Osborne Reynolds' Paradoxical Universe;
A Multi-Faceted Paradigm.
BY
Bruce Lamar Rosenberg, M.A.
Draft Submitted to Academia.edu 2016
Sunday, August 21, 2016
23 North Chelsea Avenue
Atlantic City
New Jersey, 08401 USA
(609) 345-4712
[email protected]
Copyright (C 2016 by Bruce L. Rosenberg, All Rights Reserved.
Introduction
Ah Love! Could thou and I with Fate conspire,
To grasp this Sorry Scheme of Things Entire,
Would we not shatter it to bits and then
Remold it nearer to the Heart's Desire! (1)
By using this stanza from Edward Fitzgerald's translation of the Rubiyat of Omar Khyam "I wish to indicate the state of theoretical physics today. Science and Technology have provided mankind marvellous tools to enhance understanding of our universe. Telescopes in space, huge microwave antennae farms on earth, super computers capable of simulating black hole collisions, events of the big bang, accelerators capable of ripping space into near Planck size chunks. Yet our understanding of the universe is wanting. These tools have enabled us symbol manipulating primates to create elaborate theories about our world that seem plagued by darkness. Dark energy and Dark matter, are entities required by our computations of how the cosmos operates elude explanation as well as the unexplained predominance of matter over antimatter. These are only some of the areas needing attention.
So, how can we remold our current paradigms of the universe nearer to our heart's desire? And in what manner shall we shatter it to bits? And how shall we reassemble all these bits into an understandable picture of the Universe?
Osborne Reynolds:
Let an old, abandoned theory show us the way.
For the past 46 years I have been a proponent of Osborne Reynolds' mechanical theory of the Universe. Osborne Reynolds, first described volumetric dilatancy in (2). In this article Reynolds describes enclosing a mass of solid balls inside an elastic, closed envelope (latex balloon). Volumetric dilatancy is the tendency of a granular medium to Expand upon shear Subsequently Reynolds developed a theory of the structure of space gravity, and electro-magnetism in which volumetric dilatancy played an essential part: The Sub-Mechanics of the Universe (3) and presented a popular lecture before the Royal Society of London; On an Inversion of Ideas as to the Structure of the Universe (4).
Quantitative Results obtained by Reynolds:
Here are some quantitative results of his theory. On the basis of empirical data circa 1900, Reynolds computed values for the parameters of his model of the Aether. . These values may lead to conclusions which disagree with our current knowledge of the universe. It must be stressed, however, that such disagreement might be eliminated by choice of a different set of parameter values without invalidating the SMU model, itself. Reynolds' computed values (in C.G.S. units) are 4, p. 237):
"Grain Diameter = 5.534 x 10 exp (-18)
Mean Relative Velocities of the Grains = 6.777 x 10
Mean Path of the Grains = 8.612 x 10 exp (-28)
Mean Density of the Medium = 10 exp (4)
Mean Pressure of the Medium = 1.172 x 10 exp (14)
Coefficient of Transverse Elasticity = 9.03 x 10 exp (24)
Rate of the Transverse (EM Shear) Wave = 3.004 x 10 exp (10)
Rate of the Normal (Compression) Wave = 7.161 x 10 exp (10)
Time to Cut Transverse Wave Energy from 1 to 1/e2 = 1.785 x 10 exp (15)
Time to Cut Normal Wave Energy from 1 to 1/e2 = 3.923 x 10 exp (-6).
One might wonder how the mean grain velocity of 68 centimeters per second translates to the velocity of light. This works because the transmission of momentum across the diameter of the grain itself is assumed to be instantaneous. Thus the only distance a disturbance need travel from grain to grain is the mean path of 8.6 X 10 exp (-28) centimeters. Bumping across about 10 exp (18) of these distances in a centimeter translates to a transverse velocity of 3 X 10 exp (10) centimeters per second.
Reynolds' grain diameter is about 5 orders of magnitude smaller than current values of a nucleus (about 10 exp (-13) centimeters). Thus, one might say that here is a sub quantic medium, dislocations in which could correspond to the elementary particles.
My Patents:
I have been awarded US patents on 4 inventions. All of these inventions have been influenced by Reynolds' ideas. The first two inventions "Wackysack "(tm)" (5) and (6) are based on flow dilatant, shear-thickening suspensions, which were inspired by Reynolds volumetric dilatant systems comprised of sand and water sealed in a latex rubber balloon. The last two inventions (7) and (8) are based on bundles of elastically constrained rods which are, packing-wise, two dimensional analogs of Reynolds three dimensionally close-packed grains. In the prior art section of the last two patents I wrote the following explanatory material: "Reynolds explains light waves as transverse vibrations in a mechanical granular medium or Aether caused by reversions of "complex inequalities" i.e. by a snapping back of grains into close packing, an action which is made audible and tactual in this invention". I wrote this as prior art for both inventions I call "SnapStix" (7) and "ElecStix" (8). Anyone who wishes to experience this snapping action for themselves, please find four hexagonal pencils of the same size, form them into a bundle and wrap them with several rubber bands. Now squeeze the bundle between your fingers and the pencils should snap from one configuration to a different but isomorphic configuration.
My Papers:
In addition to these 4 patented inventions
I have written three papers about Osborne Reynolds theory of the universe: (9), (10), and (11) In my main paper, Osborne Reynolds Sub-Mechanics of the Universe: A Bridge between Classical and Modern Physical Theory () I define a mean-free-sphere (mfs) as a mass of Reynolds grains that can detach momentarily from the rest of the universe; that can move independently, e.g. an atom, and a minimal shell around this atom, e.g. an electron. I show how Reynolds theory can be used to explain, relativistic phenomena as v->C: contraction of length, increase in mass, and expansion of time.
Newton's Opticks
My reason for selecting this portion of Isaac Newton's Opticks (12) is that I see much of Osborne Reynolds' Sub-Mechanics of the Universe in his understanding of the Aether, especially in his mentioning its ratification and densification. From the following five pages of his Opticks I have excerpted three especially relevant passages.
He anticipates Einstein's General relativity:
·/"Qu. /21. Is not this Medium much rarer within the dense Bodies of the Sun, Stars, Planets and Comets, than in the empty celestial Spaces between them? And in passing from them to great distances~ doth it not grow denser and denser perpetually, and thereby cause the gravity of those great Bodies towards one another, and of their parts towards the Bodies; every Body endeavoring to go from the denser parts of the Medium towards the rarer? For if this Medium be rarer within the Sun's Body than at its Surface, and rarer there than at the hundredth part of an Inch from its Body, and rarer there than at the fiftieth part of an Inch from its Body, and rarer there than at the Orb of /Saturn; /I see no reason why the Increase of density should stop anywhere, and not rather be continued through. All distances from the Sun to /Saturn, /and beyond. And though this Increase of density may at great distances be exceeding slow, yet if the elastic force of this Medium be exceeding great, it may suffice to impel Bodies from the denser parts of the Medium towards the rarer, with all that power which we call Gravity."
He provides a basis for Masers and Lasers:
·"For if the Rays Endeavour to recede from the densest part of the Vibration, they may be alternately accelerated and retarded by the Vibrations overtaking them."
And he anticipates Osborne Reynolds' particulate, dilatant, semi-gaseous, structured medium:
·"And so if anyone should suppose that /aether /(like our Air) may contain Particles which endeavour-to recede from one another (for I do not know what this /aether is) /and that its Particles are exceedingly smaller than those of Air, or even than those of Light: The exceeding smallness of its Particles may contribute to the greatness of the force by which those Particles may recede from one another, and thereby make that Medium exceedingly more rare and elastick than Air, and by consequence exceedingly less able to resist the motions of Projectiles, and exceedingly more able to press upon gross Bodies, by endeavouring to go from the denser parts of the Medium towards the rarer?"
End of quote from Newton.
Einstein
Albert Einstein was a believer in visualizable models: This is a small part of Albert Einstein's excellent 1920 address at Leiden University (13),
stressing that the universal luminiferous medium must be of the nature of an Elastic Solid: ""When in the first half of the nineteenth century the far-reaching similarity was revealed which subsists between the properties of light and those of elastic waves in ponderable bodies, the ether hypothesis found fresh support. 1t appeared beyond question that light must be interpreted as a vibratory process in an elastic, inert medium filling up universal space. It also seemed to be a necessary consequence of the fact that light is capable of polarization that this medium, the ether, must be of the nature of a solid body, because transverse waves are not possible in a fluid, but only in a solid. Thus the physicists were bound to arrive at the theory of the ``quasi-rigid luminiferous ether, the parts of which can carry out no movements relatively to one another except the small movements of deformation which correspond to light-waves."
End of quote from Albert Einstein.
Korzybski, non-Aristotelian logic and the Many Faces of the Universe
all of us normally functioning dual-left-right-brain symbol-speaking-writing and reading humans label things we perceive. We have labels for physical objects, labels for events, labels for locales, labels for actions, labels for animals, labels for people, labels for ideas, labels for almost everything. Some labeling can lead to stereotypes and limit our creativity and flexibility. Other labeling can do just the opposite.
Alfred Korzybski who founded the field of general semantics, promoted
Non-Aristotelian logic, he advised abandoning the law of the excluded middle; that something must be "either this or that" and accept a broader view; that something can be "both this and that" or something else altogether. Which he called the "law of non-identity"; that nothing ever is what you say it is; that the word is not the thing, the map is not the territory.
Modern biochemistry has shown us that a "trans-fat" label is associated with hardening of the arteries of the heart. I hope to show that Aristotelian labeling can lead to hardening of the categories of the mind.
Early efforts in pursuit of Artificial Intelligence was based on symbolic computing and Aristotelian either-or logic. These efforts were frustrated because what appeared to be well defined categories soon became not so well defined. Other non-symbolic approaches such as artificial neural networks seemed more promising. Multi-valued logic and fuzzy logic in which membership in sets became probabilities soon flourished. But these forms of non-Aristotelian logic have gained little traction in Physics. Also, it appears that many of our leading physicists have been so thoroughly educated in their fields that the categories of their minds have hardened. Such over-learning encourages orthodoxy in science and is an impediment to the adoption of novel paradigms. Also, unorthodox science has little chance of gleaning Federal funding; and since we all need to earn a living, tends to be avoided. Fortunately I have been an advocate and user of Alfred Korzybski's advice on ways of thinking with non-Aristotelian logic since 1957. This has enabled me to see the many facets of Osborne Reynold's universe. It does not have to be either-this-or-that; it can be this-and-that-and-this-and-that, etc., etc.
Getting Hands-On Experience with Waves:
According to ORs' SMU; there are two types of waves in his granular medium
Transverse or shear, or light waves that travel at C.
Longitudinal or compression waves that travel at 2.3C.
Shear waves are the only ones that interact with matter.
Compression waves travel though matter without interacting.
Experiencing Shear Waves:
A shear wave can be experienced by:
Placing both hands in front of you, palms together.
Slide hands over each other back to front. That is a linearly polarized shearing motion.
Slide hands over each other up and down. That is a linearly polarized shearing motion. At right angles to the first. Slide hands over each other in a circular motion. That is circular polarization.
Place a small ball between your hands so that the shearing motion of the hands rotates the ball.
This is how a shear wave interacts with matter. Electron spin 2 particle. Perhaps a screw dislocation in the crystal of space. See Frank (16, pp. 131-134) who has shown in a theoretical analysis that a Burgers screw dislocation moving through a crystal experiences relativistic effects, which can be determined by substituting the transverse velocity of sound in the crystal for the speed of light.
Experiencing Compression Waves:
Place palms together again but this time slide your hands against each other vertically. Feel your fingers moving across those of the opposing hand. Notice that the fingers when moving past each other tend to gear moving in and out. This is the basis of the compression or longitudinal wave.
Reason for the Difference in Speed between Shear and Compression waves:
The reason compression waves travel at 2.3 C is that the shear waves travel a zig-zag path along the grains that is 2.3 times longer than the direct grain to grain path of the compression wave.
According to Reynolds, the compression waves rapidly dissipate and die out due to being absorbed into the background vibrational energy of the medium, whereas shear waves travel the universe.
Reynolds' Paradoxical Paradigm; a Multi-Faceted Universe:
Facet 1 Extends uninterrupted 14 billion Light years occasional local interruption by black holes
Facet 2 Gaseous vibratory motion of the grains provide a pressure critical to the elastic modulus.
Facet 3: behaves as an elastic solid for the transmission of Shear EM waves, i.e., transverse vibrations in a granular medium
Facet 4: Crystalline; interlocked identical grains providing long-range order; might be responsible for "spooky action at a distance".
Facet 5 Flow Dilatancy limits speed of gravitating matter to C the critical shear velocity determined by the relaxation time of the grains. See some of my unpublished research in defense of my Wackysack(tm) patent.
Facet 6: Gravitating matter consists of negative inequalities or holes in the granular medium. These holes move together, coalesce and eventually become a black hole .Since the medium is absent from a black hole, there is no inside to a black hole, i.e. nothing can exist inside a black hole..
So these are some facets I see in Reynolds' paradoxical something which is "no-thing"? With Isaac Newton we had a theory of gravity and an Aether supporting the movement of heavenly bodies (?) Einstein in his 1920 Lecture at Leiden University stated that the medium must be of the nature of an elastic solid to support transverse EM waves, Dirac taught us a busy medium into which and out of which particles and antiparticles are constantly popping (15) with his General Relativity, Einstein showed a medium whose properties are modified by the presence of matter. We have a medium that allows the passage of EM waves with a constant velocity, C, and prohibits the passage of matter at C. We have a medium such that matter can amass to the point at which nothing can escape a so called "black hole". We have a medium containing hypothetical entities of dark energy and dark matter, none of which have been identified
Reynolds' aether is a superluminal, thermodynamic, entropic, granular, mechanical, dilatant, crystalline medium
Osborne Reynolds:
Osborne Reynolds' Sub-Mechanics of the Universe" model provides a granular, structured, flow dilatant, mechanical paradigm of the Aether which acts as a solid elastic medium for the transmission of light waves and a flow dilatant medium for the motion of gravitating material bodies through it. Below a critical shear rate Flow dilatancy allows free motion, above that rate the resistance to flow increases rapidly. The speed of light corresponds to the critical shear rate of Osborne Reynolds universal granular medium. Gravitating matter consists of regions in which the grains are missing, thus reducing local pressure in the medium. Regions in which there are excess grains (anti-matter) increase the pressure in the medium and these regions repel each other and disperse throughout the universe. This is why the universe consists of matter and not anti-matter.
Miscellany:
This paper has attempted to present much of what I have learned on this topic. It may inspire others to investigate promising unorthodox approaches to science, I am hoping that others will recognize the value of Osborne Reynolds' work on an inversion of Ideas as to the Structure of the Universe and examine its theoretical implications.
Most of the referenced works are available for download on Academia.edu or elsewhere on the world-wide-web. If anyone reading this would be interested in learning more, please drop me a line. I still have much research material on this and related topics to share.
Bruce Lamar Rosenberg
Rubiyat of Omar Khyam Edward Fitzgerald translation xiii. 1st Ed.
Reynolds, O., "On the Dilatancy of Media Composed of Rigid Particles in Contact" Philosophical Magazine, 1 (S5). pp. 469-481, December 1885.
Reynolds, 0. Papers on Mechanical and Physical Subjects, Vol. III, the Sub-Mechanics of the Universe, Cambridge: at the University Press, 1903.
Reynolds, 0. On an Inversion of Ideas as to the Structure of the Universe (The Rede Lecture, June 10, 1902), Cambridge: at the University Press, 1903
Rosenberg, B. L., Amusement Device Employing Dilatant Suspension Filler, U.S. Patent 3,601,923 granted 31 Aug. 1971, filed 7 Oct. 1968.
Rosenberg, B. L., Non Linear Energy Absorption System U.S. Patent No. 3,833,952, Granted 10 Sept 1974, filed 18 Jan 1973, assigned to the U.S.A. as represented by the Secretary of the Navy.
Rosenberg, B. L., Multi-Stable Mechanical Device Employing Compacted Rods or Disks. U.S. Patent No. 5,924,692, filed 28 Jul, 1997
Rosenberg, B. L., Multi-Stable Mechanical Switching Device. U.S. Patent No. 6,343,788 B1 filed 10 Aug, 1999
Rosenberg, B. L., Osborne Reynolds, UFOs, and the One Wind: A New Look at an Old Theory., 6 p., 15 refs. Submitted as an entry in the Cutty Sark Scientific UFO paper competition, Jun 1979.
Rosenberg, B. L., Osborne Reynolds' Sub-Mechanics of the Universe: A Bridge between Classical and Modern Physics, Submitted to the Joint Anglo-American Conference on the History of Science, Manchester, England, July 1988.
Rosenberg, B. L., Osborne Reynolds' Sub-Mechanics of the Universe: A Structured Context for Matter, Energy, Space, Time, and PSI Phenomena, presented at the Atlantic University Parapsychology Symposium, Virginia Beach, VA, Feb 1989.
Newton, I., Opticks or a Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections
_of Colours of Light. Based On The Fourth Edition London, 1730
With A Foreword By Albert Einstein, An Introduction By Sir Edmund Whittaker, New York, Dover Publications, Inc.
Einstein, A., Sidelights on Relativity contains Ether and The Theory Of Relativity, an address delivered on May 5th, 1920, in the University of Leyden; and Geometry and Experience, an expanded form of an address to the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin on January 27th, 1921. (Intro from Project Gutenberg)Lecture at Leiden University, Germany 1920
Korzybski, A. Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics. 4th Ed. The International Non-Aristotelian Library Publishing Co. Lakeville, Ct. 1958
Dirac, P. A. M., "Is there an Aether?" a Letter to the Editor, Nature, Vol. 168, No. 4282, 24
Frank, F. C., "On the Equations of Motion of Crystal Dislocations", in The Proceedings of the Physical Society, Sec. A, from Jan. 1949 to Dec. 1949, Vol. 62.
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Osborne Reynolds' Submechanics of the Universe: A Bridge between Classical and Modern Physics
