Craveiro
Av Marech
Av March
R Alto
al
Gomes
Qta do Cachamorro
Pc Aeroporto
a
da Costa
bra
l
R Amilcar
r Ca
R Mimosas
ilca
RI
R
Am
Neto
Bandeir
Zona em Alteracao
Cabral
R Sol
R Sol
Jbc
Ch
afa
riz
R 1-H
Zona em Alteracao
RC
Qta Alto
Lumiar
Lumiar
Qta Alto
Lnec-Sh
S Joao de Brito
Qta da Trindade
R
S Joao de Brito
F
tes
E
Mon
RC
RJ
Neto
Zona em Alteracao
R
os
RL
R Tras
Qta Alto
D
Po
rte
la
Tv
R
R
Es
s e Castr
s
Az Sal
Reu
Centro de Saude
Av Santo
Lope
R
R
de Deus
Ma
R
Gr
ac
a
Br S. Joao
Qta Correio Mor
Av
E
RB
eiro Crav
C
tr
o
Lnec-Sh
R
Fo
nte
D
rch Jardim Infantil "O Relogio"
Colegio Doroteias
Estr
R
Portela
A
Gago Coutinho
Lg Br Boa Esperanca
tas
R Mur
DIVER
Mata Alvalade
Zona em Alteracao
RH
Zona em Alteracao
R Fidie
R Jorge Colaco
Br da Boa
Estr
Portela
Esperanca
R Eng
Zona em Alteracao
Manuel Rocha
Av
Bra
sil
Escola Superior de Enfermagem de S. Vicente de Paulo R Murtas
Edificio Craveiro Lopes Hidroprojecto
Az Cavaco
Hotel Holiday Inn
Lnec
H
R Murt as
do
Brasil
R
R Alfre
Av Almirante
Zona em Alteracao
Av
Qta Charca Pav 21-B
Mal heir
Hospital Julio Matos
nte
iro
o RZ
Mo
RK
R Reinaldo
Ferreira
Zona em Alteracao
Pav 21-C
Tv Pote
D'Agua
S Joao de Brito
R Joa
o de
Deu
s Ram
S Joao de Brito
Marvila
dal
os
R Par
Campo Grande
a
R Mur tas
R Eug
enio
Marvila
de Cas
tro Rod
1
ZONA EM ALTERACAO
S Joao de Brito
o de
Agu
R Joa
e de Lg Pot
rigue
s
4
R Rein
aldo
o Vaz
Ferr
Joa
eira
Lg
LNEC
Centro de Saúde de Alvalade
83-71
7-7
31-74
5-7
R Joao
de Deus
Universidade Lusofona
Ramos
S Joao de Brito
RZ
Deu
s Ram
os
ZONA EM ALTERACAO
Campo Grande
50
R Adelino Nunes
q de
eral Sov
R Mar
Av
Bra
sil
ard R Ric
Hospital Julio de Matos
po
R Mur
Cam
igio
o Jorg
e
ra Maf
tas
nd Gra
R Con
R Apr
er
and
May
Fern
los
tino
R Car
stan
e
es
aiva
o Sar
R Cor
R Joa
RH
!
Mar
!
ZONA EM ALTERACAO RK
RX
ao s Leit
Bombeiros
S Joao de Brito
do Campo Grande
que
Centro Cultural
Correios R Luis
Cristino
da Silva
ZONA EM ALTERACAO
Av
Campo Grande
Ro ma
Junta de Freguesia
Finanças R Cen
tro
Cul
tura
l R Lop
es Men
don
ca
ZONA EM ALTERACAO
tino Avila
Cris
R Carlos
R Cde
Rio
Escola Joao de Deus
Coutinho
eiro
Av
Bras
Lobo de
Rib
de Arnoso
Lg
il
Av
RJ
Jane
Av Alm Gago
de iro
R Aca cio
R Fau
R Prof Veiga
Beirao
ZONA EM ALTERACAO
Teix
de Arnos
des
san
o
a
Gue
Paiv
sto
de
MercadoMERCAD de Alvalade
ha
eira
ilo Pes
R Cam
R Cde
de Ficalho
R Francisc
Av Cde
Zona em Alteracao
Campo Grande
o Franco Az das Terezinhas
eirim
R Aug
Av
R Afo
S Joao de Brito
usto
Palm
Igreja S Joao de Brito
Lop
Roma
nso es Viei
Escola Secundaria Eugenio dos Santos
ra
Lg Fr
Hei
tor
Pin
to R S Joao
de Brito
e Lins
R Jos
me lher de Aze
Av
o
enio
ved
R Eug
Joan
tro
R Jos
Cas Ceu
ZONA EM ALTERACAO
R Duarte
inces
Lobo
a
e
21-755
ZONA EM ALTERACAO
a Pr
o e Dur
do
Av Sta
Sta
de
dad
ante
Al Univ
do Ceu
S Joao de Brito
enio
do
Ceu
S Joao de Brito
Campo Grande
R Aca
ante
21-75
cio
tro
Cas
R Viol
5
de
Escola Primaria Num 33
Paiv
R Du
Correios
Igreja
art e Lob
o
Av Sta Joana Princesa
onh
5
a
qa de
2
Marvila S Joao de Brito
Nor
R Mar
Av
ardo
Zona em Alteracao
Zona Em Alteracao
Pus
R Edu
a
ich
onia R Ant
Marvila
guy
R Eug
Correios
ante
Lobo
e Esa
R Viol
R Duarte
R Jos
Zona em alteracao
a
Joana Princ
o
R Gui
Reg
R Viol
Escola Primaria
ersi
go da Cunh
esa
do
AV D Rodri
Zona Em Alteracao
R Afo
Dia
s
da Mota
s Ma
lhe
iro
M
R Viana
Ca
rlo
Zona em Alteracao
R
e
na
Club
Alor
Pto
nso Lop es Viei
Centro Comercial de Alvalade
ra
io
rto
R Albe
R Albe
R Joa
o Luc
are
s
rto Cas tro
alia de Cas
Biblioteca
tro
Piscina Municipal
Igreja
R Car
los
Mal
heir
o Dia
s
R Carl
Av
as
Seix
a
deir
o e Dur
Cal
os de
do
R Jos
nan R Fer
Campo Grande
de Cristo
de
R Ros
!
R D Pedro
rio
eira
Oso
o So
Oliv
Joa
de
R Dr
Escola Almirante Gago Coutinho R Dr Bra
iano
tins Mar
mao
R Cipr
e de
herm
ra
aco
Viei
!
R Gul
es
ta Col
Lop
Gon
nso
da
rto
nca
Albe
R Bra
R Afo
Colegio Moderno
Fari a
Instituto do Trabalho
Igreja
ia Ama
lia Vaz
de
valh
de Seixas
o
Car
nde
R Filipe
Magalha
Coutinho
Lac
eiro
o Gra
de
R Mar
Roma
mp
reira a Fer
de Jan
Av
R Ca
erda
nard
Av Alm Gago
R Carlos
Av Rio
Av
es
R Ber
R Filipe
Magalha
es
Escola Secundária Rainha Dona Leonor
Creche Bibl Nac Lisboa
Zona Em Alteracao Zona em Alteracao soa
C Convivio Bibl Nac Lisboa
R Fern
and
o Pes
Zona em Alteracao
3a Idade
R Alexandre bela R Flor
Rey Colaco
Esp
Colaco
a
Tv Aboim
anc
R Alexandre Rey
R Albe
Asce
soa
do
Pes
rto
nsao
nan
de
R Fer
eira
Oliv
R Flor
7a Conservatoria Registo Civil
ardo
l
Esp
R Mar
bela
R Edu
Vida
a anc
io de
R Fr Miguel Cardoso
Sa Car
iba
rt ncou
R Anto
nio
Patr
R Raul Brandao
Conselho Nac Educacao Conselho Reitores Universidades Portuguesas
o
An Prof
R Fr Manuel Cardoso
Escola Primaria Num 151
neir
Av
tte l Be
icio
S Joao de Brito R Do mi os
R Franc
ng
R Silva e Albuquerque
Bo nte o
isco Loure
mp
18a Esquadra PSP
im Asc
nsao
nso
ao
ens
im Asc
R Antonio
Marvila
Patricio R Francisco Lourenco da Fonseca
S Joao de Brito
Campo Grande
Patricio
Lop
da
ira
Fo
ns
Vie
ec
a
es
R Abo
R Antonio
R Afo
im Asce
Zona Alterada
ca
R Abo
Abo
Prof
rt ncou
Fonse
ens
Tv
Av
Bette
R Epifanio Dias
S Joao de Brito
Campo Grande ao
l Aniba
nco da
R Epifanio Dias
Zona Em Alteracao
co
Lo
ure
nc
o
Zona Alterada
6
R
Fr
an
cis
3
Clinica S Joao de Deus Zona em Construcao
Zona em Construcao Zona em Alteracao Zona em Construcao Zona em Construcao
Zona Alterada
Av Esta
dos Unid
os da Ame
rica
M
Colegio Universitario Pio XII
A.R.S.L.V.T.
Av Estados Unidos
ADMINISTRACAO REGIONAL SAUDE
Campo Grande
da America 44-717-727-749
Correios Seg. Social
Ca mp o Gr
os da Ame
Campo Grande
rica
de
R Fr Tome
an
Av
Unid Estados
R Flores
do Lima
ZONA DEMOLIDA
de Jesus
I.S.C.T.E
Alvalade
R Cor Bento Roma
Av
do Lima
Felix
Pc Andrad
M
R Diog
o Bern
nt o
Ro
ha
!
ma
R dos Lagares do
Rei
Lg Rodrigues Cordeiro
R Francisco Andrade
ardes
R Dr Gama
Barros
ardes
Mo ura
R Teixeira de Pascoais
ao
Gir
es do
s Coelho
o Alvar
R
R Ferna
Seg. Social
blica
R Sanche
C.D.R.
e Camin
r Be
R Guilherme Suggia
R Diog
das
o Bern
Co
R Dr Gama Barros
Av Repu
as Arma
Av Forc
R
de Melo
R Helena
Transportes Terrestres
R Flores
R Jose Pinheiro
!
Centro Nacional de Pensoes
Roma
Alvalade Direccao Geral de
Av Gago Coutinho
R
I.S.C.T.E
Orien te
Lg Fernandes Costa
ZONA DEMOLIDA
io Ferre
pos
Av 5 de
ecam
R Anton
R Entr
R Antonio Andrade
Escola n.101
ira
M
R Jorge
Outubro
C.M.L.
Ferre
Mercado Abastecedor Central
ira de los
R Jeron
once
Vasc
Feira Popular
DIVER
R Antero de Figueiredo
imo
R D Francisco de Sousa Coutinho
Corte Real
Escola Baica nº23
R Cde
Sab
ugo
R Gen Pimenta
R Bulhao Pato
Infraestruturas e Saneamentos
R Jose
Carlos
Lg Cristovao Aires
sa
Direccao Municipal de
de Castro
dos Santos
R Fr
R Alfre
do Corte
Amad
Biblioteca Municipal de Alvalade
or Arrais
Junta de Freguesia
s
Az
P do Corte
s
so
727
C
Alvalade
Go
uve
R Agostinho Lourenco
INSTITUTO DA AGUA
ZONA DEMOLIDA
ga
Schools
Nobre
Industry
l da
Health
Manue
Services
Pr Afranio Peixoto
Commerce
R Joao Villaret
Pc Afranio Peixoto
Av S Joao de Deus
Zona em Alteracao
S Joao de Deus
Housing
Av Madrid
Alvalade Zona em Alteracao ZONA ALTERADA
Av S Joao de Deus
S Joao de Deus
R Visc Seabra
ZONA DEMOLIDA
APEADEIRO DO AREEIRO
Av Pe
C
R Infe D Pedro
Alvalade N S de Fatima
uro
el
Portugal Telecom
s
Lo
nu
ro Pai
do
Ma
R Fr Miguel Contreiras
Zona em Alteracao
Av Alva
nte
ZONA SEM ACESSO
a
R
Vermelh
R Pedro Ivo
R Cruz
ue Cardo
Fo
ZONA DEMOLIDA
R Fr Miguel Contreiras
Tv Henriq
ia
R Alfre
Sports
Churches
M
Bus
Gardens
C
Subway
Train
ose
RJ Lin sd oR uilh RG ed
erm
2
eA
nio
edo
uge
zev
RE
3 R Cde
tro
Cas
Av Cde de
de
Arnoso
ego
1
R Prof Ve
Escola Primaria
iola RV
nte
do C
de Ficalh
iga Beira
o
o
eu
ose
RJ
nio
do
Ceu
tro
Cas
nte
Duro
uge
RE
iola RV
Escola Primaria Num 33
AV D R
ose
RJ
ia
Zona Em Alteracao
odrigo
da Cun
ha
guy
R
n Anto
Esa
h
ic Pus
21-755
RA io cac
2
55 1-7
de a Paiv
Correios
ja R Duart e Lobo
es
lorn eA
Lop
ad
so
arq RM
fon RA
Igre Av
a
ir Vie
R Duarte
Lobo
a
L
od lbert
RA
R
o Joa
ucio
live eO ira
RR osa lia d
RD
ua
rte
eC
Lo
bo
o
astr
5 R Antero de Figue
6
R Raul Brandao
4
LNEC
Centro de Saúde de Alvalade
iredo
71 83-
R Epifanio Dias
7-7
745
31-
-75
0
R Epifanio Dias
R Bulhao Pato
R Francisco Lourenco da Fonseca
sil Bra Av
Biblioteca Municipal de Alvalade Junta de Freguesia
prig RA
afra
io M
P
oao
RJ R Pedro Ivo
Av Estados Unidos
44-717-727-7 reiras R Fr Miguel Cont
727
C
Alvalade
Sara
iva
da America
49 Correios
Seg. Social
António Carvalho / Teresa Heitor / António Reis Cabrita -
[email protected] Universidade Católica Portuguesa - Viseu Departamento de Arquitectura, Ciência e Tecnologia
Ageing cities: shifting from special needs to inclusive design in urban space. 1- Lisbon: Europe’s fastest ageing city Ageing cities are the future in the Western world — that’s a statistic fact: the elder population will increase and live longer (OMS, 2009), gaining a growing influence in society, while coexisting with younger generations. Back in 2001, Lisbon was already the European capital with the largest percentage of elderly in its population (Machado, 2007) and still today its position remains. In the 1990’s, for the first time in Portugal, people above 65 years of age outnumbered the young. This means that in terms of population evolution, the perfect pyramid (1960) sustained by a young base assuring the generation renewal, will end up in a pot shape (2050), in a tendency towards the inverted pyramid. According to the United Nations forecast, this is a global tendency leading to the new reality of 2050: “then and for the first time in history of mankind, the world population will have more elderly than children (age up to 14 years old). Developing countries are ageing at a much faster pace than the developed ones: within five decades, a bit more than 80% of the world elderly population will live in developing ountries, while in 2005 that percentage was 60%” (OMS, 2009, p.3). The “Brasilia Declaration on Ageing” (1997) established that “healthy elderly are a resource for their families, communities and economy”. Nevertheless, this implies that cities become age-friendly in order to provide the necessary infrastructures and amenities for the well-being and productivity of its inhabitants, namely the elderly, allowing their contribution to society and economy. And taking into consideration Julienne Hanson’s words, “Older people enjoy a lifetime of accumulated experience, wisdom and memories. The ‘grey vote’ and the ‘grey purse’ are set to become increasingly powerful mechanisms for change as our society ages. This may enhance the power older people wield and the respect in which they are held. One important arena for the exercise of ‘grey power’ could be through greater advocacy for health-engendering, architecturally enabling and non-discriminatory environments” (Hanson, 2001). Two emergent urban lifestyles were identified by Gilleard and Higgs (2000 cited in Hanson, 2002, p.10), which can positively contribute to the rebirth of city centers: the third agers, who see this life period as a special time, independent from work and family ties, as an opportunity for leisure. In that sense, cities are excellent in terms of going out, strolling, education, entertainment, culture and self-fulfilment, all of it “at hand” for the elderly who live at the city center.
On the other hand, the age resistors choose to stay young instead of getting old, through physical activity, clothing and cosmetics, food supplements and body shaping. For all this, cities provide the necessary concentration of health clubs, personal trainers and physiotherapists. In this way, these two subcultures might help to turn city centers appealing again to live in at third age. Hanson adds the generation M, made of post-retirement workers whose option is to keep working. For these people, living inside the city, close to the job market, means avoiding commuting to the suburbs everyday (specially without driver’s license). And, if the option is to remain economically active for a longer period in life, these older workers will need to update their knowledge, skills and expertise, living closer to schools and universities. And finally, due to the young generations decline, it will be up to the elderly to fill in some gaps in very important social activities which require life experience, free time and citizenship, such as charities and voluntary or community based organisations. Because of all this, it is fundamental for the future of cities to make its centers attractive and pleasant environments, facilitating active-ageing and aging in place for this very important sector of urban population. 2- The elderly and the urban space Senior citizens’ lives should not be confined to the interior spaces of their homes. So, the public open space we’ll be addressing in this paper correspond to the “neighborhood unit” as a territory of flexible boundaries (Jacobs, 1961), made of the outdoor spaces (streets, avenues, squares, gardens, parks, urban block interiors) that citizens use everyday. This neighborhood unit evolves in its shape and spatial extension during the life cycles (growing progressively in childhood, getting its intricacies during teenage years and eventually stabilizing with adulthood routines). As for the elderly, the neighborhood unit may gradually shrink to a “physical comfort area” in the housing surroundings. Older people’s spatial needs, namely in outdoor spaces, are delimited by their physical constraints derived from the natural ageing process (psycho-cognitive and biological-functional) and they can be classified into three classes (Hunt, 1991 cited by Bins Ely and Dorneles, 2006): physical needs, information needs and social needs. But public space can also be scrutinized in terms of accessibility for anyone with impaired mobility (including young healthy people pushing baby cars or carrying heavy loads, for instance). This means universal accessibility based on a rather holistic design approach, known as “inclusive design”, “universal design” or “design for all”, which means creating environments “in which all users, whatever their abilities, are able to carry out their day to day activities comfortably, effectively and safely without being restricted by the poor design, maintenance or management of the built environment” (Hanson, 2004, p.13) — places where all people can coexist. It implies a deep change in the designers approach to space and equipments, evolving from “special needs” to focus on “inclusive design” (Table 1).
Table 1. From “special needs” to “inclusive design” (source: Hanson, 2004)
Bibliography BINS ELY, Vera; DORNELES, Vanessa. Acessibilidade espacial do idoso no espaço livre urbano. ABERGO 14.º Congresso Brasileiro de Ergonomia, Curitiba, Brasil, 2006. COSTA, João P. Bairro de Alvalade – um paradigma no urbanismo português. 2nd ed, Livros Horizonte, Lisboa, 2005. DISCHINGER, Marta; BINS ELY, Vera; PIARDI, SM. Promovendo a acessibilidade nos edifícios públicos: programa de acessibilidade às pessoas com deficiência ou mobilidade reduzida nas edificações de uso público. [s.n], Florianápolis, 2009. GONÇALVES, Cristina; CARRILHO, Maria José. Envelhecimento crescente mas espacialmente desigual. in Revista de estudos demográficos, 40: 21-37, 2007. HANSON, Julienne. From Sheltered Housing to Lifetime Homes: an inclusive
! 3- Alvalade: a mixed use district Alvalade district, in Lisbon, is the built result of an urban plan designed by Faria da Costa in 1945 based on a “cellular system” of urban units with a great concern for mixed uses and typological variety, creating identifiable neighborhoods that later building designs from different authors would consolidate. This Modernist area of Lisbon, is today one of the capital’s most aged districts (Machado, 2007) — thus creating an opportunity to study how it reacted to ageing and how it hosts its elderly (and the other generations, undergoing a population renewal process). Among other criteria, we applied the “Accessibility checklist for outdoor spaces” (Dischinger, Bins Ely and Piardi, 2009) to evaluate each of the chosen neighborhood units in terms of orientation/information, communication, displacement and use and what needs to be improved to become agefriendly.For a research (still in progress) we selected six different housing areas in terms of their “multiplying effect”, i.e. units that are repeated throughout the Alvalade district, so that the lessons learned can be applied to other similar units: 1- Rua Afonso Lopes Vieira, 2- Av. da Igreja, 3- Av. D. Rodrigo da Cunha, 4- Bairro das Estacas, 5- Av. EUA, 6- Av. do Brasil. In fact each unit was conceived as an (almost) autonomous neighborhood, centered on a school so that each family’s children could walk up to 500m to go to class — and the same applies to local commerce, services and buses, thereby serving the other generations. And due to the area topography, without steep areas, pedestrian circulation becomes comfortable, enhanced by buildings tipologies of pilotis at ground floor with shortcut paths thus promoting people circulation and encounters (Hillier and Hanson, 1984). In a short overall appreciation, we may describe Alvalade as an urban success, fully alive after 60 years, whose different generations find comfortable and safe to live in, coexisting in a pleasant central area of Lisbon.
approach to housing. in S Winters, (ed) Lifetime Housing in Europe, Katholieke Unversiteit Leuven, Leuven: 35-57, 2001. HANSON, Julienne. The Inclusive City: what active ageing might mean for urban design. in T Maltby et al. (eds) Active Ageing: myth or reality, Proceedings of the British Society of Gerontology 31st Annual Conference, pp. 143–145, 2002. HANSON, Julienne. The inclusive city: delivering a more accessible urban environment through inclusive design. in (Proceedings) RICS Cobra 2004 International Construction Conference: responding to change, York, 2004. HILLIER, Bill; HANSON, Julienne. The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1984. JACOBS, Jane. The death and life of great American cities. Vintage Books, New York, 1961. MACHADO, Paulo. As malhas que a (c)idade tece. Mudança social, envelhecimento e velhice em meio urbano. Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisboa, 2007. OMS - Organização Mundial de Saúde. Guia Global das Cidades Amigas das Pessoas Idosas. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisboa, 2009. PASTALAN, Leon (ed). Aging in Place: The Role of Housing and Social Supports. The Haworth Press Inc., New York, 1990. REGNIER, Victor;
SCOTT Anne. Creating a Therapeutic Environment: Lessons
from Northern European Models. in S Zimmerman, PD Sloane, JK Eckert (eds) Assisted Living: needs, practices, and policies in residential care for the elderly, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore: 53-77, 2001. SLOANE, Philip D; ZIMMERMAN, Sheryl; ORY, MG. Care for persons with dementia. in S Zimmerman, PD Sloane, JK Eckert (eds) Assisted Living: needs, practices, and policies in residential care for the elderly, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore: 242-270, 2001. ZIMMERMAN, Sheryl; SLOANE, Philip D; ECKERT, J.Kevin (eds). Assisted Living: needs, practices, and policies in residential care for the elderly, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2001.
