Patriarchy as an economic system (parts 1-4 & reading list)

Doctoral Training Programme Workshop January 17th 2017

Patriarchy as an economic system Part I: Patriarchy as a social arrangement Irene Sotiropoulou [email protected]

Kinship arrangements Patrifocal ≠ Matrifocal Patrilinear ≠ Matrilinear families, clans, tribes or kinship playing a part only in social structure A patriarchal system can have a combination of kinship & non-kinship arrangements that can include matrifocal & matrilinear elements

Off Question 1: Are the combinations forms of patriarchy or social systems representing clash between patriarchy with non-patriarchal systems?

Patrifocal Concentration of family/clan or tribe members under the patriarch or patriarchal substitute. The people move to male line clan or household when their social status changes. Tendency to concentrate power. Collective management & coordination is possible only if it cannot be avoided & tends to exclude women

Patrilinear Only the children of the “father” are members of the patriarchal family/clan Women belong to a patriarchal line/clan: father line, husband line, mother’s father line Children “must have a father”. If not, their social status is compromised, as well as their mother’s

Gendered pattern of hierarchy Women & womanhood understood as the prototype of subordinate/subaltern humans Subordination: understood as feminity Manhood linked to freedom & power over + anthropomorphised nature=feminised + feminised “others”

Patriarchy & violence Physical Psychological Systemic

Symbolic

Economic

Violence = exclusive right & obligation of certain groups, institutions or individuals Subordinate groups= no right to violence, not even for own defence

Patriarchy & race Biology is central in patriarchy Obsession with biological origin All social attributes are biologised +

All biological traits: social tools of oppression & discrimination Racism: inherent in patriarchy

Patriarchal binaries Men & women Heteronormativity orientations

erasure of all genders erasure of all sexual

In-clan/out-of-clan erasure of multiple roles & connections Up/down-hierarchy obsessed pathological approach to power Violence & Nonviolence groups as obligation

assigned to certain

Responsibility in patriarchy Patriarchal males are not responsible for their mistakes or violence [See also: responsibilities & irresponsibilities or infallibilities of monarchs & religious leaders] It is the responsibility of the subalterns to bear the consequences of patriarchal activity (from sexual activity to agriculture & from poverty to war)

The impossibility of patriarchal rules For women For men For nature For society

Off question 2A: What about matriarchy?

Doctoral Training Programme Workshop January 17th 2017

Patriarchy as an economic system Part II: Patriarchal institutions Irene Sotiropoulou [email protected]

Marriage Access to resources exclusively for the descendants of the “father” esp. male descendants, 1st born male child Women’s bodies & sexual activity under control of the males before & after marriage Women: private property of a non-relative male Reproduction of patriarchal structures on micro & macro levels

Property – Part A Property: public(ly assigned) right to use something & exclude others from it Commons vs private property= patriarchal understanding Property – non property – other use arrangements [Commons: very modern perception constructed in capitalism]

Property – Part B Exclusive rights to: use, harvest, abuse something “Something” in patriarchy is by priority the human body female body underage body/children the non-binarial body subordinate men & “others”

Nature: gendered & feminised to be “owned” & used Patriarchy, slavery & land property seem to have appeared at the same time

Property – Part C Common & private property: patriarchal binary Allows property over nature & bodies It is the “common” that makes private property acceptable at the first place C.Pateman (1988) The sexual contract Common property over women: core of patriarchy & base of private property over women

Property – Part D Private property? From the common propertied bodies (human/nonhuman) to the exclusive right of the patriarch to - distribute or - retain common property - exclude whomever he desires - include whomever supports patriarchal rights

Off question 3: What about private property mitigation rules? Are they patriarchal? Non patriarchal? A compromise through social struggles? A way to make patriarchy sustainable?

The state The state runs or regulates resources - What is considered as a surplus - Basic means of (re)production = public infrastructure The state has monopoly of violence: War, criminal justice, suppression of dissent, imposition of consent

Off question 4: Is a non-patriarchal state possible?

Money Mainstream view: money is also a patriarchal institution at least as we know it the last 5000 years in Mediterranean & Europe Money represents the class/power relationships in patriarchy Whatever does not represent those relationships is deemed not to be money

Off question 5: What if money as patriarchal institution is only an assumption based on our patriarchal experience & education?

Control of sexuality In patriarchy there is no control for the higher at ladder of hierarchy Sexuality is controlled for the subalterns: - To accept sexual advances they do not want - Not to undertake sexual behaviours they want Women as the ideotype of subaltern are totally controlled or deemed to be controlled The role of religion(s)

Doctoral Training Programme Workshop January 17th 2017

Patriarchy as an economic system Part III: The economic system of patriarchy Irene Sotiropoulou [email protected]

Economic system A social arrangement that defines: Are the means of production owned? If yes, by whom ? Who decides whether there is a surplus? What to do with a surplus? What will be produced, by whom, under which conditions, for whom? What needs to be reproduced? Structure, modes & priorities of production

The sexual division of labour Sexual division of labour: Human effort is assigned according to sex & gender In patriarchy, the assignment is - hierarchical - domestic/public Nature is - unpaid/paid also assigned labour - unskilled/skilled assigned through - invisible/visible sexual division - obligatory/optional - natural/social

Patriarchy & its reproduction - A A hierarchical, unfair & violent system is not sure it will exist the very next day Needs vast resources to compensate for the unwillingness of suppressed society members to produce & give to the patriarchs Patriarchy uses certain economic arrangements for 1000s of years to ensure its reproduction

Patriarchy & its reproduction - B Women & subalterns are subjects & objects in patriarchy=resources & means of production Same with nature Resources become more & more exclusive for patriarchs & patriarchal substitutes (privatisation)

Off question 6: Is there anything that is not possible to be propertied in patriarchy? Has privatisation any limits?

Patriarchy & its reproduction - C Biological differences (sex, age, colour of skin, face & body shape, abilities, special needs, health, injury & disease) hierarchised Contributions are erased or exaggerated depending on the position of each person/group in the patriarchal hierarchy

Various patriarchies

Various patriarchal economic systems

Share exploitation practices based on gendered hierarchies (masculinism) Nature & humans: resources to be used Patriarchal male: has privileged access to resources & the right to violence over/for them Some patriarchies seem to be more flexible or more limited (struggles or self-preservation?)

Social & economic aspects of patriarchy Cannot be disentangled Reinforce each other Provide “proof” for the biological (scientific) arguments against individuals, groups, societies, countries & continents

Doctoral Training Programme Workshop January 17th 2017

Patriarchy as an economic system Part IV: Capitalism as a form of patriarchy Irene Sotiropoulou [email protected]

Mainstream view: Capitalism vs patriarchy Capitalism: antithetical to patriarchy Capitalism liberated women from suppression Capitalism can liberate women in all countries that do not have fully functioning capitalism yet Capitalism as inherently non-patriarchal system with emancipatory potential within & outside Europe Everything is more patriarchal than capitalism Last decades: this view is used against Muslim people

Mainstream view: Wage labour as emancipation People get into the public sphere & develop personality due to wage labour Patriarchy is shaken by women earning own income Serfdom is shaken by workers earning own income as free citizens Wage labourers become economically active & independent, gaining skills & vision for life Empowerment for all

Property in capitalism - A Most lands & means of production are owned by men or by patriarchal substitutes Privatisation expands formally, informally & through interpretation of the commons as spaces serving private property Construction of non-tangible properties over previously common goods: knowledge, agricultural genetic material, human genetic material, arts & culture, know-how

Property in capitalism - B Property over bodies: expands & deepens - Slavery: more extensive than ever - Violence against women & children: domestic, public, political, medical, institutional, economic, racial, systemic, by action or nonaction - Perceptions of the body: from property to capital (body: dead unless productive for capitalism) to self-exploitation & self-marketing - Wage labour as direct ownership contract

Capitalist valuation & devaluation Reproductive work/labour: severely devalued & feminised working conditions previously imposed on women get imposed on everyone who performs this labour Nature: valued through its destruction, actual or imaginary Severe social reproduction crises on global level

Capitalist economic double bind Women & whoever performs reproduction labour (male & female workers, peasants, migrants, elderly, children, unemployed) trapped among capitalist (de)valuations & deep patriarchy Who exploits less? Who is less violent? Which labour should one discard to survive? How much time can one survive while overworked?

Off question 7: Are women a class?

What about men in capitalism? Worker men: their masculinity bound to wage labour & access to female bodies Hetenormative construction of wage labour If unemployed, ill, old or with a disability: deemed to be useless & inactive Middle class or capitalist men (white/European & heterosexual): the model of human creature. Aggressiveness & irresponsibility: “necessary” to make resources productive

The state More patriarchal than ever Racist policies against migrants, refugees, minorities, colonial people, poor people Heteronormative perceptions about land, country, people, culture & economy (familial state) Nationalist discourse celebrating patriarchal violence Nazism – Colonial practices Violence: war against other countries & own citizens war against nature war against producers

Money Went wild in capitalism! Constructed as having its own agency, impossible to tame, with absolute freedom to move & set agendas Used by capitalists to: Expand property over bodies Deepen property & destruction of nature Privatise knowledge & technology Capitalist finance: sector that disciplines producers Acquires value through violence over them & nature

Are there any resistances to capitalist patriarchy? Resistances by other forms of patriarchy or patriarchal economies

Resistances by nonpatriarchal socioeconomic systems

Patriarchal beneficiaries Non-patriarchal people fight protect their privileges both capitalist & nonResistances with patriarchal capitalist patriarchies character: nationalism, Practices: decentralised, patriarchal behaviours in organised or disorganised social movements, Defy patriarchal production patriarchal production modes modes

Off question 2B: Has matriarchy ever existed? Can a matriarchy ever exist as a reversal of patriarchy? And if there are non-patriarchal societies, how are they?

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READING LIST for the Doctoral Workshop “Patriarchy as an economic system” January 17th, 2017 Irene Sotiropoulou [email protected] Abu-Lughod, Lila (2013). Do Muslim women need saving?. Harvard University Press. Agathangelou, Anna (2016). The global political economy of sex: Desire, violence, and insecurity in Mediterranean Nation States. Springer. Agathangelou, A. M. and Ling, L. H. M. (2006). Fear and property: why a liberal social ontology fails postcolonial states. International Affairs Working Paper 2006–07. Paper for a panel on ‘Contesting modern state: stateness in the postcolonial world’, International Studies Association, 22–26 March 2006, San Diego, California. Antinori, C., Fortmann, L. & Nabane, N. (1997). Fruits of their labors: Gender, property rights and tree planting in the Zimbabwe villages”. Rural Sociology, 62 (3), pp. 295-314. Antonopoulos, R., Masterson, T. & Zacharias, A. (2012), “It’s about time: Why time deficits matter for poverty”, Public Policy Brief no 126, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, New York. Avakian, Arlene Voski & Haber, Barbara (2005). From Betty Crocker to feminist food studies: Critical perspectives on women and food. Liverpool University Press. Baland, J.M. & Francois, P. (2005). Commons as insurance and the welfare impact of privatization. Journal of Public Economics, 89, pp. 211-231. Barker, Drucilla K. & Kuiper, Edith (es) (2003). Toward a feminist philosophy of economics, Routledge – Taylor & Francis Group, London & New York. Barker, Drucilla K. & Feiner, Susan F. (2010). As the World Turns: Globalization, Consumption, and the Feminization of Work. Rethinking Marxism: A Journal of Economics, Culture & Society, 22(2), 246-252. Bennholdt-Thomsen, Veronika, Mies, Maria & Von Werlhof, Claudia (1988). Women: The last colony. Zed Books, 1988. Blackwood, Evelyn (2005). The specter of the Patriarchal Man. American Ethnologist, 32(1), pp. 42-45. Borneman, Ernest (1975). Das Patriarchat, Ursprung und Zukunft unseres Gesellschafts systems, Frankfurt/M., Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. (Le Patriarcat, PUF, Paris, 1979).

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Brosius, Bernhard (2004). From Çayönü to Çatalhöyük, also under the title “Vergessen Welt” in Inprekor 400/401, 24-29. http://www.urkommunismus.de/catalhueyuek_en.html (also Çatal Höyük and Çatal Hüyük) Caffentzis, G. (2002). On the notion of a crisis of social reproduction: A theoretical review. The Commoner, 5 (Autumn), pp. 1-22. Çagatay, Nilüfer (2001). Trade, gender and poverty. New York: UNDP. Cassano, Graham, ed. (2009). Class struggle on the home front: Work, conflict, and exploitation in the household. Springer. Connaughton, P. (2013). Women, trade unions and solidarities. Concept – The Journal of Contemporary Community Education Practice Theory, 4 (3 – Winter), pp. 1-12. Consesa-Sevilla, Jorje (2006). The intrinsic value of the whole: Cognitive and utilitarian evaluative processes as they pertain to egocentric, deep ecological and ecopsychological “valuing”. The Trumpeter, 22 (2), pp. 26-42. Dallacosta, Mariarosa & James, Selma (1975). The power of women and the subversion of the community. Falling Wall Press & individuals from Women’s Movement in England and Italy, Bristol, UK. Davis, Angela (2011). Women, race, & class. Vintage. Demsetz, Harold (1964), The exchange and enforcement of property rights. The Journal of Law & Economics, 7, pp.11-26. Dunaway, Wilma A. (2001). The double register of history: Situating the forgotten woman and her household in capitalist commodity chains. Journal of World Systems Research, 7 (1spring): 2-29. Eagly, Alice H. & Steffen, Valerie J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 46 (4), 735754. Ehrenreich, Barbara & English, Deirdre (1973). Witches, midwives and nurses – A history of women healers. Feminist Press, New York. Also available at: https://www.marxists.org/subject/women/authors/ehrenreich-barbara/witches.htm Ehrenreich, Barbara & Deirdre English (1978, 2005). For her own good. Anchor books, New York. Ehrenreich Barbara (2002). Nickel and Dimed – Undercover in low-wage USA. Granta Books, London.

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Ehrenreich, Barbara, & Hochschild, Arlie Russell (2003): Global woman: Nannies, maids, and sex workers in the new economy. Macmillan. Eisenstein, Zillah (1979). Capitalist patriarchy and the case for socialist feminism. Monthly Review Press, New York & London. Eisenstein, Zillah R (2007). Sexual decoys: Gender, race and war in imperial democracy. Spinifex Press, Eisler, Riane (2008). The real wealth of nations: Creating a caring economics. BerrettKoehler Publishers. Elson, Diane (1979, 2016). Value: The representation of labour in capitalism. Verso Books. Federici, Silvia (2004). Caliban and the Witch. Autonomedia. Federici, S. (2013): Revolucion en punto cero: Trabajo domestico, reproduccion y luchas feministas [Revolution at zero point: Domestic work, reproduction and feminist struggles], Traficantes de Suenos-Mapas, translation: Scriptorium (Fernandez-Cuervos, C. & MartinPonz, P.). Ferber, Marianne A. & Julie A. Nelson (2003). Feminist economics today: Beyond economic man. University of Chicago Press. Forest, A. (2001). Connecting women with unions: What are the issues?”. Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations, 56 (4), pp. 647-675. Fraser, Nancy (2013). Fortunes of feminism – From state-managed capitalism to neoliberal crisis, Verso Books, London & New York. Fraser, Nancy (2013): “How feminism became capitalism’s handmaiden – and how to reclaim it”, The Guardian, 14.10.2013, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/oct/14/feminism-capitalist-handmaidenneoliberal Graeber, David (2006). Turning modes of production inside out – Or, why capitalism is a transformation of slavery. Critique of Anthropology, 26(1), 61-85. Henderson Hazel (1996): Building a win-win world – Life beyond global economic warfare, Berrett Koehler Publishers, San Francisco. Hodder, Ian (2005). Women and men at Çatalhöyük." Scientific American 15, pp. 34-41. Horkheimer, Max (1936). Studien über Autorität und Familie." Schriften des Instituts für Sozialforschung.

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Warskett, R. (2001). Feminism’s challenge to unions in the North: Possibilities and contradictions. Socialist Register, pp. 329-342. Warskett, R. (2004). Thinking through Labour’s organizing strategies: What the data reveal and what the data conceal. “Gender and Work: Knowledge production in practice” Conference, 1-2.10.2004, York University, North York, Ontario – Canada. Wills, J. (2008), Making class politics possible: Organizing contract cleaners in London. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 32 (2-June), pp. 305-323. Weiner, Annette (1980). Reproduction: A Replacement for Reciprocity. American Ethnologist, 7 (1), pp. 71-85. Weiner, Annette. (1992). Inalienable Possessions. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press. Zelizer Viviana (1997): The social meaning of money: Pin money, paychecks, poor relief and other currencies, Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ.