Paisagem, território e práticas locais em duas fortificações catarinenses do século 18

Arqueologia das fortificações: perspectivas

Paisagem, território e práticas locais em duas fortificações catarinenses do século 18 Marcos André Torres de Souza Francesco Palermo Neto

Introdução 1HVWHFDStWXORSUHWHQGHPRVH[DPLQDUDVIRUWL¿FDo}HVFDWDULQHQVHVVHWHFHQWLVWDVVREDyWLFDGD$UTXHRORJLD1DQRVVDDQiOLVHSUHWHQGHPRVUHDOL]DU XPDUHOHLWXUDGHVVDVIRUWL¿FDo}HVTXHHPERUDYHQKDPVHQGRLQYHVWLJDGDVGH IRUPD VLVWHPiWLFD GHVGH ¿QV GD GpFDGD GH  DLQGD FRQWDP FRP PXLWR SRXFRVUHVXOWDGRVSXEOLFDGRV)266$5,628=$SDUDXPDVLQWHVHUHFHQWHGHVVHVHVWXGRVYHU62$5(6 (QIRFDUHPRVHPPDLVGHWDOKH GXDVGHVVDVHVWUXWXUDV2)RUWHGH6DQWR$QW{QLRGH5DWRQHVFRQVWUXtGRHP QD%DtDGH6DQWD&DWDULQDHR)RUWHGH/DJXQDFRQVWUXtGRHP¿QVGR VpFXORQDHQWUDGDGRFDQDOTXH/LJDYDDYLODGH/DJXQDDR2FHDQR)LJXUDV H DPERVORFDOL]DGRVQRHVWDGRGH6DQWD&DWDULQD%UDVLO 2)RUWHGH5DWRQHVVLWXDVHQDIDFHQRUWHGHXPDSHTXHQDLOKDORFDOL]DGDSUy[LPRjHQWUDGDGD%DtD1RUWHGH6DQWD&DWDULQD6XDFRQVWUXomRVH LQVHULXHPXPDPSORSURJUDPDGHIRUWL¿FDomRGD,OKDTXHLQFOXLXWDPEpP DHGL¿FDomRGRVIRUWHVGH6DQWD&UX]GH$QKDWRPLULPH6mR-RVpGD3RQWD *URVVD 3DUD D H[HFXomR GHVVD WDUHID IRL GHVLJQDGR R EULJDGHLUR -RVp GD 6LOYD 3DHV TXH GHVHPEDUFRX QD 9LOD GH 'HVWHUUR DWXDO )ORULDQySROLV  QR DQRGH$IRUWL¿FDomRGDLOKDIRLPRWLYDGDSRUXPDVpULHGHGLVSXWDVGLSORPiWLFDVHPLOLWDUHVHQWUH3RUWXJDOH(VSDQKDTXHFRQFRUULDPYLVDQGRD SRVVHGDVFRO{QLDVPHULGLRQDLVGD$PpULFDGR6XO(PFRQVHTXrQFLDGHVVDV 171

Livro Fortificacoes Novo.indd 171

13/01/2015 15:26:49

Arqueologia das fortificações: perspectivas

Figura 1 – Vista aérea do Forte de Ratones. Fonte: http://www.fortalezas.ufsc.br, acesso em 7/7/2014.

Figura 2 – Vista de satélite do Forte de Laguna Fonte: Google Earth.

GLVSXWDV6DQWD&DWDULQDHVHXSRUWRSDVVDUDPDVHUFRQVLGHUDGRVFRPRWHQGRLPSRUWkQFLDHVWUDWpJLFDSDUDDPDQXWHQomRGRVGRPtQLRVSRUWXJXHVHV$ SDUWLUGDGpFDGDGHHVVDIRUWL¿FDomRMiSDUFLDOPHQWHDUUXLQDGDSDVVRXDVHUXWLOL]DGDSDUDDJXDGDGHHPEDUFDo}HVHFRPROD]DUHWRDEULJDQGR DWULSXODomRGRVQDYLRVTXHFKHJDYDPFRPVLQDOGHSHVWHDERUGR1RLQLFLR GRVpFXORVHULDDLQGDXWLOL]DGDFRPRGHSyVLWRGHFDUYmRHiUHDGHWUHLQDPHQWRGHWLUR&$%5$/ 1DGpFDGDGHIRLUHVWDXUDGD HVWDQGRKRMHDEHUWDjYLVLWDomR 172

Livro Fortificacoes Novo.indd 172

13/01/2015 15:26:49

Arqueologia das fortificações: perspectivas 2 )RUWH GH /DJXQD VXUJLX HP XP FRQWH[WR GLYHUVR 6XD FRQVWUXomR DFRQWHFHXHP¿QVGRVpFXORFRPRREMHWLYRSULQFLSDOGHUHDOL]DUVHUYLoRV DGXDQHLURVSDUDDVHPEDUFDo}HVTXHVHVHUYLDPGRSRUWRGH/DJXQDHGHVVD IRUPDFRQWHURLQWHQVRFRQWUDEDQGRTXHKDYLDQDUHJLmRVREUHHVVDSUiWLFD YHU+h%(1(5 $HVWLPDWLYDGHHGL¿FDomRGHVVHIRUWHHP¿QVGRVpFXORTXHFRLQFLGHFRPDGDWDSURSRVWDSRU%RLWHX[ EDVHLDVH QRVDQWLJRVPDSDVGHUHJLPHQWRGDFDSLWDQLDTXHVySDVVDUDPDUHODFLRQDU R FRQWLQJHQWH H[LVWHQWH QHVVD IRUWL¿FDomR HP  $548,92 1$&,21$/ 0DSDV GH 5HJLPHQWR GD &DSLWDQLD GH 6DQWD &DWDULQD  (VVH IRUWH VH VLWXDYDHPXPPRUURFRQKHFLGRQRVpFXORFRPR³3RQWDGD)RUWDOH]D´H GXUDQWHRVpFXORFRPR³0RUURGD$WDODLD´,PSODQWDGRjPHLDHQFRVWD GHEUXoDYDVHVREUHDHQWUDGDGRHVWUHLWRFDQDOTXHOLJDYD/DJXQDDRRFHDQR (OHWLQKDGLPHQV}HVEDVWDQWHUHGX]LGDVVREUHWXGRVHFRPSDUDGRjVIRUWL¿FDo}HVGD%DtD1RUWHGH6DQWD&DWDULQD(PIRLWRPDGRSHODVIRUoDV GD 5HYROXomR )DUURXSLOKD UHYROWD SRSXODU GH LQVSLUDomR UHSXEOLFDQD TXH FRQVWLWXLXHP/DJXQDDGHQRPLQDGD³5HS~EOLFD-XOLDQD´(VVDDSURSULDomR IH]FRPTXHGLYHUVRVDXWRUHVDWULEXtVVHPHTXLYRFDGDPHQWHVXDFRQVWUXomR DRVUHYROXFLRQiULRV628=$%$55(72 $SyVVHUUHIRUPDGR SHODVIRUoDVIDUURXSLOKDVVHUYLXFRPRLPSRUWDQWHSRVWRGHFRPEDWHYLQGR LQFOXVLYHDSDUWLFLSDUGDpSLFD%DWDOKDGH/DJXQDSDVVDGDGHIURQWHDRORFDO RQGHVHLPSODQWDYDDIRUWL¿FDomRHTXHHQYROYHXXPYLROHQWRHPEDWHHQWUH RVUHYROXFLRQiULRVHDVIRUoDVLPSHULDLV%2,7(8; $RORQJRGRVpFXORSDVVRXSRUQRYDVUHIRUPDV'XUDQWHHVVHSHUtRGRVHUYLXGHSRVWRH PRUDGLDSDUDRSUiWLFRGDEDUUDIXQomRHVVDTXHGXURXDWpTXDQGRXP QRYRFDQDOGHDFHVVRD/DJXQDIRLDEHUWRHRRULJLQDODWHUUDGR$548,92 3Ò%/,&2 '2 (67$'2 '( 6$17$ &$7$5,1$ GRUDYDQWH $3(6& 2ItFLR GR0LQLVWpULRGD0DULQKDSDUDRUHVLGHQWHGD3URYtQFLDGH6DQWD&DWDULQD  $3(6& &RUUHVSRQGHQFLD GR 3UHVLGHQWH GD 3URYLQFLD GH 6DQWD FDWDULQDDR3UiWLFRGD%DUUDGD/DJXQD$3(6&2¿FLRGD&DSLWDQLDGRV3RUWRVSDUDR3UHVLGHWHGD3URYLQFLDGH6DQWD&DWDULQD  $WXDOPHQWHHVVDIRUWL¿FDomRHQFRQWUDVHDEDQGRQDGDFRQWDQGRKRMHDSHQDVFRPDOJXPDVSRXFDVHYLGrQFLDVGRVHXDOLFHUFHHPVXSHUItFLH (PPXLWRVDVSHFWRVHVWHFDStWXORUHWRPDDVGLVFXVV}HVHQFDPLQKDGDV SRU6RX]D $VGLVFXVV}HVDTXLSURSRVWDVYmRVHGHVHQYROYHUHPWRUQRGHGRLVHL[RVGHDQiOLVH1RSULPHLURHL[RSURSRPRVH[SORUDURFDSLWDO VLPEyOLFR GDV GXDV IRUWL¿FDo}HV H[DPLQDGDV D SDUWLU GD VXD H[WHULRULGDGH 1HVVDV GLVFXVV}HVGDUHPRV PDLRU rQIDVH DR )RUWH GH 5DWRQHV FRQVWUXtGR SRU-RVpGD6LOYD3DHV 173

Livro Fortificacoes Novo.indd 173

13/01/2015 15:26:49

Arqueologia das fortificações: perspectivas 3RUWXJXrV GH RULJHP 6LOYD 3DHV GHVHPEDUFRX HP 6DQWD &DWDULQD DFXPXODQGR DV IXQo}HV GH DUTXLWHWR HQJHQKHLUR PLOLWDU H JRYHUQDGRU GD UHFpPFULDGDFDSLWDQLD&KHJRXWDPEpPFUHGHQFLDGRSRUXPVyOLGRWUHLQDPHQWRQDDUTXLWHWXUDPLOLWDUHDPSODH[SHULrQFLDQDFRQVWUXomRHUHIRUPD GH IRUWL¿FDo}HV HP 3RUWXJDO H QR %UDVLO (UDP PXLWRV VHXV SUHGLFDGRV KRPHP GH DUPDV DUTXLWHWR HVWUDWHJLVWD FDUWyJUDIR H SROLWLFR 3,$==$ 9(,*$ $SHVDUGDVVXDVFUHGHQFLDLV6LOYD3DHVYHPVHQGR VLVWHPDWLFDPHQWHHVFUXWLQDGRHPWHPSRVUHFHQWHVEHPFRPRVXDSURGXomR FRPRDUTXLWHWRPLOLWDUHP6DQWD&DWDULQD(VVHGHEDWHTXHFRQWDFRPPXLWRVLQJUHGLHQWHVLQFOXLFULWLFDVDH¿FiFLDGHIHQVLYDGDVIRUWL¿FDo}HVSRUHOH SURMHWDGDVQD%DtD1RUWHXVXDOPHQWHHQWHQGLGDVFRPRLQFDSD]HVGHRIHUHFHUUHVLVWrQFLDH¿FD]FRQWUDLQYDVRUHVDFHUFDGHVVHWHPDYHUHVSHFLDOPHQWH %2,7(8;  &$%5$/  9(,*$  628=$  721(5$ -$18È5,2  (PERUDGLVFXVV}HVVREUHRVDVSHFWRVIXQFLRQDLVGDVIRUWL¿FDo}HVFDWDULQHQVHVVHMDPULFDVHPLQWHUHVVHQHVWDVHomRYDPRVH[DPLQDUFRQIRUPHMi DVVLQDODPRVRXWUDGLPHQVmRGHVVDVIRUWL¿FDo}HVVXDIXQomRVLPEyOLFDTXH DFUHGLWDPRV WHYH LPSRUWkQFLD SUHFtSXD QR VLVWHPD GHIHQVLYR HVWDEHOHFLGR QD UHJLmR 3URSRPRV HQWmR DQDOLVDU GXDV OLQKDV GH HYLGrQFLD DVVRFLDGDV D HVVD IXQomR D PDWHULDOLGDGH GDV IRUWL¿FDo}HV GH 5DWRQHV H /DJXQD H DV UHSUHVHQWDo}HVFDUWRJUi¿FDVVHWHFHQWLVWDVGHVVDVH RXWUDVHGL¿FDo}HVPLOLWDUHVH[LVWHQWHVQDUHJLmR1HVVDDQiOLVHXWLOL]DUHPRVRFRQFHLWRGHFDSLWDO VLPEyOLFRFRQIRUPHSURSRVWRSRU%RXUGLHX (VVHFRQFHLWRVH IXQGDQDSHUFHSomRGHTXHRVUHFXUVRVXWLOL]DGRVSRULQGLYtGXRVRXJUXSRV SRGHPVHUHPSUHJDGRVGHPRGRDOHJLWLPDURXUHIRUoDUVLPEROLFDPHQWHVHX SRGHUSUHVWtJLRUHFRQKHFLPHQWRRXKRQUDFRQYHUWHQGRVHDVVLPHPLQVWUXPHQWRVSDUDDDTXLVLomRGHFHUWDVYDQWDJHQVSROtWLFDVRXVRFLDLV2FDSLWDO VLPEyOLFR SRGH FRGL¿FDU RXWUDV IRUPDV GH FDSLWDO LQFOXLQGR R MXUtGLFR RX PLOLWDUVHUYLQGRGHEDVHDVVLPSDUDRH[HUFtFLRGHVVDVRXWUDVPRGDOLGDGHV &DEH DTXL FRQVLGHUDU TXH R FDSLWDO VLPEyOLFR SRGH VHU H[SUHVVR PDWHULDOPHQWHRTXHRIHUHFHj$UTXHRORJLDKLVWyULFDXPXQLYHUVRPXLWRULFRGHSRVVLELOLGDGHVFRQIRUPHKiPXLWRYrPDVVLQDODQGRGLYHUVRVDXWRUHV/(21( 58%(5721(052=2:6.,6+$&.(//,77/( (33(5621HJ%5$1721  1RVVR VHJXQGR HL[R GH DQiOLVH SURFXUD ID]HU XP FRQWUDSRQWR HQWUH D SDLVDJHP DOWDPHQWH GLVFLSOLQDGD GRV IRUWHV FRORQLDLV H VXD DSURSULDomR SHOR ORFDO H SHOR YHUQDFXODU &RP HVVH SURSyVLWR YDPRV QRV IRFDU QD YLGD SDVVDGDQRLQWHULRUGDVIRUWL¿FDo}HVH[DPLQDGDV3DUDHVVDVGLVFXVV}HVQRV 174

Livro Fortificacoes Novo.indd 174

13/01/2015 15:26:50

Arqueologia das fortificações: perspectivas LQVSLUDPRVQRWUDEDOKRGHGXDVDUTXHyORJDV6KDQRQ/HH'DZG\ H %DUEDUD9RVV TXHWrPSURFXUDGRGLVFXWLUQDSHUVSHFWLYDGD$UTXHRORJLD D LQWHUIDFH HQWUH D PDWHULDOLGDGH GR FRQWUROH SROtWLFR H HFRQ{PLFR GH DGPLQLVWUDo}HV FRORQLDLV H D HPHUJrQFLD GH SUiWLFDV ORFDLV HVSHFt¿FDV 1DV$PpULFDVKRXYHVLWXDo}HVRQGHSDUWHGDYLGDGLiULDIRLLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGDSHODSUHVHQoDGHVtWLRVPLOLWDUHV$SHVDUGLVVRHVVDLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DomR QXQFDIRLFRPSOHWDXPDYH]TXHPHVPRQHVVHVDVVHQWDPHQWRVDVSHVVRDV UHWLYHUDPVXDFDSDFLGDGHGHDJLUQRPXQGRHFRQVHTXHQWHPHQWHSDUWLFLSDU GD IRUPDomR GD RUGHP VRFLDO H PDWHULDO 9266   %DVHDGRV QHVVDSHUFHSomRSUHWHQGHPRVQDVHJXQGDVHomRGHVWHWH[WRSUREOHPDWL]DU DTXHVWmRGDVSUiWLFDVORFDLVHVXDSRVVtYHOSHQHWUDomRQRFRWLGLDQRGDYLGD QDVIRUWDOH]DV 8PD GDV YDQWDJHQV GD $UTXHRORJLD KLVWyULFD HVWi QD VXD FDSDFLGDGH GHDQDOLVDUFRPELQDGDPHQWHGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVGHIRQWHV%($8'5