. 4). Long; combined length of mesotibia and mesotarsi and combined length of metatibia and
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metatarsi longer than elytra. Profemur entirely laterally flattened, weakly attenuate, subparallel. Protibia parallel and tridentate; apical denticle acute, surpassing apex of first tarsomere; apical spur short, acute and approximately reaching apex of first tarsomere; series of short setae at apex. Protarsi elongate; claws simple, symmetrical. Mesofemur laterally flat, non-parallel; posterior margin convex. Mesotibia long, linear, subparallel, posterior margin bidentate; proximal surface ungrooved; apex bispinose; two apical spurs long, fine, acute, unequal length. Mesotarsi elongate, claws simple, symmetrical. Metafemur entirely laterally flattened, non-parallel, anterior margin convex. Metatibia long, linear, evenly weakly divergent to apex, posterior margin unidentate near midlength; proximal surface ungrooved; apex bispinose; two apical spurs long, fine acute, unequal length. Metatarsi elongate; claws simple, symmetrical. Abdomen. Sternites 3–5 with median longitudinal impression. Pygidium transverse, length:width ratio 1:1.5, evenly convex, concentrically rugose. Genitalia (Fig. 6). Phallobase 1.5 x length of parameres. Parameres elongate, incurved at apex, bearing broad, long projection near apex, which can be mistaken for main apex. Discussion. Krikken (1984) noted that he had seen Australian specimens with approximated mesocoxa as well as oddities and undescribed forms that would require new genera to be established. He confirmed that Octocollis setosus is among these and needs to be placed in a new genus (J. Krikken, personal communication). Octocollis is herewith assigned to the tribe Schizorhinini. Etymology. The genus name Octocollis is derived from the Latin words octo, meaning eight, and collum, meaning neck. The combination of words identifies a beetle with an eight-sided neck shield.
Octocollis setosus new species (Figs 1–6) Material examined (69 specimens). Holotype, male: AUSTRALIA. Paluma, Qld, 23.i.1964, A. Walford-Huggins, T159368 [QM]. Paratypes: AUSTRALIA. 1 male, Paluma, Qld, 8.i.2000, D. Kitchin, CET0606 [PMH]; 1 male, Paluma, Qld, i.2000, M. Powell & T. Hanlon [MIC]; 1 male, xi.2001, Paluma, S. Lamond, CET0607 [PMH]; 1 male, 12–16 km W of Paluma, 18.i.2011, J. & P. Hasenpusch [AIF]; 3 males, Ewan Road, Mt. Spec, 12.i.1969, J.G. & A.G. Brooks, 0-046034 (3 specimens on single cardboard) [DEEDI]; 1 male, Mt. Spec, 6.i.1988 [AIF]; 1 male, Mt. Spec, 29.xii.2003, D. Kitchin & T.Jack [DKG]; 2 males, Mt. Spec, Ewan Road, 10–12 miles W of Paluma, 3–6.i.1966, J.G. & J.A.G. Brooks [ANIC]; 4 males, Ewan Road, 10–12 miles W of Paluma, 3–6.i.1966, J.G. & J.A.G. Brooks [ANIC]; 5 males, Ewan Road, 16–19 km W of Paluma, 8.i.1969, J.G. Brooks [ANIC]; 3 males, 17 km W of Paluma, 6.i.2010, M. Powell & D. Knowles, MIC10002-001 [MIC], MIC10002-002 [MIC], no unique id [AIF]; 1 male, 24 km W of Paluma, 6.i.2004, D. Kitchin & T. Jack [DKG]. Additional material: AUSTRALIA. 1 male, Paluma, Qld, 23.i.1964, A. Walford-Huggins, T159369 [QM]; 1 male, xi.2001, Paluma, S. Lamond, CET0608 [PMH]; 1 male, Paluma, Qld, 9.i.1995 [DKG]; 1 male, Paluma, Qld, 12.xii.1975, F.T. Fricke [AIF]; 1 male, 12–16 km W of Paluma, 9–13.i.1989, Howden & Adams [AIF]; 2 males, Mt. Spec, 11.i.2002, D. Kitchin & T. Jack, CET0609 [PMH], without unique id [DKG]; 1 male, Mt. Spec, 31.xii.2008, D. Kitchin, CET0611 [PMH]; 1 male, Mt. Spec, 10.i.1987, R. Clarke [DKG]; 2 males, Mt. Spec, 29.xii.2003, D. Kitchin & T. Jack [DKG]; 2 males, Mt. Spec, 17.i.1965, J.A.G. Brooks [ANIC]; 2 males, Mt. Spec, 13.i.1964, J.G. Brooks [ANIC]; 1 male, Mt. Spec, 6.i.1965, J.A.G. Brooks [ANIC]; 2 males, Mt. Spec, 13.i.1964, G.B. Brooks [ANIC]; 2 males, Mt. Spec, 6.i.1988 [AIF]; 6 males, Mt. Spec, Ewan Road, 10–12 miles W of Paluma, 4–6.i.1966, J.G. & J.A.G. Brooks (6 specimens on single cardboard) [ANIC]; 1 male, 17 km W of Paluma, 6.i.2010, M. Powell & D. Knowles, MIC10002-003 [AIF]; 2 males, 20 km W of Paluma, 30.xii.2009, D. Kitchin & T. Jack, CET0610 [PMH], without unique id [DKG]; 13 males, Ewan Road c. 20 km W of Paluma, 6–10.i.1969, J.G. Brooks [ANIC]; 2 males, Ewan Rd c. 22 km W of Paluma, 8–10.i.1969, J.G. Brooks [ANIC]. Description of Holotype. Male (Fig. 1). Elongate ovoid. Length 18 mm, width 10 mm. Head (Fig. 3). Clypeus as wide as long, becoming weakly bilobate apically; lateral and apical margins rising gradually from disc, black; bearing deep, closely spaced punctures on frons and clypeus becoming smaller on lateral and apical margins of clypeus. Frons bearing long, moderately dense, erect, ginger pilosity, shorter on clypeal disc. Ocular canthus distally bearing long silvered setae. Antennal scape globular, brown; clothed with fringe of long, silver setae on posterior margin; row of sparse, long setae on distal margin. Club enlarged, 1.5 x length of antennomeres 1–7, longer than head; antennomeres broad and arcuate with setae covering most of inner surface of antennomere 8;
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pores on outer surface of antennomere 10 across half width; brown. Thorax. Pronotal basal lobe obsolete, weakly concave; basolateral angle obtuse; basolateral margin divergent, convex; lateral margin at midlength with broadly arcuate angle; anterolateral margin linear; anterolateral angle obtuse; basodiscal area flat; apicomedian region slightly raised, without distinct midline; lateral margins obsolete across base and apex; brown laterally from line emanating from inner edge of eye, paramedial 1/4 length of pronotum then divergent to basolateral angles, remainder black; surface evenly, coarsely punctate becoming rugose at extreme anterior lateral margins, evenly clothed in moderately short, silver setae. Scutellum slightly elongate; apex acute; black; bearing coarse punctures over disc, less dense along midline; punctures bearing moderately long, silver setae. Elytra indistinctly bicostate; sutural costa broad, elevated post midlength with short obtuse apicosutural angle; humeral umbone distinct with dark brown macula; apical umbone distinct with large, black, teardrop-shaped mark; linear black maculation from base of scutellum parallel towards apex, converging in last third; brown; coarse punctures arranged in distinct rows along suture, either side of discomedian costa and 3 rows in area of discolateral costa; rugose between line of umbones and near lateral margins; sutural margin linear punctate to base; evenly covered with long, silver setae becoming longer along sutural costa; epipleural setae continuous to suture. Pygidium basally flat in lateral view, apically rounded, brown, concentrically rugose, evenly clothed in moderately long, silver setae. Preprosternum with medial longitudinal ridge, moderately pilose. Mesometasternal process (Fig. 5) undeveloped, without lateral or apical expansion. Mesometasternal suture at midlength of mesocoxa, with mesosternal declivity immediately anterior to suture. Mesometasternal process black, impunctate, declivity moderately pilose. Metasternum short, highly transverse, black, with scattered punctures, pilosity dense, scarser medially. Legs (Fig. 4). Profemur proximal surface glabrous, moderately clothed in shorter, thicker, ginger setae; distal surface evenly, moderately rugose, clothed in silver pilosity, particularly in lateral regions; dark brown. Protibia with 3 evenly spaced denticles; apical tooth large, acute, with rounded apex; medial tooth rounded, acute; basal tooth obtuse, short, brown; distal surface with medial carina, coarsely punctate with long, ginger pilosity; proximal surface coarsely punctate in irregular lines with 3–4 rows of microsetae on proximal region. Protarsi longer than tibial length; claws 4/5 length of tarsomere 5; brown; apices of tarsomeres with short stout setae, shorter on tarsomere 5. Mesofemur widest at midlength; anterior margin linear; posterior margin convex; dark brown; evenly rugose; clothed with long, ginger pilosity, becoming stouter in apicoposterior region. Mesotibia; posterior margin bidentate, with short, acute denticle at midlength and smaller, acute denticle toward base; distal surface punctured; proximal surface rugose, setose. Mesotarsi elongate, longer than tibial length; claws almost length of tarsomere 5; brown; apices of tarsomeres with short, stout setae, shorter on tarsomere 5. Metafemur widest at midlength; anterior margin convex; posterior margin linear; dark brown; distal surface evenly, moderately punctate, clothed with sparse pilosity, row of shorter ginger setae parallel with posterior margin. Metatibia; posterior margin with small acute spine pre midlength; 2 short, apical spines separated by shallow, straight interval; apical spurs unequal length, clearly surpassing tibial apex; distal surface partially rugose, bearing scattered, short, stout, ginger setae; proximal surface with stout setae, longer basally; brown. Metatarsi elongate, same length as tibia; claws almost length of tarsomere 5; brown; apices of tarsomeres with short stout setae, shorter on tarsomere 5. Abdomen. Abdominal segments with broad, shallow, medio-longitudinal impression, concave in lateral view; black, segments 3–6 brown apically; moderately punctate across all segments becoming rugose laterally; scarcely clothed with silver pilosity, becoming scarcer medially. Parameres (Fig. 6) elongate, slightly convergent past midlength, apex ending in rearward facing blunt denticle, dark brown; dorsal cleft narrow, widest in apical third; dorsal projection on each paramere emanating from near apex, slightly diverging at base then wider, forming loop which appears closed apically due to overlap, apices of projections flat, structurally weak and curled when dry. Holotype parameres damaged and incomplete, apex of projection missing on both sides. Variation in paratypes. Length 16–19 mm, width 8–10 mm. Color variability. Light color form 1 (Fig. 2a). Entirely light brown except these black areas: base of head, area adjacent to eyes, small spot in center of each side of pronotal disk, in some specimens a small spot in center of pronotal base, scutellum sometimes muddled black, suture and sometimes juxtascutellar area of elytron, distinct spot on anteapical umbone, apex, base and spines of legs, apices of all tarsi, at least base of all coxae, dorsal surface of mesepimeron, mesosternum, metasternum, apex and sides of all abdominal segments, large macula on either side of anal sternite. Light color form 2 (Fig. 2b). Brown except these black areas: base of head, area adjacent to eyes, pronotum with black M-shaped macula, small macula in center of pronotum near lateral margin, suture broadly extending past scutellum, covering base of elytra,
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FIGURES 1–2. Octocollis setosus male holotype. 1—dorsal view. 2—male dorsal markings, selected forms, a—light form 1, b—light form 2, c—melanic form, markings of pygidium (in lateral view) are shown below dorsal view of each specimen.
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FIGURES 3–6. Octocollis setosus male. 3—head. 4—legs, a—proleg dorsal, b—mesoleg ventral, c—metaleg ventral. 5—area of mesometasternal process, dorsal and lateral views. 6—genitalia, apical and lateral views, after paratype T159369 [QM].
subhumeral umbone darkened, anteapical umbone, base and spines of legs, apices of all tarsi, at least base of all coxae, dorsal surface of mesepimeron, mesosternum, metasternum, except mesometasternal process, base of all abdominal segments. Melanic color form (Fig. 2c). Entirely black except orange-brown area around eyes, dark redbrown pedicel and antennal club, elytra in some specimens dark brown-orange from intrahumeral impression toward mediodiscal or postdiscal area. Intermediate color forms exist, almost all specimens marked uniquely (6 specimens on single card in ANIC provide marking range). Females are unknown. Discussion. In Table 1 Octocollis is compared to the species Pseudoclithria fossor (Lea, 1914) rather than all members of the genus because Pseudoclithria fossor is unique in this genus and will be placed in a new genus by the authors in a separate paper. The remainder of the species in Pseudoclithria are not homogenous and also in need of revision. Eleven examined specimens of this new species carry a blue paratype label, which was most likely attached by Bacchus. These original labels have been retained. No specimen with a holotype label could be located.
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FIGURES 7–9. Octocollis setosus. 7—collection localities (red dots), Dominant Broad Vegetation Group 13c shown in light green, rainforest and vine forests shown in dark green. 8—habitat schematic, E—east, W—west. 9—habitat, Eucalyptus similis on rock outcrop.
Etymology. The informal name ‘setosus’, which refers to the pilosity of the beetle, has been retained in honor of entomologist M.E. Bacchus’ recognition of this species.
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Ecology and geographical distribution. Octocollis setosus was found in an area of dry, open, approximately 15 m tall eucalypt forest with sparse grass and some small bushes on stony hills formed by decomposing granite (Figs. 7–9). Specimens were found 12–24 km west of Paluma, Queensland, Australia at elevations of 642–775 m. This habitat lies in the rain shadow along the hilly western slope of the Great Dividing Range. Rainforest at the top of the range is replaced by up to 60 m tall and dense eucalypt forest as the terrain descends towards the west. Vegetation then changes to dry and open eucalypt forest–the region where Octocollis setosus were found. From this zone the terrain drops into rolling, open, very dry country with sparse eucalypt trees. It is clear that locations on labels given by collectors as “Paluma” or “Mt. Spec” were simplified to the nearest named location. The collectors that were contacted confirmed that the area where specimens were found is west of Paluma and Mt. Spec in the habitat indicated. Adult male Octocollis setosus were found feeding on the pollen and nectar of flowering eucalypt trees. According to labels some specimens were collected on Yellow Jacket. The name is ambiguous but most likely refers to Eucalyptus similis Maiden or Corymbia leichhardtii (F.M. Bailey) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson, which occur in this area (Fig. 9). When mapped, most collection locations fall within the Dominant Broad Vegetation Group 13c, “Woodlands of Eucalyptus crebra F.Muell., E. drepanophylla F.Muell. ex Benth., E. fibrosa F.Muell., E. shirleyi Maiden on granitic and metamorphic ranges”. One of the specimen labels reads “Eucalyptus ochrophloia F.Muell.” This is surely a misidentification since in Queensland the tree occurs only in the southwest of the state. On the Eucalyptus flowers, Octocollis setosus can be found together with Bisallardiana variabilis Macleay, 1863, Eupoecilia sp., and other cetoniines. One of the collectors (D.K.) noted that he never observed this species in flight. Females are unknown and it is possible that they do not readily fly, like some other female cetoniines, and hence are not flower feeders. Based on observations of females of Pseudoclithria and several undescribed species it seems likely that females might be encountered in debris between the rocky outcrops, detritus and the top soil layer. Searching of similar or adjoining habitats could lead to an extension of the known range. Most years since the first record in 1964, fewer than four specimens were collected and in some years no specimens were found despite collecting effort. One of the collectors observed that Octocollis setosus appeared to be common in the first years of collecting (J. Hasenpusch, Australian Insect Farm, Innisfail, Queensland, Australia; personal communication). Fluctuations in the numbers of collected specimens due to variation of temperature and rainfall between years have not been studied and could be the cause. Intentional burning of undergrowth, as practiced in this area especially during the dry season when the beetles are in the non-mobile pupal stage, is probably a significant threat to the species. Octocollis setosus has been collected in November, December, and January. However, all except two specimens were found within the 4-week period between 29 December and 23 January. It could not be determined whether this is due to collectors visiting the habitat during these times or the beetles occurring only at that time.
Acknowledgments We thank Denis Kitchin of Gracemere, Queensland who provided ecological and distribution information; Jack W. Hasenpusch of the Australian Insect Farm, Innisfail, Queensland for information about occurrence; Dr. Christine Lambkin and Dr. Geoff Monteith of the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland for their continued support of our research; Justin Bartlett of the DEEDI, Dutton Park, Queensland for images of type specimens; Dr. Bruce Halliday of CSIRO ANIC, Canberra, A.C.T. for assistance with nomenclature and advice on types; Dr. Frank Coman of the CSIRO CMAR, Dutton Park, Queensland for use of a Leica stereomicroscope; and Bruce Cowell for the image of Eucalyptus similis.
References cited Allard, V. (1995) Schizorhinini 1. The Beetles of the World, Volume 23. Sciences Nat, Venette, France, 152 pp. Burmeister, H.C. (1842) Handbuch der Entomologie. Coleoptera Lamellicornia Melitophila. Volume 3. Enslin, Berlin, Germany, 827 pp. Calder, A.A. (2002) Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea. Australian Faunal Directory [online]. Australian Biological Resources Study.
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Available from http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/home (accessed 22 October 2012). Golding, M.R. (2009) A Pictorial Field Guide to the Beetles of Australia. Part 5: Cetoniidae. Total Digital Solutions, Burswood, Western Australia, 48 pp. Holm, E. & Marais, E. (1992) Fruit Chafers of Southern Africa (Scarabaeidae: Cetoniini). Ekogilde, Hartebeespoort, South Africa, 326 pp. Krajcik, M. (1999) Cetoniidae of the World. Catalogue, Part II. Typos Studio, Most, Czech Republic, 95 pp. Krikken, J. (1984) A new key to the suprageneric taxa in the beetle family Cetoniidae, with annotated lists of the known genera. Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden), 210, 1–75. Mico, E., Morón, M.A., Sipek, P. & Galante, E. (2008) Larval morphology enhances phylogenetic reconstruction in Cetoniidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) and allows the interpretation of the evolution of larval feeding habits. Systematic Entomology, 33, 128–144. Rigout, J. & Allard, V. (1997) Schizorhinini 3. The beetles of the World, Volume 25. Hillside Books, Canterbury, United Kingdom, 128 pp.
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